DOCSLIB.ORG

EAA Webinars Are Supported By

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Vol.3 No.2 I February 2014 EXPERIMENTERThe Spirit of Homebuilt Aviation I www.eaa.org A Pirate Cub Homebuilt Gliders and Sailplanes Midget Mustang Investigating Static Stability MagicReviving Jim Lloyd Butler’s ‘60s Champion EEAAEXP_Feb14.inddAAEXP_Feb14.indd 1 22/3/14/3/14 33:11:11 PPMM TOWER FREQUENCY Oshkosh Countdown BY JACK PELTON WINTER HAS BEEN BRUTAL so far, even by Wisconsin stan- plan to begin flying again when the weather breaks. dards. For days in January the temperature never reached Consider flying with an instructor for the first time zero for a high. Howling winds drove wind chill tempera- or two. And certainly be careful not to make those tures to life-threatening lows. So it must be time to get ready first couple spring flights in strong winds or other for Oshkosh. challenging conditions. When I look at the blanket of snow and ice covering Now is also the time to lock in your plans for your stay EAA’s Oshkosh show grounds and the rest of Wittman at Oshkosh. AirVenture tickets are available online at Regional Airport, it’s hard to believe that in less than six www.EAA.org and can save you both some money and wait- months thousands of airplanes and hundreds of thousands ing in line time if you buy now. of pilots and airplane enthusiasts will be here. But it’s true. Planning your housing at Oshkosh can never start too And it’s what we here at EAA work so hard year-round to early. The number of people camping at Oshkosh contin- prepare for. ues to grow every year, and I promise you an even better It’s not too early for you to be making plans for your trip experience this year. We will have more entertainment to Oshkosh, either. There is much to do. on the show grounds every evening, more food and bev- At the top of the list is completing whatever project you erage service into the evening hours, and two big night are working on. Some of you are in the final stages of finish- air shows on Wednesday and Saturday. ing your homebuilt airplane. Others are reassembling an It’s too early to know exactly which aircraft and per- antique or classic after a painstaking restoration. And all air- formers will be at Oshkosh this year, but I can promise plane owners need to make sure the annual inspection and you the lineup won’t disappoint. I’ve been hearing about other maintenance items are up to date. several newly completed homebuilts, extremely rare We pilots need to make sure our flying skills will be in as warbird restorations, and one-of-a-kind antiques that good a shape as our airplanes come Oshkosh time. While we expect to fly in. The U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds are winter weather makes it hard for many of us to get into the scheduled to make an appearance for the first time. And air, we can always use the time to refresh our knowledge by the aviation industry is working hard to unveil many hitting the books, or more likely getting online. new aircraft, accessories, and services during the show. EAA and many others offer a steady stream of online All of general aviation keys its new product announce- tutorials, training sessions for new ratings, and webinars ments to Oshkosh. that delve deeply into every aspect of flying. It’s important As a Southern California native, seeing a Wisconsin to review everything from the rules of the air to the latest winter up close is new for me. But I now can understand safety alerts. how winter’s cold and snow will make Oshkosh that If winter forces you to stay on the ground for extended much sweeter this summer. I can’t wait. I hope you feel periods, it’s a good idea to make a sensible and conservative the same. See you soon in Oshkosh. On the cover: Jim Lloyd Butler’s award-winning Midget Mustang has been brought back to life. (Photography by Phil High) 2 Vol.3 No.2 / February 2014 Photography by Jason Toney EEAAEXP_Feb14.inddAAEXP_Feb14.indd 2 22/3/14/3/14 33:11:11 PPMM Vol.3 No.2 I February 2014 CONTENTS EAA PUBLICATIONS Features Founder: Paul H. Poberezny Publisher: Jack J. Pelton, EAA Chairman of the Board Vice President of Marketing: Rick Larsen Editor-in-Chief: J. Mac McClellan Homebuilding Community Manager: Charlie Becker 10 Sport Aviation Pirates 18 Return of a Editor: Mary Jones/EditEtc. LLC Craig and Sandy Gainza’s Pirate Cub Homebuilt Legend Senior Graphic Designer: Chris Livieri BY LYNNE WAINFAN The Jim Lloyd Butler Midget Mustang: News Editor: Ric Reynolds Champion 1964 Copy Editor: Colleen Walsh BY BUDD DAVISSON Multimedia Journalist: Brady Lane Visual Properties Administrator: 26 Gliders and Sailplanes 101 Jason Toney A short course for experimenters Contributing Writers: Charlie Becker, BY MURRY I. ROZANSKY Budd Davisson, Jerry Fischer, Bob Gibson, Dan Grunloh, Ed Kolano, Jack Pelton, Murry Rozansky, Lynne Wainfan European Correspondent: Marino Boric Departments 02 Tower Frequency 08 Flightline ADVERTISING BY JACK PELTON INDUSTRY NEWS Display 04 Homebuilder’s Corner 36 Hints for Homebuilders Sue Anderson BY CHARLIE BECKER BY JERRY FISCHER Mailing Address: 06 News from HQ P.O. Box 3086, Oshkosh, WI 54903-3086 NEWS FROM EAA Phone: 920-426-4800 Fax: 920-426-4828 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.EAA.org Need to change your address or have Columns other membership questions? Call 800-564-6322 (800-JOIN EAA). 34 What Our Members Are Building SeaRey ‘Hull Number 1’ Restoration EAA® and SPORT AVIATION®, the EAA Logo® BY BOB GIBSON and AERONAUTICATM are registered trade- marks, trademarks, and service marks of the Experimental Aircraft Association, Inc. The use 39 Light Plane World of these trademarks and service marks without Adventure Flight to Tommy’s Airpark the permission of the Experimental Aircraft As- BY DAN GRUNLOH sociation, Inc. is strictly prohibited. 43 Flight Testing Techniques Static Stability Intro BY ED KOLANO EAA Experimenter 3 EEAAEXP_Feb14.inddAAEXP_Feb14.indd 3 22/3/14/3/14 33:11:11 PPMM HOMEBUILDER’S CORNER EAA Advocacy in Action Wonderful opportunity BY CHARLIE BECKER WHEN YOU JOIN EAA, you are joining a membership organiza- Steve Wittman received approval to carry a non-revenue tion. You receive many tangible benefi ts for joining. Each passenger in his Wittman Flying Carpet, which later became month, EAA Sport Aviation magazine arrives in your mailbox, the Wittman Tailwind. In the article announcing the change, and Experimenter hits your e-mail inbox. These are great ben- EAA stated, “The EAA and its members feel that we have been efi ts that inspire, entertain, and educate you. But I would given a wonderful opportunity by the CAA, but we also have argue the number one benefi t you receive is EAA’s advocacy to protect this right from individuals who may, through faulty for sport aviation. construction, exceeding design limitations, and violating I devoted two days this past week to participate in EAA’s other Civil Air Regulations, cause this right to be taken away annual summit with the FAA’s top leadership team here in as it has in the past.” Oshkosh, Wisconsin. The fact that the FAA’s top leaders take Over the years, EAA members have continued to demon- the time to come to EAA headquarters in the middle of January, strate that this “wonderful opportunity” was not abused and in arctic temperatures, says quite a bit about the mutual respect that we could be trusted with more and more privileges. We that we have built up over the years. With the ability to have have demonstrated this commitment to build and fl y safely the FAA’s undivided attention, this is a wonderful opportunity with our volunteer safety programs. The Technical Counselor to make progress on the big issues impacting sport aviation. program works toward a “zero defect” aircraft at the time of When you look back 61 years ago to when EAA was certifi cation by voluntary, in-process inspections. Our Flight formed, there was no homebuilt movement, and “sport avia- Advisor program works with our builders to make sure that a tion” was a blip on the radar. In fact, experimental amateur- safe and well-thought-out approach to test-fl ying the aircraft built (E-AB) aircraft had just recently been authorized and exists. Because of this type of commitment to safety that EAA could not even legally carry a passenger! members have demonstrated, it has allowed your advocacy Paul Poberezny, EAA’s founder, established early on that staf to push for more and more opportunities for E-AB. EAA would work with rather than against the Civil Aeronautics Today, we enjoy building homebuilt aircraft that have no Administration (CAA), now known as the Federal Aviation Ad- restriction on the number of passengers. We are able to use ministration (FAA), to achieve greater opportunities for people any materials and engines we desire. We can fl y aerobatics and to build and fl y. In fact, at the fi rst EAA meeting on January 26, under instrument fl ight rules. We have truly made the most of 1953, the main speaker was CAA employee Tony Maugeri. Fun- our “wonderful opportunity” to build and fl y homebuilts. damentally, Paul was a “people person,” so he worked to build So let’s keep what we have earned by building and fl ying productive personal relationships with the CAA/FAA. safely. Take advantage of our safety programs to not only help Within the fi rst year of EAA, the fi rst major expansion yourself but also to protect the homebuilt movement.
Recommended publications
  • Apis Contest Taurus(Electro)

    Apis Contest Taurus(Electro)

    Welcome NASA PAV Apis contest The CAFÉ Foundation’s With the addition of Inaugural NASA PAV Apis/Bee to the product Centennial Challenge line, Pipistrel is now concluded on August 11 in the most complex small Santa Rosa, California, and aircraft producer IN THE brought forth remarkable WORLD, the ONLY AIRCRAFT performances by several PRODUCER offering both Personal Air Vehicles (PAVs). single-seat and two- This great event was made seater side-by-side self- possible by support from launching gliders, two-seat NASA and Boeing Phantom motorgliders, UL two-seat INDEX Works. Winning teams go-the-distance aircraft, Electric Powered shared cash prizes from trikes and propellers. 1 Welcome Apis NASA totaling $250,000. We are excited about Taurus (Electro) Prizes were awarded for welcoming all existing and Electric Powered Taurus Shortest Runway, Lowest new Apis/Bee family owners Nasa PAV Contest Noise, Highest Top Speed, and we are confident to In 1995, Pipistrel d.o.o. Ajdovščina glide ratio of Best Handling Qualities, provide them with the best Our Dealers around the World were the first in the World to present at least 1:40; and Most Efficient, with possible service! a two-seat ultralight aircraft with a make gliding the grand Vantage Prize of From its beginnings, Apis/ 2 Project Hydrogenus wing-span of 15 meters, aimed also at cheap; provide $100,000 going to the best Bee was developed as a glider pilots. The aircraft was the Sinus, a fully equipped aircraft, including a Pipistrel Factory: combination of performance sister-ship to the Pipistrel’s still going strong in production.
  • Perpetual Flight in Flow Fields

    Perpetual Flight in Flow Fields

    Perpetual Flight in Flow Fields by Ricardo Ayres Gomes Bencatel A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Electrical and Computer Engineering) in the University of Porto, School of Engineering Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto 2011 Doctoral Committee: Professor Fernando Lobo Pereira, Chair Professor Anouck Girard Associate Lu´ısaBastos Doctor Jos´eMorgado c Ricardo Ayres Gomes Bencatel 2012 All Rights Reserved To my family and my girlfriend, who supported my endeavors and endured the necessary absences. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank with all my heart my family and my girlfriend for the support in the easy and the hard times, and for the encouragement to always do my best and surpass myself. Furthermore, I would like to thank the friendship of Nuno Costa with whom I developed and tested several model aircraft, which contributed to the knowledge required for this work. I would like to thank the support from AsasF group and the researchers from the Un- derwater Systems and Technology Laboratory, specially Jo~aoSousa and Gil Gon¸c´alves, and Pedro Almeida for their support, and in particular Jo~aoCorreia, Joel Gomes, Eduardo Oliveira, Rui Caldeira, Filipe Ferreira, Bruno Terra, Filipe Costa Ferreira, Joel Cardoso, and S´ergioFerreira for their friendship, support, and assistance. I gratefully acknowledge the support of the Portuguese Air Force Academy, specially Cap. El´oiPereira, Lt. Tiago Oliveira, Cap. Jos´eCosta, Sgt. Joaquim Gomes, Sgt. Paulo Teixeira, Lt. Gon¸caloCruz, Lt. Col. Morgado, Maj. Madruga, Lt. Jo~aoCaetano, and Sgt. Fernandes. I'm most grateful for the time I spend at the Aerospace Department from the University of Michigan.
  • Space & Electronic Warfare Lexicon

    Space & Electronic Warfare Lexicon

    1 Space & Electronic Warfare Lexicon Terms 2 Space & Electronic Warfare Lexicon Terms # - A 3 PLUS 3 - A National Missile Defense System using satellites and ground-based radars deployed close to the regions from which threats are likely. The space-based system would detect the exhaust plume from the burning rocket motor of an attacking missile. Forward-based radars and infrared-detecting satellites would resolve smaller objects to try to distinguish warheads from clutter and decoys. Based on that data, the ground-based interceptor - a hit-to-kill weapon - would fly toward an approximate intercept point, receiving course corrections along the way from the battle management system based on more up-to-date tracking data. As the interceptor neared the target its own sensors would guide it to the impact point. See also BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE (BMD.) 3D-iD - A Local Positioning System (LPS) that is capable of determining the 3-D location of items (and persons) within a 3-dimensional indoor, or otherwise bounded, space. The system consists of inexpensive physical devices, called "tags" associated with people or assets to be tracked, and an infrastructure for tracking the location of each tag. NOTE: Related technology applications include EAS, EHAM, GPS, IRID, and RFID. 4GL - See FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGE 5GL - See FIFTH GENERATION LANGUAGE A-POLE - The distance between a missile-firing platform and its target at the instant the missile becomes autonomous. Contrast with F-POLE. ABSORPTION - (RF propagation) The irreversible conversion of the energy of an electromagnetic WAVE into another form of energy as a result of its interaction with matter.
  • Jet Ski for the Song of the Same Name by Bikini Kill, See Reject All American. Jet Ski Is the Brand Name of a Personal Watercraf

    Jet Ski for the Song of the Same Name by Bikini Kill, See Reject All American. Jet Ski Is the Brand Name of a Personal Watercraf

    Jet Ski From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Jet skiing) For the song of the same name by Bikini Kill, see Reject All American. European Personal Watercraft Championship in Crikvenica Waverunner in Japan Racing scene at the German Championship 2007 Jet Ski is the brand name of a personal watercraft manufactured by Kawasaki Heavy Industries. The name is sometimes mistakenly used by those unfamiliar with the personal watercraft industry to refer to any type of personal watercraft; however, the name is a valid trademark registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, and in many other countries.[1] The term "Jet Ski" (or JetSki, often shortened to "Ski"[2]) is often mis-applied to all personal watercraft with pivoting handlepoles manipulated by a standing rider; these are properly known as "stand-up PWCs." The term is often mistakenly used when referring to WaveRunners, but WaveRunner is actually the name of the Yamaha line of sit-down PWCs, whereas "Jet Ski" refers to the Kawasaki line. [3] [4] Recently, a third type has also appeared, where the driver sits in the seiza position. This type has been pioneered by Silveira Customswith their "Samba". Contents [hide] • 1 Histor y • 2 Freest yle • 3 Freeri de • 4 Close d Course Racing • 5 Safety • 6 Use in Popular Culture • 7 See also • 8 Refer ences • 9 Exter nal links [edit]History In 1929 a one-man standing unit called the "Skiboard" was developed, guided by the operator standing and shifting his weight while holding on to a rope on the front, similar to a powered surfboard.[5] While somewhat popular when it was first introduced in the late 1920s, the 1930s sent it into oblivion.[citation needed] Clayton Jacobson II is credited with inventing the personal water craft, including both the sit-down and stand-up models.
  • Speaker Abstracts

    Speaker Abstracts

    Appendix E: Speaker Abstracts 100 Years of Progress in Boundary-Layer Meteorology: A look to the past, questions for the future Margaret A. LeMone NCAR (with contributions from Wayne Angevine, Fei Chen, Jimy Dudhia, Kristina Katsaros, Larry Mahrt, Jielun Sun, and Michael Tjernstrom)1 and input from Chris Fairall, Jim Fleming, Ned Patton, Shuyi Chen, and Peter Sullivan2 We define the atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL) as that layer of air directly influenced by exchange of heat and energy with the surface. Our story of the ABL begins with surface fluxes, which are dependent on surface roughness and the exchange of energy between the surface and atmosphere. The ABL is typically divided into a surface layer, through which shear production of turbulence kinetic energy is as important as buoyancy production, a well-mixed inner layer, and a transition layer that is alternately occupied by turbulent and free-atmosphere air. This division is most straightforward for a cloudless, steady-state, unstable ABL. Our history begins with the classical-physics roots from the 18th and 19th Centuries and their early applications to the atmospheric boundary layer, and the contributions from the early turbulence/boundary layer community, who developed the concept of the boundary layer and applied it to flow through wind tunnels, past aircraft wings, and sometimes in the atmosphere itself, with some reference to early discoveries from those more interested in agricultural applications. From there, we examine the boundary layer from the surface on up, through a look at our understanding of the surface energy budget, exchange coefficients and flux-profile relationships in the surface layer over land and ocean, and the study of the entire cloud-free ABL under unstable and stable conditions.
  • Gliders and Model Airplanes As Tools for Japan's Mass Mobilization

    Gliders and Model Airplanes As Tools for Japan's Mass Mobilization

    DE GRUYTER DOI 10.1515/cj-2014-0001 Contemporary Japan 2014; 26(1): 1–28 Jürgen Melzer “We must learn from Germany”: gliders and model airplanes as tools for Japan’s mass mobilization Abstract: This article explores the prominent role of Germany in the emergence of Japan’s glider and model-aircraft boom. It examines how the invitation of German specialists to Japan in 1935 started a “glider fever” that enabled the Japanese military to forge close bonds with the press and an air-minded public. In the following years Nazi Germany also provided the organizational blueprint for comprehensive aviation education that mobilized all aviation activities of Japanese youth in the service of national defense. Japanese anxieties about the expansion of foreign air power thus were successfully channeled into a wave of popular enthusiasm and participation that became instrumental for Japan’s military buildup and mobilization. Keywords: German-Japanese relations, aviation education, military mobiliza- tion Jürgen Melzer: Princeton University, e-mail: [email protected] The author is a former glider pilot and airline captain. This article is largely based on research done during a one-year stay at the University of Tokyo that was generously funded by the Japan Foundation. The quote in the title is from General Inoue Ikutarō in his preface to Watanabe (1941). All translations of the cited material are the author’s. 1 Introduction By the early 1940s Japan had become a “nation of flyers.” More than ten million schoolchildren were engaged in building model airplanes and tens of thou- sands of high school students actively practiced glider flying.
  • Battery Electric Aircraft Feasibility Investigation Including a Battery-In-Wing Conceptual Design

    Battery Electric Aircraft Feasibility Investigation Including a Battery-In-Wing Conceptual Design

    A BATTERY ELECTRIC AIRCRAFT FEASIBILITY INVESTIGATION INCLUDING A BATTERY-IN-WING CONCEPTUAL DESIGN A Thesis presented to the Faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering by Mark H. Shushnar June 2014 © 2014 Mark H. Shushnar ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP TITLE: A Battery Electric Aircraft Feasibility Investigation Including a Battery-in-Wing Conceptual Design AUTHOR: Mark H. Shushnar DATE SUBMITTED: June 2014 COMMITTEE CHAIR: Dr. Joseph Mello, PhD Professor of Mechanical Engineering COMMITTEE MEMBER: Dr. Patrick Lemieux, PhD Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering COMMITTEE MEMBER: Dr. Kurt Colvin, PhD Professor of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering iii ABSTRACT A Battery Electric Aircraft Feasibility Investigation Including a Battery-In-Wing Conceptual Design Mark H. Shushnar The feasibility of converting an existing internal combustion powered general aviation aircraft to battery electric propulsion was studied. The theoretical performance of various types of airframes with battery electric propulsion systems was compared to determine which type of airframe would be best suited for conversion. It was found that battery electric propulsion is best used in aircraft intended for slow speed, efficient flight and carrying limited payload which is a mission typically flown in motor gliders. A reference motor glider was selected and a conceptual power system packaging design study was performed. The study determined that a critical component of the power system packaging design was the technical feasibility of packaging the batteries inside of the wing structure. This was driven by center of gravity restrictions. Technical concerns related to a battery-in-wing design were investigated, included wing aeroelastic performance, wing stiffness and wing strength.
  • Hangar Digest Is a Publication of Th E Amc Museum Foundation Inc

    Hangar Digest Is a Publication of Th E Amc Museum Foundation Inc

    THE HANGAR DIGEST IS A PUBLICATION OF TH E AMC MUSEUM FOUNDATION INC. Hangar Digest VOLUME 11, ISSUE 4 OCTOBER – DECEMBER 2011 INSIDE THIS ISSUE From the Director 3 Pvt. Benjamin, volunteer 4 Cruisin’ with the Curator 4 Museum store, V. 2.0 5 Foundation Notes 6 Silent Wings, Angry Skies 8 In and Around 10 LOOKING BACK Corey Smith, left, works to equalize the difference in air pressure in his ears following his flight aboard a Dover From almost the mo- Air Force Base Aero Club Cessna while Zachary Klinkenborg gives an enthusiastic thumbs up in reaction to his ment we opened our ride. The two were part of the AMC Museum’s annual Summer Camp, which features a week’s worth of instruc- doors back in 1986, the tion dedicated to aeronautics. A highlight of each class is a flight through the airspace around Kent County. Museum has been a field trip destination for Mother Nature Comes A-Callin’ schools and community organizations. 2011 has First a hurricane, followed by an earthquake, followed by a tropical storm. Perhaps somebody is been no exception, with trying to tell us something? the Museum playing The August 23 trembler shocked everyone. An earthquake in Delaware? I mean, earthquakes host to hundreds of only happen in California, right? youngsters. Our ever- I was at work when it hit, but instead of the teeth-rattling experience I expected because of ready corps of volunteers watching too many bad Hollywood movies, the real thing felt more like a slow motion walk across continue to do an out- a kids’ Moon Bounce.
  • Preparation of Papers for AIAA Technical Conferences

    Preparation of Papers for AIAA Technical Conferences

    Motivation for Air-Launch: Past, Present, and Future John W. Kelly,* Charles E. Rogers,† Gregory T. Brierly,‡ J. Campbell Martin,§ and Marshall G. Murphy** NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center, Edwards, California, 93523 “Air-launch” is defined as two or more air-vehicles joined and working together, that eventually separate in flight, and that have a combined performance greater than the sum of the individual parts. The use of the air-launch concept has taken many forms across civil, commercial, and military contexts throughout the history of aviation. Air-launch techniques have been applied for entertainment, movement of materiel and personnel, efficient execution of aeronautical research, increasing aircraft range, and enabling flexible and efficient launch of space vehicles. For each air-launch application identified in this paper, the motivation for that application is discussed. Nomenclature AAF = Army Air Forces AFB = Air Force base AFRC = Armstrong Flight Research Center (Edwards, California) ALT = approach and landing test ASAT = antisatellite CRV = Crew Return Vehicle D.C. = District of Columbia ESA = European Space Agency FICON = Fighter Conveyor project FRC = Flight Research Center HiMAT = Highly Maneuverable Aircraft Technology ICBM = inter-continental ballistic missile ISS = International Space Station IXV = Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle KST = Kelly Space & Technology, Inc. (San Bernadino, California) NACA = National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics NASA = National Aeronautics and Space Administration NBC = National Broadcasting Company NOTS = Naval Ordnance Test Station RAF = Royal Air Force SBIR = Small Business Innovative Research SNC = Sierra Nevada Corporation (Sparks, Nevada) TGALS = Towed-Glider Air-Launch System U.S. = United States USS = United States Ship USAF = United States Air Force VMS = Virgin Mothership VSS = Virgin Spaceship WS-199 = Weapon Systems 199 WWI = World War I * Project Manager, Exploration & Space Technology Directorate, Senior Member.
  • Knowledge Organsier

    Knowledge Organsier

    The History of Flight KEY VOCABULARY: DATE WHAT HAPPENED WORDS MEANING 400 BC First kites were invented in China Aeroplane Powered flying machine with fixed wings 1485 Leonardo Da Vinci designed the ornithopter Aircraft Flying machine Aviation The world of aircraft and air travel 1783 A duck, sheep and a chicken flew in a hot air balloon. Cabin Room or space on an aircraft or ship 1903 Orville Wright achieved controlled flight for 12 seconds Cockpit Small space where the pilot(s) of an aeroplane sits Elevators Hinged areas on the horizontal stabilisers at the tail end of an aeroplane, 1910 Passenger flights began used to control the aeroplane’s angle of flight and lift on its wings 1927 Charles Lindberg flew non-stop across the Atlantic Engine Machine that provides power Flight Journey through the air 1933 Boeing 247 made its first flight with 10 passengers. Flying machine Machine that can fly through the air 1961 First flight into space Fuselage Body of an aircraft Glider Light unpowered aircraft with wings Hot air balloon o Large bag filled with hot air or gases that can carry passengers through the air in a basket Jet Aircraft with powerful jet engines The Wright Brothers Landing gear Wheels and other parts that bear the weight of an aeroplane ➢ Orville and Wilbur Wright were two brothers born in Ohio in the United States of America. Wilbur was born in 1867 and Orville was born in 1871. Modern The latest equipment or knowledge ➢ As children, the Wright brothers were given a toy helicopter by their father which worked by pulling an elastic band.
  • The Pennsylvania State University the Graduate School College of Engineering

    The Pennsylvania State University the Graduate School College of Engineering

    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Engineering ATMOSPHERICALLY AWARE AIRCRAFT GUIDANCE USING IN SITU OBSERVATIONS A Dissertation in Aerospace Engineering by John Bird © 2019 John Bird Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2019 The dissertation of John Bird was reviewed and approved∗ by the following: Jacob W. Langelaan Associate Professor of Aerospace Engineering Dissertation Advisor, Chair of Committee Sean Brennan Professor of Mechanical Engineering Mark Maughmer Professor of Aerospace Engineering George Young Professor of Meteorology Amy Pritchett Professor of Aerospace Engineering Head of Department of Aerospace Engineering ∗Signatures are on file in the Graduate School. ii Abstract A major challenge to widespread use of small electric UAS is their limited energy budgets and sensitivity to environmental conditions. Differences between forecast and realized weather conditions are often large enough that the energy required to complete a mission can differ significantly from that expected by a priori flight plans. This makes autonomous awareness of and response to the environmental state necessary in order to enable small UAS to conduct long-range missions. To develop this capability, the uncertain atmospheric state is decomposed into stochastic and systematic uncertainty which can be managed separately by the aircraft using speed and power output commands respectively. Speed variations enable an aircraft to preferentially spend longer in favorable areas, making the atmosphere appear more conducive to UAS flight. A speed command is developed which responds optimally to stochastic conditions while meeting a specified arrival time at a destination. A modeling system is developed which allows the aircraft to build a model of the vertical structure of the atmosphere using in situ observations and to transform the atmospheric state into a mission performance cost.
  • Aircraft 1 Aircraft

    Aircraft 1 Aircraft

    Aircraft 1 Aircraft Aircraft An Airbus A380, the world's largest passenger airliner Aircraft 2 Part of a series on Categories of Aircraft Supported by Lighter-Than-Air Gases (aerostats) Unpowered Powered • Balloon • Airship Supported by LTA Gases + Aerodynamic Lift Unpowered Powered • Hybrid airship Supported by Aerodynamic Lift (aerodynes) Unpowered Powered Unpowered fixed-wing Powered fixed-wing • Glider • Powered airplane (aeroplane) • hang gliders • powered hang gliders • Paraglider • Powered paraglider • Kite • Flettner airplane • Ground-effect vehicle Powered hybrid fixed/rotary wing • Tiltwing • Tiltrotor • Mono Tiltrotor • Mono-tilt-rotor rotary-ring • Coleopter Unpowered Powered rotary-wing rotary-wing • Rotor kite • Autogyro • Gyrodyne ("Heliplane") • Helicopter Powered aircraft driven by flapping • Ornithopter Other Means of Lift Unpowered Powered • Hovercraft • Flying Bedstead • Avrocar Aircraft 3 An aircraft is a vehicle which is able to fly by being supported by the air, or in general, the atmosphere of a planet. An aircraft counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines.[1] Although rockets and missiles also travel through the atmosphere, most are not considered aircraft because they use rocket thrust instead of aerodynamics as the primary means of lift. However, rocket planes and cruise missiles are considered aircraft because they rely on lift from the air. The human activity which surrounds aircraft is called aviation. Manned aircraft are flown by an onboard pilot. Unmanned aerial vehicles may be remotely controlled or self-controlled by onboard computers. Target drones are an example of UAVs. Aircraft may be classified by different criteria, such as lift type, propulsion, usage and others.