PART a Tissues and Fluids
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Review of Adipocere Formation on Decomposing Bodies by Jess Lawn
Review of adipocere formation on decomposing bodies By Jess Lawn A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Forensic Science (Professional Practice) in The School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University Principal Supervisor: Paola A. Magni Academic Supervisor: Associate Professor James Speers Semester 1, 2017 1 Declaration I declare that this manuscript does not contain any material submitted previously for the award of any other degree or diploma at any university or other tertiary institution. Furthermore, to the best of my knowledge, it does not contain any material previously published or written by another individual, except where due references has been made in the text. Finally, I declare that all reported experimentations performed in this research were carried out by myself, except that any contribution by others, with whom I have worked is explicitly acknowledged. Signed: Jess Lawn Dated: 15/07/2017 ii Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank Dr Paola A. Magni for her guidance and constructive feedback during the construction of this paper. I would also like to thank my family for their constant support and encouragement throughout this process and beyond. iii Table of Contents Title page…………………………………………………………………………………………………… i Declaration………………………………………………………………………………………………… ii Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………………… iii Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………. iv Part One Literature Review………………………………………………………………………………………. 1‐56 Title Page................................................................................................... -
The Corporeality of Death
Clara AlfsdotterClara Linnaeus University Dissertations No 413/2021 Clara Alfsdotter Bioarchaeological, Taphonomic, and Forensic Anthropological Studies of Remains Human and Forensic Taphonomic, Bioarchaeological, Corporeality Death of The The Corporeality of Death The aim of this work is to advance the knowledge of peri- and postmortem Bioarchaeological, Taphonomic, and Forensic Anthropological Studies corporeal circumstances in relation to human remains contexts as well as of Human Remains to demonstrate the value of that knowledge in forensic and archaeological practice and research. This article-based dissertation includes papers in bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology, with an emphasis on taphonomy. Studies encompass analyses of human osseous material and human decomposition in relation to spatial and social contexts, from both theoretical and methodological perspectives. In this work, a combination of bioarchaeological and forensic taphonomic methods are used to address the question of what processes have shaped mortuary contexts. Specifically, these questions are raised in relation to the peri- and postmortem circumstances of the dead in the Iron Age ringfort of Sandby borg; about the rate and progress of human decomposition in a Swedish outdoor environment and in a coffin; how this taphonomic knowledge can inform interpretations of mortuary contexts; and of the current state and potential developments of forensic anthropology and archaeology in Sweden. The result provides us with information of depositional history in terms of events that created and modified human remains deposits, and how this information can be used. Such knowledge is helpful for interpretations of what has occurred in the distant as well as recent pasts. In so doing, the knowledge of peri- and postmortem corporeal circumstances and how it can be used has been advanced in relation to both the archaeological and forensic fields. -
I Ana Rafaela Ferraz Ferreira Body Disposal in Portugal: Current
Ana Rafaela Ferraz Ferreira Body disposal in Portugal: Current practices and potential adoption of alkaline hydrolysis and natural burial as sustainable alternatives Dissertação de Candidatura ao grau de Mestre em Medicina Legal submetida ao Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto. Orientador: Prof. Doutor Francisco Queiroz Categoria: Coordenador Adjunto do Grupo de Investigação “Heritage, Culture and Tourism” Afiliação: CEPESE – Centro de Estudos da População, Economia e Sociedade da Universidade do Porto i This page intentionally left blank. ii “We are eternal! But we will not last!” in Welcome To Night Vale iii This page intentionally left blank. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My sincerest thank you to my supervisor, Francisco Queiroz, who went above and beyond to answer my questions (and to ask new ones). This work would have been poorer and uglier and a lot less composed if you hadn’t been here to help me direct it. Thank you. My humblest thank you to my mother, father, and sister, for their unending support and resilience in enduring an entire year of Death-Related Fun Facts (and perhaps a month of grumpiness as the deadline grew closer and greater and fiercer in the horizon). We’ve pulled through. Thank you. My clumsiest thank you to my people (aka friends), for that same aforementioned resilience, but also for the constant willingness to bear ideological arms and share my anger at the little things gone wrong. I don’t know what I would have done without the 24/7 online support group that is our friendship. Thank you. Last, but not least, my endless thank you to Professor Fernando Pedro Figueiredo and Professor Maria José Pinto da Costa, for their attention to detail during the incredible learning moment that was my thesis examination. -
Body Identification Information & Guidelines
American Board of Forensic Odontology (ABFO) Body Identification Information & Guidelines Revise February 2017 ABFO BODY IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION The importance of timely identification In the United States, the Medical Examiner or Coroner (ME/C) has the statutory responsibility and judicial authority to identify the deceased. The identification of unidentified living individuals is the responsibility of local, state or federal law enforcement agencies. Although it is ultimately these agencies that certify the identification it is the responsibility of the forensic odontologist to provide their opinion on the identity as it relates to forensic odontology. Those opinions are based on a standardized set of guidelines established by the forensic odontology community and are based on scientific best practices. The positive identification of an individual is of critical importance for multiple reasons that include: For unidentified living individuals: - A positive identification is vital to reunite an unidentified living individual with their family members. For the human remains: - A positive identification is vital to help family members progress through the grieving process, providing some sense of relief in knowing that their loved one has been found. - A positive identification and subsequent death certificate is necessary in order to settle business and personal affairs. Disbursement of life insurance proceeds, estate transfer, settlement of probate, and execution of wills, remarriage of spouse and child custody issues can be delayed for years by legal proceedings if a positive identification cannot be rendered. - Criminal investigation and potential prosecution in a homicide case may not proceed without a positive identification of the victim. Scientific Identification All methods of identification involve comparing antemortem data to postmortem evidence. -
Critical Corpse Studies: Engaging with Corporeality and Mortality in Curriculum
Taboo: The Journal of Culture and Education Volume 19 Issue 3 The Affect of Waste and the Project of Article 10 Value: April 2020 Critical Corpse Studies: Engaging with Corporeality and Mortality in Curriculum Mark Helmsing George Mason University, [email protected] Cathryn van Kessel University of Alberta, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/taboo Recommended Citation Helmsing, M., & van Kessel, C. (2020). Critical Corpse Studies: Engaging with Corporeality and Mortality in Curriculum. Taboo: The Journal of Culture and Education, 19 (3). Retrieved from https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/taboo/vol19/iss3/10 This Article is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Article in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Article has been accepted for inclusion in Taboo: The Journal of Culture and Education by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 140 CriticalTaboo, Late Corpse Spring Studies 2020 Critical Corpse Studies Engaging with Corporeality and Mortality in Curriculum Mark Helmsing & Cathryn van Kessel Abstract This article focuses on the pedagogical questions we might consider when teaching with and about corpses. Whereas much recent posthumanist writing in educational research takes up the Deleuzian question “what can a body do?,” this article investigates what a dead body can do for students’ encounters with life and death across the curriculum. -
Quantification of Adipocere Degradation with and Without Access to Oxygen and to the Living Soil
1 Quantification of adipocere degradation with and without access to oxygen and to the living soil Heinz-Christian Fründa*, Dirk Schoenenb a Department of Landscape Architecture and Agricultural Sciences, Fachhochschule Osnabrück – University of Applied Sciences, Oldenburger Landstrasse 24, D-49090 Osnabrück, Germany b Hygiene-Institut, Universitätsklinik Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany * Tel. +49 541 969 5052, Fax +49 541 969 5170 Email [email protected] Abstract Adipocere is formed from body fat in moist and oxygen-deficient decay conditions. The persistence of adipocere may cause problems for the reuse of graves after the expiration of statutory resting times in some countries. Up to now, no quantitative data existed on the persistence of adipocere in either aerated or anoxic conditions. We investigated the rate of degradation (disappearance) of adipocere in five different samples from human corpses. The experimental incubation was: a) in water without air contact, b) in water with access to air, c) in physiological saline with access to air, d) on sterilized quartz sand, e) in vitro on living soil, f) buried 15 cm deep in field soil. The weight loss of the samples was determined after 215 (293) days and half-lives were calculated under the assumption of simple first-order kinetics. Furthermore, the nitrogen content and the fatty acid composition of the adipocere samples were analysed. The results revealed half-lives that differ between the adipocere samples from 11 to 82 years under anaerobic conditions (mean of all samples = 37 years). In air, the half-life of adipocere was reduced to about one tenth, ranging from 0.7 to 10 years (mean of 2.8 years for all samples incubated in aerated physiological saline, mean of 4.0 years for all samples incubated on living soil in the laboratory). -
Identifying Migrant Bodies in the Mediterranean
FRONT COVER Nº 05/02 Identifying Migrant Bodies in the Mediterranean Identifying Migrant 5 Bodies in the Nº 02 > POLICY REPORT< Migration, Social Inclusion Mediterranean and Peaceful Societies > Ottavia Ampuero Villagran 1 Nº 05/02 Nº 05/02 Identifying Migrant Bodies in the Mediterranean Identifying Migrant Bodies in the Mediterranean Identifying Migrant Contents Bodies in the Mediterranean Summary | p. 3 Ottavia Ampuero Villagran Introduction | p. 4 A United Nations University Institute Difficulty of Identification p.| 5 on Globalization, Culture and Mobility report from the series Migration, Social Current Practices | p. 6 Inclusion and Peaceful Societies. The Italian Case Study | p. 9 Rights After Death | p. 10 Rights to Mourn | p. 15 State Commitments to Human Rights | p. 16 Conclusions | p. 17 Policy Recommendations | p. 18 References | p. 22 Acknowledgements Ottavia Ampuero Villagran wishes to ISSN 2617-6807 thank Dr. Parvati Nair and the entire UNU-GCM team for their support and United Nations University feedback during the research and publication process. She would also Institute on Globalization, Culture and Mobility like to express sincere gratitude to the Sant Pau Art Nouveau Site community of like-minded researchers Sant Manuel Pavilion in various organisations collecting C/ Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167 data on migrant deaths, from which 08025 Barcelona, Spain this publication has substantially benefitted. Finally, she would like to thank her family, particularly her Visit UNU-GCM online: gcm.unu.edu father, Jorge Ampuero Villagran, for epitomising refugees' quiet struggles, Copyright © 2018 United Nations University hard work, and uncompromising Institute on Globalization, Culture and Mobility hopes for a better future. -
The Effect of the Burial Environment on Adipocere Formation Shari L
Forensic Science International 154 (2005) 24–34 www.elsevier.com/locate/forsciint The effect of the burial environment on adipocere formation Shari L. Forbesa,*, Barbara H. Stuartb, Boyd B. Dentc aCentre for Forensic Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia bDepartment of Chemistry, Materials and Forensic Science, University of Technology, PO Box 123, Broadway 2007, Sydney, Australia cDepartment of Environmental Sciences, University of Technology, PO Box 123, Broadway 2007, Sydney, Australia Received 4 November 2003; accepted 15 September 2004 Available online 10 November 2004 Abstract Adipocere is a decomposition product comprising predominantly of saturated fatty acids which results from the hydrolysis and hydrogenation of neutral fats in the body. Adipocere formation may occur in various decomposition environments but is chiefly dependent on the surrounding conditions. In a soil burial environment these conditions may include such factors as soil pH, temperature, moisture and the oxygen content within the grave site. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of these particular burial factors on the rate and extent of adipocere formation. Controlled laboratory experiments were conducted in an attempt to form adipocere from pig adipose tissue in model burial environments. Infrared spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry were employed to determine the lipid profile and fatty acid composition of the adipocere product which formed in the burial environments. The results suggest that adipocere can form under a variety of burial conditions. Several burial factors were identified as enhancing adipocere formation whilst others clearly inhibited its formation. This study acts as a preliminary investigation into the effect of the burial environment on the resultant preservation of decomposing tissue via adipocere formation. -
Crime Scene Reconstruction
Chapter 10 Crime Scene Reconstruction INTRODUCTION Crime scene reconstruction is the process of determining or eliminating the events and actions that occurred at the crime scene through analysis of the crime scene pattern, the location and position of the physical evidence, and the laboratory examination of the physical evidence. Reconstruction not only involves scientific scene analysis, interpretation of the scene pattern evidence and laboratory examination of physical evidence, but also involves systematic study of related information and the logical formulation of a theory. IMPORTANCE OF CRIME SCENE RECONSTRUCTION It is often useful to determine the actual course of a crime by limiting the possibilities that resulted in the crime scene or the physical evidence as encountered. The possible need to reconstruct the crime is one major reason for maintaining the integrity of a crime scene. It should be understood that reconstruction is different from ‘re-enactment’, ‘re-creation’ or ‘criminal profiling’. Re-enactment in general refers to having the victim, suspect, witness or other individual re-enact the event that produced the crime scene or the physical evidence based on their knowledge of the crime. Re-creation is to replace the necessary items or actions back at a crime scene through original scene documentation. Criminal profiling is a process based upon the psychological and statistical analysis of the crime scene, which is used to determine the general characteristics of the most likely suspect for the crime. Each of these types of analysis may be helpful for certain aspects of a criminal investigation. However, these types of analysis are rarely useful in the solution of a crime. -
The Effect of Various Coverings on the Rate of Human Decomposition
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2009 The Effect of Various Coverings on the Rate of Human Decomposition Angela Madeleine Dautartas University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Dautartas, Angela Madeleine, "The Effect of Various Coverings on the Rate of Human Decomposition. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2009. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/69 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Angela Madeleine Dautartas entitled "The Effect of Various Coverings on the Rate of Human Decomposition." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Lee Meadows Jantz, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Richard Jantz, Murray Marks Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Angela Madeleine Dautartas entitled “The Effect of Various Coverings on the Rate of Human Decomposition.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. -
The Sacrum Bone and the Surrounding Pelvic Girdle in Cosmological Traditions of Mesoamerica
THE MESOAMERICAN SACRUM BONE: DOORWAY TO THE OTHERWORLD1 Brian Stross The University of Texas at Austin 1 University Station, #C3200 Austin, Texas 78712 [email protected] ABSTRACT This study links body symbolism, religious experience, and visual representation through a consideration of the sacrum bone and the surrounding pelvic girdle in cosmological traditions of Mesoamerica. An argument is put forward, using ethnographic, linguistic, and iconographic evidence, that the sacrum bone was a "sacred" bone, that it played a significant part in some Prehispanic Mesoamerican iconographic and cosmological traditions as it did in some Old World cultures, that it was related to reproduction, fertility, and reincarnation, and that in Mesoamerica the sacrum represented one index of the more generalized but variously manifested "portals" or doorways permitting translocation of shamans, spirits, and deities between worlds or levels of the cosmos. 1 INTRODUCTION The human body is sometimes referred to as the "sacred vessel," and various parts of the body play their parts in the observance of religious ritual, retaining through tradition different kinds of symbolic significance; whether it is hands folded in prayer or making the sign of the cross, a tongue receiving the host or pronouncing the name of a Saint, or a heart brocaded on a priestly garment or wrested from the chest of a sacrificial victim with the assistance of obsidian knives. The body, its parts and functions and its symbolism function both to manifest signals of social differentiation in culture and to interpret them, creating social structure and cosmological models underlying it (López Austin 1988; Houston et al 2006). -
The University of Chicago Skeletonization
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO SKELETONIZATION, CAMERAFLAGE, LOITERING: HABITS OF WITNESSING AFTER THE GREAT WAR A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE BY CHALCEDONY BODNAR WILDING CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................................ii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT: SKELETONIZATION, CAMERAFLAGE, LOITERING: HABITS OF WITNESSING AFTER THE GREAT WAR ............................................................................................................................................................ v INTRODUCTION: SKELETONIZING THE GREAT WAR ........................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1: “WHAT IS CLOSER TO THE TRUTH”: MARIANNE MOORE TAKES “IMAGINARY POSSESSION” OF THE WAR’S “WELL EXCAVATED GRAVE” ........................................................................ 24 CHAPTER 2: “LISTEN WHILE I TELL YOU ALL THE TIME”: GERTRUDE STEIN AND ALICE B. TOKLAS ELEGIZE “CAMERAFLAGE” IN COINCIDENCE