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Ecological Sustainability of Small-Scale Fisheries the Case of a Seafood Supply Chain in Baja California Sur, Mexico

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Ecological Sustainability of Small-Scale Fisheries the Case of a Seafood Supply Chain in Baja California Sur, Mexico ! ! !!Stockholm!Resilience!Centre! !!!!Research!for!Biosphere!Stewardship!and!Innovation! ! Master’s Thesis, 60 ECTS! Social-ecological Resilience for Sustainable Development Master’s programme 2015/17, 120 ECTS How traders and their institutional arrangements influence the social- ecological sustainability of small-scale fisheries The case of a seafood supply chain in Baja California Sur, Mexico ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! Blanca González García-Mon The uncertain air that magnified some things and blotted out others hung over the whole Gulf so that all sights were unreal and vision could not be trusted: so that sea and land had the sharp clarities and the vagueness of a dream. (…) There was no certainty in seeing, no proof that what you saw was there or was not there. And the people of the Gulf expected all places were that way, and it was not strange to them. The Pearl, John Steinbeck ! ABSTRACT' The production of Small-Scale Fisheries (SSFs) satisfies seafood demand and is an important contributor to people’s livelihoods around the world. The disconnection between supply and demand can influence sustainability of SSFs by decreasing actors’ ability to respond to environmental and market changes. In developing contexts, such as many Mexican fishing communities, fishers and traders (fish buyers) establish self-governing instructional arrangements that connect local fish production with demand across scales. This thesis studies the mediating role of traders’ institutional arrangements for the social-ecological (SES) sustainability of a supply chain. A mixed-method approach is applied to a study case in Baja California Sur, Mexico, that includes interviews, surveys, participant observation and a multi-level network analysis. This thesis develops an analytical framework that combines empirical observations with network structures of the supply chain. It is used to identify and quantify self-governing institutions; show social-ecological interdependencies; and hypothesize their sustainability outcomes. The results reveal various types of traders, with different functions in the supply chain. Overall, the structural composition of the supply chain could enhance SES sustainability. I argue that traders’ self-governing institutional arrangements have potential to promote SES sustainability by increasing adaptive capacity. However, this can threaten long-term sustainability if overexploitation is promoted. Traders’ incentives might be key to achieving or impeding sustainability. This investigation contributes to understanding the role of traders in SSF supply chains and yields insights for future research and sustainability interventions. It presents an analytical framework to study sustainability in supply chains from a relational perspective. ! ii! ! SUPERVISOR: Örjan Bodin (Stockholm Resilience Center) CO-SUPERVISORS: Xavier Basurto and Mateja Nenadovic (Nicholas School of the Environment at Duke University) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “La Caixa” banking foundation has funded my education in this two-year masters program through the international grant for postgraduacte studies in Europe 2015. La Obra social “La Caixa” ha hecho posible mi formación en este master durante dos años a través de la Beca de estudios de posgrado en Europa 2015. Esta tesis tampoco sería posible sin aquellas personas que colaboraron con mi investigación en Baja California Sur. Muchas gracias a todas las personas que compartieron su tiempo y su conocimiento conmigo en pláticas o entrevistas, y en especial a aquellas que me hicieron sentir una más compartiendo su día a día. Además al equipo de Niparajá: Amy, Tomás, Melisa, Salvador, Ollin, gracias por vuestro trabajo, generosidad y paciencia. A José Alberto, Mario y compañeros/as, gracias por mostrarme la realidad bajacaliforniana. Thanks to all that have helped me during this two-years master programme in Sweden. To those who have made my education at SRC possible and to those that have encouraged me to follow my ideas and keep improving at every step. Especial thanks to Miriam, Cornelia and my supervisors, who have been essential in this process, and to the MAREA project team. And thanks to… Thanks to the Holmies, for sticking together in this rollercoaster ride, and to all who have given me warmth in Sweden. Thanks to all my international friends for being close in the distance. Gracias a mis amigas de España, por “skypes” y reencuentros. En especial, gracias Kathryn, Jana, José, Güis, por vuestro tiempo. Gracias a mi familia, por su apoyo e inspiración. Papá, mamá, sigo construyendo sobre vuestros cimientos. Och tack, Marc, för att vara där, för att vara den du är. ! iii! ! TABLE'OF'CONTENTS' ABSTRACT'.........................................................................................................................................'ii! 1.'INTRODUCTION'..........................................................................................................................'1! Aim!...................................................................................................................................................................................!2! 2.'STUDY'CASE:'Southern'Corredor,'Baja'California'Sur,'México'...................................'3! 2.1.'Social'characteristics'of'Southern'Corredor'............................................................................'4! 2.2.'Coastal'and'marine'ecosystem'of"El'Corredor'.........................................................................'5! 3.'THEORETICAL'BACKGROUND'................................................................................................'6! Theoretical-framework:-The-supply-chain-as-a-social7ecological-system!.............................................!6! Analytical-framework:-The-supply-chain-as-a-web-of-interactions!..........................................................!9! 4.'METHODS'......................................................................................................................................'9! 4.1.'Data'collection'and'qualitative'analysis'.................................................................................'10! 4.2.'MultiUlevel'network'analysis'......................................................................................................'11! Characterization-of-the-network-in-Southern-Corredor!...........................................................................!11! Network-analysis!.....................................................................................................................................................!12! 4.3.'Ecological'description'...................................................................................................................'13! 5.'RESULTS'AND'DISCUSSION'..................................................................................................'14! 5.1.'Diversity'of'institutional'arrangements'in'the'supply'chain'...........................................'14! Disentangling-traders-in-the-supply-chain!.....................................................................................................!14! Quantifying-self7governing-institutional-arrangements!..........................................................................!17! Understanding-the-variety-of-exchange-relationships!...............................................................................!20! 5.2.'From'finfish'fishery'to'seafood'demand'.................................................................................'21! 5.3.'Sustainability'of'the'supply'chain'through'a'network'perspective'...............................'24! 5.4.'Adaptive'capacity'for'and'against'sustainability'U'' hypotheses'from'two'standpoints'....................................................................................................'27! Hypothesis-1!..............................................................................................................................................................!27! Hypothesis-2!..............................................................................................................................................................!29! 6.'CONCLUSION:'Beyond'the'supply'chain'...........................................................................'30! 7.'LITERATURE'CITED'................................................................................................................'31! APPENDIX'I.'Qualitative'methods'for'data'collection'and'analysis'............................'38! APPENDIX'II.'Definition'and'analysis'of'the'network'.....................................................'42! APPENDIX'III.'Ecological'description'....................................................................................'48! ! ! iv! ! ACRONYMS' BCS:!Baja!California!Sur! CONAPESCA:!Mexican!national!commission!for!fisheries!and!aquaculture!(Comisión- Nacional-de-Acuacultura-y-Pesca)! CPR:!Common!Pool!Resources! ERGM:!Exponential!Random!Graph!Modeling! FAO:!Food!and!Agriculture!Organization!of!the!United!Nations.! PCs:'PatronPClient!arrangements! SC:'Southern!Corredor!! SES:'SocialPEcological!Systems' SSFs:'SmallPScale!Fisheries' ! v! ! 1.'INTRODUCTION' Demand of fish products is increasing around the world, especially in developing countries (FAO 2016). Seafood is a nutritious food that is improving the world’s diets and represents 20% of animal protein consumption (FAO 2016). At the same time, fisheries’ overexploitation (Worm et al. 2009, Watson et al. 2013) will affect our capacity to meet this demand and guarantee
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