Indigenous History and Incarceration in Canada, 1834-1996

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Indigenous History and Incarceration in Canada, 1834-1996 Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) 2016 More than Stone and Iron: Indigenous History and Incarceration in Canada, 1834-1996 Seth Adema Wilfrid Laurier University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd Part of the Canadian History Commons, Criminology Commons, Indigenous Studies Commons, and the Oral History Commons Recommended Citation Adema, Seth, "More than Stone and Iron: Indigenous History and Incarceration in Canada, 1834-1996" (2016). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 1826. https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/1826 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MORE THAN STONE AND IRON: INDIGENOUS HISTORY AND INCARCERATION IN CANADA 1834-1996 by Seth Adema Honours Bachelor of Arts (History) McMaster University, 2010 Master of Arts (History), McMaster University, 2011 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Doctor of Philosophy in History Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo, Ontario, Canada © Seth Adema 2016 Abstract This dissertation examines Indigenous (First Nation, Métis, and Inuit) history as played out in Canadian prisons. It argues that in the prison, processes of colonialism, decolonization, and neocolonialism took place simultaneously. In the nineteenth century, the prison was built as part of a network of colonial institutions and polices. It was imagined, designed, and built by representatives of the Canadian state alongside other colonial institutions, drawing on similar intellectual traditions. It maintains the imprint of this colonial origin. Prisons also became arenas for Indigenous cultural exchange and cultural creation, which in most cases subverted the logic of the prison. This was part of a larger effort at decolonizing the prison. In the twentieth century, Indigenous prisoners actively challenged the colonial logic of the prison by affirming their Indigenous cultures and identities. As Indigenous inmates expressed their cultural identities in prisons, they created literary, material, and ceremonial cultural frameworks distinct to the prison yet reflective of the wider Canadian context. Still, colonial practices emerged in new ways, in a process described in this dissertation as neocolonialism. By drawing on oral and archival sources, this dissertation demonstrates the complexity behind these historical processes of colonization, decolonization, and neocolonialism in Canada, while shedding light on the nature of the prison system and Indigenous history. i Acknowledgements I have had an enjoyable go of it as a PhD candidate, which I attribute to the help and support I have received from several sources. My thanks go out to Susan Neylan, who has been a terrific supervisor. She was supportive as I developed my arguments, and she saw the value of my work even when I wondered about it. Thanks to my committee members, Susan Roy, Lianne Leddy, Kim Anderson, and my external examiner Keith Carlson, whose feedback made this a better dissertation. Several people have been generous with their time and wisdom as interview participants for this project. They are Ed Buller, Allen Benson, Kim Pate, the Honourable Warren Allmand, Christie Jefferson, Charlie, and Eva Solomon. To each of them, I owe a debt of gratitude. Many people on campus have contributed to my academic experience. Thanks to the WLU history department for giving me an academic home. Thanks to my friends at the Writing Centre for advice (and employment), especially Jordana, Boba, and James. Thanks to Melissa Ireland and Jean Becker for helping me learn how to write Indigenous history as a white guy. Thanks also to the institutions and staff who made this research possible at the Anglican Church archives, the Provincial Archives of Alberta, the Ontario Provincial Archives, Library and Archives Canada, and Trent University. I am also thankful for the SSHRC Canada Graduate Scholarship and Ontario Graduate Scholarship that supported this work. Several communities outside of academia have supported me over these years. Waterloo Christian Reformed Church has been wonderful for me and my family. I am also thankful for the work I have done with Mike Hogeterp at the Christian Reformed Centre for Public Dialogue, which reminded me the value of my work. And of course, thanks to my family. Mom and Dad, Justin and Candice, Chara, Rebecca and Liam, Ted, and Sara. You all know why. Last but not least: Emily, Morgan, Henry, and Goose. I love you. ii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................ ii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................. iii Chapter 1: Introduction: Reading Prison History as Indigenous History ........................................................ 1 PART ONE: BUILDING A COLONIAL INSTITUTION .............................................................. 36 Chapter Two: “A Cloud Before Them Which Made Things Dark”: 19th Century Law and Indigenous History37 Chapter Three: The Prison as a School of Liberalism: Indigenous Peoples within the Penitentiary, 1834-1950 .. 76 PART TWO: CONFRONTING A COLONIAL INSTITUTION ................................................ 113 Chapter Four: “The First Real Indian Studies Program,” 1950-1970 ........................................................... 114 Chapter Five: “Our Objective is to Get our People out of Jail and Keep Them out of Jail”: 1970-1978 ........... 150 Chapter Six: Professionalization, Neocolonialism, and the Development of Indigenous Programming, 1978-1996 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 187 PART THREE: CULTURAL RESPONSES TO INCARCERATION ......................................... 220 Chapter Seven: Double, Triple, and Quadruple Standards: Native Women in Canadian Prisons .................... 221 Chapter Eight: Talking Leaves: The Indigenous Penal Press........................................................................... 262 Chapter Nine: Joyceville’s Totem Pole and Material Culture in Prisons ........................................................... 299 Conclusion: Colonialism, Decolonization, and Neocolonialism in Prisons......................................................... 330 Appendix 1: Interview Participant Biographies ............................................................................................... 340 Appendix 2: Corrections and Conditional Release Act Sections 80-84 ............................................................ 342 Appendix 3: Images from the Penal Press ....................................................................................................... 343 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................... 351 iii Chapter 1: Introduction: Reading Prison History as Indigenous History The history of Canadian prisons is Indigenous history. This may seem surprising because Indigenous peoples have never built prisons. One of the most vocal and persistent critiques of the prison system as articulated by Indigenous activists, Elders, and prisoners is that in pre-contact Indigenous history there were no prisons. Noted legal scholar Michael Jackson wrote, “Aboriginal societies did not build prisons, and to the extent that imprisonment continues to be deemed necessary for some native offenders, it is appropriate that we remain cynical...”1 Reading penal history as Indigenous history challenges existing historiographical trends in the study of Canadian prisons. It also offers new ways to envision the prison as more than a colonial imposition. Situating the prison within Indigenous history is only possible by looking at the prison through what historian Keith Carlson calls an “Indigenous historical consciousness.”2 By framing the history of the Canadian prison system within this consciousness, the nature of penal history changes fundamentally. It also forces historians to consider the ways that Indigenous prisoners have actively resisted and shaped the penal system in Canada. This does not mean that finding Native agency within the history of Canadian penal systems is a “colonialist alibi.”3 What it does mean is that we refocus the history of the Canadian penitentiary system in order to see how it fit within Indigenous histories. Doing this shows that the relationship between Indigenous peoples and prisons as more complex than one of straightforward colonial hegemony and decolonization. Instead, colonization, decolonization, and neocolonialism all coexisted in prisons as Indigenous 1 Michael Jackson, Locking Up Natives in Canada: A Report of the Canadian Bar Association Committee on Imprisonment and Release. (Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 1988), 89. 2 Keith Thor Carlson, The Power of Place,
Recommended publications
  • Gladue Primer Is a Publication of the Legal Services Society (LSS), a Non-Government Organization That Provides Legal Aid to British Columbians
    February 2011 © 2011 Legal Services Society, BC ISSN 1925-5799 (print) ISSN 1925-6140 (online) Acknowledgements Writer/Editor: Jay Istvanffy Designer: Dan Daulby Legal reviewer: Pamela Shields This booklet may not be commercially reproduced, but copying for other purposes, with credit, is encouraged. The Gladue Primer is a publication of the Legal Services Society (LSS), a non-government organization that provides legal aid to British Columbians. LSS is funded primarily by the provincial government and also receives grants from the Law Foundation and the Notary Foundation. This booklet explains the law in general. It isn’t intended to give you legal advice on your particular problem. Because each person’s case is different, you may need to get legal help. The Gladue Primer is up to date as of February 2011. Special thanks to Jonathan Rudin of Aboriginal Legal Services of Toronto and Linda Rainaldi for their contributions to this booklet. We gratefully acknowledge Community Legal Education Ontario (CLEO) for the use of the information in their booklet Are you Aboriginal? Do you have a bail hearing? Or are you going to be sentenced for a crime? (2009). How to get the Gladue Primer Get free copies of this booklet from your local legal aid office. Read online (in PDF) at www.legalaid.bc.ca/publications Order online: www.crownpub.bc.ca (click the Legal Services Society image) Phone: 1-800-663-6105 (call no charge) 250-387-6409 (Victoria) Fax: 250-387-1120 Mail: Crown Publications PO Box 9452 Stn Prov Govt Victoria, BC V8W 9V7 Contents Section
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring Correctional Admissions of Aboriginal Offenders in Canada: a Relative Inter-Jurisdictional Analysis
    Measuring Correctional Admissions of Aboriginal Offenders in Canada: A Relative Inter-jurisdictional Analysis ANDREW A REID Il est bien connu que les peuples autochtones sont surreprésentés dans le système de justice pénale canadien. Un examen des statistiques récentes qui documentent l’ampleur de cette surreprésentation dans la population condamnée à la détention au Canada, a mené la Commission de vérité et réconciliation à demander aux gouvernements fédéral, provinciaux et territoriaux d’agir. Afin de se préparer à répondre à ces « appels à l’action » de la Commission, il est important d’avoir de l’information de base complète qui servira à mesurer le progrès à l’avenir. Au-delà des statistiques de base qui documentent la surincarcération, peu de recherche explore les dynamiques de représentation des personnes contrevenantes autochtones dans d’autres parties du système correctionnel. Il n’en demeure pas moins qu’il s’agit d’un domaine d’étude important. Le nombre d’admissions à la détention est souvent utilisé pour décrire le problème de surreprésentation. Par ailleurs, les sanctions communautaires telles que la peine d’emprisonnement avec sursis et la probation sont perçues comme des alternatives positives à la détention. La présente étude utilise différentes techniques des mesures pour documenter les dynamiques récentes d’admission de personnes contrevenantes autochtones à ces trois parties des systèmes correctionnels provinciaux et territoriaux. Bien que les mesures habituelles telles que le dénombrement et le pourcentage soient utiles pour rendre compte d’un seul type d’admission, elles sont moins efficaces pour en comparer plusieurs, dans différentes juridictions. Nous considérons une autre technique des mesures plus utile pour ce genre d’enquête.
    [Show full text]
  • Literature Locked Up: How Prison Book Restriction Policies Constitute the Nation’S Largest Book Ban
    September 2019 Literature Locked Up: How Prison Book Restriction Policies Constitute the Nation’s Largest Book Ban ith over two million Ameri- This phenomenon presents a particular chal- cans incarcerated, the book-re- lenge when it comes to reporting and analysis. striction regulations within the There is very little public visibility into how these United States carceral system policies are considered, adopted, implemented represent the largest book ban policy in the Unit- and reviewed. As such, advocates for access to lit- edW States. erature in prisons must often review a disparate The reality of book banning in American pris- set of state, county, and even individual facili- ons is systematic and comprehensive. State and ty-level practices, with varying degrees of public federal prison authorities censor content with lit- accessibility or transparency, to gain even a partial tle oversight or public scrutiny. Often the ultimate view of how book banning procedures play out on decision-maker about a person’s right to read is a national level. housed in the prison mailroom. To highlight this issue of prison book cen- Books in American prisons can be banned on sorship, PEN America has produced this issue vague grounds, with authorities striking titles and briefer outlining the troubled state of the right authors believed to be detrimental to “rehabilita- to read in U.S. prisons. The right to read is one tion” or somehow supportive of criminal behavior. that implicates our fundamental human and con- Such grounds are so arbitrary and so broad that stitutional right. Research clearly indicates that they often operate as sweeping bans.
    [Show full text]
  • The Allocation of Burdens in Litigation Between First Nations and the Crown Michael Wilfred Posluns
    Osgoode Hall Law School of York University Osgoode Digital Commons LLM Theses Theses and Dissertations 2014 The Allocation of Burdens in Litigation Between First Nations and the Crown Michael Wilfred Posluns Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/llm Part of the Indian and Aboriginal Law Commons Recommended Citation Posluns, Michael Wilfred, "The Allocation of Burdens in Litigation Between First Nations and the Crown" (2014). LLM Theses. 7. http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/llm/7 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Osgoode Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LLM Theses by an authorized administrator of Osgoode Digital Commons. The Allocation of Burdens in Litigation Between First Nations and the Crown Michael Posluns A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF LAW GRADUATE PROGRAM IN LAW OSGOODE HALL LAW SCHOOL, YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO December 2013 © Michael Posluns, 2013 ABSTRACT This thesis is about two inter-related matters: first, the allocation of burdens of proof in litigation between First Nations and the Crown; and, secondly, the reaction or response of the Crown to the Court’s allocations of burdens, as evidenced in the subsequent cases. Since “burdens of proof” refers to matters of fact and evidence, I refer simply to “burdens”, emphasizing that, I mean all the burdens allocated by a Court and which the Court expects the parties to discharge in order for their case to succeed. My initial interest was in the response of the Crown to the allocation of burdens by the Court and related admonitions.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Laws for Making and Maintaining Relations Against the Sovereignty of the State
    We All Belong: Indigenous Laws for Making and Maintaining Relations Against the Sovereignty of the State by Amar Bhatia A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Juridical Science Faculty of Law University of Toronto © Copyright by Amar Bhatia 2018 We All Belong: Indigenous Laws for Making and Maintaining Relations Against the Sovereignty of the State Amar Bhatia Doctor of Juridical Science Faculty of Law University of Toronto 2018 Abstract This dissertation proposes re-asserting Indigenous legal authority over immigration in the face of state sovereignty and ongoing colonialism. Chapter One examines the wider complex of Indigenous laws and legal traditions and their relationship to matters of “peopling” and making and maintaining relations with the land and those living on it. Chapter Two shows how the state came to displace the wealth of Indigenous legal relations described in Chapter One. I mainly focus here on the use of the historical treaties and the Indian Act to consolidate Canadian sovereignty at the direct expense of Indigenous laws and self- determination. Conventional notions of state sovereignty inevitably interrupt the revitalization of Indigenous modes of making and maintaining relations through treaties and adoption. Chapter Three brings the initial discussion about Indigenous laws and treaties together with my examination of Canadian sovereignty and its effect on Indigenous jurisdiction over peopling. I review the case of a Treaty One First Nation’s customary adoption of a precarious status migrant and the related attempt to prevent her removal from Canada on this basis. While this attempt was ii unsuccessful, I argue that an alternative approach to treaties informed by Indigenous laws would have recognized the staying power of Indigenous adoption.
    [Show full text]
  • Incarcerated Students and the New Prison Literature, 1995-2010" (2013)
    Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/honorsprojects Bowdoin Part of College the African American Studies Commons, African History Commons, American Literature BowdoinCommons, American Digital Politics Commons Commons, American Popular Culture Commons, Art Practice Commons, Chicana/o Studies Commons, Child Psychology Commons, Civic and Community Engagement Commons, Civil Law Commons, Civil Procedure Commons, Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Cognition and PHonorserception Pr ojectsCommons , Cognitive Psychology Commons, Community-BasedStudent Scholarship Learning Commons and Creativ, e Work Community Psychology Commons, Comparative Literature Commons, Courts Commons, Criminal Law 2013Commons , Criminal Procedure Commons, Criminology Commons, Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons, Cultural History Commons, Defense and Security Studies Commons, Educational Sociology WhoCommons W, eEducation Are: Incar Law Commonscerated, Education Students Policy Commons and the, Ethnic New Studies Prison Commons , European LiterHistoryatur Commonse, 1995-2010, Family Law Commons , Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, Fiction Commons, Food and Drug Law Commons, Housing Law Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, Immigration Law ReillyCommons Hannah, Inequality N. Lor andastein Stratification Commons, Intellectual History Commons, Interactive Arts CommonsBowdoin College, Interdisciplinar, [email protected] Arts and Media Commons, Juvenile Law Commons, Latin American History Commons, Law and Economics Commons,
    [Show full text]
  • The North-West Rebellion 1885 Riel on Trial
    182-199 120820 11/1/04 2:57 PM Page 182 Chapter 13 The North-West Rebellion 1885 Riel on Trial It is the summer of 1885. The small courtroom The case against Riel is being heard by in Regina is jammed with reporters and curi- Judge Hugh Richardson and a jury of six ous spectators. Louis Riel is on trial. He is English-speaking men. The tiny courtroom is charged with treason for leading an armed sweltering in the heat of a prairie summer. For rebellion against the Queen and her Canadian days, Riel’s lawyers argue that he is insane government. If he is found guilty, the punish- and cannot tell right from wrong. Then it is ment could be death by hanging. Riel’s turn to speak. The photograph shows What has happened over the past 15 years Riel in the witness box telling his story. What to bring Louis Riel to this moment? This is the will he say in his own defence? Will the jury same Louis Riel who led the Red River decide he is innocent or guilty? All Canada is Resistance in 1869-70. This is the Riel who waiting to hear what the outcome of the trial was called the “Father of Manitoba.” He is will be! back in Canada. Reflecting/Predicting 1. Why do you think Louis Riel is back in Canada after fleeing to the United States following the Red River Resistance in 1870? 2. What do you think could have happened to bring Louis Riel to this trial? 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Prisoners on Prisons 26(1-2)
    Beaver Creek Institution Anonymous Prisoner 11 he reason I am contributing to this Dialogue on penal reform in Canada Tis because I am in my sixties and my crime was an isolated incident, resulting in a sentence for second degree murder in the 1990s. I did 15 years inside as a model prisoner and was paroled in 2008 to a halfway house. Once there, I spent two years in the community without incident and was subsequently given full parole. However, in 2013, I was revoked for a negative urine sample. I have been back inside since, incurring unnecessary costs to taxpayers as my breach did not constitute a danger or threat to the public. Prior to my incarceration, I was never a burden on society. With several skilled trades under my belt, I owned a home and business. Ever since Harper’s ‘tough on crime’ and ‘life means life’ approach to imprisonment, a lot of us Lifers were revoked with no new criminal charges and with no help from our parole offi cers. This leaves us with no light at the end of the tunnel. There should be a time limit that restricts revoking parolees who have committed no new crimes once they have completed a signifi cant portion of time under supervised release. 147 Beaver Creek Institution Anonymous Prisoners aving served more than a decade in federal penitentiaries, I have seen Hmany things change for the worse. Below, is a list of recommendations that a number of us at Beaver Creek Minimums who meet regularly to discuss how we can atone for our actions with our victims and communities compiled during one of our meetings.
    [Show full text]
  • Tuscarora Trails: Indian Migrations, War, and Constructions of Colonial Frontiers
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2007 Tuscarora trails: Indian migrations, war, and constructions of colonial frontiers Stephen D. Feeley College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Indigenous Studies Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Feeley, Stephen D., "Tuscarora trails: Indian migrations, war, and constructions of colonial frontiers" (2007). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623324. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-4nn0-c987 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tuscarora Trails: Indian Migrations, War, and Constructions of Colonial Frontiers Volume I Stephen Delbert Feeley Norcross, Georgia B.A., Davidson College, 1996 M.A., The College of William and Mary, 2000 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the College of William and Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Lyon Gardiner Tyler Department of History The College of William and Mary May, 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Stephen Delbert F eele^ -^ Approved by the Committee, January 2007 MIL James Axtell, Chair Daniel K. Richter McNeil Center for Early American Studies 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • Rupturing the Myth of the Peaceful Western Canadian Frontier: a Socio-Historical Study of Colonization, Violence, and the North West Mounted Police, 1873-1905
    Rupturing the Myth of the Peaceful Western Canadian Frontier: A Socio-Historical Study of Colonization, Violence, and the North West Mounted Police, 1873-1905 by Fadi Saleem Ennab A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Sociology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2010 by Fadi Saleem Ennab TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 8 Mythologizing the Frontier .......................................................................................... 8 Comparative and Critical Studies on Western Canada .......................................... 15 Studies of Colonial Policing and Violence in Other British Colonies .................... 22 Summary of Literature ............................................................................................... 32 Research Questions ..................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER THREE: THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ......................................... 35 CHAPTER
    [Show full text]
  • Fast Policy Facts
    Fast Policy Facts By Paul Dufour In collaboration with Rebecca Melville - - - As they appeared in Innovation This Week Published by RE$EARCH MONEY www.researchmoneyinc.com from January 2017 - January 2018 Table of Contents #1: January 11, 2017 The History of S&T Strategy in Canada ........................................................................................................................... 4 #2: January 18, 2017 Female Science Ministers .................................................................................................................................................... 5 #3: February 1, 2017 AG Science Reports ................................................................................................................................................................ 6 #4: February 8, 2017 The deadline approaches… ................................................................................................................................................. 7 #5: February 15, 2017 How about a couple of key moments in the history of Business-Education relations in Canada? .............. 8 #6: February 22, 2017 Our True North ........................................................................................................................................................................ 9 #7: March 8, 2017 Women in Science - The Long Road .............................................................................................................................. 11 #8: March 15, 2017 Reflecting on basic
    [Show full text]
  • Class Action News Issue #18 Summer 2020
    - 1 - 2 > CAN-#18 < Editor’s Note > < Contents > It is Summer & Issue #18 News …………………………... 3-12 of ‘Class Action News’. Health & Harm Reduction …..…... 13 This magazine is by & for Resources ………….……….... 14-16 the Prisoner Class in Canada. < Artists in this Issue > In every Issue we provide a safe space for creative expression and literacy development. Cover: Pete Collins These zines feature art, poetry, stories, news, observations, concerns, and anything of interest to share. Health & Harm Reduction info will always be provided - Yes, Be Safe! Quality & Quantity: Items printed are those that are common for diverse readers, so no religious items please. < Funding for this Issue > Artwork: Black pen (tat-style) works the best. Cover Artist will receive a $25 donation. Very special thanks to: Writings: only short poems, news, stories, … Groundswell Community Justice Trust Fund! Items selected are those that fit nicely & allow space for others (½ page = 325 words max). < Ancestral Territorial Acknowledgment > For author protection, letters & story credits will all be 'Anonymous'. We respectfully acknowledge that the land on which Prison Free Press operates is the ‘Class Action News' is published 4 times a Traditional Territory of the Wendat, the year & is free for prisoners in Canada. Anishnaabeg, Haudenosaunee, and the If you are on the outside or an organization, Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation. please send a donation. We do not have any funding so it really helps to get this inside! e ‘Dish With One Spoon’ Treaty f Editor: Tom Jackson Canadian Charter of Rights & Freedoms Publication: Class Action News Publisher: PrisonFreePress.org • The right of life, liberty and security of person PO Box 39, Stn P (Section 7).
    [Show full text]