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AGROCLIMATIC ZONES MAP OF EXPLANATORY NOTES

E. De Pauw1, A. Ghaffari2, V. Ghasemi3

1 Agroclimatologist/ Research Project Manager, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo 2 Director-General, Drylands Agricultural Research Institute (), , Iran 3 Head of GIS/RS Department, Soil and Water Research Institute (SWRI), , Iran

INTRODUCTION

The agroclimatic zones map of Iran has been produced to as one of the outputs of the joint DARI-ICARDA project “Agroecological Zoning of Iran”. The objective of this project is to develop an agroecological zones framework for targeting germplasm to specific environments, formulating land use and land management recommendations, and assisting development planning. In view of the very diverse climates in this part of Iran, an agroclimatic zones map is of vital importance to achieve this objective.

METHODOLOGY

Spatial interpolation

A database was established of point climatic data covering monthly averages of and temperature for the main stations in Iran, covering the period 1973-1998 (Appendix 1, Tables 2-3). These quality-controlled data were obtained from the Organization of Meteorology, based in Tehran. From Iran 126 stations were accepted with a precipitation record length of at least 20 , and 590 stations with a temperature record length of at least 5 years. The database also included some precipitation and temperature data from neighboring countries, leading to a total database of 244 precipitation stations and 627 temperature stations.

The ‘thin-plate smoothing spline’ method of Hutchinson (1995), as implemented in the ANUSPLIN software (Hutchinson, 2000), was used to convert this point database into ‘climate surfaces’. These are raster-based files that are geographically referenced, contain continuous climatic values, and can be imported into a GIS system. The Hutchinson method is a smoothing interpolation technique in which the degree of smoothness of the fitted function is determined automatically from the data by minimizing a measure of the predictive error of the fitted surface, as given by the generalized cross- validation (GCV). The GCV is calculated by removing each data point and calculating the residual from the omitted data point of a surface fitted to all other data points using the same smoothing parameter value. The GCV is then a suitably weighted sum of the squares of these residuals and can be approximated (Hutchinson, 2000) as:

with MSE the mean square error of the fitted function, and σ2 the error variance.

Three independent spline variables were used, latitude, longitude and altitude. The latter was input to the model in the form of a DEM ASCII grid file. The DEM used to generate the climate surfaces was GTOPO30, a global DEM with 30 arc-second (approximately 1 km) resolution (Gesch and Larson, 1996). Parameter estimation was undertaken over a regular grid with the same dimensions and resolution as the user-provided DEM. In order to automate the process of climate surface generation, which is rather cumbersome, an auxiliary software product CLIMAP was used (Pertziger and De Pauw, 2002). This Excel-based software provides a user-friendly interface for running ANUSPLIN and for generating derived surfaces using CLIMAP-provided models.

Using above procedure, surfaces of mean monthly precipitation, minimum, maximum and mean temperature were generated with 30 arc-second resolution. From the precipitation

1 surfaces, the surface was created of the total annual precipitation (Fig. 7). From the mean temperature surfaces the surfaces of the mean temperatures during the warmest month of the (Fig. 8) and during the coldest month of the year were generated (Fig. 9). In addition, the temperature surfaces were used to calculate the surface of annual potential evapotranspiration (PET) according to the method of Penman-Monteith (Fig. 10). The methodology for the calculation of PET from temperature is explained in Appendix 2.

Agroclimatic Zones Map

These layers were integrated in accordance with the UNESCO classification system for arid zones (UNESCO, 1979). This system is based on three major criteria: • Moisture regime; • Winter type • Summer type

In this classification system the moisture regime is determined by the ratio of annual rainfall over annual potential evapotranspiration, calculated according to the Penman method (Appendix 2). This ratio is also referred to as the aridity index. It is therefore particular to this system that in the definition of the moisture regime not only the water supply (precipitation) is considered, but also the water demand (evapotranspiration). Different classes may thus result from different values of the two terms. The winter type is determined by the mean temperature of the coldest month. The summer type is determined by the mean temperature of the warmest month .

The ACZ-map was generated by combining moisture regime, winter type and summer type, in accordance with the classes of Appendix 3 (Fig. 1; map in Fig.12; Tables 5-7).

Fig. 1. Combination of basic climate surfaces into agroclimatic zones

The classes were created using a program written in Quickbasic (Appendix 4), an old version of Basic that can easily be translated into new Basic versions, such as Visual Basic. The output file was imported into ArcView for combining with other layers, such as population centers and roads.

2

Originally designed for the differentiation of arid zones, the system has been extended to include also the more humid climates. For example the moisture regime ‘Per-humid’ (aridity index >1) has not been defined in the original system, but has been added here in order to provide a better differentiation within the more humid zones and allow extension into areas not covered by the original UNESCO map.

This extension allows the UNESCO classification to be used at a global level. In this new global applicability it matches the Köppen climatic system (Köppen and Geiger, 1928). There are several reasons why for this particular exercise the UNESCO system was preferred above the Köppen climatic system.

Firstly, it is a classification specifically designed for the characterization of dryland climates. In addition, the meaning of each class is easier to understand than the classes of the Köppen system. As the classes are validated by the actual existence of the combinations of moisture regime, winter and summer type, the system is open-ended and does not require a-priori knowledge about the existence of particular climates. Hence, it is perfectly possible that some combinations do not exist in reality. A final advantage is that the UNESCO system is sufficiently flexible to be used at different scales, from the global to the local. It allows differentiation of more narrowly defined classes, making it suitable for climatic zoning at basin or catchment level, particularly if strong altitudinal gradients exist.

RESULTS

The following maps and GIS` layers have been produced as part of the Agroclimatic Zones mapping: • Annual Precipitation • Annual Potential Evapotranspiration (Penman-Monteith)_ • Annual Aridity Index • Mean Temperature of the Warmest Month • Mean Temperature of the Coldest Month • Agroclimatic Zones

These maps are shown in Appendix 5 (Figs. 7-12).

On the basis of the three criteria, moisture regime, winter type and summer type, a total of 28 Agroclimatic Zones has been differentiated, of which only six (A-C-W, A-C-VW, A-M-VW, SA-K-W, SA-C-W, and SA-K-M) occupy nearly 90% of Iran (Table 1).

3 Table 1. Agroclimatic zones of Iran and their extent

Temperature Temperature Moisture % of approx. area Symbol regime regime regime country (sq.km) summer winter HA-M-VW Hyper-arid Mild Very warm 2.5, 41,647 HA-C-VW Hyper-arid Cool Very warm 0.2 3,687 A-M-VW Arid Mild Very warm 16.7 286,822 A-M-W Arid Mild Warm 0.6 9,705 A-C-VW Arid Cool Very warm 18.7 305,814 A-C-W Arid Cool Warm 26.2 429,257 A-C-M Arid Cool Mild 0.0 11 A-K-W Arid Cold Warm 2.3 36,485 A-K-M Arid Cold Mild 0.2 2,758 SA-M-VW Semi-arid Mild Very warm 0.3 5,380 SA-C-VW Semi-arid Cool Very warm 1.6 26,454 SA-C-W Semi-arid Cool Warm 7.3 11,7526 SA-C-M Semi-arid Cool Mild 0.0 8 SA-K-W Semi-arid Cold Warm 17.2 271,593 SA-K-M Semi-arid Cold Mild 3.0 47,039 SH-C-VW Sub-humid Cool Very warm 0.0 344 SH-C-W Sub-humid Cool Warm 0.5 8,380 SH-K-W Sub-humid Cold Warm 0.8 12,248 SH-K-M Sub-humid Cold Mild 1.0 15,529 SH-K-C Sub-humid Cold Cool 0.0 33 H-C-W Humid Cool Warm 0.3 4,682 H-K-W Humid Cold Warm 0.0 395 H-K-M Humid Cold Mild 0.0 419 H-K-C Humid Cold Cool 0.0 53 PH-C-W Per-humid Cool Warm 0.5 8502 PH-K-W Per-humid Cold Warm 0.0 48 PH-K-M Per-humid Cold Mild 0.0 8 PH-K-C Per-humid Cold Cool 0.0 19

COMPARISON WITH EXISTING CLIMATIC MAPS

Existing climatic maps either deal with a single climatic parameter, such as precipitation (Fig. 2), or approach climate from a special perspective, such as soil climate (Fig. 3). Fig. 4 shows an alternative climatic map of Iran with 8 climate types, provided by the Rangeland and Forestry Organization, Tehran). Criteria and thresholds used for developing the map are unknown. The new ACZ map, with 28 climatic subdivisions, fills an important data gap as it integrates moisture supply and demand and thermal regimes into a single map.

4

Fig. 2. Map of mean annual rainfall (courtesy of Rangeland and Forestry Organization, Tehran)

Fig. 3. Map of soil thermal and moisture regimes (Source: SWRI, Tehran)

5

Fig. 4. Climatic Zones (courtesy of Rangeland and Forestry Organization, Tehran)

REFERENCES

Allen R.G., Pereira L.S., Raes D., Smith M. 1998. Crop evapotranspiration. Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage 56, 300 pp., FAO,

Choisnel E., de Villele O., Lacroze F. 1992. Une approche uniformisée du calcul de l’évapotranspiration potentielle pour l’ensemble des pays de la Communauté Européenne Centre Commun de Recherche, Commission des Communautés Européennes, EUR 14223, 178 pp.

6 Debaveye, J. 1985. Soil survey technical documents. Vol.2: Handbook for data interpretation. Soil Survey and Assessment Project. Department of Development Cooperation, Min. Foreign Trade and Foreign Affairs, Belgium

De Pauw E. 1999. Evapotranspiration and crop water requirements Lecture module prepared for the Regional Training Course “Improving On-Farm Water Use Efficiency”, ICARDA, 10-21 October 1999

Doorenbos J. and Pruitt W.O. 1984. Guidelines for predicting crop water requirements FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 24, FAO, Rome

FAO. (Food and Organization of the United Nations). 1995. FAOCLIM 1.2. A CD-ROM with a compilation of monthly worldwide agroclimatic data. FAO Agrometeorology Working Paper Series No.11. FAO, Rome, Italy. 68 pp. (and one CD- ROM)

Gesch, D.B., and K.S. Larson. 1996. Techniques for development of global 1-kilometer digital elevation models. On-line document: http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/gtopo30/README.html

Hutchinson, M.F. 1995. Interpolating mean rainfall using thin plate smoothing splines. Int. J. Geogr. Info. Systems 9: 385-403.

Hutchinson, M.F. 2000. ANUSPLIN version 4.1. User Guide. Center for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra. On-line document: http://cres.anu.edu.au

Köppen W. and Geiger H. 1928. Handbuch der Klimatkunde. Berlin,

Pertziger, F., and E. De Pauw. 2002. CLIMAP. An Excel-based software for climate surface mapping. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria

UNESCO, 1979. Map of the world distribution of arid regions. Map at scale 1:25,000,000 with explanatory note. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, , 54 pp. ISBN 92-3-101484-6

7 APPENDIX 1. LIST OF SYNOPTIC AND CLIMATOLOGICAL STATIONS USED FOR TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION DATA

1. Temperature stations

(Data source: Meteorological Organization, Tehran)

Table 2. Temperature stations

Station Long. Lat. Alt. Period of record No. Station type years Ab Va Bargh 48.38 32.40 192 73-77 5 Climatic Abadan 48.25 30.37 7 73-98 26 Synoptic Abadchi Faridan 50.68 32.72 2,100 73-77,80-82,85-89 13 Climatic 52.67 31.18 2,030 73,75-85,87-98 24 Synoptic 51.98 35.77 2,450 73-77 7 Climatic Abardej 51.80 35.22 900 87-98 12 Climatic Abaregh Bam 57.95 29.33 1,585 83-85,87-89,91-97 13 Climatic Abdolabad 50.12 36.35 2,050 73-78,80-82,88,98 11 Climatic 51.58 33.57 2,234 79-81,84-98 18 Climatic Adalat(organ) 50.93 31.88 2,740 73-79,86,88,90-98 18 Climatic Adl(zirak) 51.05 32.07 2,280 73-86,88-98 25 Climatic Afrachal 53.25 36.23 1,300 73-77,82,86-98 19 Climatic Agh Togheh 55.72 38.02 250 88-91,95-98 8 Climatic 49.68 30.75 29 73,75-78,85-97 18 Synoptic 47.05 38.43 1,391 73-85 13 Climatic Ahmadabad-dorodzan 52.45 30.20 1,800 73-77,79-86 13 Climatic Ahwaz 48.67 31.33 23 73-98 26 Synoptic Ahwaz() 48.88 31.60 50 73-76,78-85,88-98 23 Climatic Ajabshir(padegan) 45.88 37.47 1,180 75,76,78-81,88,90 8 Climatic Ajichay 46.40 38.12 1,400 73-78,80,81 8 Climatic Akhtagan - Goolpayagan 50.08 33.40 2,000 73-77,79 6 Climatic Alahabade-ghazvin 50.08 35.80 1,175 73-75,77,80 5 Climatic Albaji 48.58 31.52 20 87-90,92,93 6 Climatic Aliabad Gourgan 54.87 36.90 187 73-79,82 8 Climatic Aliabad 57.75 28.32 635 73-77,82-85,88,89 11 Climatic Aliabad-kamin 53.12 30.05 1,995 73-82,86,88-96,98 21 Climatic Aligoodars 49.68 33.40 1,972 86-98 13 Synoptic Altan 47.78 39.60 30 75-79 5 Climatic Aminabad 51.47 35.58 1,000 75-77,79-85,87-94,96-98 21 Climatic Amoozeshe Keshavarzi 59.00 32.83 1,410 74,76,77,92,94-98 9 Climatic Anar 55.25 30.88 1,409 73,75,86-98 15 Synoptic 53.67 33.33 1,416 73-77,79-82,84-87 13 Climatic Andimashk 48.35 32.45 85 73-77 5 Climatic Arak 49.77 34.08 1,708 73-98 26 Synoptic Arask 57.53 33.53 1,240 73-77,79,81-98 24 Climatic Ardabeel 48.28 38.25 1,350 73-78 6 Climatic Ardakan Sepidan 51.98 30.27 2,200 73-77,80,85,87-89 10 Climatic Ardakan 54.02 32.32 1,104 88-98 11 Climatic

8 Ardebil 48.28 38.25 1,349 73,75-98 25 Synoptic 52.40 33.37 1,381 73-77,79-90 17 Climatic Ardestan 52.38 33.53 1,252 73-77,79-90 17 Climatic Aricanour 52.45 36.62 7 75-79,81-83 8 Climatic Asadabad-birjand 60.02 32.92 1,500 73-82,84-97 24 Climatic Asadabad-torbat 59.35 35.65 1,770 73-78,86-98 19 Climatic Asara 51.80 35.78 1,980 73-76,80-85 10 Climatic Asfrayan 57.48 37.08 1,210 73-76,79,80 6 Climatic Ashkzar 54.32 32.00 1,140 75,76,79-98 22 Climatic Aslam Abaad Dezfol 48.50 32.30 140 73-77 5 Climatic Aslam Abaad Gharb 46.60 34.12 1,355 76,78,80,84,85 5 Climatic Astara 48.87 38.42 -20 73-77,79-84 11 Climatic Avaj 49.22 35.63 91 73-77,79-92,94-96 22 Climatic Avin 51.38 35.78 1,520 73-78 6 Climatic Azadshahr 55.17 37.08 129 73-78 6 Climatic Azberm(kashef) 49.90 37.15 50 90-98 9 Climatic Azizabad-bam 58.87 28.97 670 88,90-98 10 Climatic 52.65 36.72 -21 73-98 26 Synoptic Baboul 52.68 36.55 2 73-77,79,80 7 Climatic Badijan 50.17 32.92 2,300 76,77,79-98 22 Climatic Bafgh 55.40 31.60 627 93-98 6 Synoptic 56.58 29.23 2,239 73-81 9 Climatic Baft 56.63 29.25 2,250 73-81 9 Climatic Bagh Kousar 50.58 36.07 1,225 86-98 13 Climatic Bagh Miveh Daneshgah Razi 47.12 34.32 1,319 85-89 5 Climatic Bagh-e-giyah-shanasy Tehran 51.17 35.67 1,330 73-81 9 Climatic 56.73 35.67 1,242 93-98 6 Climatic Bagh-malek 49.88 31.53 900 73-75,82-85,87-90,93-98 17 Climatic Bahbahan 50.23 30.60 300 73-77,83,84 7 Climatic Bahookalat 61.42 25.72 120 73-78,80,82-87,89-98 23 Climatic Bahshahr 53.55 36.72 -3 73-77 5 Climatic Baladeh 51.93 29.27 760 88,89,91-98 10 Climatic Balan 52.90 32.90 2,125 83,84,86-88,93-98 11 Climatic Bam 58.35 29.09 1,067 73-98 26 Synoptic Bampoor 60.45 27.20 360 73-78,82-87,98 13 Climatic Bandar Abass 56.37 27.22 10 73-98 26 Synoptic Bandar Anzali 49.47 37.47 -26 73-99 26 Synoptic Bandar Daier 51.93 27.83 12 93-98 6 Synoptic Bandar Deyyer 51.93 27.83 12 73-87,89-93 20 Climatic Bandar Genaveh 50.52 29.57 8 73,75,86,87,89-94 10 Climatic Bandar Lengeh 54.83 26.58 14 76-98 26 Synoptic Bandar Mahshahr 49.21 30.55 6 73-77 5 Climatic Bandar-sharafkhaneh 45.63 38.18 1,302 73-77,81,84-89 12 Climatic Bandar-torkaman 54.05 36.88 -20 73-79,82,91-98 16 Climatic Barandooz - Chi(baba- roud) 45.23 37.38 1,300 73-79,81,83,84 10 Climatic 56.60 29.93 2,050 73-77,82,85-87,89-94,97 16 Climatic Bar-neyshaboor 58.70 36.48 1,520 73-77,79-88,90-98 24 Climatic Barresi Afategiahye 59.77 36.47 1,040 87,88,90-94 7 Climatic

9 Barresi-berenj- 52.38 36.45 29 73-77,79-90 17 Climatic Bayazeh-biyabanak 55.03 33.33 1,450 73-77,79-82,87-98 21 Climatic Beebalan 50.38 37.03 -10 73-78,81-85 11 Climatic Beejar 47.62 35.88 1,900 73-77,81,84,85 8 Climatic 50.23 30.58 345 93-98 6 Synoptic Bejestan 58.18 34.52 1,370 73-77,79-87,90-98 23 Climatic Biarjamand 55.83 36.05 1,107 92-98 7 Synoptic Biarjomand Shahrod 55.78 36.13 1,100 86-91 6 Climatic 47.62 35.88 1,900 73,75-77,81,84,85,87-98 19 Synoptic Birjand 59.20 32.87 1,491 73-98 26 Synoptic Boean Zahra 50.07 35.77 1,282 73-78,80-83 10 Climatic Bojnoord 57.33 37.47 1,091 73-77 5 Climatic Bojnurd 57.33 37.47 1,091 73,75-98 25 Synoptic Bon Seadan 48.50 32.18 5 73-77 5 Climatic Bonkooh 52.43 35.30 1,006 73-77,80-83 9 Climatic Booran Ghanbarloo 47.48 39.35 240 73-79 7 Climatic Borazjan 51.22 29.27 130 73,74,76,80,83-98 20 Climatic Boroojen 51.30 31.96 2,197 88-98 11 Synoptic Boroujerd (padegan) 48.63 33.90 1,600 73,75-78,82,83,85,88-98 19 Climatic Boshroeeh 57.43 33.88 885 74-77,78-85 11 Climatic Boshrooyeh 57.45 33.90 930 75-77,79-85,88-98 21 Synoptic Bostan 48.33 31.50 50 86-98 13 Synoptic Broujerd 48.75 33.90 1,632 73,78,82-84,89-98 15 Synoptic 50.83 28.98 20 73-80,82-98 25 Synoptic Bushehr Coastal 50.85 28.95 8 92-98 7 Synoptic Bushehr Daryaee 50.85 28.95 8 86-91 6 Synoptic -faridan 50.63 32.77 2,100 75,76,78-98 23 Climatic Chadormalu 55.47 32.33 1,420 91-93,95-98 7 Climatic Chaganeh 58.50 36.83 1,370 73-76,78,80,85,87 8 Climatic Chaghart 55.47 31.67 1,340 73-76,79-83,94 10 Climatic Chahbahar 60.62 25.28 7 73-77,81-85,87-98 22 Synoptic Chaleshtar 50.80 32.40 2,078 73-79 7 Climatic -nor 52.15 36.48 73 80,81,83-98 18 Climatic Chehel Dokhtar 55.30 36.70 1,520 75-77,80,85-98 18 Climatic Chenaran 59.12 36.63 1,350 73-84,87 13 Climatic Chogha 49.72 34.13 1,695 92-98 7 Climatic -faridan 50.48 33.02 2,300 73-84,86-98 25 Climatic 54.37 36.22 1,170 73-77,79,81,83-98 23 Climatic Damparvari Abbasabad 59.65 36.60 1,400 73-97,84-86,88-95 18 Climatic Danesfhan 49.75 35.78 1,345 73-78,80,81 8 Climatic Daneshgah Esfahan 51.67 32.65 1,604 73-75,77-83 10 Climatic Daneshgah Mamazan Aboreyhan 51.68 35.47 1,021 86-89,92,94-98 10 Climatic Daneshgah Sanatee Esfahan 51.47 32.70 1,630 81-85 5 Climatic Daneshgah 46.28 38.08 1,362 73-77,79-81,86,88 10 Climatic Daneshkadeh Keshavarzi Sari 52.98 36.53 107 81,82,85-97 15 Climatic Daneshkadeh-keshavarzi- mashad1 59.63 36.27 985 85-88,90-96 11 Climatic

10 54.53 28.75 115 73-94 22 Climatic Daran 50.37 32.97 2,290 88-98 11 Synoptic Daran-faridan 50.42 32.98 2,400 75-81,86-88 10 Climatic Darehgaz 59.10 37.43 500 73-80,82,85,87 11 Climatic Darehtakht 49.37 33.37 2,000 73-80,83-93 19 Climatic Dargazin-hamedan 49.07 35.35 1,870 73-78,80-84,87-98 23 Climatic Dashband-bookan 46.17 36.63 1,336 73-81 9 Climatic Dasht Arjan 51.98 29.65 1,950 74-77,80,81 6 Climatic Dasht Golestan(kalpoush) 56.45 37.27 1,000 85-92,95-98 12 Climatic Dasht Morghab 53.23 30.28 1,860 73-75,82,83,87-91 10 Climatic Dashte Azadegan Soosangard 48.18 31.55 48 73-77,79,80,84 8 Climatic Dasht-naz(banou- mahaleh) 53.17 36.68 28 73-78,86-94,98 16 Climatic Dastgerdan(eshghabad) 56.87 34.33 850 76,78,83-87,90,94,95 10 Climatic Dastjerd Shahrood 56.17 36.13 1,015 77,79,83,97,98 5 Climatic Dehbeed 53.20 30.62 2,260 73-76,78-80 7 Climatic 47.27 32.68 232 87,90-98 10 Synoptic Dehnow Fatholmobin 57.22 28.00 555 87,92-98 8 Climatic Dehsomeeh 50.83 35.95 1,500 73,75-79,83,85 8 Climatic Deyhook 57.53 33.28 1,600 73-80,85-89,94 14 Climatic Dezasheeb 51.45 35.80 1,530 73-77 5 Climatic Dezeecheh Lanjan 51.48 32.40 1,700 73-77 5 Climatic Dezeen Gajareh 51.07 36.38 2,900 73-77,82 6 Climatic Dezfoul 48.38 32.40 150 73-78,80 7 Climatic Dezful 48.38 32.40 143 73-91,94-98 24 Synoptic Dogonbadan 50.83 30.33 709 85-98 14 Synoptic Dolatabad 49.80 36.18 1,277 73-78 6 Climatic Doodahak(abbasabad- ghom) 50.63 34.05 1,445 73-77,83,84,86,88-97 18 Climatic Doolanab 48.13 36.88 1,370 75,76,79-81,83,84, 7 Climatic Dorood 49.07 33.48 1,402 73-80,82 9 Climatic Doroodzan 52.83 29.67 1,590 73-78 6 Climatic Doushan Tappeh 51.33 35.70 1,209 73-98 26 Synoptic Dozaj 49.82 35.40 2,060 73-78,80-82,84-94,97,98 22 Climatic Eghlid-abadeh 52.78 30.92 2,197 73-78,90-95 12 Climatic Eivanekey 51.93 35.48 1,400 73-77,96-98 8 Climatic 46.43 33.63 1,319 73-79,81-83 10 Climatic Emam Khomeini(airport) 51.10 35.45 1,010 92-94,96-98 6 Climatic Emam-gheis 51.35 31.73 2,400 73-98 26 Climatic Esean 56.33 27.30 92 73-75,77,98 5 Climatic Esfahan 51.67 32.62 1,590 73-98 26 Synoptic Esfahan (khatami) 51.87 32.67 1,601 77,78,80-84 7 Synoptic Esfahan(setad-topkhaneh) 51.67 32.62 1,660 76,77,87,94-96 6 Climatic Esfand Abad Abarkooh 53.38 30.93 1,485 77-82,84-88,90,91,94,97,98 16 Climatic Esfandooghh Jeeroft 57.20 28.70 1,700 73-78 6 Climatic Eslam Abad (havashanasy) 46.60 34.10 1,285 73-77-,79 6 Climatic Eslamabad Gharb 46.43 34.00 1,346 76,78,80,84,85,87-98 17 Synoptic Estahbanat 54.07 29.15 1,690 75-77,85-89 8 Climatic Fardos 58.17 34.02 1,293 73-79,81-83 10 Climatic

11 Farokhi Naeen 54.92 33.85 830 73-76,79,80 6 Climatic Fassa 53.72 28.90 1,288 73-98 26 Synoptic Fathabad Ghazveen 50.22 35.75 1,180 73-78 6 Climatic Fathabad-ferdous 58.38 34.12 1,840 73-82,84-86,88-98 24 Climatic Faze Abad 50.03 35.83 128 73-78,80-82 9 Climatic Ferdous 58.17 34.00 1,293 73,75-79,81-83,85-98 23 Synoptic Fereydoon Shahr 50.17 32.93 2,490 78-82,85,88-95,97,98 16 Climatic Feshalam 49.37 37.25 -10 73-78,88-98 17 Climatic Fileh Khaseh Zanjan 48.03 37.07 1,368 92-98 7 Climatic Firouzabad-fars 52.57 28.87 1,300 73-76,78,84,86,88-98 18 Climatic Firouzabad-khalkhal 48.22 37.58 1,090 73-86,88-90 17 Climatic Firouzkooh 52.83 35.75 1,922 74-76,84-86,88-91,93 11 Climatic Foromad Markaz Khademat 56.77 36.50 1,120 90-98 9 Climatic Foulad Shahr 51.42 32.48 1,665 78,79,81-84 6 Climatic Gachsaran 50.83 30.33 709 73-78 6 Climatic Galeshpol 52.28 36.57 2 76,78-81,86-90 10 Climatic Garakan-ashtiyan 49.97 34.55 1,791 73-86,88-90 17 Climatic Gariz(bazakabad) 54.18 31.33 1,920 91,95-98 5 Climatic Garmee 48.03 39.02 350 76-80 5 Climatic 52.27 35.20 825 86-98 13 Synoptic Garmsar Davarabad 52.33 35.25 856 73,75,76,81-83,85,88,89 9 Climatic Ghaam Shahr 52.88 36.48 50 73-83 11 Climatic Ghaen 59.17 33.72 1,432 73,75,87-98 15 Synoptic Ghaleh Nou Askar 48.38 32.27 78 73-77 5 Climatic Ghapan 55.65 37.60 300 85,86,88-92,95-98 11 Climatic Gharakhil Ghaemshr 52.88 36.45 15 84-98 15 Synoptic Gharan Tallar 52.78 36.33 90 73-77 5 Climatic Ghareh-aghaj 47.70 39.03 700 73-83,85,86,88,89 15 Climatic Gharnghoo 47.57 37.38 1,100 73-77 5 Climatic Ghasreshirin 45.58 34.52 300 73-79,97,98 9 Climatic Ghasr-ghand 60.73 26.22 500 88-98 11 Climatic Ghasr-shirin 45.58 34.52 378 73,75-79 6 Synoptic Ghazeyan 49.47 37.47 -25 73-80 8 Climatic Ghazvin 50.00 36.25 1,278 73-98 26 Synoptic Ghochan 58.50 37.12 1,225 73,75-81,83 9 Climatic Ghom 50.85 34.70 877 73,75-77,79,80,86-98 19 Synoptic Ghomsheh() 51.85 32.02 1,700 73-77,80-86,88-92 17 Climatic Ghorveh 47.80 35.17 1,941 89-98 10 Synoptic Ghotourchai 45.25 38.85 950 73-86,88-95 22 Climatic Ghoum 50.85 34.70 877 73-77,79,80 7 Climatic Ghoushchi(padegan) 45.03 37.98 1,286 75-78,80,81,84-86,88-98 20 Climatic Gilan Gharb 45.92 34.13 900 73-79 7 Climatic Gileh-bordesir 49.67 37.20 0 73-77,79-85,89,90 14 Climatic Goharkouh 60.57 28.37 1,385 73-75,93-95 6 Climatic Golpaigan 50.28 33.47 1,870 92-98 7 Synoptic (jangaldary) 50.28 33.45 1,800 73,74,78,90,91 5 Climatic Gomishan 54.07 37.08 -270 74-81,83-85 11 Climatic Gonabad 58.68 34.35 1,056 73-78,79-86 13 Climatic Gonabad 58.70 34.35 1,150 73-78,79-86 13 Climatic -ghabous 55.17 37.25 150 73-86,92-94 17 Climatic

12 Goolmakan 59.13 36.48 1,176 76,77,80-84, 7 Climatic Goosheh Nahavand 48.23 34.28 1,520 73-76,78,80-83 9 Climatic 54.27 36.85 13 73-98 26 Synoptic Gorgin-khobr 56.22 28.83 1,825 74-86,88,89,91-95 20 Climatic 48.80 32.23 150 73-78 6 Climatic Haft-tapeh 48.35 32.08 80 73-80,82-98 25 Climatic Hajiabad-bandarabbas 55.92 28.32 900 73-77,83-86,88,92,95-97 14 Climatic Hamand- 52.08 35.65 1,800 73-76,78-98 25 Climatic Hamedan Foroudgah 48.53 34.85 1,749 77-98 22 Synoptic Hamedan Nozheh 48.68 35.20 1,680 73-98 26 Synoptic Hamgin 51.45 31.92 2,150 73-98 26 Climatic 48.43 31.48 53 73-80,82-95,97,98 24 Climatic Hanna 51.73 31.22 2,350 73-83,95,96 13 Climatic Harang Taleghan 50.77 36.27 1,980 73,75-78 5 Climatic Hasanabad Arak 49.90 33.88 1,742 73-77,81,83-90 14 Climatic Havanirooz(shahid Vatanpoor) 51.67 32.62 1,660 88-92,97,98 7 Climatic Hojatabad Pishkoh 54.03 31.70 1,500 73-84 12 Climatic Hokmabad 57.62 36.63 1,020 73-77,79,80,84-87 11 Climatic Hormak 60.83 29.97 1,000 73,74,76,78,85-87 7 Climatic Hosseinan 54.57 35.22 895 85,86,88-98 13 Climatic Hotan Chat 55.27 37.98 130 73-78,82-84 9 Climatic Hovayzeh 48.07 31.43 32 73-80 8 Climatic Ilam 46.42 33.63 1,363 73,75-79,81-84,86-98 23 Synoptic Iranshahr 60.70 27.20 591 73-77,80-98 24 Synoptic 49.87 31.85 767 93-98 6 Synoptic Jahroom 53.55 28.50 985 76-80,82-85 9 Climatic Jangalabad Jiroft 57.80 28.58 650 85-89 5 Climatic Jangalbani 52.57 33.57 1,400 75-82,84-86,88,89 13 Climatic Jangalbani-badroud- 51.83 33.53 1,300 75-82,85-98 22 Climatic 57.77 25.63 5 73-78,85-98 20 Synoptic Jazireh Abomoosa 54.83 25.83 7 84-98 15 Synoptic Jazireh Khark 50.33 29.27 4 73-78 6 Climatic Jazireh Kish 53.98 26.50 30 77-98 22 Synoptic Jazireh Siri 54.48 25.88 17 83-87,89-98 15 Synoptic 73-78,80-83,85- Jazireh-gheshm 56.27 26.45 31 88,90,92,93,95-97 20 Climatic Jeophysics Tehran 51.38 35.73 1,419 73,91-98 9 Synoptic Joghtay 57.03 36.60 1,230 73-75,78-81,86,88,97,98 11 Climatic Jolfa 45.63 38.93 704 73,75-84 11 Climatic Jonabad 60.97 28.95 1,725 85-90,94,97 8 Climatic Joolgeh Ghran Tooneh 57.37 29.20 2,270 73-78 6 Climatic Kabootarabad 51.85 32.52 1,545 77-84,86,89,92-98 17 Synoptic Kaboutarabad 51.85 32.52 1,545 77-84,86 9 Climatic Kahnooj 57.72 27.92 417 73,74,83-86,88-98 17 Climatic Kahnouj 57.32 27.97 470 73,83-87,89-98 16 Synoptic Kahriz 45.17 37.88 1,325 80-83,94-98 9 Climatic Kakhe Saad Abad 51.42 35.83 1,700 73-78 6 Climatic Kalaleh 55.48 37.37 157 73-75,83-86,88-98 18 Climatic Kalat Naderi 59.75 37.03 863 76-81,83-86,88,90,91 13 Climatic

13 Kalateh Mazinan 56.82 36.27 835 86,88,94,96,97 5 Climatic Kalkali-khash 61.32 28.15 1,410 73-76,78 5 Climatic Kan 51.27 35.75 1,330 73-79 7 Climatic Kangan Jam 52.37 27.82 655 89-98 10 Synoptic 47.92 34.50 1,500 76,81-84 5 Climatic Kangavar 48.00 34.50 1,460 76,81-84 5 Climatic 51.03 35.80 1,322 73,74,79-81 5 Climatic Karaj (keshavarzi) 51.03 35.80 1,321 82-86 5 Climatic Karkhaneh Ghand Fareeman 59.87 35.65 1,411 73,74,76-81,83-85 11 Climatic Karkhaneh Ghand Pars Kovar 52.72 29.18 1,510 73-86,88,89 16 Climatic Karkhaneh Ghand Torbat Jam 60.67 35.17 845 73-76,83-86,88,90 11 Climatic Karkhaneh Siman Shahrood 54.93 36.45 1,575 88-93 6 Climatic Karkhaneh-siman-sepahan 51.42 32.40 1,680 74-86 13 Climatic Karvandar 60.77 27.85 1,065 73-77,82-86,88-94,96-98 20 Climatic 51.45 33.98 982 73-98 26 Synoptic 58.47 35.20 1,060 73-77 5 Climatic Kavir Siyahkooh(chahafzal) 53.85 32.52 1,420 88-98 11 Climatic Kazeroun 51.67 29.60 776 73,74,76,77,79,82,84-86 9 Climatic Kenarak Chahbahar 60.37 25.43 12 84-98 14 Synoptic 56.97 30.25 1,754 73-98 26 Synoptic 47.06 34.32 1,322 73-99 27 Synoptic Keshavarzi- hamedan() 48.53 34.87 1,730 82-84,89-98 13 Climatic Kesht-va-sanat- karoon(dimcheh) 48.72 32.08 53 77,81,84-86,89-98 15 Climatic Khafr 53.30 28.97 1,250 73-77,80,83,84,87-94 16 Climatic Khakali(magasal) 50.17 36.15 1,265 73-76,86,88,91,98 8 Climatic Khalat Poushan 46.45 38.05 1,567 78,81,86-98 15 Climatic Khampich-golpayegan 50.43 33.32 2,080 80,81,83-95 15 Climatic 73,74,77,78,80-82,84- Khansar 50.32 33.23 2,300 89,92-98 20 Climatic Kharameh 53.32 29.52 1,630 73-76,78,79 6 Climatic Khash 61.23 28.22 1,394 75-78,80,82,83 7 Climatic Khash - Havashanasy 61.20 28.22 1,400 73,74,78,79,81,84 6 Climatic Khodabandeh 48.58 36.12 1,989 94-98 5 Synoptic Bashagerd 58.38 26.62 950 92,93,95,97,98 5 Climatic Khondab 49.20 34.40 1,920 73-78,80,81,83-85,87-98 23 Climatic Khoor Bieabanak 55.03 33.78 850 73-85 13 Climatic Khoor Birjand 58.43 32.93 1,117 87,90-98 10 Synoptic Khoramabad-tonkabon 50.90 36.75 50 73,75-81,83-86,92-98 12 Climatic Khoramshahr 48.18 30.42 5 73,75-79 6 Climatic Khore Birjand 58.55 32.92 1,070 87,90-93 5 Climatic 48.37 33.48 1,125 73-98 26 Synoptic Khorramdareh 49.18 36.18 1,575 78,86-98 14 Synoptic Khosf 58.88 32.77 1,400 75-98 24 Climatic Khoshkehdaran-tonkabon 50.87 36.80 -2 73-77,79,81,90-98 16 Climatic

14 44.97 38.55 1,107 73-98 26 Synoptic Damavand 52.17 35.55 2,050 73-77,84-86,88-91 12 Climatic Koohin 49.50 36.43 1,330 75,77,78,88-93 9 Climatic Kootyan Safyabad 48.43 32.27 52 73-78 6 Climatic Kordsofla 50.78 32.90 2,300 76-86,88-95 19 Climatic Kouhan Shahroud 55.88 36.28 1,004 85,86,88-98 13 Climatic Kshfrood Agh Darband 60.83 35.98 580 73-76,78-80,82 8 Climatic 50.00 37.18 -2 73-80,82-85,89-98 22 Climatic Lakan 49.60 37.20 -2 73-78 6 Climatic Lar 54.28 27.67 792 89-98 10 Synoptic Lar Fars 54.33 27.68 900 73-78,81,83-86,88-90 14 Climatic Lar Ploor 52.08 35.83 2,400 73-80 8 Climatic Latiyan 51.68 35.77 1,600 73-81 9 Climatic Leeghvan 46.43 37.83 2,100 73-79 7 Climatic Lordgan Bakhtiyari 50.82 31.52 1,700 73-76,78,80-85,88-94 18 Climatic Maadan Faryab 54.50 26.67 750 73-78,80-86,89-92,95 18 Climatic Maadan Gajareh 51.40 36.07 2,670 79,81,83-85 5 Climatic Maadane Mes Sar Cheshmeh No1 55.87 29.95 2,529 83-86,88 5 Climatic Macco 44.43 39.33 1,470 73-76,78 5 Climatic Madane Parvardeh 57.03 33.93 864 91-98 8 Climatic Magsal 50.12 36.13 1,265 76,77,80-83,89,90,92,94-97 14 Climatic 45.72 36.77 1,385 76,77,79-82,92-98 13 Climatic Mahabad - Ghoom Ghaleeh 45.77 36.88 1,500 73-76,82 5 Climatic Mahabad - Havashenasy 45.72 36.77 1,500 73,75-77,81 5 Climatic Mahmoodabad- 73-77,80,85,86,88-95,96- sari(mahdasht) 53.00 36.52 118 98 18 Climatic Mahrgard 51.52 31.55 2,600 73-78 6 Climatic Makangan Manoojan 57.50 27.43 340 83-86,88-98 15 Climatic Makoo 44.43 39.33 1,470 73,75,76,78,85-98 18 Synoptic Malayer 48.82 34.28 1,725 73-76,78,84-86 8 Climatic 49.40 36.73 333 93-98 6 Synoptic Maraghe Havashanasy 46.23 37.40 1,419 74-76,78,81 5 Climatic 73,75-77,80,83,84,86,88- Maragheh 46.25 37.25 1,650 91,93-98 18 Climatic 73,75-77,80,83,84,86,88- Maragheh 46.27 37.40 1,478 91,93-98 18 Climatic 45.77 38.43 1,534 75-83 9 Climatic Marand-(havashenasi) 45.77 38.43 1,305 73-81 9 Climatic Marivan 46.17 35.50 1,298 92-98 7 Synoptic Karkhaneh Ghand 52.80 29.87 1,603 74-84,86,88-90 15 Climatic Mashhad 59.63 36.27 990 73-98 26 Synoptic Masjad Solayman 49.27 31.98 363 73-78 6 Climatic 49.27 31.98 363 73,75-78,85-98 19 Synoptic Mazoo 48.52 32.83 450 84-86,89-98 13 Climatic Mazraeh Nemoneh Artesh 54.50 37.12 14 88-98 11 Climatic Mazreh-akhond- yazd(hojatabad-p 53.88 31.72 2,000 86,88-91,93-96 9 Climatic 51.17 33.43 1,980 73-86,88-98 25 Climatic Mianab 48.48 31.97 50 75-78,93-98 10 Climatic

15 Miandeh Jiroft 57.80 28.58 626 89-98 10 Synoptic Miandouab(keshavarzi) 46.10 36.97 1,314 73-86,88-98 25 Climatic Mianeh 47.70 37.45 1,110 75-78,81,82 6 Climatic Mianeh - Havashanasy 47.70 37.33 1,094 73-78 6 Climatic Micro-climatology-karaj 50.95 35.80 1,312 73-78 6 Climatic Milajerd 49.22 34.63 1,675 85,88-95,97,98 11 Climatic Minoodasht 55.37 37.22 190 85,86,88-92,95-98 11 Climatic 61.45 29.02 900 73-77,86,94-97 10 Climatic Mochan 49.65 33.83 1,786 74-78,81-84 9 Climatic Mohammad Abad Jabalbaraz 57.93 28.88 2,000 73,75-78 5 Climatic Mohammadabad- cheshmeh-ziaratga 60.48 29.45 1,470 74,82-86,88-98 17 Climatic Mohammadabad-koorin 60.37 28.93 1,400 76,78,83-85,88-97 15 Climatic Moorcheh Khort 51.50 33.08 1,673 86,89,90-98 11 Climatic Moraveh Tappeh 55.17 37.25 37 93-98 6 Synoptic Moshiran 47.52 38.70 653 73-86,88-98 25 Climatic Mozdoran 60.67 36.17 990 76,77,80-82 5 Climatic Naeen 53.08 32.87 1,600 73-86,88-91 18 Climatic Naein 53.08 32.85 1,549 92-98 7 Synoptic Naghadeh 45.38 36.95 1,350 73-76,80 5 Climatic Naghsh Bahram 50.62 32.20 1,030 76-80 5 Climatic Nahavand 48.37 34.20 1,740 73-80,84,92-95,97,98 15 Climatic Nahbandan 60.05 31.55 1,211 73-78,80 6 Climatic 51.37 32.63 1,350 73-82,84,85,88-98 23 Climatic Namayeshgah Tehran 51.42 35.78 1,541 73-79 7 Climatic Nardin 55.78 37.03 1,340 88,89,93-98 8 Climatic 51.52 35.75 1,290 73-79 7 Climatic Naseredin 49.12 33.33 1,182 76-78,86,88-98 15 Climatic Nasrovan 54.37 28.68 975 73-76,78-80 7 Climatic Natanz 51.90 33.53 1,685 73-82,88-91 14 Climatic Natanz 51.93 33.53 1,800 73-82,88-91 14 Climatic Nayahabour 58.80 36.20 1,350 73,75-79,83 7 Climatic Nazloochai 44.97 37.67 1,500 73-78 6 Climatic Neem Blook Ghaanat 58.83 34.03 1,617 73,75-78 5 Climatic Nehalestan (abebarik) 52.72 29.78 1,600 76-86,88-95 19 Climatic Nehbandan 60.00 31.55 1,211 86-98 13 Synoptic Nesa 51.33 36.08 2,300 73-75,80-85 9 Climatic (layhana) 54.32 29.18 2,000 73-86,89-91,93,95-98 22 Climatic Neyshaboor 58.80 36.27 1,213 73,75-79,83,91-98 15 Synoptic Neystan 57.38 33.05 1,000 85,86,88,90-94 8 Climatic Nikshahr 60.22 26.23 510 74,75,85,93-96 7 Climatic Nirugah Shahid Rajaee 50.27 36.18 1,285 85,86,88-98 13 Climatic Nodeh Chenaran 57.58 37.47 1,350 88-90,93-97 8 Climatic Nojian 48.53 33.27 1,984 73-80,84-86,88-90 14 Climatic Noorabad Mamasany 51.53 30.22 900 73-86,88-91 18 Climatic 59.97 29.85 1,000 74-78,85,86,88-98 18 Climatic Noudej 50.70 34.88 920 73-76,78,83 6 Climatic Noushahr 51.50 36.65 -21 73-82,84-86 13 Climatic Noushahr Meriyan University 51.53 36.62 -26 93-98 6 Climatic

16 (paygah) 49.65 30.77 35 83-91,93-98 15 Synoptic Oroomieh 45.07 37.53 1,313 73-98 26 Synoptic Oroomiyeh 45.03 37.62 1,330 76,78-81 5 Climatic Oskoo 46.22 37.92 1,500 73-84 12 Climatic Osnoor 47.90 37.50 1,200 73-77,79,80,82-86 12 Climatic Palayeshgah - Tehran 51.43 35.55 1,160 73-77 5 Climatic Park Shahr 51.92 35.67 1,225 73-79 7 Climatic Parnd 49.50 37.28 40 86,88,90-92,94-98 10 Climatic Pars Abad Moghan 47.92 39.65 44 73-80 8 Climatic Parsabad Moghan 47.92 39.65 44 73,75-80,85-98 21 Synoptic Pasikhan 49.70 37.00 45 86,87,90-92,94-98 10 Climatic Payam 50.83 35.78 1,261 91-98 8 Synoptic Peel 50.78 34.77 950 73-77,84 6 Climatic Peiranshahr 45.13 36.70 1,350 75-79 5 Climatic Pelaje Sade Dez 49.43 32.47 350 76-79,81,82 6 Climatic Petroshimi-iran 49.10 30.43 3 76,77,83,88-92,98 9 Climatic Pieseh Soon 48.75 37.70 1,244 73-78 6 Climatic Pilimbra(nehalestan) 49.08 37.58 6 73-81,83-98 25 Climatic Pole Kaleh 51.23 32.38 1,800 73-75,77,78 5 Climatic Pol-zamankhan 50.90 32.48 1,860 74-77,79-82,84-98 23 Climatic 55.90 30.42 1,577 73-78,85,87-89,91-96 16 Climatic Rahmatabad Rigan 59.38 28.65 610 83-95 13 Climatic 49.63 31.27 175 73-80 8 Climatic Ramsar 50.67 36.90 -20 73-98 26 Synoptic Rasadkhaneh-maragheh 46.20 37.40 1,461 75,76,78-81 6 Climatic Rasht 49.60 37.25 -7 73-99 27 Synoptic 46.65 34.70 1,363 88-98 11 Synoptic -bam 57.43 29.58 2,235 86,87,89-93,97,98 9 Climatic -larijan 52.07 35.90 1,950 73-77,85-98 19 Climatic Rivash Kooh Soorkh 58.40 35.48 1,650 73-76,78-80 7 Climatic Poshtbadam 55.55 33.03 1,188 92-98 7 Synoptic Roudbar 49.40 36.80 280 73-82,84-85,87-90 16 Climatic 57.72 36.20 978 73-98 23 Synoptic Sabzevaran Jerooft 57.77 28.45 627 73-79 7 Climatic Sad Arass 45.37 39.15 816 74-79 6 Climatic Sad Doroudzan 52.43 30.22 1,620 73,77,78,88-98 14 Synoptic Sad Karaj 51.10 35.98 1,588 73-76,80-85 10 Climatic Sad Nouroz Loo 46.20 36.92 1,332 73,75-78 5 Climatic Sad-zarinehroud 46.47 36.40 1,390 73,75-78 5 Climatic Safiabad Dezful 48.40 32.40 80 87-98 12 Synoptic Saghdar(kolchiska) 57.88 28.82 1,370 73,74,79-85,88-97 19 Climatic Saghez 46.27 36.25 1,523 73-79,81-98 25 Synoptic Salmas 44.77 38.18 1,262 73,75,78,82,83,85 6 Climatic Salmas(havashenasi) 44.77 38.18 1,350 74-77,86 5 Climatic Samirom(olia) 51.77 31.42 2,500 73-81,83,85-87 13 Climatic 47.00 35.33 1,373 73-98 26 Synoptic Sang Sorakh 58.75 37.63 1,100 73,74,76-85,87,88,90 16 Climatic Sang Trash 48.57 33.23 1,584 73-78,80 7 Climatic Sangan Khavaf 60.42 34.45 1,262 92-97 6 Climatic Sar Pol Zohab 45.87 34.45 545 86-98 13 Synoptic Sarab 47.53 37.93 1,682 73,76-78,80,83-89 12 Climatic

17 Sarab(havashenasi) 47.53 37.93 1,651 74-81,83,85,86 11 Climatic Sarakhs 61.17 36.53 235 73-77,79-83 10 Climatic Saravan 62.33 27.33 1,195 73,75,86-98 15 Synoptic Sarayeen(abegarm) 48.08 38.17 1,750 73-86,88-98 25 Climatic 61.27 26.63 880 73-77,83-98 21 Climatic Sardasht 45.50 36.17 1,789 86-98 13 Synoptic Sardasht Dezful 48.83 32.50 500 85-98 14 Climatic Sardasht Zaedon 50.05 30.23 150 84-90 7 Climatic Sardooiyeh 57.35 29.23 2,750 73-78,83-88 12 Climatic Sarkat Tajan 53.17 36.40 300 73-81,83-92 19 Climatic Sarkhoon 56.63 27.38 103 73-78 6 Climatic Sar-pole-zahab- (havashenasi) 45.87 34.45 545 73,75-79,81 7 Climatic 50.35 35.02 1,167 73-91 19 Climatic Saveh 50.33 35.05 1,108 73-91 19 Climatic Sedeh-birjand 59.23 33.33 1,600 73-79,81-83,85-98 23 Climatic Semeskandeh 53.12 36.58 35 73-79,83-87 12 Climatic Semnan 53.55 35.55 1,171 73-98 26 Synoptic Sepiddasht 48.88 33.25 1,100 73-78,83,85-87,89-91,93 14 Climatic Shabankareh 51.10 29.33 120 73-98 26 Climatic 48.67 30.65 6 73-76,79,83-85,87-91 13 Climatic 57.73 30.42 520 73-76,78 5 Climatic Shahid Chamran Ahwaz 48.67 31.33 18 88-92,94-98 10 Climatic Shahid Fozveh(komiteh Keshava. 51.43 32.60 1,612 91-95,97,98 7 Climatic Shahid Hamzavi(hana) 51.70 31.15 2,274 91-94,97 5 Climatic Shahr Babak 55.12 30.10 1,834 87-98 12 Synoptic Shahre Kord 50.85 32.33 1,991 73-98 26 Synoptic Shahrestank 51.35 35.97 2,200 73-76,80-85 10 Climatic Shahreza 51.83 31.98 1,845 93-98 6 Synoptic Shamoon 48.45 32.17 60 73-77 5 Climatic Shams Abad-arak 49.73 33.82 2,400 73-81,83-89,91-98 24 Climatic Sharafabad Dezfoul 48.35 32.30 90 73-77 5 Climatic Shargh Esfahan 51.87 32.67 1,601 85-98 14 Synoptic Shazand Arak 49.42 33.93 1,901 73-77,80,85-98 19 Climatic 52.60 29.55 1,491 73-98 26 Synoptic Shiraz Markaz Zerehi 52.58 29.53 1,516 83-85,91-94 7 Climatic 52.90 36.28 223 73-76,79-87,89 14 Climatic Shirvan Broujerd 48.80 33.77 1,392 73-84,86-88 15 Climatic Shomale Tehran 51.62 35.78 1,548 88-98 11 Synoptic Shoshtar 48.87 32.03 570 94-98 5 Synoptic Shoush 48.28 32.20 112 73-77 5 Climatic Shoushtar 48.83 32.05 150 73-80,82-86,88-93 19 Climatic Shrkat Zeraii Golpaygan 50.47 33.42 1,826 78-82 5 Climatic Singerd 50.43 32.78 2,100 76-98 23 Climatic 55.68 29.47 1,739 73,85-98 15 Synoptic Songhore Kolyaee 47.60 34.78 1,700 89,91-97 8 Climatic Soobashi 48.23 35.17 2,039 73-79,85-91 14 Climatic Sooleghan 51.27 35.83 1,700 74-76,78,79,81,82,84,86-89 12 Climatic Soorkh Hesar 51.58 35.78 1,480 73,74,83-85 5 Climatic Tabass 56.92 33.60 711 73-77,80-83,85-98 23 Synoptic

18 Tabriz 46.28 38.05 1,364 73-98 26 Synoptic 50.03 34.68 1,878 73-98 26 Climatic Taherabad Sari 53.20 36.62 3 83-98 16 Climatic Tahghighat Bayekolah 53.23 36.73 10 93-98 6 Climatic 47.11 36.40 1,765 86-98 13 Synoptic Takestan 49.70 36.07 1,325 73-78,82,83,89-98 18 Climatic Takht Jamshid 52.90 29.93 1,605 73-81,85-87,95,96,98 15 Climatic Talarsar 50.73 36.85 79 73-85,88,90-98 23 Climatic Tang Panj 48.75 32.93 641 73-78,81 7 Climatic Tangeh-torkaman 56.95 37.92 930 85,89,90,94,95,97,98 7 Climatic Tarz 58.52 28.77 960 83,84,86,88-96 12 Climatic 76,78,8282-86,82-86,88- Tasbit-shen-chahkoutah 51.15 29.07 25 95,98 16 Climatic Tashkouiyeh(kallegah) 55.45 28.18 915 73-83,85,89,91-98 21 Climatic Tayebad 60.75 34.75 855 86-88,93-98 9 Climatic Tazeh Kand 47.97 37.07 1,220 73-79 7 Climatic Teeran Karvand 51.13 32.70 1,830 73-83 11 Climatic Tehran Mehrabad 51.35 35.70 1,191 73-98 26 Synoptic Tehran Shahr 51.43 35.68 1,198 74-78 5 Climatic Tekmeh-dash 46.93 37.72 1,873 73-81,89-98 19 Climatic Tirtash 53.72 36.73 -10 82,83,85,86,88,90-98 14 Climatic Toose-ferdousi 59.52 36.48 1,040 73-77,79,81,83,85,86,88-98 21 Climatic Torbat Jam 60.63 35.23 928 73,79,89-92 6 Climatic Torbate Heydarieh 59.22 35.27 1,451 73-99 27 Synoptic Torbate Jam 60.58 35.25 950 93-98 6 Synoptic Torbatjam (nielabad) 60.77 35.13 810 74-78,82-85 9 Climatic Torghe Kertian 59.55 36.17 1,300 73-86,89-94 20 Climatic Torogh Mashhad 59.67 36.22 1,030 73-79,88 8 Climatic Torood 55.12 35.47 781 82-86,89-94,96-98 14 Climatic Toysarkan 48.45 34.55 1,780 73-79,82,83,85 10 Climatic Valad Abad 49.97 35.93 1,210 73-78,80-82 9 Climatic Valiabade- garmsar(rostamabade) 52.47 35.22 850 73-75,77-80,84,86 9 Climatic 51.65 35.32 1,000 73-80,82-86,88-95 21 Climatic 52.62 32.40 1,450 73-77,79,85,86,88-98 19 Climatic Yasouj 51.68 30.83 1,880 87-98 12 Synoptic Yazd 54.40 31.90 1,230 73-98 26 Synoptic Yazdabad 51.57 32.58 1,654 85,88-91,93-98 11 Climatic 61.48 31.22 489 73-98 26 Synoptic Zahak 61.68 30.90 495 92-98 7 Synoptic 60.88 29.47 1,370 73-98 26 Synoptic Zanjan 48.45 36.68 1,620 73-98 27 Synoptic Zarand Kerman 56.58 30.80 1,663 73-76,78,80,81,86-89,91,92 13 Climatic Zardgol-sorkhabad 52.98 35.92 1,500 73-98 26 Climatic Zarghan 52.72 29.78 1,596 82,85,89-98 12 Synoptic Zarghan Fars 52.72 29.77 1,570 82-85,87-89 7 Climatic Ziyaratgah-deh-seyf 57.82 30.57 353 73-78,80,81,83,85-98 23 Climatic Zob-ahan-esfahan 51.30 32.40 1,768 73-84,86,87,89-91 17 Climatic Zohan 59.78 33.42 1,690 73-76,78,80,84-98 21 Climatic

19

2. Precipitation data

(Data source: Meteorological Organization, Tehran)

Table 3. Precipitation stations

Station Long. Lat. Alt. Period of records No. Station type years Abadan 48.25 30.37 7 73-98 26 Synoptic Abadeh 52.67 31.18 2,030 73,75-85,87-98 24 Synoptic Abali 51.88 35.75 2,465 73,75-77,80-81,83-98 22 Synoptic Adl(zirak) 51.05 32.07 2,280 73-86,88-98 25 Climatic Ahar 47.00 38.43 1,391 73,75-98 25 Synoptic ahwaz 48.67 31.33 23 73-98 26 Synoptic Ahwaz(mollasani) 48.88 31.60 50 73-76,78-85,88-98 23 Climatic Aliabad-kamin 53.12 30.05 1,995 73-82,86,88-96,98 21 Climatic Aminabad 51.47 35.58 1,000 75-77,79-85,87-94,96-98 21 Climatic Arak 49.77 34.00 1,708 73-98 26 Synoptic Arask 57.53 33.53 1,240 73-77,79,81-98 24 Climatic Ardebil 48.28 38.25 1,349 73,75-98 25 Synoptic Asadabad-birjand 60.02 32.92 1,500 73-82,84-97 24 Climatic Ashkzar 54.32 32.00 1,140 75,76,79-98 22 Climatic Astara 48.87 38.42 -20 73,75-77,79-84,86-98 23 Synoptic Avaj 49.22 35.63 91 73-77,79-92,94-96 22 Climatic Babolsar 52.65 36.72 -21 73-98 26 Synoptic Badijan 50.17 32.92 2,300 76,77,79-98 22 Climatic Bahookalat 61.42 25.72 120 73-78,80,82-87,89-98 23 Climatic Bam 58.35 29.00 1,067 73-98 26 Synoptic Bandar Abass 56.37 27.22 10 73-98 26 Synoptic Bandar Anzali 49.47 37.47 -26 73-99 26 Synoptic Bandar Deyyer 51.93 27.83 12 73-87,89-93 20 Climatic Bandar Lengeh 54.83 26.58 14 76-98 26 Synoptic Bar-neyshaboor 58.70 36.48 1,520 73-77,79-88,90-98 24 Climatic Bayazeh-biyabanak 55.03 33.33 1,450 73-77,79-82,87-98 21 Climatic Bejestan 58.18 34.52 1,370 73-77,79-87,90-98 23 Climatic Birjand 59.20 32.87 1,491 73-98 26 Synoptic Bojnurd 57.33 37.47 1,091 73,75-98 25 Synoptic Borazjan 51.22 29.27 130 73,74,76,80,83-98 20 Climatic Boshrooyeh 57.45 33.90 930 75-77,79-85,88-98 21 Synoptic Bushehr 28.98 50.83 20 73-80,82-98 25 Synoptic Chadegan-faridan 50.63 32.77 2,100 75,76,78-98 23 Climatic Chahbahar 60.62 25.28 7 73-77,81-85,87-98 22 Synoptic Damaneh-faridan 50.48 33.02 2,300 73-84,86-98 25 Climatic Damghan 54.37 36.22 1,170 73-77,79,81,83-98 23 Climatic Darab 54.53 28.75 115 73-94 22 Climatic Dargazin-hamedan 49.07 35.35 1,870 73-78,80-84,87-98 23 Climatic Dezful 48.38 32.40 143 73-91,94-98 24 Synoptic Doushan Tappeh 51.33 35.70 1,209 73-98 26 Synoptic Dozaj 49.82 35.40 2,060 73-78,80-82,84-94,97,98 22 Climatic

20 Emam-gheis 51.35 31.73 2,400 73-98 26 Climatic Esfahan 51.67 32.62 1,590 73-98 26 Synoptic Fassa 53.72 28.90 1,288 73-98 26 Synoptic Fathabad-ferdous 58.38 34.12 1,840 73-82,84-86,88-98 24 Climatic Ferdous 58.17 34.00 1,293 73,75-79,81-83,85-98 23 Synoptic Ghazvin 50.00 36.25 1,278 73-98 26 Synoptic Ghoochan 58.50 37.00 1,225 73,75-81,83-98 24 Synoptic Ghotourchai 45.25 38.85 950 73-86,88-95 22 Climatic Ghoushchi(padegan) 45.03 37.98 1,286 75-78,80,81,84-86,88-98 20 Climatic Golmakan 59.00 36.48 1,176 76,77,80-84,87-98 20 Synoptic Gonabad 58.68 34.35 1,056 73-78,80-98 24 Synoptic Gorgan 54.27 36.85 13 73-98 26 Synoptic Gorgin-khobr 56.22 28.83 1,825 74-86,88,89,91-95 20 Climatic Haft-tapeh 48.35 32.08 80 73-80,82-98 25 Climatic Hamand-absard 52.08 35.65 1,800 73-76,78-98 25 Climatic Hamedan Foroudgah 48.53 34.85 1,749 77-98 22 Synoptic Hamedan Nozheh 48.68 35.20 1,680 73-98 26 Synoptic Hamgin 51.45 31.92 2,150 73-98 26 Climatic Hamidiyeh 48.43 31.48 53 73-80,82-95,97,98 24 Climatic Ilam 46.42 33.63 1,363 73,75-79,81-84,86-98 23 Synoptic Iranshahr 60.70 27.20 591 73-77,80-98 24 Synoptic Jangalbani-badroud- natanz 51.83 33.53 1,300 75-82,85-98 22 Climatic Jask 57.77 25.63 5 73-78,85-98 20 Synoptic Jazireh Kish 53.98 26.50 30 77-98 22 Synoptic 73-78,80-83,85- Jazireh-gheshm 56.27 26.45 31 88,90,92,93,95-97 20 Climatic Jolfa 45.67 38.75 736 73,75-98 25 Synoptic Karvandar 60.77 27.85 1,065 73-77,82-86,88-94,96-98 20 Climatic Kashan 51.45 33.98 982 73-98 26 Synoptic Kerman 56.97 30.25 1,754 73-98 26 Synoptic Kermanshah 47.00 34.32 1,322 73-99 27 Synoptic 73,74,77,78,80-82,84-89,92- Khansar 50.32 33.23 2,300 98 20 Climatic Khondab 49.20 34.40 1,920 73-78,80,81,83-85,87-98 23 Climatic Khoor Biabanak 55.00 33.78 921 73,75-98 25 Synoptic Khorramabad 48.37 33.48 1,125 73-98 26 Synoptic Khosf 58.88 32.77 1,400 75-98 24 Climatic Khoy 44.97 38.55 1,107 73-98 26 Synoptic Lahijan 50.00 37.18 -2 73-80,82-85,89-98 22 Climatic Mahabad 45.72 36.77 1,385 76,77,79-82,85-98 20 Synoptic Maragheh 46.27 37.40 1,478 73,75-77,80,83-98 21 Synoptic Mashhad 59.63 36.27 990 73-98 26 Synoptic Meymeh 51.17 33.43 1,980 73-86,88-98 25 Climatic Miandouab(keshavarzi) 46.10 36.97 1,314 73-86,88-98 25 Climatic Moshiran 47.52 38.70 653 73-86,88-98 25 Climatic Najafabad 51.37 32.63 1,350 73-82,84,85,88-98 23 Climatic Neyriz(layhana) 54.32 29.18 2,000 73-86,89-91,93,95-98 22 Climatic Noushahr 51.50 36.65 -21 73,75-98 25 Synoptic Oroomieh 45.00 37.53 1,313 73-98 26 Synoptic Parsabad Moghan 47.92 39.65 44 73,75-80,85-98 21 Synoptic

21 Pilimbra(nehalestan) 49.08 37.58 6 73-81,83-98 25 Climatic Pol-zamankhan 50.90 32.48 1,860 74-77,79-82,84-98 23 Climatic Ramhormoz 49.63 31.27 175 73,75-80,86-98 20 Synoptic Ramsar 50.67 36.90 -20 73-98 26 Synoptic Rasht 49.60 37.25 -7 73-99 27 Synoptic Sabzevar 57.72 36.20 978 73-98 23 Synoptic Saghez 46.27 36.25 1,523 73-79,81-98 25 Synoptic Sanandaj 47.00 35.33 1,373 73-98 26 Synoptic Sarab 47.53 37.93 1,682 73,76-78,80,83-98 21 Synoptic Sarakhs 61.17 36.53 235 73,75-77,79-83,85-98 23 Synoptic Sarayeen(abegarm) 48.08 38.17 1,750 73-86,88-98 25 Climatic Sarbaz 61.27 26.63 880 73-77,83-98 21 Climatic Sedeh-birjand 59.23 33.33 1,600 73-79,81-83,85-98 23 Climatic Semnan 53.55 35.55 1,171 73-98 26 Synoptic Shabankareh 51.10 29.33 120 73-98 26 Climatic Shahre Kord 50.85 32.33 1,991 73-98 26 Synoptic Shahroud 55.00 36.42 1,345 73-98 26 Synoptic Shams Abad-arak 49.73 33.82 2,400 73-81,83-89,91-98 24 Climatic Shiraz 52.60 29.55 1,491 73-98 26 Synoptic Singerd 50.43 32.78 2,100 76-98 23 Climatic Tabass 56.92 33.60 711 73-77,80-83,85-98 23 Synoptic Tabriz 46.28 38.00 1,364 73-98 26 Synoptic Tafresh 50.03 34.68 1,878 73-98 26 Climatic Talarsar 50.73 36.85 79 73-85,88,90-98 23 Climatic Tashkouiyeh(kallegah) 55.45 28.18 915 73-83,85,89,91-98 21 Climatic Tehran Mehrabad 51.35 35.70 1,191 73-98 26 Synoptic Toose-ferdousi 59.52 36.48 1,040 73-77,79,81,83,85,86,88-98 21 Climatic Torbate Heydarieh 59.22 35.27 1,451 73-99 27 Synoptic Torghe Kertian 59.55 36.17 1,300 73-86,89-94 20 Climatic Varamin 51.65 35.32 1,000 73-80,82-86,88-95 21 Climatic Yazd 54.40 31.90 1,230 73-98 26 Synoptic Zabol 61.48 31.22 489 73-98 26 Synoptic Zahedan 60.88 29.47 1,370 73-98 26 Synoptic Zanjan 48.45 36.68 1,620 73-98 27 Synoptic Zardgol-sorkhabad 52.98 35.92 1,500 73-98 26 Climatic Ziyaratgah-deh-seyf 57.82 30.57 353 73-78,80,81,83,85-98 23 Climatic Zohan 59.78 33.42 1,690 73-76,78,80,84-98 21 Climatic

22 APPENDIX 2. METHODOLOGY FOR THE CALCULATION OF POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM TEMPERATURE DATA

Rationale

Potential evapotranspiration (PET) refers to the water loss from a reference crop covering the ground fully, as determined by atmospheric conditions and assuming the supply of water is non-limiting. The standard definition is ‘the rate of evapotranspiration from an extensive surface of a 8-15 cm tall, green grass cover of uniform height, actively growing, completely shading the ground and not short of water.’ (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1984) The Penman-Monteith method is the current standard for the calculation of PET according to the formula:

PET = W. Rn + (1-W) * f(U) * (es - ea)

with W: temperature-related weight factor; Rn: net radiation in equivalent evaporation (in mm/day) f(U): wind-related function (es-ea): difference between saturation vapour pressure at mean air temperature and the mean actual vapour pressure of the air; The full calculation procedure for the Penman-Monteith formula can be found in Allan et al.(1998).

PET data calculated according to the Penman-Monteith method (PETPM) are not available for many sites in CWANA because not all climatic variables are available. For the whole CWANA region, for instance, there are only 844 stations for which the basic input data are available. 17% of these are located in Central , the region with the best station coverage. For the remainder of CWANA it is not always clear whether the PET values have been derived from the minimum dataset (temperature, radiation or sunshine duration, relative , and windspeed) or are just estimates using an approximation method. For the majority of sites it is therefore necessary to estimate PET from data that are commonly available.

Approaches

Temperature is the most commonly available climatic variable, hence the prevalence of methods to estimate PET from temperature. An overview of the most commonly used PET- estimation methods is given by De Pauw (1999). PET can be estimated through one of these methods. The more accurate methods, however, have one disadvantage in that they require at least an estimate of the unmeasured parameters, such as humidity, radiation and even wind speed. This may be a feasible procedure for individual stations, but is impractical and speculative at the scale of CWANA.

The only feasible option at the level of CWANA is therefore to establish correlations between PET and temperature. This works quite well in CWANA, because in dryland region temperature is the main contributing factor to evapotranspiration. This could be done by establishing a direct relationship between PET and the mean temperature, as in the following example (Fig. 5):

23

0.0685TP 2 PETPM = 5.227e (r = 0.76)

PET All Climates

500 450 y = 25.227e0.0685x 400 R2 = 0.5789 350 300 250 200 150 100 PET Penman (mm) 50 0 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 Mean temperature (°C)

Fig.5. Correlation between PET Penman-Monteith and temperature (all climates combined)

However, from initial tests it was established that the highest correlations were consistently obtained from a two-step procedure: • estimate PET from temperature according to the Hargreaves method (PETHG); • estimate PET Penman-Monteith from PETHargreaves through regression (Fig.6).

PET - All climates

500 450 y = 0.9973x - 2.4027 R2 = 0.695 400 350 300 (mm) 250 man 200

-Pen 150

PET 100 50 0 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 PET-Hargreaves (mm)

Fig.6. Correlation between PET Penman-Monteith and PET Hargreaves (all climates combined)

In addition, it was found that if stations are disaggregated according to climatic zones, the two-step approach generally leads to better correlations, and therefore, better estimates of PETPM. This is probably due to the following reasons:

24 • the intermediate calculation of PETHG allows to incorporate the effect of day length, the degree of continentality, and indirectly, radiation on PET. • The disaggregation according to climatic zones allows to recognize some more subtle linkages, e.g. between temperature and time at which rainfall occurs (winter or summer), or temperature and relative humidity (which will be different between temperate and arid/semi-arid climates).

The Köppen system of climate classification was found to be particularly suitable for disaggregating the correlations between PETPM and PETHG because it is a system with global applicability and requires only temperature and precipitation data.

Method for disaggregated regressions

From the FAOCLIM 2.0 global climate database monthly PET, calculated by the Penman- Monteith method (FAO, 2002), for 4253 stations from countries with dryland areas were extracted. For each of these stations the Köppen agroclimatic zone was calculated in accordance with the criteria in Debaveye (1985). At the same time the PET was calculated according to the Hargreaves method. This method is based on the combination of temperature data and calculated extraterrestrial radiation and has the following formula (Choisnel, 1992):

PET = .0023 * Ra * (Tmean + 17.8) * √ (Tmax – Tmin)

with: Ra: extraterrestrial radiation (mm.day-1)

Correlations were then established between PET-Penman/Monteith (PETPM) and PET- Hargreaves (PETHG) for each major Köppen climatic zone (Table 4).

These relationships clearly demonstrate that good approximations of PETPM are achieved in areas with dry climates. In tropical areas, however, the estimation procedure does not lead to good results. This is not surprising, given the fact that in these areas high air humidity and a radiation regime characterized by frequent cloudiness, have a considerable influence on PET. In such areas it is vital to have data or at least estimates of relative humidity and radiation/sunshine duration, and a temperature-based estimation method should only be used if only temperature is available, and as a last resort for data gap-filling.

25 Table 4. Statistical relationships between PET-Penman/Monteith and PET-Hargreaves differentiated by Köppen climatic zone

Climatic zone Equations R2 Af tropical rainy climate, humid and PETPM = 0.512 PETHG + 56.36 .153 warm Am tropical rainy climate, monsoon type, PETPM = 0.3927 PETHG + 71.211 .081 with moderately dry season As tropical rainy climate, savanna climate PETPM = 0.9848 PETHG + 36.317 .391 with summer drought Aw tropical rainy climate, savanna climate PETPM = 0.7761 PETHG + 29.205 .317 with winter drought BS semi-arid (steppe) climate PETPM = 0.9858 PETHG + 5.413 .689 BSs semi-arid (steppe) climate with PETPM = 1.0653 PETHG - 4.0674 .793 summer drought BSw semi-arid (steppe) climate with winter PETPM = 0.9806 PETHG + 5.8843 .654 drought BWs arid (desert) climate with summer PETPM = 1.1823 PETHG - 7.5911 .818 drought BWw arid (desert) climate with winter PETPM = 1.1149 PETHG - 10.513 .745 drought Cwa warm temperate rainy climate with PETPM = 1.022 PETHG - 11.579 .774 winter drought and hot summers Cwb warm temperate rainy climate with PETPM = 0.8526 PETHG + 5.6015 .6711 winter drought and warm summers Cwc warm temperate rainy climate with PETPM = 0.78 PETHG + 7.9992 .5974 winter drought and cool summers Csa warm temperate rainy climate with PETPM = 1.0704 PETHG - 9.504 .876 summer drought and hot summers Csb warm temperate rainy climate with PETPM = 0.9165 PETHG - 7.2432 .860 summer drought and warm summers Cfa warm temperate rainy climate without PETPM = 0.9429 PETHG - 5.719 .805 dry season and hot summers Cfb warm temperate rainy climate without PETPM = 0.8469 PETHG + 1.3915 .775 dry season and warm summers Cfc warm temperate rainy climate without PETPM = 0.7257 PETHG + 5.6185 .802 dry season and cool summers Df continuously humid subarctic climate PETPM = 0.8351 PETHG + 1.6032 .888 Ds Subarctic climate with warm summer PETPM = 0.9773 PETHG - 6.3775 .931 Dw subarctic climate with cold, dry winter PETPM = 0.8307 PETHG + 4.6389 .855 E Arctic climate PETPM = 0.8474 PETHG + 15.338 .820

26 APPENDIX 3. CATEGORIES OF THE UNESCO MAP OF ARID ZONES

Table 5. Moisture regime classes and their interpretation

Moisture Aridity Interpretation4 regime index Hyper-arid < 0.03 • Very low and irregular rain which may fall in any season (HA) • Interannual variability of rainfall can reach 100 percent • Almost no perennial vegetation, except some bushes in river beds; annual plants can grow in good years • Agriculture and grazing are generally impossible Arid (A) < 0.2 • Annual rainfall of 80-150 mm up to 200-350 mm • Interannual rainfall variability 50-100 percent • Scattered vegetation including bushes, small woody, succulent, thorny or leafless shrubs • Very light pastoral use possible, but not rainfed agriculture Semi-arid (SA) < 0.5 • In winter rainfall areas: mean annual rainfall from 200- 250 mm to 450-500 mm • In summer rainfall areas: mean annual rainfall from 300- 400 mm to 700-800 mm • Interannual rainfall variability 25-50 percent • Steppe zone with some savannas and tropical scrub • Sometimes good grazing areas and rainfed agriculture is possible, although with great yield fluctuations due to great rainfall variability Sub-humid < 0.75 • Interannual rainfall variability is less than 25 percent (SH) • Includes tropical savanna, maquis and chaparral, Humid (H) ≥ .75 temperate forests, steppes etc. Per-humid > 1 • Agriculture is the normal use (PH)

Table 6. Winter type classes and their interpretation

Winter Mean Tp. Interpretation: Winter Interpretation: Summer type Coldest rainfall areas rainfall areas month Warm > 20°C N.A. Continuous temperature- (W) delimited growing season Mild > 10°C ♦ Crop growth possible in ♦ Continuous temperature- (M) winter; delimited growing season; ♦ limited need for rapid ♦ Associated with tropical phenological development highlands; in spring; ♦ Lower development rate

4 Source: UNESCO, 1979

27 Cool > 0°C ♦ Limited crop growth; N.A. (C) ♦ Need for rapid phenological development in spring; ♦ Need for efficiency of soil moisture abstraction Cold ≤ 0°C Above + need for cold N.A. (K) tolerance for hibernating crops

Table 7. Summer type classes and their interpretation

Summer Mean Tp. Interpretation: Winter Interpretation: Summer rainfall type Warmest rainfall areas areas month Very > 30°C ♦ Total soil drying; ♦ Development rate warm ♦ No carry-over to next ♦ Evapotranspiration (VW) season soil water ♦ Crop water requirement Warm > 20°C balance (W)

Mild > 10°C Reduced potential biomass ♦ Restricted to tropical (M) productivity highlands; ♦ Need for rapid development rate under low temperature Cool (C) ≤ 10°C Strongly reduced potential ♦ Restricted to high altitude biomass productivity sites; ♦ Low potential biomass productivity

28 APPENDIX 4. QUICKBASIC PROGRAM TO CLASSIFY AGROCLIMATIC ZONES

‘Author: E. De Pauw DEFINT A-Z DECLARE FUNCTION GetDrive DECLARE FUNCTION GetDir$

CLS DIM acz$(85) DIM count#(85)

'read ACZ symbols DATA "Inconsistent" DATA "HA-W-VW", "HA-W-W", "HA-M-VW", "HA-M-W", "HA-M-M", "HA-C-VW", "HA-C- W", "HA-C-M","HA-C-C","HA-K-VW","HA-K-W", "HA-K-M", "HA-K-C" DATA "A-W-VW", "A-W-W", "A-M-VW", "A-M-W", "A-M-M", "A-C-VW", "A-C-W", "A- C-M","A-C-C","A-K-VW","A-K-W", "A-K-M", "A-K-C" DATA "SA-W-VW", "SA-W-W", "SA-M-VW", "SA-M-W", "SA-M-M", "SA-C-VW", "SA-C- W", "SA-C-M","SA-C-C","SA-K-VW","SA-K-W", "SA-K-M", "SA-K-C" DATA "SH-W-VW", "SH-W-W", "SH-M-VW", "SH-M-W", "SH-M-M", "SH-C-VW", "SH-C- W", "SH-C-M","SH-C-C","SH-K-VW","SH-K-W", "SH-K-M", "SH-K-C" DATA "H-W-VW", "H-W-W", "H-M-VW", "H-M-W", "H-M-M", "H-C-VW", "H-C-W", "H- C-M","H-C-C","H-K-VW","H-K-W", "H-K-M", "H-K-C" DATA "PH-W-VW", "PH-W-W", "PH-M-VW", "PH-M-W", "PH-M-M", "PH-C-VW", "PH-C- W", "PH-C-M","PH-C-C","PH-K-VW","PH-K-W", "PH-K-M", "PH-K-C" DATA "HA-K-K","A-K-K","SA-K-K","SH-K-K","H-K-K","PH-K-K" DATA "Outside area" FOR t = 0 TO 85 READ acz$(t) NEXT t curDrive$ = CHR$(GetDrive) curdir$ = LEFT$(curDrive$, 1) + ":" + GetDir$(curDrive$)

Info: CLS PRINT "IMPORTANT!" PRINT "The current directory is "; curdir$ PRINT PRINT "The following names are expected for the input grids:" PRINT " aridity index: ARID.ASC" PRINT " winter temperature: WINTER.ASC" PRINT " summer temperature: SUMMER.ASC" PRINT "All input grids must have the same structure and be in ASCII format." PRINT "The input grids are expected in the current directory."

INPUT "Are these conditions met? (Y/N)"; YesNo$ IF NOT (UCASE$(YesNo$) = "Y") THEN GOTO Info END IF PRINT "The output grid name is ACZ.ASC and is written to the current directory" PRINT

'open files infile1$ = curdir$ + "\ARID.ASC" infile2$ = curdir$ + "\WINTER.ASC" infile3$ = curdir$ + "\SUMMER.ASC"

29 outfile$ = curdir$ + "\ACZ.ASC" OPEN "i", #1, infile1$ OPEN "i", #2, infile2$ OPEN "i", #3, infile3$ OPEN "o", #4, outfile$

'Input first 6 lines and dump the values in variables LINE INPUT #1, dump$ ncols = VAL(MID$(dump$, 15, LEN(dump$) - 15 + 1)) LINE INPUT #1, dump$ nrows = VAL(MID$(dump$, 15, LEN(dump$) - 15 + 1)) LINE INPUT #1, dump$ xllcorner! = VAL(MID$(dump$, 15, LEN(dump$) - 15 + 1)) LINE INPUT #1, dump$ yllcorner! = VAL(MID$(dump$, 15, LEN(dump$) - 15 + 1)) LINE INPUT #1, dump$ cellsize! = VAL(MID$(dump$, 15, LEN(dump$) - 15 + 1)) LINE INPUT #1, dump$ NoDataValue = VAL(MID$(dump$, 15, LEN(dump$) - 15 + 1)) 'same dump for the other files FOR t = 1 TO 6 LINE INPUT #2, dump$ NEXT t FOR t = 1 TO 6 LINE INPUT #3, dump$ PRINT #4, dump$ NEXT t

'Determine the thematic value of each location FOR row = 1 TO nrows FOR col = 1 TO ncols INPUT #1, aridindex! INPUT #2, winter! INPUT #3, summer! IF aridindex! = -9999 THEN class = 85 'outside area GOTO NextCol END IF

SELECT CASE aridindex! CASE IS < .03 'moist$ = "HA" SELECT CASE winter! CASE IS > 20 'winter$ = "W" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 1 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 2 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "??" class = 0 END SELECT CASE IS > 10 'winter$ = "M" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW"

30 class = 3 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 4 CASE IS > 10 summer$ = "M" class = 5 CASE ELSE summer$ = "??" class = 0 END SELECT CASE IS > 0 'winter$ = "C" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 6 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 7 CASE IS > 10 'summer$ = "M" class = 8 CASE IS > 0 'summer$ = "C" class = 9 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "??" class = 0 END SELECT CASE ELSE 'winter$ = "K" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 10 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 11 CASE IS > 10 'summer$ = "M" class = 12 CASE IS > 0 'summer$ = "C" class = 13 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "K" class = 79 END SELECT END SELECT CASE IS < .2 'moist$ = "A" SELECT CASE winter! CASE IS > 20 'winter$ = "W" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 14 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W"

31 class = 15 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "??" class = 0 END SELECT CASE IS > 10 'winter$ = "M" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 16 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 17 CASE IS > 10 'summer$ = "M" class = 18 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "??" class = 0 END SELECT CASE IS > 0 'winter$ = "C" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 19 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 20 CASE IS > 10 'summer$ = "M" class = 21 CASE IS > 0 'summer$ = "C" class = 22 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "??" class = 0 END SELECT CASE ELSE 'winter$ = "K" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 23 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 24 CASE IS > 10 'summer$ = "M" class = 25 CASE IS > 0 'summer$ = "C" class = 26 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "K" class = 80 END SELECT END SELECT CASE IS < .5

32 'moist$ = "SA" SELECT CASE winter! CASE IS > 20 'winter$ = "W" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 27 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 28 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "??" class = 0 END SELECT CASE IS > 10 'winter$ = "M" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 29 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 30 CASE IS > 10 'summer$ = "M" class = 31 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "??" class = 0 END SELECT CASE IS > 0 'winter$ = "C" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 32 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 33 CASE IS > 10 'summer$ = "M" class = 34 CASE IS > 0 'summer$ = "C" class = 35 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "??" class = 0 END SELECT CASE ELSE 'winter$ = "K" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 36 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 37 CASE IS > 10 'summer$ = "M"

33 class = 38 CASE IS > 0 'summer$ = "C" class = 39 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "K" class = 81 END SELECT END SELECT CASE IS < .75 'moist$ = "SH" SELECT CASE winter! CASE IS > 20 'winter$ = "W" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 40 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 41 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "??" class = 0 END SELECT CASE IS > 10 'winter$ = "M" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 42 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 43 CASE IS > 10 'summer$ = "M" class = 44 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "??" class = 0 END SELECT CASE IS > 0 'winter$ = "C" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 45 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 46 CASE IS > 10 'summer$ = "M" class = 47 CASE IS > 0 'summer$ = "C" class = 48 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "??" class = 0 END SELECT CASE ELSE

34 'winter$ = "K" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 49 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 50 CASE IS > 10 'summer$ = "M" class = 51 CASE IS > 0 'summer$ = "C" class = 52 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "K" class = 82 END SELECT END SELECT CASE IS <= 1 'moist$ = "H" SELECT CASE winter! CASE IS > 20 'winter$ = "W" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 53 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 54 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "??" class = 0 END SELECT CASE IS > 10 'winter$ = "M" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 55 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 56 CASE IS > 10 'summer$ = "M" class = 57 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "??" class = 0 END SELECT CASE IS > 0 'winter$ = "C" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 58 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 59 CASE IS > 10

35 'summer$ = "M" class = 60 CASE IS > 0 'summer$ = "C" class = 61 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "??" class = 0 END SELECT CASE ELSE 'winter$ = "K" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 62 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 63 CASE IS > 10 'summer$ = "M" class = 64 CASE IS > 0 'summer$ = "C" class = 65 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "K" class = 83 END SELECT END SELECT CASE ELSE 'moist$ = "PH" SELECT CASE winter! CASE IS > 20 'winter$ = "W" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 66 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 67 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "??" class = 0 END SELECT CASE IS > 10 'winter$ = "M" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 68 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 69 CASE IS > 10 'summer$ = "M" class = 70 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "??" class = 0 END SELECT

36 CASE IS > 0 'winter$ = "C" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 71 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 72 CASE IS > 10 'summer$ = "M" class = 73 CASE IS > 0 'summer$ = "C" class = 74 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "??" class = 0 END SELECT CASE ELSE 'winter$ = "K" SELECT CASE summer! CASE IS > 30 'summer$ = "VW" class = 75 CASE IS > 20 'summer$ = "W" class = 76 CASE IS > 10 'summer$ = "M" class = 77 CASE IS > 0 'summer$ = "C" class = 78 CASE ELSE 'summer$ = "K" class = 84 END SELECT END SELECT END SELECT 'ACZ$ = moist$ + "-" + winter$ + "-" + summer$ NextCol: count#(class) = count#(class) + 1

'write to output file PRINT #4, class

NEXT col PRINT row; " rows completed ("; PRINT USING "###.##"; row / nrows * 100; PRINT "% of file)" PRINT #4, NEXT row CLOSE 'print count file countfile$ = curdir$ + "COUNTS" OPEN "o", #1, countfile$ FOR t = 0 TO 79 PRINT #1, acz$(t); ": "; count#(t) NEXT t CLOSE

37 END

38 APPENDIX 5. MAPS

Fig. 7. Annual precipitation

39

Fig. 8. Mean temperature coldest month

40

Fig. 9. Mean temperature warmest month

41

Fig.10. Annual potential evapotranspiration (Penman-Monteith)

42

Fig.11. Aridity index

43

Fig.12. Agroclimatic zones

44