ARCL0181: Advanced Forensic Anthropology Optional Module, 15 Credits

UCL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

ARCL0181: Advanced Forensic Anthropology Optional Module, 15 credits

Co-ordinator: Dr Carolyn Rando [email protected] IoA Room 301, (0)20 7679 7484

Essay Submission Date: 27th March 2020

Expected return date: 27th April 2020 Report Submission Date: 8th May 2020

Expected return date: 8th June 2020

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INTRODUCTION: This module follows on directly from the introductory module, Forensic Anthropology (ARCL0119), offering a more in-depth and theoretical approach to the advanced concepts within the forensic anthropological framework. This module specifically delves deep into issues of forensic taphonomy, human decomposition, and experimental forensic anthropological studies. Major themes include: evidentiary standards, protocols and procedures in forensic archaeology, taphonomic processes (death to fossilisation), dynamics of intrinsic and extrinsic variables in decomposition of the human body, and understanding the burial environment. Throughout, we will take a critical and scientific approach, emphasising the role of the forensic anthropologist within the criminal justice system.

WEEK-BY-WEEK SUMMARY

LECTURE: LECTURE: PRACTICAL: Mondays 13.00 – 14.00, Room 612 Tuesdays 10.00 – 11.00, Room 612 Tuesdays, 11.30 – 13.30, Rm 308, usually WEEK 1 Introduction to Forensic Taphonomy Death & Early stages of Decomposition FIELD TRIP #1 WEEK 2 Late Stages of Decomposition Decomposition: Estimating PMI Scoring Decomposition WEEK 3 Decomposition Variables; Buried versus Surface Taphonomic Changes to Bone Taphonomic changes to bone WEEK 4 Forensic Burnt Remains & Cremations Aquatic Decomposition & Mummification Burnt remains & Cremations WEEK 5 Forensic Entomology & Animal Scavenging FIELDTRIP #2 FIELD TRIP #2 WEEK 6 Reading Week No Classes WEEK 7 Intro to Forensic Archaeology; Protocols The search for remains – surface and buried The Search (Outdoor location) WEEK 8 Planning, Survey, Mapping Archaeological Principles Mapping the Scene (Outdoor location) WEEK 9 Interpreting the Burial Geotaphonomy No lab WEEK 10 Excavation Strategies Case Studies Mini Mock Scene (Outdoor location) WEEK 11 Expert witness and Forensic Significance Writing a report for the court

**Please Note: there will also be a 3-day Mock Crime Scene Exercise from the 30th March to the 1st of April. Attendance is MANDATORY. The report (due in May) is based on this exercise. Further details will be provided later in the term. **

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BASIC TEXTS -Hunter, J., and Cox, M., 2005. Forensic Archaeology: Advances in Theory and Practice. London: Routledge. INST ARCH JF HUN These are intended to provide only the most basic of introductions to the various topics discussed during lectures and seminars. A more -Hunter, J., Roberts, C., and Martin, A., 1996. Studies in Crime: An comprehensive reading list for each week of the course is provided later in Introduction to Forensic Archaeology. New York: Routledge. INST ARCH JF this handbook, however this is not exhaustive and it is expected that each student will expand upon these provided articles in their own time. HUN -Killam, E., 2004. The Detection of Human Remains 2/E. Springfield, Illinois: -Pokines, J.T,, & Symes, S.A (Eds), 2014. Manual of Forensic Taphonomy. Boca Charles C Thomas. INST ARCH JF KIL Raton: CRC Press. INST ARCH JF POK [ONLINE ACCESS] -Connor, M., 2007. Forensic Methods: Excavation for the Archaeologist and -Schotsmans, E. M. J., Marquez-Grant, N., & Forbes, S. (Eds), 2017. Investigator. Plymouth: Altamira Press. INST ARCH JF CON Taphonomy of Human Remains: Forensic Analysis of the dead and the depositional environment. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. INST ARCH JF SCH -Matson, J., Daou, S., and Soper, J., 2004. Effective Expert Witnessing: [ONLINE ACCESS] Practices for the 21st Century 4/E. Boca Raton: CRC Press. INST ARCH JF MAT

-Dirkmaat, D.C. (Ed), 2012. A companion to forensic anthropology. -Townley, L., and Ede, R., 2004. Forensic Practice in Criminal Cases. London: Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. INST ARCH JF DIR [ONLINE ACCESS] The Law Society. INST ARCH JF TOW

- Blau, S., & Ubelaker, D. (2016). Handbook of Forensic Anthropology and -Cox, M., Flavel, A., Hanson, I., Laver, J., and Wessling, R., 2008. The Scientific Archaeology. Abingdon: Taylor and Francis. [ONLINE ONLY] Investigation of Mass Graves: Towards Protocols and Standard Operating -Wagner, S., 2004. Color atlas of the autopsy. Boca Raton: CRC Press. INST Procedures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH JF COX ARCH JF WAG -Haglund, W., and Sorg, M., 1997. Forensic Taphonomy: The Postmortem Fate of Human Remains. Boca Raton: CRC Press. INST ARCH JF HAG -Steadman, D.W., 2003. Hard Evidence: Case studies in forensic anthropology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. INST ARCH JF STE -Haglund, W., and Sorg, M. (eds), 2002. Advances in Forensic Taphonomy: Method, Theory, and Archaeological Perspectives. Boca Raton: CRC Press. -Adams, B., and Byrd, J. (eds), 2008. Recovery, Analysis, and Identification of INST ARCH JF HAG Commingled Human Remains. Towata, New Jersey: Humana Press. INST ARCH JF ADA -Thompson, T.J.U., 2015. The Archaeology of Cremations: Burned human remains in funerary studies. Studies in Funerary Archaeology Series. Oxford: -Dupras, T., Schultz, J., Wheeler, S., and Williams, L., 2006. Forensic Recovery Oxbow Press. ISSUE DESK IOA THO 2 [ONLINE ACCESS] of Human Remains: Archaeological Approaches. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. INST ARCH JF DUP - Tibbett, M. and Carter, D.O. (eds), 2008. Soil analysis in forensic taphonomy: chemical and biological effects of buried human remains. Boca Raton: CRC Press. INST ARCH JF TIB Page | 3

RELEVANT JOURNALS -Journal of Forensic Sciences -American Journal of Physical Anthropology -Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery -FBI Bulletin (http://www.fbi.gov.publications/leb/leb.htm) -International Journal of Burns and Trauma -Forensic Science International -JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association) -Journal of Forensic Dental Science -Science and Justice -Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine -American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology

METHODS OF ASSESSMENT This course is assessed by means of: (a) one REPORT of 2000 words, which will contribute 50% to the final grade for the course. (b) one ESSAY of 2000 words, which will contribute 50% to the final grade for the course.

TEACHING METHODS The course is taught though lectures and practical sessions. LECTURES will be held on MONDAYS from 13.00 – 14.00 in room 612 of the IoA and on TUESDAYS from 10.00 - 11.00 in room 612 of the IoA. PRACTICAL SESSIONS will run on TUESDAYS from 11.30am. These will either be held in room 308 or in a designated off-site location.

WORKLOAD There will be 20 hours of lectures and 16 hours of practical sessions for this course. Students will be expected to undertake around 45 hours of reading for the course, and around 55 hours preparing for and producing the assessed work. This adds up to a total workload of some 150 hours for the course. There is also a 3-day mandatory Mock Crime Scene exercise from the 30th March 2020 – 1st April 2020.

PREREQUISITES All students must have taken ARCL0119 Forensic Anthropology before they can enrol for this module.

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AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND ASSESSMENT

Aims -To provide an advanced and in-depth training in Forensic Anthropology -To introduce students to the current research within Forensic Anthropology and the upcoming paradigm shift occurring across the forensic sciences. -To develop the critical faculties required to assess the state of current research -To engage students with the different forms of material evidence under the purview of Forensic Anthropology and to critically discuss their evidentiary potential in a court of law -To examine the role (and potential) of the Forensic Anthropologist within the criminal justice system -To prepare students to undertake original research on various Forensic Anthropological topics.

Objectives On successful completion of this course a student should: -demonstrate a good knowledge and understanding of major concepts and controversies within Forensic Anthropology -critically analyse and present complex arguments and theories about aspects of the subject orally and in writing -show a critical awareness of the complexities and issues within implementing Forensic Anthropological approaches in the criminal justice system -compare and analyse scientific forensic anthropological data across various contexts and through temporal boundaries

Learning Outcomes On successful completion of the course students should be able to demonstrate general skills of observation and inference, critical reflection, and the application of acquired knowledge.

Coursework Assessment tasks This course is assessed by means of a report (for the court) and an essay. Essay titles/topics will be handed out the second week of term; ordinarily a student will choose one of these, but if a student wishes, they may select a title of their own choosing but it MUST be approved by the course coordinator. The topic/material for the report will be discussed in class, but will require each student to write a report suitable for presentation in the UK court of law.

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Submission dates ESSAY - Must be submitted on or before the 27th March 2020, with a hardcopy handed in by 5pm. If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the Course Co-ordinator. Essay titles/topics will be handed out the second week of term; ordinarily a student will choose one of these, but if a student wishes, they may select a title of their own choosing but it MUST be approved by the course coordinator.

REPORT – Must be submitted on or before the 8th May 2020, with a hardcopy handed in by 5pm. If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the Course Co-ordinator. The topic/material for the report will be discussed in class, but will require each student to write a report suitable for presentation in the UK court of law

Students are not permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in order to try to improve their marks. However, students may be permitted, in advance of the deadline for a given assignment, to submit for comment a brief outline of the assignment. The course co-ordinator is willing to discuss an outline of the student's approach to the assignment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date.

Word counts [For the report and essay for this module: 2000 (range between 1900 - 2100)]

The following should not be included in the word-count: title page, contents pages, lists of figure and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, lists of references, captions and contents of tables and figures, appendices. Penalties will only be imposed if you exceed the upper figure in the range. There is no penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range: the lower figure is simply for your guidance to indicate the sort of length that is expected.

In the 2019-2020 session penalties for over-length work will be as follows: • For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by less than 10% the mark will be reduced by five percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass. • For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by 10% or more the mark will be reduced by ten percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass.

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Coursework submission procedures • All coursework must normally be submitted both as hard copy and electronically unless instructed otherwise (However, bulky portfolios and lab books are normally submitted as hard copy only). • You should staple the appropriate colour-coded IoA coversheet (available in the IoA library and outside room 411a) to the front of each piece of work and submit it to the red box at the Reception Desk (or room 411a in the case of Year 1 undergraduate work). • All coursework should be uploaded to Turnitin by midnight on the day of the deadline. This will date-stamp your work. It is essential to upload all parts of your work as this is sometimes the version that will be marked. • Instructions are given below. Please note that the procedure has changed for 2019-20, and work is now submitted to Turnitin via Moodle. 1. Ensure that your essay or other item of coursework has been saved as a Word doc., docx. or PDF document. Please include the module code and your candidate number on every page as a header.

2.. Go into the Moodle page for the module to which you wish to submit your work.

3. Click on the correct assignment (e.g. Essay 1).

4. Fill in the “Submission title” field with the right details: It is essential that the first word in the title is your examination candidate number (e.g. YGBR8 Essay 1), Note that this changes each year.

5. Click “Upload”.

6 Click on “Submit”.

7 You should receive a receipt – please save this.

8 If you have problems, please email the IoA Turnitin Advisers on [email protected], explaining the nature of the problem and the exact module and assignment involved.

One of the Turnitin Advisers will normally respond within 24 hours, Monday-Friday during term. Please be sure to email the Turnitin Advisers if technical problems prevent you from uploading work in time to meet a submission deadline - even if you do not obtain an immediate response from one of the Advisers they will be able to notify the relevant Module Coordinator that you had attempted to submit the work before the deadline

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SCHEDULE AND SYLLABUS

Teaching schedule Lectures will be held on MONDAYS from 13.00 – 14.00 in room 612 and TUESDAYS from 10.00 – 11.00 in room 612. Practical sessions will be held on TUESDAYS from. 11.30.

Syllabus The following is an outline for the course as a whole, and identifies essential and supplementary readings relevant to each session. Information is provided as to where in the UCL library system individual readings are available; their location and Teaching Collection (TC) number, and status (whether out on loan) can also be accessed on the eUCLid computer catalogue system. Readings marked with an * are considered essential to keep up with the topics covered in the module. Copies of individual articles and chapters identified as essential reading are in the Teaching Collection in the Institute Library (where permitted by copyright) or are available online.

Week 1: 13th & 14th January * Thali, M.J., Yen, K., Schweitzer, W., Vock, P., Boesch, C., Ozdoba, C., Schroth, G., LECTURES: Introduction to Taphonomy; Death & Early Decomposition Ith, M., Sonnenschein, M., Doernhoefer, T. and Scheurer, E., 2003. Virtopsy, a Essential Readings: new imaging horizon in forensic pathology: virtual autopsy by postmortem * Holobinko, A. 2012. Forensic human identification in the United States and multislice computed tomography (MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)- Canada: A review of the law, admissible techniques, and the legal implications of a feasibility study. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 48(2), pp.386-403. their application in forensic cases. Forensic Science International, 222: 394.e1- * Kaliszan, M., Hauser, R. and Kernbach-Wighton, G., 2009. Estimation of the 394.e13. time of death based on the assessment of post mortem processes with emphasis * Haglund, W.D., 2001. Archaeology and forensic death investigations. Historical on body cooling. Legal Medicine, 11(3), pp.111-117. Archaeology, 35(1), pp.26-34. * Beary, M.O. and Lyman, R.L. 2012. The use of taphonomy in forensic Suggested readings: anthropology: Past trends and future prospects. In: Dirkmaat, D.C. (ed.), A - Ubelaker, D.H., 1997. Taphonomic applications in forensic anthropology. In: Companion to Forensic Anthropology. Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester, pp. 499–527. Haglund, W.D. and Sorg, M.H. (eds), Forensic Taphonomy: The postmortem fate INST ARCH JF DIR [AVAILABLE ONLINE] of human remains. CRC Press: Boca Raton, pp, 77–90. INST ARCH JF HAG * Wescott, D.J., 2018. The forensic anthropologist as broker for cross-disciplinary - Bitzer, S. (2019) The influence of Forensic Advisors on the use of forensic taphonomic research related to estimating the postmortem interval in science in the Belgian criminal justice system. Forensic Science International. medicolegal death investigations. Forensic Anthropology: Theoretical Framework [Online] 296123–131. [online]. Available from: and Scientific Basis, pp.251-270. [AVAILABLE ONLINE] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.01.019.

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- Dirkmaat, D.C., Cabo, L.L., Ousley, S.D. and Symes, S.A., 2008. New perspectives -Kranioti, E.F., and Paine, R.R., 2011. Forensic anthropology in Europe: an in forensic anthropology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 137(S47), assessment of current status and application. Journal of Anthropological Science, pp.33-52. 89: 71-92. - Behrensmeyer, A.K., Kidwell, S.M. and Gastaldo, R.A., 2000. Taphonomy and -Iscan, M.Y., 2001. Global forensic anthropology in the 21st century (editorial). paleobiology. Paleobiology, 26(sp4), pp.103-147. Forensic Science International, 117: 1-6. - Rogers, T.L., 2005. Recognition of cemetery remains in a forensic - Nashelsky, M.B. and Lawrence, C.H., 2003. Accuracy of cause of death context. Journal of Forensic Science, 50(1), pp.JFS2003389-7. determination without forensic autopsy examination. The American journal of - Beary, M.O. and Lyman, R.L., 2012. The use of taphonomy in forensic forensic Medicine and Pathology, 24(4), pp.313-319. anthropology: past trends and future prospects. A companion to forensic - Roulson, J.A., Benbow, E.W. and Hasleton, P.S., 2005. Discrepancies between anthropology, pp.499-527. [AVAILABLE ONLINE] clinical and autopsy diagnosis and the value of post mortem histology; a meta- -White, P. (ed), 1998. Crime scene to court: The essentials of forensic science. analysis and review. Histopathology, 47(6), pp.551-559. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. INST ARCH JF WHI (CHAPTER 13 - Krompecher, T., Gilles, A., Brandt-Casadevall, C. and Mangin, P., 2008. ‘Presentation of expert forensic evidence’) Experimental evaluation of rigor mortis: IX. The influence of the breaking -Townley, L., and Ede, R., 2004. Forensic practice in criminal cases. London: The (mechanical solution) on the development of rigor mortis. Forensic Science Law Society. Main Library LAW H 25 TOW (pp 1-38, 79-137, and 356-372) International, 176(2), pp.157-162. -Matson, J.V., Daou, S.F., and Soper, J.G., 2004. Effective expert witnessing: -Magana, C., Ubelaker, D., and Prieto, J., 2004. Interpretation of postmortem Practices for the 21st century 4/E. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Main Library LAW J 12 change in cadavers in Spain. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 49 (5): 918-923. MAT - Dix, J., and Graham, M., 2000. Time of death, decomposition and identification. -Christensen, A.M., and Crowder, C.M., 2009. Evidentiary standards for forensic London: CRC Press. INST ARCH JF DIX (TC 3175) anthropology. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 54(6): 1211-1216. - Henssge, C. and Madea, B., 2004. Estimation of the time since death in the early -Grivas, C.R., and Komar, D.A., 2008. Kumho, Daubert, and the nature of scientific post-mortem period. Forensic Science International, 144(2), pp.167-175. inquiry: Implications for forensic anthropology. Journal of Forensic Science, 53(4): - Goff, M.L., 2009. Early post-mortem changes and stages of decomposition in 771-776. exposed cadavers. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 49(1-2), pp.21-36. - Alaeddini, R., Walsh, S.J. and Abbas, A., 2010. Forensic implications of genetic analyses from degraded DNA—a review. Forensic Science International: Week 2: 20th & 21st January genetics, 4(3), pp.148-157. LECTURES: Late stages of Decomposition; Methods for Estimating PMI -Iscan, M.Y., and Olivera, H.E.S., 2000. Forensic anthropology in Latin America. Essential Readings: Forensic Science International, 109: 15-30. * Ribéreau-Gayon, A., Rando, C., Morgan, R.M. and Carter, D.O., 2017. The -Cattaneo, C., Ritz-Timme, S., Schutz, H.W., Collins, M., Waite, E., Boorman, H., suitability of visual taphonomic methods for digital photographs: An Grandi, M., and Kaatsch, H.J., 2000. Unidentified cadavers and human remains in experimental approach with pig carcasses in a tropical climate. Science & Justice. the EU: an unknown issue. The Newsletter of the International Academy of Legal * Megyesi, M.S., Nawrocki, S.P. and Haskell, N.H., 2005. Using accumulated Medicine, 1: N2-N3. degree-days to estimate the postmortem interval from decomposed human remains. Journal of Forensic Science, 50(3), pp.1-9.

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* Keough, N., Myburgh, J. and Steyn, M., 2017. Scoring of decomposition: a - Potente, S. et al. (2019) Time since death nomographs implementing the proposed amendment to the method when using a pig model for human nomogram, body weight adjusted correction factors, metric and imperial studies. Journal of forensic sciences, 62(4), pp.986-993. measurements. International Journal of Legal Medicine. [Online] 133 (2), 491– * Iqbal, M.A., Ueland, M. and Forbes, S.L., 2018. Recent advances in the 499. estimation of post-mortem interval in forensic taphonomy. Australian Journal of - Usumoto, Y. et al. (2019) Predictive equation for post-mortem interval using Forensic Sciences, pp.1-17. spectrophotometric values of post-mortem lividity: A pilot study. Forensic Science International. [Online] 29747–55. [online]. Available from: Suggested Readings: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.01.014. - Marhoff-Beard, S.J., Forbes, S.L. and Green, H., 2018. The validation of - Vass, A.A., Barshick, S.A., Sega, G., Caton, J., Skeen, J.T., Love, J.C. and ‘universal’ PMI methods for the estimation of time since death in temperate Synstelien, J.A., 2002. Decomposition chemistry of human remains: a new Australian climates. Forensic science international, 291, pp.158-166. methodology for determining the postmortem interval. Journal of Forensic - Madea, B. et al. (2019) Estimation of the time since death—Even methods with Science, 47(3), pp.542-553. a low precision may be helpful in forensic casework. Forensic Science - Vass, A.A., 2011. The elusive universal post-mortem interval formula. Forensic International. [Online] 302109879. [online]. Available from: Science International, 204(1), pp.34-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109879. - Moffatt, C., Simmons, T. and Lynch-Aird, J., 2016. An improved equation for TBS - Alshehhi, S. & Haddrill, P. R. (2019) Estimating time since deposition using and ADD: establishing a reliable postmortem interval framework for casework quantification of RNA degradation in body fluid-specific markers. Forensic Science and experimental studies. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 61(S1). International. [Online] 298, 58–63. -Ferreira, M.T., and Cuhna, E., 2013. Can we infer postmortem interval on the - Andersson, M. G. et al. (2019) Application of the Bayesian framework for basis of decomposition rate? A case from a Portuguese cemetery. Forensic forensic interpretation to casework involving postmortem interval estimates of Science International, 226: 298.e1-298.e6. decomposed human remains. Forensic Science International. [Online] 301, 402– - Cordeiro, C. et al. (2019) A reliable method for estimating the postmortem 414. interval from the biochemistry of the vitreous humor, temperature and body - Maile, A.E., Inoue, C.G., Barksdale, L.E. and Carter, D.O., 2017. Toward a weight. Forensic Science International. [Online] 295157–168. [online]. Available universal equation to estimate postmortem interval. Forensic Science from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.12.007. International, 272, pp.150-153. - Dias Astolphi, R. et al. (2019) The impact of burial period on compact bone -Pinheiro, J., and Cunha, E., 2006. Forensic investigations of corpses in various microstructure: Histological analysis of matrix loss and cell integrity in human states of decomposition: A multidisciplinary approach., In Schmitt, A., Cunha, E., bones exhumed from tropical soil. Forensic Science International. [Online] and Pinheiro, J. (eds). Forensic Anthropology and Medicine. Totowa, NJ: Humana 298384–392. [online]. Available from: Press. INST ARCH JF SCH (TC 3494) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.03.008. - Palazzo, C. et al. (2020) Postmortem submersion interval in human bodies - Forbes, M. N. S. et al. (2019) Inaccuracy of accumulated degree day models for recovered from fresh water in an area of Mediterranean climate . Application estimating terrestrial post-mortem intervals in Cape Town, South Africa. Forensic and comparison of preexisting models. Forensic Science International. [Online] Science International. [Online] 29667–73. [online]. Available from: 306110051. [online]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.01.008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110051. Page | 10

- Forger, L. V. et al. (2019) A eukaryotic community succession based method for - Meyer, J., Anderson, B., and Carter, D.O., 2013. Seasonal variation of carcass postmortem interval (PMI) estimation of decomposing porcine remains. Forensic decomposition and gravesoil chemistry in a cold (Dfa) climate. Journal of Forensic Science International. [Online] 302109838. [online]. Available from: Sciences, 58(5): 1175-1182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.054. - Cardoso, H.F.V, Santos, A., Dias, R., Garcia, C., Pinto, M., Sergio, C., and - Gelderman, H. T. et al. (2018) The development of a post-mortem interval Magalhaes, T., 2010. Establishing a minimum postmortem interval of human estimation for human remains found on land in the Netherlands. International remains in an advanced state of skeletonization using the growth rate of Journal of Legal Medicine. [Online] 132 (3), 863–873. bryophytes and plant roots. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 124: 451- - Go, A. et al. (2019) Analysis of hypoxanthine and lactic acid levels in vitreous 456. humor for the estimation of post-mortem interval (PMI) using LC–MS/MS. - Janjua, M.A., and Rogers, T.L., 2008. Bone weathering patterns of metatarsal v. Forensic Science International. [Online] 299135–141. [online]. Available from: femur and the postmortem interval in Southern Ontario. Forensic Science https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.03.024. International, 178: 16-23. - Ross, A.H., and Cunningham, S.L., 2011. Time-since-death and bone weathering Week 3: 27th & 28th January in a tropical environment. Forensic Science International, 204: 126-133. LECTURES: Buried v Surface Remains; Taphonomic changes to bone - Zhou, C., and Byard, R., 2011. Factors and processes causing accelerated Essential Readings: decomposition in human cadavers. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 18(1): * Behrensmeyer, A.K., 1978. Taphonomic and ecologic information from 6-9. bone weathering. Paleobiology, 4(2), pp.150-162. - Green, M.A., 2006. 19th-century pathology. Forensic science, medicine, and * Stokes, K.L., Forbes, S.L., and Tibbett, M., 2013. Human versus animal: pathology, 2(1), pp.19-24. Contrasting decomposition dynamics of mammalian analogues in experimental - Benninger, L.A., Carter, D.O. and Forbes, S.L., 2008. The biochemical alteration taphonomy. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 58(3): 583-591. of soil beneath a decomposing carcass. Forensic science international, 180(2), * Carter, D.O., Yellowlees, D. and Tibbett, M., 2007. Cadaver decomposition in pp.70-75. terrestrial ecosystems. Naturwissenschaften, 94(1), pp.12-24. - Carter, D.O., Yellowlees, D. and Tibbett, M., 2008. Temperature affects * Sorg, M. H. (2019) Differentiating trauma from taphonomic alterations. microbial decomposition of cadavers (Rattus rattus) in contrasting soils. Applied Forensic Science International. [Online] 302109893. [online]. Available from: Soil Ecology, 40(1), pp.129-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109893. - Dent, B.B., Forbes, S.L. and Stuart, B.H., 2004. Review of human decomposition processes in soil. Environmental geology, 45(4), pp.576-585. - Troutman, L., Moffatt, C. and Simmons, T., 2014. A preliminary examination of Suggested Readings: differential decomposition patterns in mass graves. Journal of forensic - Schotsmans, E.M.J., Van de Voorde, W., De Winne, J., and Wilson, A.S., 2011. sciences, 59(3), pp.621-626. The impact of shallow burial on differential decomposition to the body: A - Turner, B. and Wiltshire, P., 1999. Experimental validation of forensic evidence: temperate case study. Forensic Science International, 206: e43-e48. a study of the decomposition of buried pigs in a heavy clay soil. Forensic Science - Carter, D.O., Yellowlees, D., and Tibbett, M., 2010. Moisture can be the International, 101(2), pp.113-122. dominant environmental parameter governing cadaver decomposition in the soil. Forensic Science International, 200: 60-66.

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- Carter, D.O., Metcalf, J.L., Bibat, A. and Knight, R., 2015. Seasonal variation of - Argáez, C., Batta, E., Mansilla, J., Pijoan, C. and Bosch, P., 2011. The origin of postmortem microbial communities. Forensic Science, Medicine, and black pigmentation in a sample of Mexican prehispanic human bones. Journal of Pathology, 11(2), pp.202-207. Archaeological Science, 38(11), pp.2979-2988. - Lynch-Aird, J., Moffatt, C. and Simmons, T., 2015. Decomposition rate and pattern in hanging pigs. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 60(5), pp.1155-1163. Week 4: 3rd & 4th February - Mann, R.W., Bass, W.M. and Meadows, L., 1990. Time since death and LECTURES: Forensic Burnt Remains and Cremations; Aquatic Decomposition decomposition of the human body: variables and observations in case and & Mummification experimental field studies. Journal of Forensic Science, 35(1), pp.103-111. Essential Readings: - Roberts, L.G. and Dabbs, G.R., 2015. A taphonomic study exploring the * Heaton, V., Lagden, A., Moffatt, C. and Simmons, T., 2010. Predicting the differences in decomposition rate and manner between frozen and never frozen postmortem submersion interval for human remains recovered from UK domestic pigs (Sus scrofa). Journal of Forensic Sciences, 60(3), pp.588-594. waterways. Journal of forensic sciences, 55(2), pp.302-307. - Andrews, P. and Whybrow, P., 2005. Taphonomic observations on a camel * Anderson, G.S. and Hobischak, N.R., 2004. Decomposition of carrion in the skeleton in a desert environment in Abu Dhabi. Palaeontologia Electronica, 8(1), marine environment in British Columbia, Canada. International journal of legal pp.1-17. medicine, 118(4), pp.206-209. - Bertrand, J. and Oxenham, M.F., 2015. Low-temperature-induced bone * Higgs, N.D. and Pokines, J.T., 2014. Marine environmental alterations to shrinkage: a controlled study using kangaroo femora. Australian Journal of bone. Manual of Forensic Taphonomy, pp.143-179. Forensic Sciences, 47(2), pp.173-181. * Campobasso, C.P., Falamingo, R., Grattagliano, I. and Vinci, F., 2009. The - Cunningham, S.L., Kirkland, S.A. and Ross, A.H., 2011. Bone weathering of mummified corpse in a domestic setting. The American journal of forensic juvenile-sized remains in the North Carolina Piedmont. In The Juvenile Skeleton In medicine and pathology, 30(3), pp.307-310. Forensic Abuse Investigations (pp. 179-196). Humana Press. INST ARCH JF ROS * Ellingham, S.T., Thompson, T.J., Islam, M. and Taylor, G., 2015. Estimating - Hughes, C.E. and White, C.A., 2009. Crack propagation in teeth: a comparison of temperature exposure of burnt bone—a methodological review. Science & perimortem and postmortem behavior of dental materials and cracks. Journal of Justice, 55(3), pp.181-188. Forensic Sciences, 54(2), pp.263-266. * Gonçalves, D., Thompson, T.J. and Cunha, E., 2011. Implications of heat- - Huxley, A.K., 1998. Analysis of shrinkage in human fetal diaphyseal lengths from induced changes in bone on the interpretation of funerary behaviour and fresh to dry bone using Petersohn and Köhler's data. Journal of Forensic practice. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38(6), pp.1308-1313. Science, 43(2), pp.423-426. * McKinley, J.I., 1993. Bone fragment size and weights of bone from modern - Pokines, J.T., King, R.E., Graham, D.D., Costello, A.K., Adams, D.M., Pendray, British cremations and the implications for the interpretation of J.M., Rao, K. and Siwek, D., 2016. The effects of experimental freeze-thaw cycles to bone as a component of subaerial weathering. Journal of Archaeological archaeological cremations. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 3(4), Science: Reports, 6, pp.594-602. pp.283-287. - Ross, A.H. and Cunningham, S.L., 2011. Time-since-death and bone weathering in a tropical environment. Forensic Science International, 204(1), pp.126-133. Suggested Readings: - White, E.M. and Hannus, L.A., 1983. Chemical weathering of bone in - De Donno, A., Campobasso, C.P., Santoro, V., Leonardi, S., Tafuri, S. and Introna, archaeological soils. American Antiquity, 48(2), pp.316-322. F., 2014. Bodies in sequestered and non-sequestered aquatic environments: a Page | 12 comparative taphonomic study using decompositional scoring system. Science & - Cotton, G.E., Aufderheide, A.C. and Goldschmidt, V.G., 1987. Preservation of Justice, 54(6), pp.439-446. human tissue immersed for five years in fresh water of known - Pakosh, C., and Rogers, T., Soft tissue decomposition of submerged, temperature. Journal of Forensic Science, 32(4), pp.1125-1130. dismembered pig limbs enclosed in plastic bags. Journal of Forensic Sciences, - Kahana, T., Almog, J., Levy, J., Shmeltzer, E., Spier, Y. and Hiss, J., 1999. Marine 54(6): 1223-1228. taphonomy: adipocere formation in a series of bodies recovered from a single - Mohan Kumar, T., Monteiro, F., Bhagavath, P., and Bakkannavar, S., 2009. Early shipwreck. Journal of Forensic Science, 44(5), pp.897-901. adipocere formation: A case report and review of literature. Journal of Forensic - Dumser, T.K. and Türkay, M., 2008. Postmortem changes of human bodies on and Legal Medicine, 16(8): 475-477. the Bathyal Sea floor—two cases of aircraft accidents above the open - Ubelaker, D.H., and Zarenko, K.M., 2011. Adipocere: What is known after over sea. Journal of forensic sciences, 53(5), pp.1049-1052. two centuries of research. Forensic Science International, 208: 167-172. - Evans, T., 2014. Fluvial taphonomy. In: Pokines, J.T,, & Symes, S.A (Eds), Manual - Christensen, A.M., and Myers, S.W., 2011. Macroscopic observations of the of Forensic Taphonomy. Boca Raton: CRC Press. INST ARCH JF POK [ONLINE effects of varying fresh water pH on Bone. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 56(2): ACCESS] 475-479. - Lucas, J., Goldfeder, L.B. and Gill, J.R., 2002. Bodies found in the waterways of - Introna, F., De Donno, A., Santoro, V., Corrado, S., Romano, V., Porcelli, F., and New York City. Journal of Forensic Science, 47(1), pp.137-141. Campobasso, C.P., 2011. The bodies of two missing children in an enclosed - Hobischak, N.R. and Anderson, G.S., 2002. Time of submergence using aquatic underground environment. Forensic Science International, 207: e40-e47. invertebrate succession and decompositional changes. Journal of Forensic - Kakizaki, E., Takahama, K., Seo, Y., Kozawa, S., Sakai, M. and Yukawa, N., 2008. Science, 47(1), pp.142-151. Marine bacteria comprise a possible indicator of drowning in seawater. Forensic - Humphreys, M.K., Panacek, E., Green, W. and Albers, E., 2013. Comparison of Science International, 176(2), pp.236-247. protocols for measuring and calculating postmortem submersion intervals for - Aturaliya, S. and Lukasewycz, A., 1999. Experimental forensic and human analogs in fresh water. Journal of forensic sciences, 58(2), pp.513-517. bioanthropological aspects of soft tissue taphonomy: 1. Factors influencing - Reibe, S. and Madea, B., 2010. How promptly do blowflies colonise fresh postmortem tissue desiccation rate. Journal of Forensic Science, 44(5), pp.893- carcasses? A study comparing indoor with outdoor locations. Forensic Science 896. International, 195(1), pp.52-57. - Ventura, F., Portunato, F., Pizzorno, E., Mazzone, S., Verde, A. and Rocca, G., - Archer, M.S., Bassed, R.B., Briggs, C.A. and Lynch, M.J., 2005. Social isolation 2013. The need for an interdisciplinary approach in forensic sciences: and delayed discovery of bodies in houses: The value of forensic pathology, perspectives from a peculiar case of mummification. Journal of Forensic anthropology, odontology and entomology in the medico-legal Sciences, 58(3), pp.831-836. investigation. Forensic Science International, 151(2), pp.259-265. - Anderson, G.S. and Bell, L.S., 2014. Deep coastal marine taphonomy: - Gruenthal, A., Moffatt, C. and Simmons, T., 2012. Differential Decomposition investigation into carcass decomposition in the Saanich Inlet, British Columbia Patterns in Charred Versus Un-Charred Remains. Journal of Forensic using a baited camera. PloS one, 9(10), p.e110710. sciences, 57(1), pp.12-18. - Boyle, S., Galloway, A. and Mason, R.T., 1997. Human aquatic taphonomy in the - Gonçalves, D., Cunha, E. and Thompson, T.J.U., 2015. Estimation of the pre- Monterey Bay area. In: Haglund, W., and Sorg, M. (Eds). Forensic Taphonomy: burning condition of human remains in forensic contexts. International Journal of The Postmortem Fate of Human Remains. Boca Raton: CRC Press. INST ARCH JF Legal Medicine, 129(5), pp.1137-1143. HAG. Page | 13

-Schmidt, C.W., and Symes, S.A. (eds), 2008. The analysis of burned human - Gonçalves, D., Thompson, T.J.U. and Cunha, E., 2013. Osteometric sex remains. London: Academic Press. INST ARCH JF SCH (CHAPTERS 2 ‘Patterned determination of burned human skeletal remains. Journal of Forensic and Legal thermal destruction of human remains in a forensic setting’ and 4 ‘Analysis of Medicine, 20(7), pp.906-911. human cremains’) - Thompson, T., 2005. Heat-induced dimensional changes in bone and their -Ubelaker, D.H., 2009. The forensic evaluation of burned skeletal remains: A consequences for forensic anthropology. Journal of Forensic Science, 50(5), synthesis. Forensic Science International, 183: 1-5. pp.JFS2004297-8. -Thompson, T.J.U., 2004. Recent advances in the study of burned bone and their - Sandholzer, M.A., Baron, K., Heimel, P. and Metscher, B.D., 2014. Volume implications for forensic anthropology. Forensic Science International, 146S: analysis of heat-induced cracks in human molars: A preliminary study. Journal of S203–S205. Forensic Dental Sciences, 6(2), p.139. - Bohnert, M., Rost, T. and Pollak, S., 1998. The degree of destruction of human - Ljungkvist, E. & Thomsen, B. (2019) Interpretation of a fire scene with bodies in relation to the duration of the fire. Forensic Science International, 95(1), ultraviolet light: An assessment of the possible utilisation of ultraviolet light at pp.11-21. fire scenes and subsequent recommendations for procedures. Forensic Science - Eckert, W.G., James, S. and Katchis, S., 1988. Investigation of cremations and International. [Online] 297284–292. [online]. Available from: severely burned bodies. The American journal of forensic medicine and https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.010. pathology, 9(3), pp.188-200. - Bass, W.M. and Jantz, R.L., 2004. Cremation Weights in East Week 5: 10th & 11th February Tennessee?. Journal of Forensic Science, 49(5), pp.JFS2004002-4. LECTURES: Forensic Entomology; Animal Scavenging - DeHaan, J.D. and Nurbakhsh, S., 2001. Sustained combustion of an animal Essential Readings: carcass and its implications for the consumption of human bodies in fires. Journal * Simmons, T., Adam, R.E., and Moffatt, C., 2010. Debugging decomposition data: of Forensic Science, 46(5), pp.1076-1081. Comparative taphonomic studies and the influence of insects and carcass size on - DeHaan, J.D., 2012. Sustained combustion of bodies: some decomposition rate. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 55(1): 8-13. observations. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 57(6), pp.1578-1584. * Young, A., Stillman, R., Smith, M.J. and Korstjens, A.H., 2014. An experimental - Ellingham, S.T., Thompson, T.J. and Islam, M., 2016. The effect of soft tissue on study of vertebrate scavenging behavior in a Northwest European woodland temperature estimation from burnt bone using Fourier Transform Infrared context. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 59(5), pp.1333-1342. Spectroscopy. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 61(1), pp.153-159. * Colard, T., Delannoy, Y., Naji, S., Gosset, D., Hartnett, K. and Bécart, A., 2015. - Figueiredo, M., Fernando, A., Martins, G., Freitas, J., Judas, F. and Figueiredo, Specific patterns of canine scavenging in indoor settings. Journal of Forensic H., 2010. Effect of the calcination temperature on the composition and Sciences, 60(2), pp.495-500. microstructure of hydroxyapatite derived from human and animal bone. Ceramics International, 36(8), pp.2383-2393. Suggested Readings: - Gonçalves, D., Cunha, E. and Thompson, T.J., 2013. Weight references for - Viero, A. et al. (2019) Crime scene and body alterations caused by arthropods: burned human skeletal remains from Portuguese samples. Journal of Forensic implications in death investigation. International Journal of Legal Medicine. Sciences, 58(5), pp.1134-1140. [Online] 133 (1), 307–316.

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- Anderson, G.S., 2011. Comparison of decomposition rates and faunal International. [Online] 29572–82. [online]. Available from: colonization of carrion in indoor and outdoor environment. Journal of Forensic https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.12.002. Science, 56(1): 136-142. -Moraitis, K., and Spiliopoulou, C., 2010. Forensic implications of carnivore -Amendt, J., Richards, C.S., Campobasso, D.P., Zehner, R., and Hall, M.J.R., 2011. scavenging on human remains recovered from outdoor locations in Greece. Forensic entomology: applications and limitations. Forensic Science Medicine and Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 17: 298-303. Pathology, 7: 379-392. -Iscan, M.Y., and McCabe, B.Q., 1995. Analysis of human remains recovered from -Benecke, M., 2001. A brief history of forensic entomology. Forensic Science a shark. Forensic Science International, 72: 15-23. International, 120: 2-14. -Tsokos, M., Matschke, J., Gehl, A., Koops, E., and Puschel, K., 1999. Skin and soft -Grassberger, M., and Frank, C., 2004. Initial study of arthropod succession on pig tissue artifacts due to post-mortem damage caused by rodents. Forensic Science carrion in a central European urban habitat. Journal of Medical Entomology, International, 104: 47-57. 41(3): 511-523. -Byard, R.W., James, R.A., and Gilbert, J.D., 2002. Diagnostic problems associated -Voss, S.C., Forbes, S.L., and Dadour, I.R., 2008. Decomposition and insect with cadaveric trauma from animal activity. The American Journal of Forensic succession on cadavers inside a vehicle environment. Forensic Science, Medicine, Medicine and Pathology, 23(3): 238-244. and Pathology, 4: 22-32. -Klippel, W.E., and Synstelien, J.A., 2007. Rodents as taphonomic agents: Bone - Campobasso, C.P., Di Vella, G., and Introna, F., 2001. Factors affecting gnawing by brown rats and gray squirrels. Journal of Forensic Science, 52(4): 765- decomposition and Diptera colonisation. Forensic Science International, 120: 18- 773. 27. -Spradley, M.K., Hamilton, M.D., and Giordano, A., 2012. Spatial pattern of -Benecke, M., 1998. Six forensic entomology cases: Description and commentary. vulture scavenged human remains. Forensic Science International 219: 57-63. Journal of Forensic Science, 43(4): 797-805. -Rossi, M.L., Shahrom, A.W., Chapman, R.C., and Vanezis, P., 1994. Postmortem -Johnson, A., Archer, M., Leigh-Shaw, L., Pais, M., O’Donnell, C., and Wallman, J., injuries by indoor pets. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and 2012. Examination of forensic entomology evidence using computed tomography Pathology, 15(2): 105-109. scanning: case studies and refinement of techniques for estimating maggot mass -Tsokos, M., and Schulz, F., 1999. Indoor post-mortem animal interference by volumes in bodies. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 126: 693-702. carnivores and rodents: Report on two cases and review of the literature. -Catts, E.P., and Goff, M.L., 1992. Forensic Entomology in criminal investigations. International Journal of Legal Medicine. 112: 115-119. Annual Review of Entomology, 37: 253-72. -Steadman, D.W., and Wornes, H., 2007. Canine scavenging of human remains in - Byard, R.W. and Heath, K.J., 2014. Patterned postmortem ant abrasions an indoor setting. Forensic Science International, 173: 78-82. outlining clothing and body position after death. Journal of forensic and legal -Rothschild, M.A., and Schneider, V., 1997. On the temporal onset of post- medicine, 26, pp.10-13. mortem animal scavenging ‘motivation’ of the animal. Forensic Science - Hu, G. et al. (2020) Estimation of post-mortem interval based on insect species International, 89: 57-64. present on a corpse found in a suitcase. Forensic Science International. [Online] -Duband, S., Forest, F., Clemenson, A., Debout, M., and Peoc’h, M., 2011. 306110046. [online]. Available from: Postmortem injuries inflicted by crawfish: Morphological and histological https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110046. aspects. Forensic Science International, 206: e49-e51. - Lei, G. et al. (2019) A bibliometric analysis of forensic entomology trends and perspectives worldwide over the last two decades (1998–2017). Forensic Science Page | 15

-Gapert, R., & Tsokos, M., 2013. Anthropological analysis of extensive rodent * Caccianiga, M., Bottacin, S. and Catteneo, C., 2012. Vegetation dynamics as a gnaw marks on a human skull using post-mortem multislice computed tool for detecting clandestine graves. Journal of Forensic Science, 57(4): 983-988. tomography (pmMSCT). Forensic science, Medicine, and Pathology, 9(3): 441-445 * Pringle, J.K., Jervis, J., Cassella, J.P., and Cassidy, N.J., 2008. Time-lapse -Colard, T., Delannoy, Y., Naji, S., Rottier, S., & Blondiaux, J., 2014. The utilisation geophysical investigations over a simulated urban clandestine grave. Journal of of carnivore scavenging evidence in the interpretation of a protohistoric French Forensic Science, 53(6): 1405-1416. pit burial. Journal of Archaeological Science, 52, 108-115. -Young, A., Márquez-Grant, N., Stillman, R., Smith, M. J., & Korstjens, A. H., 2015. Suggested Readings: An Investigation of Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) and Eurasian Badger (Meles meles) - Haglund, W.D., 2001. Archaeology and Forensic Death Investigations. Historical Scavenging, Scattering, and Removal of Deer Remains: Forensic Implications and Archaeology, 35(1): 26-34 Applications. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 60(s1). - Goss, K. U. (2019) The physical chemistry of odors — Consequences for the -Reeves, N. M. (2009). Taphonomic Effects of Vulture Scavenging. Journal of work with detection dogs. Forensic Science International. [Online] 296110–114. Forensic Sciences, 54(3), 523-528. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.01.023. -O’Brien, R. C., Forbes, S. L., Meyer, J., & Dadour, I. R., 2007. A preliminary - Wang, J. et al. (2019) Virtual reality and integrated crime scene scanning for investigation into the scavenging activity on pig carcasses in Western Australia. immersive and heterogeneous crime scene reconstruction. Forensic Science Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology, 3(3), 194-199. International. [Online] 303109943. [online]. Available from: - O’Brien, R.C., Forbes, S.L., Meyer, J. and Dadour, I., 2010. Forensically significant https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109943. scavenging guilds in the southwest of Western Australia. Forensic Science - Procter, F. A. et al. (2019) Examining the transfer of soils to clothing materials: International, 198(1), pp.85-91. Implications for forensic investigations. Forensic Science International. [Online] 305110030. [online]. Available from: Week 6: READING WEEK NO CLASSES https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110030. - Vass, A. A. (2019) Death is in the air: Confirmation of decomposition without a Week 7: 24th & 25th February corpse. Forensic Science International. [Online] 301149–159. - MacKinnon, G. and Harrison, K., 2016. Are We Nearly There Yet?. In Blau, S., LECTURES: Intro to Forensic Archaeology; Basic Protocols; Search for and Ubelaker, D.H., (Eds) Handbook of Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology Human Remains (2nd Edition), Routledge Handbooks Online. [AVAILABLE ONLINE] Essential Readings: - Cattaneo, C., Gibelli, D. and Salsarola, D., 2016. Forensic Anthropology and * Killam, E., 2004. The Detection of Human Remains 2/E. Springfield, Illinois: Archaeology. In Blau, S., and Ubelaker, D.H., (Eds) Handbook of Forensic Charles C Thomas. INST ARCH JF KIL (CHAPTER 3 Non-Intrusive foot search Anthropology and Archaeology (2nd Edition), Routledge Handbooks Online. methods) [AVAILABLE ONLINE] * Holland, T. and Connell, S.V., 2016. The search and detection of human - Hunter, J., Roberts, C., and Martin, A., 1996. Studies in Crime: An Introduction to remains. In Blau, S., and Ubelaker, D.H., (Eds) Handbook of Forensic Anthropology Forensic Archaeology. New York: Routledge. INST ARCH JF HUN (CHAPTER 1 and Archaeology (2nd Edition), Routledge Handbooks Online. [AVAILABLE Hunter, RJ., ‘A background to forensic archaeology) ONLINE]

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- Connor, M., 2007. Forensic Methods: Excavation for the Archaeologist and - Hunter, J., Roberts, C., and Martin, A., 1996. Studies in Crime: An Introduction to Investigator. Plymouth: Altamira Press. INST ARCH JF CON (Whole book if you Forensic Archaeology. New York: Routledge. INST ARCH JF HUN (CHAPTER 5, have time) Hunter, ‘Locating Buried Remains’) - Burke, H., and Smith, C., 2004. The Archaeologist’s Field Handbook. Crow's Nest, - Congram, D., 2008. A clandestine burial in Costa Rica: Prospection and NSW : Allen & Unwin. INST ARCH AL 10 BUR (CHAPTERS 1-4) Excavation. Journal of Forensic Science, 53(4):793-796. -Procter, F. A. et al. (2019) Examining the transfer of soils to clothing materials: - Schultz, J.J., Collins, M.E., and Falsetti, A.B., 2006. Sequential monitoring of Implications for forensic investigations. Forensic Science International. [Online] burials containing large pig cadavers using ground penetrating radar. Journal of 305110030. [online]. Available from: Forensic Science, 52(3): 607-616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110030. - Grip, W.M., Grip, R.W., and Morrison, R.D., 2000. Application of aerial -Komar, D.A., Davy-Jow, S., and Decker, S.J., 2012. The use of a 3-D laser scanner photography and photogrammetry in environmental forensic investigations. to document ephemeral evidence at crime scenes and postmortem Journal of Environmental Forensics, 1: 121-129. examinations. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 57(1): 188-191. - Brasseur, C., Dekeirsschieter, J., Schotsmans, E.M., de Koning, S., Wilson, A.S., -Komar, D., 1999. The use of cadaver dogs in locating scattered, scavenged Haubruge, E. and Focant, J.F., 2012. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas human remains: Preliminary field test results. Journal of Forensic Science, chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the forensic study of 44(2);405-408. cadaveric volatile organic compounds released in soil by buried decaying pig - France, D.L., Griffin, T.J., Swanburg, J.G., Lindermann, J.W., Davenport, G.C., carcasses. Journal of chromatography A, 1255, pp.163-170. Trammell, V., Travis, C.T., Kondratieff, R., Nelson, A., Castellano, K. and Hopkins, - Watson, C.J. and Forbes, S.L., 2008. An investigation of the vegetation D., 1992. A multidisciplinary approach to the detection of clandestine graves. associated with grave sites in southern Ontario. Canadian Society of Forensic Journal of Forensic Science, 37(6): 1445-1458. Science Journal, 41(4), pp.199-207. - Cox, M., and Bell, L., 1999. Recovery of human skeletal elements from a recent - Wilson, A.S., Janaway, R.C., Holland, A.D., Dodson, H.I., Baran, E., Pollard, A.M., UK murder enquiry: Preservational signatures. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44(5): and Tobin, D.J., 2007. Modelling the buried human body environment in upland 945-950. climes using three contrasting field sites. Forensic Science International, 169:6- - Rodriguez, W.C., and Bass, W.M., 1985. Decomposition of buried bodies and 18. methods that may aid in their location. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 30(3): 836- - Hammon, W.S., McMechan, G.A., amd Zeng, X., 2000. Forensic GPR; finite- 852. difference simulations of responses from buried human remains. Journal of - Hanson, I.D., 2004, 2004. The importance of stratigraphy in forensic Applied Geophysics, 45: 171-186. investigations. In Pye, K., and Croft, D.J., (eds) Forensic Geoscience: Principles, techniques and applications. Geological Society, London, Special publications, pp Week 8: 2nd & 3rd March 39-47. INST ARCH JF PYE LECTURES: Survey & Mapping; Archaeological Principles - Dupras, T., Schultz, J., Wheeler, S., and Williams, L., 2006. Forensic Recovery of Suggested readings: Human Remains: Archaeological Approaches. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. INST -Hester, T.J., Shafer, H., Feder, K., 2008. Field methods in archaeology, 7/E. ARCH JF DUP (CHAPTER 4) Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.

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-Hochrein, M.J., 2002. Polar coordinate mapping and forensic archaeology within Essential Readings: confined spaces. Journal of Forensic Identification, 52: 733-749. * Menez, L.L., 2005. The place of a forensic archaeologist at a crime scene -Howard, P., 2007. Archaeological survey and mapping. New York; Routledge. involving a buried body. Forensic Science International, 152: 311-315. -Hawker, J.M., 2001. A manual of archaeological field drawing. Hertford, UK: * Cheetam, P.N. and Hanson, I., 2016 Excavation and recovery in forensic RESCUE-The British Archaeological Trust. archaeological investigations. In Blau, S., and Ubelaker, D.H., (Eds) Handbook of -Kipfer, B.A., 2006. The Archaeologist’s Handbook. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology (2nd Edition), Routledge Handbooks -Hunter, J., and Cox, M., 2005. Forensic Archaeology: Advances in Theory and Online. [AVAILABLE ONLINE] Practice. London: Routledge. INST ARCH JF HUN (CHAPTER 4, ‘The recovery of forensic evidence from individual graves’) Suggested Readings: -Connor, M., 2007. Forensic Methods: Excavation for the Archaeologist and - Preuss, J., Strehler, M., Dressler, J., et al., 2006. Dumping after homicide using Investigator. Plymouth: Altamira Press. INST ARCH JF CON (CHAPTER 8, 9 and 10) setting in concrete and/or sealing with bricks – six case reports. Forensic Science -Blau, S., and Ubelaker, D. (eds), 2009. Handbook of Forensic Anthropology and International, 159: 56-60. Archaeology. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press. INST ARCH JF BLA - Hunter, J., 2016. Domestic Homicide Investigations in the United Kingdom. In (CHAPTER 11, Cheetham and Hanson, ‘Excavation and recovery in forensics Blau, S., and Ubelaker, D.H., (Eds) Handbook of Forensic Anthropology and archaeological investigations’) Archaeology (2nd Edition), Routledge Handbooks Online. [AVAILABLE ONLINE] -Roskams, S., 2001. Excavation, Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology. Cambridge: -Dupras, T., Schultz, J., Wheeler, S., and Williams, L., 2006. Forensic Recovery of Cambridge University Press. Human Remains: Archaeological Approaches. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. INST -Spennemann, D.H.R., and Franke, B., 1995. Archaeological techniques for ARCH JF DUP (CHAPTER 7, pp103-116) exhumations: A unique data source for crime scene investigations. Forensic -Willson, A.S., Janaway, R.C., Holland, A.D., Dodson, H.I., Baran, E., Pollard, A.M., Science International, 74: 5-15. and Tobin, D.J., 2007. Modelling the buried human body environment in upland -Cox, M., and Bell, L., 1999. Recovery of human skeletal elements from a recent climes using three contrasting field sites. Forensic Science International, 169:6- UK murder enquiry: Preservational signatures. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44(5): 18. 945-950. -Hunter, J., Roberts, C., and Martin, A., 1996. Studies in Crime: An Introduction to -Rodriguez, W.C., and Bass, W.M., 1985. Decomposition of buried bodies and Forensic Archaeology. New York: Routledge. INST ARCH JF HUN (CHAPTER 3 methods that may aid in their location. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 30(3): 836- ‘Recovering Buried Remains’) 852. -Dirkmaat, D.C. (Ed), 2012. A companion to forensic anthropology. Chichester: -Hanson, I.D., 2004, 2004. The importance of stratigraphy in forensic Wiley-Blackwell. INST ARCH JF DIR (CHAPTER 4; ‘Application of ground- investigations. In Pye, K., and Croft, D.J., (eds) Forensic Geoscience: Principles, penetrating radar for forensic grave detection’) techniques and applications. Geological Society, London, Special publications, pp -Menez, L.L., 2005. The place of a forensic archaeologist at a crime scene 39-47. INST ARCH JF PYE involving a buried body. Forensic Science International, 152: 311-315. -Hammon, W.S., McMechan, G.A., amd Zeng, X., 2000. Forensic GPR; finite- Week 9: 9th & 10th March difference simulations of responses from buried human remains. Journal of LECTURES: Interpreting the Burial; Geotaphonomy Applied Geophysics, 45: 171-186.

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-Clarke, M.D., 2011. Toolmark identification of a mattock to a clod of soil from a Week 11: 23rd & 24th March grave. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 56(1): 241-243. LECTURES: Expert witnessing, Forensic significance; Court reports -Hochrein, M.J., 1997. The dirty dozen: The recognition and collection of Suggested Readings: toolmarks in the forensic geotaphonomic record. Journal of Forensic -Christensen, A.M., and Crowder, C.M., 2009. Evidentiary standards for Identification, 47(2): 171-198. forensic anthropology. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 54(6): 1211-1216. - Obertová, Z. et al. (2019) The Status of Forensic Anthropology in Europe and th th Week 10: 16 & 17 March South Africa: Results of the 2016 FASE Questionnaire on Forensic LECTURES: Excavation Procedures; Case studies in Forensic Archaeology Anthropology. Journal of Forensic Sciences. [Online] 64 (4), 1017–1025. Suggested Readings: -White, P. (ed), 1998. Crime scene to court: The essentials of forensic science. -Hunter, J., and Cox, M., 2005. Forensic Archaeology: Advances in Theory and Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. INST ARCH JF WHI (CHAPTER 13 Practice. London: Routledge. INST ARCH JF HUN (CHAPTER 4, ‘The recovery of ‘Presentation of expert forensic evidence’) forensic evidence from individual graves’) -Townley, L., and Ede, R., 2004. Forensic practice in criminal cases. London: -Connor, M., 2007. Forensic Methods: Excavation for the Archaeologist and The Law Society. INST ARCH JF TOW (pp 1-38, 79-137, and 356-372) Investigator. Plymouth: Altamira Press. INST ARCH JF CON (CHAPTER 8, 9 and -Matson, J.V., Daou, S.F., and Soper, J.G., 2004. Effective expert witnessing: 10) Practices for the 21st century 4/E. Boca Raton: CRC Press. INST ARCH JF MAT -Blau, S., and Ubelaker, D. (eds), 2009. Handbook of Forensic Anthropology -Grivas, C.R., and Komar, D.A., 2008. Kumho, Daubert, and the nature of and Archaeology. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press. INST ARCH JF scientific inquiry: Implications for forensic anthropology. Journal of Forensic BLA (CHAPTER 11, Cheetham and Hanson, ‘Excavation and recovery in Science, 53(4): 771-776. forensics archaeological investigations’) -Page, M., Taylor, J., and Blenkin, M., 2011. Forensic identification science -Roskams, S., 2001. Excavation, Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology. evidence since Daubert: Part 1 – A quantitive analysis of the exclusion of Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. forensic identification science evidence. Journal of Forensic Science, 56(5): -Preuss, J., Strehler, M., Dressler, J., et al., 2006. Dumping after homicide 1180-1184. using setting in concrete and/or sealing with bricks – six case reports. -Holobinko, A., Forensic human identification in the United States and Forensic Science International, 159: 56-60. Canada: A review of the law, admissible techniques, and the legal -Spennemann, D.H.R., and Franke, B., 1995. Archaeological tecnhiques for implications of their application in forensic cases. Forensic Science exhumations: A unique data source for crime scene investigations. Forensic International, 222: 394.e1-394.e13. Science International, 74: 5-15. --Bock, J.H. and Norris, D.O., 1997. Forensic Botany: An underutilised Week 12: 30th March – 1st April resource. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 42(3): 364-367. MOCK CRIME SCENE -Brown, A.G., Smith, A., and Elmhirst, O., 2002. The combined use of pollen and soil analyses in a search and subsequent murder investigation. Journal of

Forensic Sciences, 47(3): 614-618.

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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Libraries and other resources In addition to the Library of the Institute of Archaeology, other libraries in UCL with holdings of particular relevance to this degree are: UCL Science Library, UCL Cruciform Library and UCL Main Library. Libraries outside of UCL which have holdings which may also be relevant to this degree are: Wellcome Institute Library, British Library.

Information for intercollegiate and interdepartmental students Students enrolled in Departments outside the Institute should obtain the Institute’s coursework guidelines from Judy Medrington’s office (email [email protected]),. These guidelines will also be available on Moodle under Student Administration. Health and safety The Institute has a Health and Safety policy and code of practice which provides guidance on laboratory work, etc. All work undertaken in the Institute is governed by these guidelines and students have a duty to be aware of them and to adhere to them at all times. It should be noted that eating and drinking is not permitted in room 308 at anytime.

APPENDIX A: POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 2019-20 (PLEASE READ CAREFULLY) This appendix provides a short précis of policies and procedures relating to modules. It is not a substitute for the full documentation, with which all students should become familiar. For full information on Institute policies and procedures, see the IoA Student Administration section of Moodle: https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/module/view For UCL policies and procedures, see the Academic Regulations and the UCL Academic Manual: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-regulations ; http://www.ucl.ac.uk/academic-manual/

GENERAL MATTERS ATTENDANCE: A register will be taken at each class. If you are unable to attend a class, please notify the lecturer by email. Students are normally required to attend at least 70% of classes. DYSLEXIA: If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please discuss with your lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help you. Students with dyslexia should indicate it on each coursework cover sheet.

COURSEWORK LATE SUBMISSION: Late submission will be penalized in accordance with current UCL regulations, unless formal permission for late submission has been granted. The UCL penalties are as follows:

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• The marks for coursework received up to two working days after the published date and time will incur a 10-percentage point deduction in marks (but no lower than the pass mark). • The marks for coursework received more than two working days and up to five working days after the published date and time will receive no more than the pass mark (40% for UG modules, 50% for PGT modules). • Work submitted more than five working days after the published date and time, but before the second week of the third term will receive a mark of zero but will be considered complete.

GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: Please note that there are strict UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework. You are reminded that Module Coordinators are not permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a the appropriate UCL form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are acceptable are limited. Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Support and Wellbeing (SSW) to make special arrangements. Please see the IoA website for further information. Additional information is given here http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-manual/c4/extenuating-circumstances/

RETURN OF COURSEWORK AND RESUBMISSION: You should receive your marked coursework within one month of the submission deadline. If you do not receive your work within this period, or a written explanation, notify the Academic Administrator. When your marked essay is returned to you, return it to the Module Co-ordinator within two weeks. You must retain a copy of all coursework submitted.

CITING OF SOURCES and AVOIDING PLAGIARISM: Coursework must be expressed in your own words, citing the exact source (author, date and page number; website address if applicable) of any ideas, information, diagrams, etc., that are taken from the work of others. This applies to all media (books, articles, websites, images, figures, etc.). Any direct quotations from the work of others must be indicated as such by being placed between quotation marks. Plagiarism is a very serious irregularity, which can carry heavy penalties. It is your responsibility to abide by requirements for presentation, referencing and avoidance of plagiarism. Make sure you understand definitions of plagiarism and the procedures and penalties as detailed in UCL regulations: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/current-students/guidelines/plagiarism

RESOURCES MOODLE: Please ensure you are signed up to the module on Moodle. For help with Moodle, please contact Charlotte Frearson ([email protected])

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