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An Archaeological Investigation of the Galene Lakes Area in the Skagit Range of the North Cascade Mountains, Skagit Valley Park, British Columbia

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An Archaeological Investigation of the Galene Lakes Area in the Skagit Range of the North Cascade Mountains, Skagit Valley Park, British Columbia AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE GALENE LAKES AREA IN THE SKAGIT RANGE OF THE NORTH CASCADE MOUNTAINS, SKAGIT VALLEY PARK, BRITISH COLUMBIA Ian Christian Franck B.A., University of Alberta, 1989 THESIS SUBMITTED iN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in îhe Department of Archaeology O Ian C. Franck 2000 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Apd 2000 Al1 rights reserved. This work rnay not be reproduced in whole or par?, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. Nati0~lLibrary BiMiothëque nationale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliograp hic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rwWdlingtm OaawaON KlAW OcrawaûN K1A ON4 cana& CaMda The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive Licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seil reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette îhèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT This thesis is the product of two field seasons (1997 and 1998) spent in Skagit Valley Provincial Park in the vicinity of the Galene Lakes. The primary objective of the thesis was to detemine the extent of precontact use of mountainous areas through an intensive survey of a relatively small area (-1000 ha). It hopes to dispel a general belief that such areas were marginal to cultures which are best known for their maritime and riverine oriented economic strategies. A second objective was to provide rnethodological suggestions for working in these difficult environments. The third and final objective was to formulate a land-use mode1 for the precontact use of rnountainous areas in order to provide insight for future researchers. Background research indicates that site distribution and discovery in the study area is complicated by a shifting treeline correlated with changes in climate through time. Sites which were originally created in a subalpine parkland setting may now be obscured today by heavy subalpine tree cover; depending on the time period of the site this rnay even be reversed. A total of eight new sites were identified during the survey. Site types represented include solitary flakes of Hozomeen Chert (DgRg 5 and DgRg lSj, a lithic scatter @gRg 1l), a solitary projectile poirit midsection (DgRg 7), a quarry of Hozomeen Chert (DgRg IO), probable huckleberry processing trenches (DgRg 8 and DgRg 9), and an historic hunting camp (DgRg 6). Culturally modified trees are represented at Site DgRg 9 (berry trench site), and also at DgRg 6 (historic camp). Historic components are found at Sites DgRg 8 (bey trench site) and DgRg 1 I (lithic scatter site). The huckleberry processing trenches recorded during the survey represent the first such features recorded in Canada. Previously these have been documented only in south-central Washington State. All sites recorded appear to be associated with a network of trajls focussed around prominent ndgelines, not necessanly close to permanent water. This suggests that the people who used this area were highly mobile and familiar enough with the areas' resources to risk venturing away from life-sustaining water in order to perfom tasks. The short working season in high elevation areas wouId have required a intimate knowledge of the resources available in order to extract them with the necessary haste. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 would like to thank al1 who were involved in this project directly or indirectly. Foremost I thank Rick Alexander who acted as my field assistant for two grueling seasons in the snow, sleet, wind, and rain which make mountaintops such unique survey areas. My wife Mary DePaoli who understands and appreciates that 1 need to do things the hard way and is my peremial champion and soul-rnate. Kelly Bush for the original inspiration for the project. Bob Mierendorf for his energy and expertise. Dana Lepofsky for allowing me to stick to an erratic schedule. Cheryl Mack for showing me what a berry trench looks like. Dave Schaepe and Heather Myles who coordinated rny permit on behalf of St8:lô Nation. Jim Wiebe and Doug Wilson for coordinating my permit on behalf of BC Parks. Steve Acheson for acting as rny Project Officer on behalf of the Archaeology Branch. Finally, 1 thank those responsible for setting apart the wilderness of Skagit Valley and the North Cascades; the plants and animals which allowed me to have a gIimpse of their world; and mountaintops everywhere. TABLE OF CONTENTS Approval page ............................ ..., .............................................................................................ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................... 111 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ............................ ..................................................................................................................... vi.. List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... v II 1.O Introduction ........................ ,... ............................................................................................................ 1 2.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES ZN MOLTNTAiNOUS AREAS .......................................................... 4 Upland Archaeology in British Columbia ..................................................................................... 6 2.1 .1 The Chilliwack Forest District ............................................................................................... -7 Previous Archaeological Studies ....................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Archaeologv in North Cascades Park . WA .............................................. ..,, ......... 10 2.2.2 ArchaeoIow- . in Skagit- Vallev Park . B.C. .............................................................................. i3 Regional Archaeological Chronology ............................................................................................. 15 MOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF THE STUDY AREA ............................................................. 21 Ethnography .................................................................................................................................... 21 3.1.1 The Lower Nlaka'~amwc...................................................................................................... 22 3.1 -2 The U~perSto:lô ................................................................................................................ 25 3.1 -3 The Nooksack ....................................................................................................................... 27 3.1 -4 The UDD~~Skagit .............................................................................................................. 28 3.2 Animal Use .................................................................................................................................... 30 3.3 Plant Use ........................................................................................................................................ 33 3.4 Other Uses of Mountain Areas ....................................................................................................... 39 3.5 Euro-Amencan History .................................................................................................................. 40 4.0 Physical Environment of Study Area ..................................................................................................... 43 4.1 Geomorphology and Geology ......................................................................................................... 44 4.1.1 Glacial History ............................ ... ............................................................................... -44 4.1.2 Bedrock Geology .................................................................................................................. 46 4.2 Climate and Vegetation ......................................................................................................... 47 4.2.1 Modem Conditions ...................... .. ..................................................................................... 49 5.0 Survey Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 52 5.1 Surface Reconnaissance .................................................................................................................
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