A Brief History and Review of Accelerators
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Development of an Electron Gun for the Kek Positron Generator
Particle Accelerators, 1990, Vol. 27, pp. 145-149 © 1990 Gordon and Breach, Science Publishers, Inc. Reprints available directly from the publisher Printed in the United States of America Photocopying permitted by license only DEVELOPMENT OF AN ELECTRON GUN FOR THE KEK POSITRON GENERATOR HIDEKI IWATA, YUJIRO OOAWA*, SATOSIll OHSAWA*, HITOSHI KOBAYASHI*, MITUHIRO YOKOTA*, SHIGEKI FUKUDA* and AKIRA ASAMI* Ishikawajima-harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. * National Laboratory for High Energy Physics(KEK) 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, 305 Japan Abstract In the KEK Positron Generator, a semi-long pulsed beam (-40ns) has turned out to be suitable for effective positron injection into the PF storage ring. However, to use the semi-long pulsed beam, there was a problem concerning the cathode lifetime of the gun. Thus, a new gun has been developed with a dispenser cathode, Y-796(EIMAC); the characteristics of this gun have been investigated. This new gun has been used since October 1988 and has continued to produce constant current of about 12 A without having to exchange its cathode. Thus, the cathode lifetime has been remarkably improved. INTRODUCTION Positrons had so far been utilized only in the e+-e- colliding experiments of TRISTAN, which began in November 1986. Since 1988, however, it had started to use positrons also in the Photon Factory storage ring. It had been confinned that a positron beam with a width of -40 ns was suitable for the PF ring to reduce the injection time. t ,2,3 However, to use this semi-long pulsed beam, there was a problem regarding the cathode lifetime of the old gun, the cathode of which was an oxide-coated type.4 Therefore, a new gun with a dispenser cathode, Y-796(EIMAC), has been developed to achieve a long lifetime of the cathode and to obtain a larger anode current. -
Participants
PARTICIPANTS Abbott, Richard [email protected] California Institute of Technology Aldach, Jackie [email protected] Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Allen, Christopher [email protected] Los Alamos National Laboratory Allison, Stephanie [email protected] Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Allison, Trent [email protected] Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Anicic, Damir [email protected] Paul Scherrer Institut PSI Armstrong, Dennis [email protected] Isaac Newton Group Bacher, Reinhard [email protected] DESY Backman, Raymond H. [email protected] Mega Industries, L.L.C. Baek, Sulhee [email protected] Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology Baer, Ralph C. [email protected] GSI Darmstadt Bartlett, J. Frederick [email protected] Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Bec, Matthieu [email protected] Gemini Observatory Bernstein, Dorel [email protected] Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Bevins, Brian [email protected] Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Bickley, Matthew [email protected] Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Biocca, Alan [email protected] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Birke, Thomas [email protected] Los Alamos National Laboratory PARTICIPANTS 8th International Conference on Accelerator & Large Experimental Physics Control Systems Bjorklund, Eric [email protected] Spallation Neutron Source Blumer, Thomas [email protected] Paul Scherrer Institut PSI Bolkhovityanov, Dmitry [email protected] Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics Bolshakov, Timofei [email protected] Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Bookwalter, Valerie [email protected] Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Boriskin, Victor [email protected] Kharkov Institute Physics & Technology Bork, Rolf [email protected] California Institute of Technology Brazier, John [email protected] Brazier Systems & Consultants Ltd. -
The Large Hadron Collider Lyndon Evans CERN – European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
34th SLAC Summer Institute On Particle Physics (SSI 2006), July 17-28, 2006 The Large Hadron Collider Lyndon Evans CERN – European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland 1. INTRODUCTION The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is now in its final installation and commissioning phase. It is a two-ring superconducting proton-proton collider housed in the 27 km tunnel previously constructed for the Large Electron Positron collider (LEP). It is designed to provide proton-proton collisions with unprecedented luminosity (1034cm-2.s-1) and a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV for the study of rare events such as the production of the Higgs particle if it exists. In order to reach the required energy in the existing tunnel, the dipoles must operate at 1.9 K in superfluid helium. In addition to p-p operation, the LHC will be able to collide heavy nuclei (Pb-Pb) with a centre-of-mass energy of 1150 TeV (2.76 TeV/u and 7 TeV per charge). By modifying the existing obsolete antiproton ring (LEAR) into an ion accumulator (LEIR) in which electron cooling is applied, the luminosity can reach 1027cm-2.s-1. The LHC presents many innovative features and a number of challenges which push the art of safely manipulating intense proton beams to extreme limits. The beams are injected into the LHC from the existing Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at an energy of 450 GeV. After the two rings are filled, the machine is ramped to its nominal energy of 7 TeV over about 28 minutes. In order to reach this energy, the dipole field must reach the unprecedented level for accelerator magnets of 8.3 T. -
00307399.Pdf
+ ASI&’rrrativc ActioIs/Eq51dS&MtSUdtyErrqsbyer < This work was supported by the National Cancer Institute, Division of Research Resources and Centers, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Edited by Ixruise Taylor, AT Division. DISCLAMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by assagency of the Uruted States &rvcrrrment. Neither the United States Ciovernanerstnor any agency thereof, nor asryof their employru, makes any *anty, express or irnpfied, or assumesany legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulnessof arsyirsfornsation, apparatus, product, or processdisclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. References herein to any specitlc comnserciat product. process, or aer+ce by trade name, trademark, rnamafacmrer, or otherwise, does not necessady constitute or imply ita errdorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Urdted States Government or any agency thersof. llte view and opinions of authors expressed herein do not nemsas-ity stare or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. LA-9144-MS UC-28 and UC-48 Issued: February 1982 . ● / A Linear Accelerator for Radioisotope Production L.D. Hansborough R. W. Harem J. E. Stovall i !-=-—- ‘ - I I . -.... J“’”’ .“ Los Alamos National Laboratory ~~~~la~~s Lo.Alamo.,New.exi..875.~ A LINEAR ACCELERATOR FOR RADIOISOTOPE PRODUCTION by L. D. Hansborough, R. W. Harem, and J. E. Stovall ABSTRACT A 200- to 500-uA source of 70- to 90-MeV protons would be a valuable asset to the nuclear medicine program. A linear accelerator (linac) can achieve this performance, and it can be extended to even higher energies and currents. Variable energy and current options are available. -
FROM KEK-PS to J-PARC Yoshishige Yamazaki, J-PARC, KEK & JAEA, Japan
FROM KEK-PS TO J-PARC Yoshishige Yamazaki, J-PARC, KEK & JAEA, Japan Abstract target are located in series. Every 3 s or so, depending The user experiments at J-PARC have just started. upon the usage of the main ring (MR), the beam is JPARC, which stands for Japan Proton Accelerator extracted from the RCS to be injected to the MR. Here, it Research Complex, comprises a 400-MeV linac (at is ramped up to 30 GeV at present and slowly extracted to present: 180 MeV, being upgraded), a 3-GeV rapid- Hadron Experimental Hall, where the kaon-production cycling synchrotron (RCS), and a 50-GeV main ring target is located. The experiments using the kaons are (MR) synchrotron, which is now in operation at 30 GeV. conducted there. Sometimes, it is fast extracted to The RCS will provide the muon-production target and the produce the neutrinos, which are sent to the Super spallation-neutron-production target with a beam power Kamiokande detector, which is located 295-km west of of 1 MW (at present: 120 kW) at a repetition rate of 25 the J-PARC site. In the future, we are conceiving the Hz. The muons and neutrons thus generated will be used possibility of constructing a test facility for an in materials science, life science, and others, including accelerator-driven nuclear waste transmutation system, industrial applications. The beams that are fast extracted which was shifted to Phase II. We are trying every effort from the MR generate neutrinos to be sent to the Super to get funding for this facility. -
Design Study of a Superconducting Insertion Quadrupole Magnet for the Large Hadron Collider
EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH European Laboratory for Particle Physics Large Hadron Collider Project LHC Project Report 75 DESIGN STUDY OF A SUPERCONDUCTING INSERTION QUADRUPOLE MAGNET FOR THE LARGE HADRON COLLIDER G. Kirby, R. Ostojic, and T. M. Taylor A. Yamamoto*, K. Tsuchiya*, N. Higashi*, T. Nakamoto*, T. Ogitsu*, N. Ohuchi*, T. Shintomi*, and A. Terashima* Abstract The conceptual design study of a high gradient superconducting insertion quadrupole magnet has been carried out in collaboration between KEK and CERN for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to be built at CERN. A model magnet design has been optimized to provide a nominal design field gradient of 240 T/m with a bore aperture of 70 mm and an operational field gradient of 225 T/m at 1.9 K under radiation environment with a beam energy deposit of several watts per meter in the superconducting coils. The design and its optimization process are discussed. LHC Division *National Laboratory for High Energy Physics (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305, Japan ASC Pittsburg ‘96 Administrative Secretariat LHC Division CERN CH - 1211 Geneva 23 Switzerland Geneva, 12 November 1996 Design Study of a Superconducting Insertion Quadrupole Magnet for The Large Hadron Collider A. Yamamoto, K. Tsuchiya, N. Higashi, T. Nakamoto T. Ogitsu, N. Ohuchi, T. Shintomi, and A. Terashima National Laboratory [or High Energy Physics (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305, Japan G. Kirby*, R. Ostojic, and T. M. Taylor European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN), 23 Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland Abstract---The conceptual design study of a 111. MODEL MAGNET DESIGN high gradient superconducting insertion quadrupole magnet has been carried out i n A. -
Tevatron Accelerator Physics and Operation Highlights A
FERMILAB-CONF-11-129-APC TEVATRON ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AND OPERATION HIGHLIGHTS A. Valishev for the Tevatron group, FNAL, Batavia, IL 60510, U.S.A. Abstract Table 1: Integrated luminosity performance by fiscal year. The performance of the Tevatron collider demonstrated FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 continuous growth over the course of Run II, with the peak luminosity reaching 4×1032 cm-2 s-1, and the weekly Total integral (fb-1) 1.3 1.8 1.9 2.47 -1 integration rate exceeding 70 pb . This report presents a review of the most important advances that contributed to Until the middle of calendar year 2009, the luminosity this performance improvement, including beam dynamics growth was dominated by improvements of the antiproton modeling, precision optics measurements and stability production rate [2], which remains stable since. control, implementation of collimation during low-beta Performance improvements over the last two years squeeze. Algorithms employed for optimization of the became possible because of implementation of a few luminosity integration are presented and the lessons operational changes, described in the following section. learned from high-luminosity operation are discussed. Studies of novel accelerator physics concepts at the Tevatron are described, such as the collimation techniques using crystal collimator and hollow electron beam, and compensation of beam-beam effects. COLLIDER RUN II PERFORMANCE Tevatron collider Run II with proton-antiproton collisions at the center of mass energy of 1.96 TeV started in March 2001. Since then, 10.5 fb-1 of integrated luminosity has been delivered to CDF and D0 experiments (Fig. 1). All major technical upgrades of the accelerator complex were completed by 2007 [1]. -
MIT at the Large Hadron Collider—Illuminating the High-Energy Frontier
Mit at the large hadron collider—Illuminating the high-energy frontier 40 ) roland | klute mit physics annual 2010 gunther roland and Markus Klute ver the last few decades, teams of physicists and engineers O all over the globe have worked on the components for one of the most complex machines ever built: the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the CERN laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland. Collaborations of thousands of scientists have assembled the giant particle detectors used to examine collisions of protons and nuclei at energies never before achieved in a labo- ratory. After initial tests proved successful in late 2009, the LHC physics program was launched in March 2010. Now the race is on to fulfill the LHC’s paradoxical mission: to complete the Stan- dard Model of particle physics by detecting its last missing piece, the Higgs boson, and to discover the building blocks of a more complete theory of nature to finally replace the Standard Model. The MIT team working on the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the LHC stands at the forefront of this new era of particle and nuclear physics. The High Energy Frontier Our current understanding of the fundamental interactions of nature is encap- sulated in the Standard Model of particle physics. In this theory, the multitude of subatomic particles is explained in terms of just two kinds of basic building blocks: quarks, which form protons and neutrons, and leptons, including the electron and its heavier cousins. From the three basic interactions described by the Standard Model—the strong, electroweak and gravitational forces—arise much of our understanding of the world around us, from the formation of matter in the early universe, to the energy production in the Sun, and the stability of atoms and mit physics annual 2010 roland | klute ( 41 figure 1 A photograph of the interior, central molecules. -
Introduction to Accelerators
Introduction to Accelerators Lecture 4 Basic Properties of Particle Beams William A. Barletta Director, United States Particle Accelerator School Dept. of Physics, MIT US Particle Accelerator School Homework item US Particle Accelerator School From the last lecture US Particle Accelerator School We computed the B-field from current loop with I = constant By the Biot-Savart law we found that on the z-axis I 2 2IR2 B = Rsin d zˆ = zˆ cr2 2 2 3/2 0 cR()+ z What happens if we drive the current to have a time variation? r R US Particle Accelerator School The far field B-field has a static dipole form Importantly the ring of current does not radiate US Particle Accelerator School Question to ponder: What is the field from this situation? r R We’ll return to this question in the second half of the course US Particle Accelerator School Is this really paradoxical? Let’s look at Maxwell’s equations Take the curl of xE Hence US Particle Accelerator School The dipole radiation field: note the similarity to the static dipole US Particle Accelerator School Now on to beams US Particle Accelerator School Beams: particle bunches with directed velocity Ions - either missing electrons (+) or with extra electrons (-) Electrons or positrons Plasma - ions plus electrons Source techniques depend on type of beam & on application US Particle Accelerator School Electron sources - thermionic Heated metals Some electrons have energies above potential barrier Cannot escape + HV Enough energy to escape # of electrons Work function = Electrons in a metal -
The Compact Linear E E− Collider (CLIC): Physics Potential
+ The Compact Linear e e− Collider (CLIC): Physics Potential Input to the European Particle Physics Strategy Update on behalf of the CLIC and CLICdp Collaborations 18 December 2018 1) Contact person: P. Roloff ∗ †‡ §¶ Editors: R. Franceschini , P. Roloff∗, U. Schnoor∗, A. Wulzer∗ † ‡ ∗ CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy, INFN, Sezione di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy, § Università di Padova, Padova, Italy, ¶ LPTP, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland Abstract + The Compact Linear Collider, CLIC, is a proposed e e− collider at the TeV scale whose physics poten- tial ranges from high-precision measurements to extensive direct sensitivity to physics beyond the Standard Model. This document summarises the physics potential of CLIC, obtained in detailed studies, many based on full simulation of the CLIC detector. CLIC covers one order of magnitude of centre-of-mass energies from 350 GeV to 3 TeV, giving access to large event samples for a variety of SM processes, many of them for the + first time in e e− collisions or for the first time at all. The high collision energy combined with the large + luminosity and clean environment of the e e− collisions enables the measurement of the properties of Stand- ard Model particles, such as the Higgs boson and the top quark, with unparalleled precision. CLIC might also discover indirect effects of very heavy new physics by probing the parameters of the Standard Model Effective Field Theory with an unprecedented level of precision. The direct and indirect reach of CLIC to physics beyond the Standard Model significantly exceeds that of the HL-LHC. This includes new particles detected in challenging non-standard signatures. -
The ATLAS Detector: a General Purpose Experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN
FR9806097 The ATLAS detector: a general purpose experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN J. Schwindling CEA, DSM/DAPNIA, CE Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France 1 Introduction The ATLAS collaboration has designed a general purpose detector to be operated at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN [1]. The design of the detector took into account the requirements from the physics and the constraints from the collider, but also the cost and technological aspects. It is supported by a large amount of detailed simulations and test activities. The performances which are required to meet the physics goals are the following: - The search for Higgs bosons through their decays into two photons or four elec- trons requires a good electromagnetic calorimetry. - The search for Higgs bosons decaying into four muons requires a robust muon system. - Supersymmetric particles often decay into an invisible neutralino plus other parti- cles, leading to a missing energy signature which can be measured with an hermetic detector. - The measurement of the top quark mass requires a good measurement of jets. - b quark and r lepton identification requires the precise measurement of secondary vertices. The ATLAS detector is shown in figure 1. It covers a large fraction of the 4n angle, offers robust and redundant physics measurements and allows for triggering at low PT (about 10 GeV) thresholds. In order to achieve the design LHC luminosity of 1034 cm"2 s"1, the bunch spacing will be only 25 ns, leading to about 20 minimum bias events ("pile-up") and about 1000 charged tracks produced at each bunch crossing. -
Tutorial on Accelerator-Based Light Sources∗
TUOAS1 Proceedings of 2011 Particle Accelerator Conference, New York, NY, USA A TUTORIAL ON ACCELERATOR-BASED LIGHT SOURCES∗ M. Borland† , ANL, Argonne, IL 60439, USA Abstract light compared to protons, electrons are far easier to ac- celerate to relativistic energies, and hence are preferred Accelerator-based light sources are some of the largest for radiation generation. The first accelerator-generated and most successful scientific user facilities in existence, x-rays were created by the rapid deflection and decel- serving tens of thousands of users each year. These im- eration electrons experience when hitting a metal target portant facilities enable research in diverse fields, includ- (bremsstrahlung radiation). A more controlled technique ing biology, pharmaceuticals, energy conservation and pro- uses a magnetic field to deflect the particle trajectory in a duction, data storage, and archaeology. In this tutorial, circular arc, which produces acceleration at right angles to we briefly review the history of accelerator-based light the direction of motion. sources. We present an overview of the different types of accelerator-based light sources, including a description of For circulating electrons with β 1, radiation is emit- their various operating principles, as well as a discussion of ted in a broad angular pattern at the revolution frequency. measures of performance. Technical challenges of current Radiation is emitted most strongly in the forward and back- and future light sources are also reviewed. ward directions, for which a distant observer sees the great- est acceleration. However, when β ≈ 1 the emitting elec- tron follows closely behind the forward-directed radiation, INTRODUCTION which has β =1.