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Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators Koji TAKATA KEK [email protected] http://research.kek.jp/people/takata/home.html Accelerator Course, Sokendai, Second Term, JFY2010 Oct. 28, 2010 The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology Basic Concepts Accelerators in Future Livingston Chart Contents I The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology I DC high voltage generators I Use of magnetic induction: betatron I Drift tube linac and cyclotron I Great progress just after world war II I Basic Concepts I Principle of RF phase stability I Strong focusing I Synchrotron radiation (SR) I Collider I Technical issues I Accelerators in Future I ERL (Energy Recovery Linac) : SR source of new type I LC : Linear Collider I µ-µ Collider and/or µ-Factory I Laser-plasma acceleration I Livingston Chart Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology DC high voltage generators Basic Concepts Use of magnetic induction: betatron Accelerators in Future Drift tube linac and cyclotron Livingston Chart Great progress just after world war II The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology I Artificial disintegration of atomic nuclei I First Accelerators I from DC Acceleration to RF Acceleration I Problems in RF Acceleration I Rapid Development of Electronics around World War II (1941 - 1945) or after Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology DC high voltage generators Basic Concepts Use of magnetic induction: betatron Accelerators in Future Drift tube linac and cyclotron Livingston Chart Great progress just after world war II First artificial disintegration of atomic nuclei (1) I Ernest Rutherford's discovery of nuclear disintegration (1917 - 1919) I He confirmed that protons were produced in a nitrogen-gas filled container in which a radioactive source emitting alpha particles was placed. 14 ! 16 α + 7N p + 8O I This provoked strong demand for artificially generate high energy beams to study the nuclear disintegration phenomena in more detail. I Thus started the race for developing high energy accelerators, and Rutherford himself was a great advocator. Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology DC high voltage generators Basic Concepts Use of magnetic induction: betatron Accelerators in Future Drift tube linac and cyclotron Livingston Chart Great progress just after world war II First artificial disintegration of atomic nuclei (2) I The first disintegration of atomic nuclei with accelerator beams was achieved at the Cavendish Laboratory in 1932 by John D. Cockcroft and Ernest T. S. Walton, who used 800 kV proton beams from a DC voltage-multiplier. 7 ! p + 3Li α + α Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology DC high voltage generators Basic Concepts Use of magnetic induction: betatron Accelerators in Future Drift tube linac and cyclotron Livingston Chart Great progress just after world war II DC HV Accelerators I DC Generators：two major methods I Cockcroft & Walton's 800 kV voltage-multiplier circuit with capacitors and rectifier tubes I Van de Graaff's 1.5 MV belt-charged generator (1931) I Electrostatic accelerators are still in use for the mass spectroscopy, because of their fine and stable tunability of the acceleration voltage. I analysis of the ratio 14C/12C : an important tool for archaeology Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology DC high voltage generators Basic Concepts Use of magnetic induction: betatron Accelerators in Future Drift tube linac and cyclotron Livingston Chart Great progress just after world war II Cockcroft & Walton's voltage-multiplier circuit V cos ωt V(1+cos ωt) V(3+cos ωt) V(5+cos ωt) AC 0 2V 4V 6V 0 Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology DC high voltage generators Basic Concepts Use of magnetic induction: betatron Accelerators in Future Drift tube linac and cyclotron Livingston Chart Great progress just after world war II Cockcroft around 1932 See the picture in From X-rays to Quarks, page 227 by Segr`e,E. (W. H. Freeman and Company, 1980) . Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology DC high voltage generators Basic Concepts Use of magnetic induction: betatron Accelerators in Future Drift tube linac and cyclotron Livingston Chart Great progress just after world war II Glass Tube with Beam Acceleration Gaps Visit the home page : http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/Cockcroft.html Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology DC high voltage generators Basic Concepts Use of magnetic induction: betatron Accelerators in Future Drift tube linac and cyclotron Livingston Chart Great progress just after world war II 750 keV Cockcroft-Walton Accelerator Used at KEK Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology DC high voltage generators Basic Concepts Use of magnetic induction: betatron Accelerators in Future Drift tube linac and cyclotron Livingston Chart Great progress just after world war II Van de Graaff's 1:5 MV Belt-charged Generator Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology DC high voltage generators Basic Concepts Use of magnetic induction: betatron Accelerators in Future Drift tube linac and cyclotron Livingston Chart Great progress just after world war II Limitations in Electrostatic Accelerators I DC acceleration is limited by high-voltage breakdown (BD). I typical BD voltages for a 1cm gap of parallel metal plates Ambience Typical BD Voltages air (1 atm) ≈ 30 kV SF6 (1 atm) ≈ 80 kV SF6 (7 atm) ≈ 360 kV transformer oil ≈ 150 kV UHV ≈ 220 kV I no drastic increase in BD limits for much larger plate gaps. Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology DC high voltage generators Basic Concepts Use of magnetic induction: betatron Accelerators in Future Drift tube linac and cyclotron Livingston Chart Great progress just after world war II High Voltage Breakdown of a Van de Graaff generator A demonstration of BD to housing walls. Search for the key word "van der graaf generator" at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology DC high voltage generators Basic Concepts Use of magnetic induction: betatron Accelerators in Future Drift tube linac and cyclotron Livingston Chart Great progress just after world war II Intermediate stage towards RF Acceleration Use of Faraday's law of induction I Irrotational electric field due to magnetic flux change, a prelude to RF acceleration [Donald W. Kerst's betatron (1940)]: @B r × E = − ; @t then I ZZ @ @ Esds = − B · n dxdy = − Φ C @t S @t Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology DC high voltage generators Basic Concepts Use of magnetic induction: betatron Accelerators in Future Drift tube linac and cyclotron Livingston Chart Great progress just after world war II Kerst's Betatron Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology DC high voltage generators Basic Concepts Use of magnetic induction: betatron Accelerators in Future Drift tube linac and cyclotron Livingston Chart Great progress just after world war II Start of Real RF Accelerators Linear and/or Circular I Linear accelerator (linac): I Gustaf Ising's proposal (1925) I Rolf Wider¨oe made a prototype of the Ising linac (1928) I Multiple RF acceleration in a magnetic field I Ernest Lawrence's cyclotron (1931)： the first circular accelerator I repeated acceleration at the cyclotron frequency ： !c = eB?=m Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology DC high voltage generators Basic Concepts Use of magnetic induction: betatron Accelerators in Future Drift tube linac and cyclotron Livingston Chart Great progress just after world war II The first linac by Wider¨oe I 25 kV per gap ×2 with the drift tube I he convinced the scheme can be repeated indefinitely many times to reach higher beam energies RF Ion Source Beam Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology DC high voltage generators Basic Concepts Use of magnetic induction: betatron Accelerators in Future Drift tube linac and cyclotron Livingston Chart Great progress just after world war II First Cyclotrons See the picture in From X-rays to Quarks, page 229 by Segr`e,E. (W. H. Freeman and Company, 1980) . A Riken cyclotron accelerated protons to 9 MeV and deuterons to 14 MeV (1939) Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology DC high voltage generators Basic Concepts Use of magnetic induction: betatron Accelerators in Future Drift tube linac and cyclotron Livingston Chart Great progress just after world war II Circular Orbit of Charged Particles in Magnetic Field Search for the key word "Cyclotron" in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology DC high voltage generators Basic Concepts Use of magnetic induction: betatron Accelerators in Future Drift tube linac and cyclotron Livingston Chart Great progress just after world war II Principle of Cyclotron Operation RF Generator dee dee r n rn+1(> rn) Magnetic Field Electric Field beam dee dee Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology
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