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Burial, Excavation and Chemical Cleaning - an Economical Approach for Extraction of Human Anatomy Section Bones from Embalmed Dissected Cadavers in India

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Burial, Excavation and Chemical Cleaning - an Economical Approach for Extraction of Human Anatomy Section Bones from Embalmed Dissected Cadavers in India Original Article DOI: 10.7860/IJARS/2016/20928.2163 Burial, Excavation and Chemical Cleaning - An Economical Approach for Extraction of Human Anatomy Section Bones from Embalmed Dissected Cadavers in India SUNITI RAJ MISHRA, RAHUL SINGH, RAKESH SHUKLA, JIGYASA PASSEY, SHAILENDRA SINGH, SUSHOBHANA ABSTRACT Result: The bones extracted after this procedure were Introduction: The human bones are an integral tool in clean, intact and their quality was absolutely at par with the study of anatomy. Bones are necessary not only for the bones extracted with other techniques. It was found teaching anatomy but also for planning of various surgeries that the bones of the most superficial level i.e. 1 foot from and assessing the efficacy of orthopaedic devices. surface had some decomposition at the ends. The bones at the 2 feet were of best quality - quite clean and intact. Aim: The present study was undertaken to develop the The bones at the 3 feet were also intact but some soft most suitable technique for extraction of human bones tissue was still adhered around these bones while there from embalmed dissected cadavers. was a minimal decomposition of the cadavers buried Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at the depth of 4 feet due to which bones could not be on the embalmed dissected cadavers in Department of procured from this depth. Anatomy, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, UP, India. The Conclusion: The burial method for extraction of bones and cadavers were buried in the soil for a period of two years the subsequent cleaning with a solution of normal water, at the depth of 1 foot, 2 feet, 3 feet and 4 feet. The bones detergent, bleaching powder and hydrogen peroxide is a so extracted were cleaned with a solution of normal water, very comfortable, cost effective, ecofriendly and suitable detergent, bleaching powder and hydrogen peroxide. The method for obtaining the human bone specimens from result was compared with the bones extracted with other embalmed cadavers. The cadaver should be buried in techniques. superficial layer preferably 1 foot to 2 feet depth. Keywords: Anatomy , Body donation, Decomposition, Osteology, Skeleton, Soil INTRODUCTION unclaimed bodies after police verification has various medico Osteology is fundamental for the understanding of anatomy legal procedures which cause much delay and is practically and its application in the surgical and orthopaedic practices. very difficult to follow. Donation of body is also not a common The human bones are a mandatory tool for study and practice therefore causing scarcity of cadavers. Some research in the department of anatomy and comprise institutions have turned to plastic replicas [2] but artificial an integral part of curriculum for medical graduates and substitutes aren’t ideal because plastic models are usually postgraduates. The precise knowledge is also essential for reproductions of a single specimen and don’t include the practice in orthopaedics, surgery, otolaryngology and plastic range of variations found in real bones [3]. Human body is surgery.The availability of human bones is a bottle-neck in very complex but it conforms to a general pattern. Patterns the whole issue. The shortage of human cadavers is the described as normal in Anatomy textbooks are not found in most important underlying cause for it. In a study from every bone but it does not mean that the rest are “abnormal. Maharashtra, India, a gross insufficiency of cadavers was They are variants which are present in many individuals [4]. found in 90.90% of medical colleges [1]. The availability of Students trained on facsimiles never see these differences 14 International Journal of Anatomy, Radiology and Surgery. 2016 Jul, Vol-5(3): AO14-AO18 www.ijars.net Suniti Raj Mishra et al., Extraction of Bones from Embalmed Cadavers among individuals. Moreover, the models aren’t entirely accurate since the molding process doesn’t capture the detail of a real specimen which is especially critical in the skull. In present times with few available, it is difficult to spare a fresh cadaver for extraction of bones only since it is much needed for the dissection purpose for medical students. Hence, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the most comfortable, cheap and suitable method for extraction of bones and their cleaning with readily available chemical solution from the embalmed cadavers. MatERIALS AND METHODS The study was prospective, performed on 32 embalmed cadavers in Department of Anatomy, GSVM Medical College, [Table/Fig-1]: Bones extracted after burial at 1 foot depth (after Kanpur, UP, India for a period of twenty seven months cleaning)- showing decomposition at ends. (October 2013- December 2015). The cadavers were buried in soil at different depths : 1-4 feet for the extraction of bones and the outcome was observed in comparison to the stock of bones already available in the department. All the cadavers were received in the department as a kind donation for academic purposes. Out of 32 cadavers 30 cadavers were fully dissected and 2 cadavers were undissected. Due approval of ethical committee for extraction of bones from these cadavers was taken. The burial method for extraction of bones was adopted. A burial ground of 10 x 8 x 4 feet 2a was made. The soil of the area was loamy in nature. The cadavers were buried in four stratas at four levels of depth- 1 foot, 2 feet, 3 feet and 4 feet from the surface with a pack of loose soil between two stratas. The undissected cadavers were buried at the deepest 4 feet depth from the surface. Common salt (5 Kg) was loosely spread on the cadavers. The area was demarcated and outlined for future access. The cadavers were buried in the soil for a period of two Keywords: Anatomy , Body donation, Decomposition, Osteology, Skeleton, Soil years. After two years the bones were excavated. The bones so extracted were cleaned with a solution of 2b normal water, detergent, bleaching powder and hydrogen peroxide. The most suitable technique for extraction and [Table/Fig-2]: Bones extracted after burial at 2ft depth - a)- Before cleaning of the bones in the Indian set-up was concluded. cleaning b) After cleaning. RESULTS 3 feet were also intact but some soft tissue around these After two years the burial ground was inspected. On inspection bones was still adhered [Table/Fig-3]. the soil of the demarcated area was visibly depressed about The poorest result was seen with the cadavers buried at the 6 inches deep from the surface. The area was excavated. deepest level of 4 feet. The two undissected cadavers were It was found that the bones of the most superficial level still completely undecomposed [Table/Fig-4]. None of the i.e. 1 foot from surface were clean and accompanied with bone could be obtained from these cadavers besides other some signs of resorption or decomposition especially at cadavers too at this level were only partially decomposed. ends [Table/Fig-1]. The bones at the 2 feet were quite clean The bones obtained had lot of macerated muscles and soft and intact. The soft tissue around these bones was almost tissue adhered to surface. Two intact livers were also found completely removed [Table/Fig-2a,2b]. The bones at the at this depth though shrunken. International Journal of Anatomy, Radiology and Surgery. 2016 Jul, Vol-5(3): AO14-AO18 15 Suniti Raj Mishra et al., Extraction of Bones from Embalmed Cadavers www.ijars.net [Table/Fig-5]: Sample of final outcome: Bones after cleaning and varnish. [Table/Fig-3]: Bones extracted after burial at 3 feet depth with DISCUSSION muscles and soft tissue adhered. Dry human bones are important material not only for teaching anatomy but also for surgical practice. Various methods causing soft tissue decomposition include:- a) Boiling b) Use of chemicals c) Use of insects d) water decomposition and e) Decomposition by burying in the soil. All these methods lead to complete skeletonization, and except boiling all other methods are effective for medium sized and large animals [5]. Yet another method used in ancient time was hanging of dead to free the cadaver of most of its flesh and to cut out the inner organs without taking apart any joint of the body [6]. Traditional methods of getting bones are very tedious, [Table/Fig-4]: Intact embalmed cadaver at depth of 4 feet after inconvenient and are not able to meet the requirement of 2 years of burial. bones if only fresh cadavers are used for this purpose. In one study boiling of embalmed specimen followed by burying The bones obtained till depth of 3 feet, which were relatively under soil gave best results for procuring good quality bones. clean with scanty muscles attached, were taken for further Standard reported methods for procurement of bones are cleaning. While the bones with bulk of muscles still attached, either boiling or burial. obtained at 4 feet depth and the two undissected cadavers Some authors have also mentioned the embalmed cadaver which failed to decompose were again buried at the depth of not suitable for extraction of bones [7]. On the contrary, 1 feet from surface, to be excavated after 1 year. few workers have used the embalmed cadavers as well for Now the bones were taken and soaked in a container with procurement of bones [5]. It is agreed that decomposition of a solution of 20 liters plain water, 500gm detergent powder, soft tissue is delayed in embalmed bodies due to presence 500gm bleaching powder and 500ml hydrogen peroxide. of formalin but boiling before burial of such specimens The solution was used for cleaning of two full set of bones leads to enhancement of soft tissue decomposition due to (two cadavers).
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