Final REPORT DTMP Kalikot

Government of Nepal

District Transport Master Plan

(DTMP)

Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development

Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads (DOLIDAR)

District Development Committee, Kalikot

April 2013

ANNEX 1: MAIN RPEORT

Prepared by Rural Infrastructure Developers Consultants (RIDC) (P.) ltd, Kathmandu for District Development Committee (DDC) and District Technical Office (DTO) Kalikot District with Technical Assistance from the Department of Local Infrastructure and Agricultural Roads (DOLIDAR), Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development and grant supported by DFID

Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District Foreword

i Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District Acknowledgement

We would like to express gratitude to RTI SECTOR Maintenance Pilot for entrusting us on preparation of District Transport Master Plan of Kalikot District.

We would also like to express our sincere thanks to Mr. Chakra Bahadur Shahi, Acting LDO of Kalikot for his cooperation and coordination during DTMP preparation. We would also like to thanks all the VDC secretaries and officials for their support.

We thank the team who has worked very hard to bring this report at this stage and successful completion of the assignment.

We are grateful to the local people, political parties and leaders, members of government organizations and non government organizations of Kalikot District who have rendered their valuable suggestion and support for the successful completion of the job.

Rural Infrastructure Developers Consultants (P.) Ltd. (RIDC), Baneshwor, Kathmandu. April 2013 , Kathmandu

ii Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District Executive summary Kalikot District is located in Karnali Zone of the Mid-western Development Region of Nepal. It borders with Jajarkot and Dailekh district to the South, Achham district to the West, Bajura and Mugu district at North and Jumla district to the East. The district is divided into one electoral constituency level, nine Ilakas, and thirty Village Development Committees. The district Headquarter is recently linked with Road network and passenger bus service is available.

The total area of the district is 1741 km 2. Geographically the district is divided into three distinct regions from north to south, viz Himalayan region, Higher Mountain and Mid Mountains. The elevation of the district ranges from 738 m to 4790m from the mean sea level. The major rivers in the district are Tila and Karnali.

The main economic activity of the Kalikot is agriculture and livelihood, where, more than 90% of the district population depends on the agriculture. Paddy, Maize, Millet, Wheat and Barley are the usual cereal crops and apple, potato, bean, oil seed and herbal products are the cash crops.

The district inventory identified just over 83.5 km of roads, including 78km of strategic roads and 5.5 km of rural roads. In coordination with the DTICC and DDC, 11 rural roads with a length of 319.5 km were identified as making up the district road core network (DRCN), and the remaining 150km were classified as village roads. The existing SRN roads link passes through 14 VDCs although it serves only for 3 VDC headquarters. All of the DRCN and SRN roads are earthen fair- weather roads.

Road Class Total length Black Top Gravel Earthen Strategic road network 78.00 - - 78.00 Urban roads - - - - District road core network 5.50 - - 5.50 Village roads - - - - Total 83.5 - - 83.5

Annual conservation costs is estimated at NPR 2 million based on the first year, and will be updated in the ARMP based on actual annual maintenance needs as determined in the annual road condition survey. For the full five-year period the conservation costs will come to NPR 10 million. An analysis of the road network identified the need for improvement of all the DRCN roads in order to bring them to a maintainable all-weather standard and provide them with a proper road surface in light of existing traffic volumes. The required improvements and their estimated costs are listed below.

Improvement type Requirement Cost (NPR) Bridges 328 m - Slab culverts 0 m - Causeways 6 m 1,200,000 Hume pipes 0 units - Masonry retaining walls 19.8 m3 277,200 Gabion retaining walls 0 m3 - Lined drains 5.5 m 30,800 Widening 0 m - Rehabilitation 0 km - Gravelling 5.5 km 13,750,000 Blacktopping 0 km - New construction 314.00 km 4,000,400,000 Total 4,015,658,000

iii Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District The available budget for the road sector for the coming five years (fiscal year 2070/71 to 2075/76) is estimated to be NPR 857 million. Allocation to the district road core network was set at 80% of the total road sector budget, which was subsequently allocated firstly to the annual maintenance needs, secondly to the improvement needs and lastly to new construction.

Within the DTMP period 58.44km (5.5km existing and 52.94km new) of roads will be gravelled (100%) being brought to a maintainable all-weather standard. VDC headquarters with access to all- weather DRCN roads or the SRN will 0 to 11; among them 3 VDCs will be served by SRN. In existing condition the SRN is also fair weather and it is supposed that within 5 years period it will be all weather. While the percentage of district population with such access will increase from 0 to 26%.

iv Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District Abbreviations

DDC District Development Committee DOLIDAR Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agriculture Road DOR Department of Road DTICC District Transport Infrastructure Coordination Committee DTMP District Transport Master Plan DTPP District Transport Perspective Plan GIS Geographical Information system GPS Global Positioning System GON Government of Nepal LGCDP Local Governance and Community Development Programme MLD Ministry of Local Development RAP Rural Access Programme SWAp Sector Wide Approach VDC Village Development Committee

v Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District Table of Contents Foreword ...... i Acknowledgement ...... ii Executive summary ...... iii Abbreviations ...... v Table of Contents ...... vi List of Tables ...... vii List of Figures ...... vii Annexes ...... vii 1. Introduction ...... 1 2. District Road Core Network (DRCN) ...... 3 2.1 Total Road Network ...... 3 2.2 National Highways and Feeder Roads ...... 3 2.3 District Road Core Network ...... 3 2.4 Village Roads...... 4 3. District Transport Perspective Plan (DTPP) ...... 7 3.1 Conservation ...... 7 3.2 Improvement ...... 8 3.2.1 Rehabilitation ...... 8 3.2.2 Gravelling ...... 8 3.2.3 Cross Drainage ...... 8 3.2.4 Protective Structures ...... 8 3.2.5 Widening ...... 9 3.2.6 Black Topping ...... 9 3.3 New Construction ...... 9 3.4 District Transport Perspective Plan ...... 9 4. Cost Estimation ...... 12 4.1 Conservation ...... 12 4.2 Improvement ...... 12 4.3 New Construction ...... 13 4.4 DTPP Costs ...... 14 5. Ranking ...... 15 5.1 Conservation ...... 15 5.2 Improvement ...... 15 5.3 New construction ...... 16 6. District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) ...... 17 6.1 Five Year Projected Financial Resources ...... 17 6.2 Budget Allocation ...... 17 6.3 DTMP Outputs...... 21 6.4 DTMP Outcome...... 21

vi Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District List of Tables Table 2.1.1 Road length in Kalikot district (km) ...... 3 Table 2.2.1 National Highways and Feeder Roads in Kalikot district (km) ...... 3 Table 2.3.1 Road length in Kalikot district (km) ...... 4 Table 2.3.2 District road core network in Kalikot district (km) ...... 4 Table 3.1.1 Conservation requirements ...... 7 Table 3.2.2 Sections of the district road core network requiring gravelling ...... 8 Table 3.2.3 Required cross drainage structures ...... 8 Table 3.2.4 Required protective structures ...... 9 Table 3.3.1 Sections of the district road core network requiring new construction ...... 9 Table 3.4.1 District Transport Perspective Plan ...... 10 Table 4.1.1 Standard unit costs for conservation ...... 12 Table 4.1.2 Estimated conservation costs for the first year (NPR ‘000) ...... 12 Table 4.2.1 Standard unit costs for improvement activities...... 13 Table 4.2.2 Cost estimate for improvement measures (NPR ‘000) ...... 13 Table 4.3.1 Standard unit costs for new construction ...... 13 Table 4.3.2 Cost estimate for new construction (NPR ‘000) ...... 14 Table 4.4.1 DTPP costs (NPR ‘000) ...... 14 Table 5.1.1 Ranking of conservation works (NPR ‘000)...... 15 Table 5.2.1 Ranking of improvement works (NPR ‘000) ...... 15 Table 5.3.1 Ranking of new construction works (NPR ‘000)...... 16 Table 6.1.1 Estimated funding levels (roads) for next five years (in NPR ‘000) ...... 17 Table 6.2.1 Investment plan ...... 19 Table 6.3.1 DTMP output ...... 21 Table 6.4.1 Standard of DRCN roads ...... 21 Table 6.4.2 Population with access to road network ...... 21

List of Figures Figure 1 Map of Nepal indicating Kalikot District ...... 2 Figure 2 Total Road Inventory Map for Kalikot District ...... 5 Figure 3 District Road Core Network (DRCN) Map ...... 6 Figure 4 District Transport Perspective Plan (DTPP) ...... 11 Figure 5 District Road Sector Budget Allocation ...... 18 Figure 6 District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) ...... 22

Annexes Annex A: DDC Letter Annex B: Minutes Annex C: Population Served Annex D: Photographs

vii Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District 1. Introduction Kalikot district is situated in the Karnali zone of the Mid Western Development Region. The total area of the district is 1741 sq.km. The district is surrounded by Jumla district in the east, Achham district in the west, Mugu and Bajura district in the north and Jajarkot and Dailekh district in the south. The district is situated in Longitude between 81 ⁰ 28' E to 82 ⁰ 02'East and Latitude between 29 ⁰ 5'N to 29 ⁰ 28'North.Geographically the district may be divided into three distinct regions from north to south, viz higher Himalayan region, Higher Mountain and Mid Mountains. The elevation of the district is range from 738 m to 4790m from mean sea level. The average temperature is remarked 18.6 ⁰ c in summer and 5.6 ⁰ c in winter and the annual average rainfall is 730 mm.The major rivers in the district are Tila and Karnali.

The main economic activity of the Kalikot is agriculture and livelihood of more than 90% of the district population depends on the agriculture. Paddy, Maize, Millet, Wheat and Barley are the usual cereal crops and apple, potato, bean, oil seed and herbal products are the cash crops.

The living standard of rural people could not be improved despite of the top priority given to the agriculture sector because the rural infrastructures such as all weather rural roads, market centers, electrification and communication etc. are not within access of them.

The district is divided into one electoral constituency level, nine Ilakas, and thirty Village Development Committees. The district Headquarter is recently linked with road network and passenger bus service is available The DDC body of Kalikot has given its highest priority on rural roads but only 5.5 km rural road is in used. All rural roads are earthen type and concern is focused to upgrade the rural roads from fair weather to all weather standards.

Land Use pattern of the district: The total area of the district is 178030 hectare and among it 18087.8 hectare is useful for agriculture but only 16350 hectare is being cultivated.Similarly, 111090.13 hectare land is covered by forest and 45000 hectare land is being used as pasture land.

Rivers and Lakes in the district: Karnali and Tila are major rivers of district and almost settlements are situated on the catchment area of those rivers. The other streams are Tipgad, Khulalu gad, Sanni gad, Padamgad,Bharta gad, Banch gad etc. and most of the part have rough terrain and sloppy landscape and along the banks of those rivers. The possibility to use water for irrigation is nominal due to sloppy and terrain agriculture land and deeply stretched river beds. The potentiality of hydropower in case of construction of all weather Road along Karnali River.

Natural Plants: The land above 12000 feet is not suitable for tree species so bushes, shrubs and flowering herbs are the major plants. These area is rich for high value Non Timber Forest Products ie. Padamchal, Jatamansi, Kutki, Panchaule etc. Similarly, the lower part of the district is occupied by sub tropical deciduous broadleaf forest. The wild animals like, Kasturi, Jharal, Ghoral, Leopard, Bandel, Snow Leopard and wolf etc. can be found in the forests of district.

Religious and Tourism area: The temples of Badimalika at adjoined part of Kalikot and Bajura, Chulimalika at Badalkot VDC Pugmalika temple, Mahabuwa Shiva Mandir, Pugmalika , Pancha Dewal , Chulimalika, tila gufa, Dhunge Bagaicha, Ramarosan, Bancha Patan Pachal Jharana are the major religious area. There is immense potentiality of trecking, rafting and other adventurous tourism.

1 Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District Figure 1 Map of Nepal indicating Kalikot District

According to the National Census 2011, the total population of the district are 136948 comprising 68,115 female (49.7%) and 68,833 male (50.3%) residing in 23013 households. Kalikot district has an average population density of around 78.6 people per square km. The average family size is 5.95. Life expectancy of the people is 58 years. The average literacy rate is about 59% (51% female and 66% male are literate). Kalikot district has a multi ethnic composition with Chhetri, Thakuri, Brahman, Damai and Kami. The common language is Khas (Nepali).

2 Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District 2. District Road Core Network (DRCN) This chapter gives an overview of the existing roads in Kalikot district, distinguishing between strategic roads and rural roads. It goes on to identify those rural roads that make up the district road core network (DRCN) that will form the basis for this DTMP. The remaining rural roads are classified as village roads.

2.1 Total Road Network Kalikot district has an estimated road network of 83.5 kilometres, including 78km of strategic roads managed by DOR and 5.5 km of rural roads managed by Kalikot DDC and the VDCs. All the strategic roads and all of the rural roads have an earthen surface. A map of the total road network in Kalikot district is shown in Figure at the end of this chapter.

Table 2.1.1 Road length in Kalikot district (km) Road Class Total length Black Top Gravel Earthen Strategic roads 78.00 - - 78.00 Urban roads - - - - Rural roads - - - - Total 78.00 - - 78.00

2.2 National Highways and Feeder Roads Kalikot district has one highway (Karnali) of 60km length and 1 feeder road (Karnali corridor) of 80km length.

Table 2.2.1 National Highways and Feeder Roads in Kalikot district (km) Code Name of Road Total length Black Top Gravel Earthen H13 KARNALI HIGHWAY 60.00 - - 60.00 F172 KARNALI COORIDOR 18.00 - - 18.00 Total 78.00 - - 78.00

2.3 District Road Core Network As part of the preparation of this DTMP, the District Road Core Network (DRCN) was identified together with the DTICC and DDC. This DRCN is the minimum network that allows all VDC headquarters to be connected with the strategic road network and the district headquarters, either directly or through other VDCs. In the selection of the DRCN roads, account was taken of the road conditions and the existing traffic levels. The identified DRCN roads were subsequently provided with road codes according to national standards.

The resulting District Road Core Network of this district is shown in Figure at the end of this chapter. The DRCN consists of 11 district roads with a total length of 319.5 km. The remaining 150 km of existing rural roads are not considered to be DRCN roads and are classified as village roads under the responsibility of the VDCs (see also section 2.3). A complete list of the DRCN roads and their characteristics is provided in Table 2.3.

3 Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District Table 2.3.1 Road length in Kalikot district (km)

Road Class Total length Black Top Gravel Earthen Strategic road network 78.00 - - 78.00 Highways 60 - - 60.00 Feeder roads 18 - - 18 Urban roads ------

District road core network 5.50 - - 5.50 Village roads - -

Total 83.50 - - 83.5.00

Table 2.3.2 District road core network in Kalikot district (km) Total Black All Fair Name Settlements Code Name of Road length Top Gravel Earthen weather weather on Road Manma-Badalkot- Manma, Badalkot, 64DR006 Ramnakot 5.50 - - 5.50 - 5.50 Ramnakot Total 5.50 - - 5.50 - 5.50

2.4 Village Roads The 150km of remaining roads that do not form part of the identified district road core network (DRCN) are classified as village roads and are under the responsibility of concerned VDCs of the district. These are roads of a lower importance that do not form the main link between the VDC headquarters and the district headquarters or strategic road network. Instead they provide additional access to other parts of the VDCs.

On an average each VDC will thus be responsible for 5 km of village roads. It is recommended that the VDCs shall organise maintenance workers to carry out the emergency and routine/recurrent maintenance of these roads to ensure their accessibility. Any upgrading or new construction of village roads falls outside the scope of this DTMP and is the responsibility of the VDCs.

Funding for these roads will mainly come from the VDC grants. Some district funding will also be allocated to the village roads (see also chapter 6). However, this district funding will be mainly for maintenance, especially emergency maintenance and routine/recurrent maintenance to keep these roads passable.

4 Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District Figure 2 Total Road Inventory Map of Kalikot District

5 Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District Figure 3 District Road Core Network (DRCN) Map

6 Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District

3. District Transport Perspective Plan (DTPP) This chapter looks at the required interventions regarding conservation, improvement and new construction of the district road core network. It provides a complete list of all works required in the DRCN, which together form the District Transport Perspective Plan (DTPP). For the works forming part of the DTPP, chapter 4 will subsequently provide cost estimation, while chapter 5 will rank the works according to priority and chapter 6 will select those priority works that can be carried out in the next 5 years and thus form part of the District Transport Master Plan (DTMP).

3.1 Conservation Conservation refers to the actions required to repair a road and keep it in good and passable condition. For DTMP planning purposes standard costs per kilometre for each maintenance type are applied to the entire district road core network, whereby for certain maintenance type’s distinction is made according to the surface type of the road. Identification of the actual maintenance requirements of each road is made annually in the ARMP. Conservation activities include: 1． Emergency maintenance - Basic repairs aimed at removing landslides and repairing damage to the road that inhibit the proper use of the road and make it impassable. This mainly takes place during and after the rainy season. A provisional lumpsum is reserved for the entire district road core network based on the network length. Allocation to specific road sections is based on the actual need for clearing landslides or repairing washouts and cuts in the road. 2． Routine maintenance - General maintenance of the road aimed at preventing damage by ensuring the proper working of the different road elements (retaining walls, drainage system, carriageway, etc.) and cutting vegetation. This is carried out each year on a more or less continuous basis. Routine maintenance is required for the entire district road core network. The specific requirements for routine maintenance are determined on an annual basis through the road condition survey and defined in the ARMP. 3． Recurrent maintenance - Repairs of minor damage to the road surface and road structures to bring them back to good condition. This is generally carried out once or twice a year. Recurrent maintenance is required for the entire district road core network, whereby distinction is made according to the surface type. The specific requirements for recurrent maintenance are determined on an annual basis through the road condition survey and defined in the ARMP. 4． Periodic maintenance - Larger repairs to the road largely aimed at renewing the road surface through regravelling, resealing or overlays. It is generally carried out with several years interval. Although periodic maintenance is only required for specific sections of the district road core network, a lump sum allocation is made for the entire district road core network based on average annual requirements, distinguishing between different surface types. The specific periodic maintenance requirements are determined on an annual basis through the annual road condition survey and defined in the ARMP.

The length of roads to be included under each conservation type for the first year is indicated below. This is basically the entire district road core network in as far as it does not require rehabilitation.

Table 3.1.1 Conservation requirements Emergency Routine maintenance Recurrent maintenance Periodic maintenance Code maintenance (km) (km) (km) (km) 64DR006 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 Total 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5

7 Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District 3.2 Improvement Improvement refers to actions required to improve a road to bring it to a maintainable all-weather standard. It includes the following actions, which for Kalikot are described in more detail in the subsequent sections. 1．Rehabilitation - Significant repairs required to bring a very poor road back to a maintainable standard. This does not include any changes to the original surface type. 2．Gravelling - Placement of a gravel layer to make it all-weather and ensure that the road remains passable during the rainy season. 3．Cross drainage - Placement of suitable cross-drainage structures with the aim of making the road all-weather and ensuring that the road remains passable even during the rainy season 4．Protective structures - Placement of retaining walls and lined side drains to avoid excessive damage to the road during the rainy season and bring it to a maintainable standard. 5．Blacktopping - Placement of a blacktop layer in roads with traffic volumes exceeding 50 passenger car units (PCU) to reduce damage to the road surface 6．Widening - Increase of the road width in roads with traffic volumes exceeding 500 passenger car units (PCU) to ensure the proper flow of traffic.

3.2.1 Rehabilitation No rehabilitation needs were identified in the district road core network.

3.2.2 Gravelling As the entire district road core network needs to be brought to an all-weather status, gravelling of the road surface is required for all the earthen sections in the DRCN. This district concerns the total of 319.5 km of DRCN roads.

Table 3.2.2 Sections of the district road core network requiring gravelling Code Name of Road Total length (km) Gravelling (km) 64DR006 Manma-Badalkot-Ramnakot 5.50 5.50 Total 5.50

3.2.3 Cross Drainage The need for cross drainage was identified only for one existing road which is given in table..

Table 3.2.3 Required cross drainage structures Bridge Slab CC Causeway Stone Pipe culvert Code Name of Road (m) culvert (m) (m) Causeway (m) (units) 64DR006 Manma-Badalkot-Ramnakot - 6

Total - - 6 - -

3.2.4 Protective Structures Based on the road survey carried out in Kalikot, the following retaining walls were identified as being required to ensure the protection of the district road core network.

8 Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District

Table 3.2.4 Required protective structures Code Name of Road Masonry walls (m3) Gabion walls (m3) Lined drain (m) 64DR006 Manma-Badalkot-Ramnakot 19.80 5.5

Total 19.80 - 5.5

3.2.5 Widening Widening of the district road core network in Kalikot is required only in specific locations to bring it up to the minimum standard and to ensure sufficient space in the curves. Additional widening to a higher standard is not required because traffic volumes remain very low.

3.2.6 Black Topping An analysis of the traffic data for the different roads making up the district road core network shows that no road network require blacktopping.

3.3 New Construction New construction of DRCN roads is required to connect the remaining VDC headquarters. A list of proposed roads for new construction is provided below. These roads provide access to 27 VDC HQs that do not currently have road access.

Table 3.3.1 Sections of the district road core network requiring new construction Existing New Bridge Code Name of Road New VDCs length length (m) 64DR006 Manma-Badalkot-Ramnakot Badalkot, Ramnakot 5.50 23.20 40 64DR001 Khulalu-Lalu-Malkot--Rupsa Lalu, Malkot, Rupsa - 35.15 48 64DR002 Raku-Kotbada-Kumalgaun Raku, Kotbada, Kumalgau - 29.40

64DR003 Hulma-Bharta Bharta - 22.20

Hulma-Sukatiya-Mugraha-Gela- Sukatiya, Mugraha, Gela, 64DR004 - 42.50 48 Odanaku-Chilkhaya Odanku, Chikhaya 64DR005 Raku-Mehalmudi-Mumra Mehalmudi, Mumra - 20.50 20 64DR007 Sanighat-Phukot-Syuna-Shipkhana Phukot, Syuna, Shipkhana - 19.10

64DR008 Nuwaghar Besi-Nanikot Nanikot - 28.20 20 64DR009 Pakha-Chapre-Jubhitha Pakha, Chapre, Jubhitha - 19.30 16 Jarkot-Ramnakot-Thirpu-Khin- 64DR010 Thirpu, Khin, Dhaulagaha - 70.20 136 Dhaulagaha 64DR011 Nagma-Phui Mahadev Phui Mahadev - 4.25

Total 5.50 314.00 328

3.4 District Transport Perspective Plan The DTPP foresees bringing the entire existing district road core network to maintainable all-weather status, and expanding it to provide access to an additional 27 VDC headquarters. For this purpose, existing 5.5km and new all 314 km will be gravelled and a number of different cross drainage and protective structures will be constructed.

9 Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District Table 3.4.1 District Transport Perspective Plan

Code Bridge (m) Widening (m) Lined Lined drain (m) Gravelling (km) Slab culvert (m) CC Causeway (m) Gabion walls (m3) Blacktopping (km) Pipe culvert (units) Rehabilitation (km) Masonry walls (m3) Stone Causeway (m) New construction (km) Routine maintenance (km) Periodic maintenance (km) Recurrent maintenance (km) Emergency maintenance (km)

64DR006 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 - 5.50 - - 40.00 - 6.00 - - 19.80 - 5.50 23.20

64DR001 ------48.00 ------35.15

64DR002 ------29.40

64DR003 ------22.20

64DR004 ------48.00 ------42.50

64DR005 ------20.00 ------20.50

64DR007 ------19.10

64DR008 ------20.00 ------28.20

64DR009 ------16.00 ------19.30

64DR010 ------136.00 ------70.20

64DR011 ------4.25

Total 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 - 5.50 - - 328 - 6 - - 19.8 - 5.5 314.00

10 Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District Figure 4 District Transport Perspective Plan (DTPP)

11 Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District 4. Cost Estimation For the cost estimation, use has been made of standard costs for the different activities required. For the conservation activities this results in an estimation of annual costs, while for improvement and new construction activities this result in an estimation of the total costs required.

4.1 Conservation The costs of the required conservation measures have been calculated using the following standard costs. These standard costs have been applied to the entire district road core network, whereby distinction is made based on the surface type in the case of recurrent and periodic maintenance. It must be noted here that the standard costs for periodic maintenance are the average annual costs, but that the cost for applying periodic maintenance in a specific section every several years will be higher (the cumulative cost of several years). The estimated costs for the first year are presented below, while the costs for subsequent years will vary slightly as road surface types change as a result of improvements. Detailed cost estimations for the actual maintenance needs in any given year will be presented in the ARMP.

Table 4.1.1 Standard unit costs for conservation Activity Unit Unit cost (NPR)

Emergency maintenance km 40,000 Routine maintenance km 30,000 Recurrent maintenance (blacktop) km 450,000 Recurrent maintenance (gravel) km 500,000 Recurrent maintenance (earthen) km 300,000 Periodic maintenance (blacktop) km 250,000 Periodic maintenance (gravel) km 300,000

For the first year the estimated costs for conservation of the DRCN come to NPR 2.03 million. Based on this cost for the first year, the costs for conservation of the DRCN for the next 5 years are estimated at NPR 10.175 million. These costs will change slightly as the roads are improved and the standard conservation costs change. This will be updated in the ARMP on an annual basis.

Table 4.1.2 Estimated conservation costs for the first year (NPR ‘000)

Code (gravel) (gravel) (earthen) (blacktop) (blacktop) Gravel (km) Earthen (km) Blacktop (km) Total 5-year cost Total length (km) Total first year cost Routine maintenance Periodic maintenance Periodic maintenance Recurrent maintenance Recurrent maintenance Recurrent maintenance Emergency maintenance 64DR006 5.50 - - 5.50 220 165 - - 1,650 - - 2,035 10,175 Total 5.50 - - 5.50 220 165 - - 1,650 - - 2,035 10,175

4.2 Improvement The costs of the required improvement measures have been calculated using the following standard costs. These standard costs have been applied to the identified improvement requirements presented in the previous chapter.

12 Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District Table 4.2.1 Standard unit costs for improvement activities Activity Unit Unit cost (NPR) Rehabilitation km 1,000,000 Widening m 40,000 Gravelling km 2,500,000 Blacktopping km 8,000,000 Bridge construction m 1,000,000 Slab culvert construction m 250,000 CC Causeway construction m 200,000 Stone Causeway construction m 15,000 Pipe culvert placement unit 25,000 Masonry wall construction m3 14,000 Gabion wall construction m3 6,000 Lined drain construction m 5,600

The resulting estimated costs come to NPR 15.2 million as indicated in the table below.

Table 4.2.2 Cost estimate for improvement measures (NPR ‘000)

Code Bridges Widening Total cost Gravelling Pipe culvert Lined Lined drains Slab culverts Gabion walls Blacktopping Rehabilitation CC causeways Masonry walls Stone causeways Total length (km)

64DR006 5.50 - - 13,750 - - - 1,200 - - 277 - 31 15,258 Total 5.50 - - 13,750 - - - 1,200 - - 277 - 31 15,258

4.3 New Construction For new construction, the following standard costs have been applied to estimate the costs involved.

Table 4.3.1 Standard unit costs for new construction Activity Unit Unit cost (NPR) Track opening km 10,000,000 Gravelling km 1,800,000 Bridge construction m 900,000

The resulting estimated costs for new construction come to NPR 4000 million.

13 Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District Table 4.3.2 Cost estimate for new construction (NPR ‘000) New length Opening Gravelling Bridges Total cost Code Name of Road (km) up (NPR) (NPR) (NPR) (NPR) 64DR006 Manma-Badalkot-Ramnakot 23.20 232,000 41,760 36,000 309,760 64DR001 Khulalu-Lalu-Malkot--Rupsa 35.15 351,500 63,270 43,200 457,970 64DR002 Raku-Kotbada-Kumalgaun 29.40 294,000 52,920 - 346,920 64DR003 Hulma-Bharta 22.20 222,000 39,960 - 261,960 Hulma-Sukatiya-Mugraha-Gela- 64DR004 42.50 425,000 76,500 43,200 544,700 Odanaku-Chilkhaya 64DR005 Raku-Mehalmudi-Mumra 20.50 205,000 36,900 18,000 259,900 64DR007 Sanighat-Phukot-Syuna-Shipkhana 19.10 191,000 34,380 - 225,380 64DR008 Nuwaghar Besi-Nanikot 28.20 282,000 50,760 18,000 350,760 64DR009 Pakha-Chapre-Jubhitha 19.30 193,000 34,740 14,400 242,140 Jarkot-Ramnakot-Thirpu-Khin- 64DR010 70.20 702,000 126,360 122,400 950,760 Dhaulagaha 64DR011 Nagma-Phui Mahadev 4.25 42,500 7,650 - 50,150 Total 314.00 3,140,000 565,200 295,200 4,000,400

4.4 DTPP Costs The total costs for the District Transport Perspective Plan come to NPR 4025.8 million as indicated in the table below. Table 4.4.1 DTPP costs (NPR ‘000) Code Conservation Improvement New construction Total

64DR006 10,175 15,258 309,760 335,193 64DR001 - - 457,970 457,970 64DR002 - - 346,920 346,920 64DR003 - - 261,960 261,960 64DR004 - - 544,700 544,700 64DR005 - - 259,900 259,900 64DR007 - - 225,380 225,380 64DR008 - - 350,760 350,760 64DR009 - - 242,140 242,140 64DR010 - - 950,760 950,760 64DR011 - - 50,150 50,150 Total 10,175 15,258 4,000,400 4,025,833

14 Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District 5. Ranking The ranking of the required interventions determines the order in which they will be carried out. This ranking is done separately for conservation, improvement and new construction. Ranking is done according to the cost per person served, whereby the costs are the estimated costs of the previous chapter. For the calculation of the population served, use is made of the population data for the VDCs linked by the road concerned.

5.1 Conservation Ranking of roads for conservation is based on the total conservation costs per person served by the road. This ranking of roads will be updated each year in the ARMP based on the actual cost estimates for the year concerned. An example ranking is provided in the table below based on standard costs for the first year.

Table 5.1.1 Ranking of conservation works (NPR ‘000)

Code (km) (NPR) served (earth) (paved) (gravel) (gravel) Total cost 2. Routine (blacktop) 6. Periodic 7. Periodic Population (NPR '000) Total length Cost/ person 3. Recurrent 4. Recurrent 5. Recurrent 1. Emergency

64DR006 5.50 220 165 - - 1,650 - - 2,035 1,357 1500

The allocation of maintenance funding will follow a specific sequence indicated below, and will be applied to the road ranking as defined in the ARMP. This will be of particular importance where funding is insufficient to cover all conservation costs.

1． Emergency maintenance 2． Routine maintenance 3． Recurrent maintenance paved roads 4． Recurrent maintenance gravel roads 5． Recurrent maintenance gravel roads 6． Periodic maintenance blacktop roads 7． Periodic maintenance gravel roads

5.2 Improvement In the case of improvement activities, ranking is again based on the basis of the total cost per person served. The resulting order of the roads is shown in the table below. In the case of roads requiring blacktopping, the improvement of the road has been split into two phases. The first phase includes all improvements to bring the road to a maintainable all-weather standard (gravelling, widening, cross drainage and protective structures), while the second phase only includes the blacktopping. This has been done to avoid unnecessarily delaying the improvement of such roads to all-weather gravel standard due to the additional cost of blacktopping (increasing the cost per person served).

Table 5.2.1 Ranking of improvement works (NPR ‘000) Total length Gravelling Blacktopping Total cost Population Cost/person Code (km) (km) (km) (NPR '000) served (NPR) 64DR006 5.50 5.50 - 15,258 1,357 11,244

15 Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District 5.3 New construction For the roads proposed for new construction, ranking is also according to the cost per person served by the new road. The resulting ranking is indicated in the table below.

Table 5.3.1 Ranking of new construction works (NPR ‘000) Code Length (km) Total cost (NPR '000) Population served Cost/person (NPR) 64DR007 19.10 225,380 16,272 13,851 64DR011 4.25 50,150 3,418 14,672 64DR009 19.30 242,140 10,249 23,626 64DR004 42.50 544,700 20,146 27,038 64DR002 29.40 346,920 12,038 28,819 64DR005 20.50 259,900 8,382 31,007 64DR001 35.15 457,970 13,792 33,205 64DR003 22.20 261,960 7,075 37,026 64DR006 23.20 309,760 5,724 54,116 64DR008 28.20 350,760 6,283 55,827 64DR010 70.20 950,760 15,303 62,129

16 Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District 6. District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) The District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) that covers the next five years is prepared based on the projected financial resources available and the prioritized transport interventions as listed in the DTPP. Year-wise targets are prepared for the different roads and intervention types.

6.1 Five Year Projected Financial Resources The projected financial resources for the next five years are estimated by considering all possible funding sources. The funding levels are based on the existing trend of funding. An annual increase in funding of 10% is assumed for all funding sources. The total district budget for the road sector is NPR 857million for the five-year period.

Table 6.1.1 Estimated funding levels (roads) for next five years (in NPR ‘000) Funding source 2070/71 2071/72 2073/74 2074/75 2075/76 RAP 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 - SWAp 5,600 6,160 6,776 7,454 8,199 Karnali Rojgar (80% of Total) 60,000 66,000 72,600 79,860 87,846 People Participatory Development Program 3,500 3,850 4,235 4,659 5,124 Road Board Nepal 1,500 1,650 1,815 1,997 2,196 VDC (40% of Total) 24,000 26,400 29,040 31,944 35,138 DRILIP 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 - Total 164,600 174,060 184,466 195,913 138,504 Grand total 857,542

6.2 Budget Allocation The distribution of the available district road sector budget is indicated in the figure below. Due to the low number of village roads, 80% of the total budget is reserved for the district road core network. The remaining 20% is to be used by the DDC for the village roads, giving priority to emergency maintenance and routine/recurrent maintenance. Alternatively, this 20% may be used for the new construction of DRCN roads where this is considered a priority by the district. The 80% of the district road sector budget for the DTMP is allocated firstly to conservation, secondly improvement, and remaining funding is allocated to new construction.

17 Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District Figure 5 District Road Sector Budget Allocation District Road Sector Budget

80 % 20 % District Road Core Network Village roads DTMP

1. Conservation of DRCN roads For village 2. Improvement roads of DRCN roads

3. New construction of DRCN roads ARMP

Based on this distribution of the estimated budget, the available annual budget for each intervention type and the resulting district road core network length by surface type can be calculated. The results are shown in the following table.

18 Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District Table 6.2.1 Investment plan Section

Item Year Fiscal year 2070/71 2071/72 2073/74 2074/75 2075/76 A Total budget 164,600 174,060 184,466 195,913 138,504 Village roads 32,920 34,812 36,893 39,183 27,701 Core road network budget (DTMP) 131,680 139,248 147,573 156,730 110,803 Core network length (km) 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 Blacktop (km) - - - - - B Gravel (km) - 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 Earthen (km) 5.50 - - - - Conservation (NRs) 2,035 4,785 4,785 4,785 4,785 Emergency 220 220 220 220 220 Routine 165 165 165 165 165 Recurrent (blacktop) - - - - - C Recurrent (gravel) - 2,750 2,750 2,750 2,750 Recurrent (earthen) 1,650 - - - - Periodic (blacktop) - - - - - Periodic (gravel) - 1,650 1,650 1,650 1,650 D Improvement Cost BT GR 129,645 BT GR 134,463 BT GR 142,788 BT GR 151,945 BT GR 106,018 BT GR 64DR006 15,258 - 5.50 15,258 - 5.50 ------

Total improvement 15,258 - 5.50 ------

E Construction Cost GR 114,387 GR 134,463 GR 142,788 GR 151,945 GR 106,018 GR 64DR007 225,380 19.10 114,387 9.69 110,993 9.41 ------

64DR011 50,150 4.25 - - 23,470 1.99 26,680 2.26 - - - -

64DR009 242,140 19.30 - - - - 116,108 9.25 126,032 10.05 - -

64DR004 544,700 42.50 ------25,913 2.02 106,018 8.27

19 Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District 64DR002 346,920 29.40 ------

64DR005 259,900 20.50 ------

64DR001 457,970 35.15 ------

64DR003 261,960 22.20 ------

64DR006 309,760 23.20 ------

64DR008 350,760 28.20 ------

64DR010 950,760 70.20 ------

Total new construction 114,387 - 134,463 - 142,788 - 151,945 - 106,018 -

F Remaining budget - - - 0 0 0

20 Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District 6.3 DTMP Outputs Based on the investment plan presented above, all DRCN roads will be conserved for the duration of the DTMP period. A further 58.44km will be improved to gravel standard inclusive of cross drainage and protective structures required to make them maintainable all-weather roads. The remaining 261.06 km of earthen roads at the end of the DTMP period will be improved in the next DTMP. The same goes for the new construction which will only take place after the existing DRCN roads have been improved to maintainable all weather standards (some of these roads may be constructed through VDC funding).

Table 6.3.1 DTMP output Conservation Improvement gravel Improvement blacktop New construction 58.44 5.50 - -

Of the total DTMP budget; NPR 2 million will be spent on conservation, NPR 15 million will be spent on improvement and NPR 4000 million on new construction. This will use up the entire DTMP budget for the five-year period.

6.4 DTMP Outcome As a result of the activities planned in this DTMP, the percentage of all-weather maintainable DRCN roads increases by 100% from 0km to 58.44km, with 0% (0km) remaining fair weather.

Table 6.4.1 Standard of DRCN roads Total length Fair-weather All-weather gravel All-weather blacktop km km % km % km % Start of DTMP 5.50 5.50 100% - 0% - 0% End of DTMP 58.44 - 0% 58.44 100% - 0% Difference 52.94 - 5.50 -100% 58.44 100% - 0%

The number of VDC headquarters with access to the SRN or all-weather DRCN roads will increase from 3 to 11 and the district population with access to the SRN or all-weather DRCN roads will increase from 0% to 38%. The number of VDC headquarters with no access to DRCN roads will remain at 19, while the percentage of the district population with no access to DRCN roads will remain at 62%. In existing condition the SRN is also fair weather and it is supposed that within 5 years period it will be all weather.

Table 6.4.2 Population with access to road network Fair-weather core All-weather core Direct access to SRN No access to road roads roads VDCs VDCs VDCs VDCs Population Population Population Population % % % % Start of DTMP 3 16,548 12% 27 120,039 88% 0 - 0% 0 - 0% End of DTMP 3 16,548 12% 19 85,045 62% 0 - 0% 8 34,994 26% Difference - - 0% -8 -34,994 -26% - - 0% 8 34,994 26% Note: Passes through the 14 VDC. Among the 14 VDC the SRN passes through 3 VDC Center

21 Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District Figure 6 District Transport Master Plan (DTMP)

22 Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District

Annex A: DDC Letter

Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District Annex B: Minutes

Final Report on District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Kalikot District

Annex C: Population Served

Road SRN 64DR006 64DR001 64DR002 64DR003 64DR004 64DR005 64DR007 64DR008 64DR009 64DR010 64DR011 # VDC/municipality Population 1 Manma 9,094 X 2 Pakha 4,249 X 3 Daha 5,084 X 4 Badalkot 3,254 X 5 Ramnakot 3827 X 6 Nanikot 6,283 X 7 Phukot 5,334 X 8 Syuna 5,581 X 9 Siphana 5,357 X 10 Mumra 3,411 X 11 Mehalmudi 4,971 X 12 Ranku 4,464 X 13 Kotbada 3,866 X 14 Kumalgaun 3708 X 15 Rupsha 3,988 X 16 Malkot 3,866 X 17 Lalu 5,938 X 18 Sukatiya 5,055 X 19 Mugraha 2,790 X 20 Gela 3,911 X 21 Bharta 7,075 X 22 Chilkhaya 4,654 X 23 Odanku 3736 X 24 Chapre 3,661 X 25 Jubida 2,339 X 26 Ranchuli 2,370 X 27 Phoi Mahadev 3,418 X 28 Thirpu 4,568 X 29 Dholgoh 7,111 X 30 Khin 3,624 X

Total population 136,587 7,081 7,075 8,382 6,283 3,418 13,792 12,038 20,146 16,272 10,249 15,303 16,548 Total VDCs/municipalities 30 2 3 3 1 5 2 3 1 3 3 1 3