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Writing Pitman Shorthand with Metafont and LATEX

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Writing Pitman Shorthand with Metafont and LATEX Stanislav Jan Šarman EUROTEX 2009 E107 Writing Pitman shorthand with Metafont and LATEX Abstract ¤ ¨ ¥ With pen shorthand, the traditional speech-recording method, unwritten speech is at first manually captured (p) (b) (t) (d) (ch) (jh) (k) (g) and then transliterated into a digital text. We have (f) (v) (th) (dh) (s) (z) (sh) (zh) built programs which reverse the second step of this ! © $ % process, i.e. transform text into shorthand. Here we present as a special case an online system, which converts English text into Pitman 2000 shorthand Though invented in 1837, the design is guided by using Metafont and LATEX. The impact of our system modern phonological classiVcations and principles [7, 8]. on pattern recognition of handwritten shorthand and on Thus the signs of voiced consonants are more Vrmly stenography teaching is discussed. written variants of their unvoiced counterparts. Friction vs. occlusion of a consonant is denoted by rounding the In order to approximate the speed of speech, alphabet corresponding sign (cf. the rows). A change of the place based shorthand systems make use of phonetic writing, of articulation causes a change of slant in consonant signs abbreviations and simpliVed writing, thus reducing the (cf. the columns). redundancy of the orthographic code and the graphic Remaining strokes2 are: redundancy of longhand characters. In the following sections we exemplify these principles nasals liquids with the Pitman shorthand language (abbreviated as ) and describe how the Pitman 2000 shorthand system can be implemented in Metafont [4]. (m) (n) (ng) (l) (r) (_r) Elements of PSL A glyph of one or more words as denoted with , the The signs are horizontals, are 3 so-called stenem is composed of upstrokes; all other consonant signs are downstrokes. Vowel, diphthong and triphone signs. These diacritical an outline consisting of joined consonant signs, signs are placed alongside a consonant sign, before or written without lifting the pen from the paper, and after it, depending on whether the vowel is read before diacritics corresponding to vowel phonemes. or after the consonant, i.e. going from the beginning of a stroke on the left-hand or the right-hand side of upstrokes The stenem components are written in this order.{ and horizontals if the vowel is read before or after the An example: The stenem of the word ‘rote’ , pro- consonant. Places are changed for downstrokes. nounced as r * ou t is built of the outline , formed 1 1 @ V by joining the strokes (r)= and (t)= , the signs of before 3 the consonant phonemes and and the heavy dash sign 2 2 after r t 1 3 ‘ell’ ‘lay’ ‘us’ ‘so’ [ou], the diacritical mark of the vowel ou, following . Twelve are realized in . They are The signs of consonant phonemes. These signs, also called vowel diacritics diUerentiated by their glyph (light or heavy, dot or dash) strokes, are either line segments or quarter circles: and its position. Any consonant sign has three places for a vowel sign to be located according to the direction in which the consonant stroke is written: at the beginning (1st), in the middle (2nd) or at the end (3rd place). E108 MAPS 39 Stanislav Jan Šarman place ing from grammar productions is called metaform, e.g. 7 { [a] [ah] [o] [oo] (r)[ou]&(t) is the metaform corresponding to , the stenem of the word ‘rote’. st ,f a| 1 Stenems are composed of segments with (mostly) ‘at’ ‘pa’ ‘odd’ ‘saw’ joined (&-Notation) outline. [e] [ei] [uh] [ou] ^un/com/n|h Segment ~ing/s +Upp nd >' ^ 2 & ‘ed’ ‘aid’ ‘up’ ‘no’ / [i] [ii] [u] [uu] = rd K? 7 3 Stenems can start with a morphological preVx such as ‘ill’ ‘eel’ ‘took’ ‘coup’ ^com, ^con, . and they can end with a verbal suXx, It can be seen from this table that the light vowel signs such as ~ing. Both are realized by a mark, such as a are reserved for the short vowels and are put in the same light dot, before the Vrst and/or after the last segment places as the heavy vowel signs for the long vowels. outline, respectively. Last suXx +Upp indicates proper The table proceeds row-wise (over the position) from names, whose glyphs are underlined in . signs for opened vowels to signs for closed vowels and 4 H £ column-wise from dots for front vowels to dashes4) for back vowels. Compare a such as in ‘at’, which is an ^com[o](n) (g)[ou]~ing [a](n)+Upp opened front vowel with the closed back vowel , such uu Segments. The core of a segment as the one in ‘coup’ at the opposite vertices of the table.5 st rd There are four diphthong signs at 1 and 3 places: [V ] (C ,l|r|w ) [V ] place 1st [ai] ‘my’ [oi] ‘joy’ is built of an obligatory consonant sign (C) framed by \R optional vowel signs [V]. The strokes of Section 1 can be modiVed to express the frequent case of a consonant 3rd [ow]e‘out’ [yuu] A‘few’ followed by an r or an l – written by an initial right or left hook,8 respectively: The triphone signs, indicated by a small tick attached t F o D to a diphthong sign, represent any vowel following the diphthong, as in: (p,r)[ei] (f,r)[ii] (p,l)[ei] (f,l)[ii] : X B The segments are the counterparts of the syllables, ‘diary’, ‘loyal’ ‘towel’ and ‘fewer’. hence there is a provision for vowel signs occurring be- There is also a special diphone sign for other vowel tween two strokes – 1st and 2nd place vowel signs are writ- combinations put in the place of the Vrst vowel. Consider ten after the Vrst stroke whereas the otherwise ambiguous J 3rd place vowel signs are written before the second stroke: the second mark for the diphone ia in ‘idea’ put at the 3rd place – the place of [i]. Observe also, that the Vrst vowel in a word decides 1 3 where the Vrst upstroke or downstroke of the outline will 2 2 (t)[e]&(r)&[i](t)[ou]&(r)[i] be written – above,f on or through i j the line. 1 3 t * e . r i . t our . r iy The following syntax diagram completes the deVnition ‘pa’ ‘pay’ ‘pea’ of a segment Stenems ;n|v|f :t|d ,s/Vs/s We propose here a complete grammar and describe ,s/t Segment Core ;se/shn :t|dhr ,st/r/s it by means of syntax diagrams.6 A terminal result- Writing Pitman shorthand with Metafont and LATEX EUROTEX 2009 E109 At Vrst strokes come at three sizes – half-sized (suXx :t/d), normal or double-sized (suXx :tr/dr/dhr), e.g.: ¡ + SVT (_two_) (_four_) [aa](s)&(k)/(t) (sh)[ou]/(d) Metafont implementation. Elementary strokes (circle arcs (l)[ei]:tZY[ (l)[ei] (l)[ei]:tr or straight lines) and the circles, hooks, . used for pre- Vxes/suXxes are realized as splines with curvature=0 at (m)[ii]:t (m)[ii] (m)[ii]:tr both ends. Thus trivially consonantal parts of segments, Additionally strokes can be preVxed and/or suXxed when joined tangent continuously are curvature continu- by left or right, small or larger hooks, circles, loops and ous, too [5]. cracknels,9 for example: Technically speaking the diacritics are an array of dis- continuous marker paths, while the outline is an array of (mostly) continuous only11 Metafont-paths.12 Besides the circled connections also the m/n joinings ,s[u](p) ,st[e](p) m ,s(p,r)[ei] n were made curvature continuous; joinings with cusps exist, too: ]`w C ,s[uh](p,l)q (p)[ii],s s (p)[ii],sis r ‘name’ ‘number’ ‘reply’ ‘Vgure’ (p)[ou],stk (p)[ou],sts l (p)[ou],str u Abbreviations (p)[e];n (p)[e];n,s (p)[uh];f In , short forms, phrases and intersections are used for v g h frequently occurring words. Short forms are either arbitrary strokes or shortened (p)[uh];f,s (p)[a];shn (p)[a];shn,s outlines largely & without )M*b diacritics: Observe also how the (not previously mentioned) signs of the" consonants w , hw, y and y are # deVned: ‘the’O ‘a/n’ ‘and’ -/ ‘is’ ‘as’ ‘of’ ; ‘you’ = ‘I’ L ‘to’ ‘too’ (w)=(r,l) (hw)=(r,w) (y)=(r,r) (h)=,s(r,r) ‘it’ ‘today’ ‘be’ ‘being’ ‘do’ ‘doing’ ‘in’ ‘thing’ Joining and disjoining the segments. Stenem outlines Phrases in are simply stenems of two and more are written mostly without lifting the pen; typically the words connected together:13 segmentsG are joined at obtuse outer angles, e.g.: P Q < ‘get’ or ‘tick’. Special care must be taken for ,s-circles. As an ,s- ‘it is’ ‘it is possible’ ‘do you’ ‘you are’ ‘thank you’ circle is normally written within the curves or as a left circle otherwise, and as writing the circle outside an angle Also one stroke may be struck through a preceding one in commonly used collocations. Examples of such is the simplest way of joining two segments – the circle 14 direction must be sometimes reversed: intersections are: 3left ,s right ,s 0 ¦ ‘tax form’ ‘company boom’ ‘successful company’ ‘cassette’ ‘unsafe’ ‘task’ ‘bestow’ Short forms, phrases and intersections are to be learned However there are singular cases, where a continuous by heart. Our system maintains an abbreviation dictio- .connection¤I is not possible, consider~W nary of (word, metaform) tuples written in lexc [1]. = + (‘be+half’) = + (‘sense+less’) text2Pitman Also when writing numbers or when writing the end- text2Pitman is an online system,15 which records input ings t or d in past tense of regular verbs, the segments text as Pitman 2000 shorthand.
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