Bc26 Report.Pdf

BC Envir&hent

SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Report No. 26 British Columbia Soi1 Survey

G. Young, M.A. Fenger and H.A. Luttmerding

Integrated Management Branch Victoria, British Columbia 1992 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Young, G. (Gavin), 1947- Soils of the Ashcroft map area

(MOE technical report, ISSN 0821-0942 ; 23) (British Columbia soi1 survey, ISSN 03755886 ; report no. 26)

Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-7718-8560-l

1. Soils - British Columbia - Ashcroft Region. 2. Soils - British Columbia - Ashcroft Region - Maps. 1. Fenger, M. A., 1949- . II. Luttmerding, H. A. III. British Columbia. B.C. Environment. IV. Title. V. Series. VI. Series: British Columbia soi1 survey ; report no. 26.

5599.1 .B7Y 68 1992 63 1.4’7’7 1172 C87-092050-2

0 Copyright 1992 B.C. Environment. SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Acknowledgements Gratitude is expressedto numerous individuals who have contributed to the preparation of this report, particularly to P.N. Sprout, and H.A. Luttmerding who provided soi1 cor-relation services and gave advice for the preparation of the report. Appreciation is also extended to R.J. Williams, who prepared the climate section in the introduction, and to J. van Barneveld, and J. M. Ryder, whose advice regarding forest zonation and surficial geology, respectively, provided the necessary information which helped for-m the basis of the soils report. Thanks are also extended to Dr. A. van Ryswyk, R. Mitchell and Dr. A. McLean in Kamloops for reviewing the report. Thanks is also due to Barb Webb who did the initial Word processing and to Christine Keumper who completed the first draft. Thanks to Anne Hanson and Hally Hoffmeyer who helped with the generalizing of the figures. Thanks also to Darla Cooper who incorporated all the initial editorial comments and Ron Walker who laid out the report and drafted the figures. Credit must also go to many others too numerous to mention who contributed both in the field, laboratory and office. G. Young was the party chief in charge of the soi1 mapping in the early 1970’s and prepared a first draft of Chapters four and five of the soi1 report before leaving govemment service. At that time, M. Fenger assumed the responsibility for completing the project by adding Chapters one to three and the Appendices, as well as clarifying the Tables in Chapters four and five. Specially acknowledged is the Land Resource Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa for providing the cartography and printing of the soi1 maps in the map pocket at the end of this report. Also acknowledged is Desktop Publishing Ltd., who prepared the publication-ready manuscript of the report.

Cover Photo: Kamloops Lake Photo by: D.A. Demarchi

. . . 111 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Abstract This report describes the soils, landforms and the environment of the Ashcroft map area, located in south central British Columbia between 120” and 122” west longitude and 50” 00’ to 51” 00’ north latitude. The report consists of five chapters. The first provides a general overview of natural characteristics of the map area, including bedrock, surfrcial materials, vegetation zones and climate. This information is abstracted from previous surveys and studies from a wide variety of disciplines. A brief history of land use, present economic activities, and resource capabilities is also included. Survey methods, reliability, and scale are discussed in the second chapter of the report. The initial steps for stratifying the landscape and constructing the map legend are explained. A general overview of the soils, soi1 classification (which follows the 1973 Soi1 Classification for Canada) ànd groupings of soi1 associations is presented in the third chapter of the report. Cross sectional diagrams and oblique aerial photographs are used to show the different types of landscapes in the area. The chapter also provides an understanding of how various types of soi1 developed in the area. The fourth chapter describes the individual soi1 associations and their respective components. Each soi1 association is described in terms of its physiographic region, vegetation zone, bedrock and landfotms. A description of extent, distribution and soi1 development of major and minor portions of the components is given. Soi1 textures, coarse fragment content and drainage are also indicated. The first part of the fifth chapter describes the capability rating classes and subclasses for forestry, agriculture and grazing use. Class and subclass limitations are then assigned to each soil association in tabular form. The second portion of this chapter describes basic concepts for understanding soi1 fertility by discussing soi1 parameters measured in the laboratory such as soi1 teaction, organic matter content, phosphorous, nitrogen, cation exchange capacity and base saturation. General soi1 fertility ratings are then assigned to each soi1 association in tabular for-m. The third portion of this chapter provides surface soi1 erosion and mass movement hazard ratings for a11soi1 associations.The fourth portion of this chapter describes some soil properties significant to engineering such as depth to watertable and bedrock, texture (unified classification) and percent Sand, silt and clay for each soi1 association. The final portion of the chapter describesthe soil parametersused for assigning suitability ratings and limitations to each association for uses such as septic tank absorption fields, sewage lagoons, shallow excavations, sand and grave1 sources, irrigation and topsoil. Appendix A describes all previous soi1 surveys within and adjacent to the Ashcroft map area. Appendix B provides a complete list and shows the locations of described and sampled soi1 associations. Appendix C contains soi1 profile descriptions and chemical analyses for the more widespread and important soi1 associations in the map area. The map pocket in the back of the report contains 1:lOO 000 scale soil and landform maps for the Kamloops, Merritt, Ashcroft and Lytton map sheet areas.

iv SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA How to use the soi1and landform report and maps This report describes the soils, the environment in which they occur, and their suitability (or limitations) for specific uses. The maps at the back of the report show the distribution and extent of various soi1 associations and landforms. Individual soi1 associations and landforms are identifîed by unique symbols whose characteristics are briefly described in the map legend. A more thorough description of the soi1 associations is contained in this report. The soi1 and landform maps may be used by planners, managers, and researchers to evaluate a wide variety of land uses. The maps represent reconnaissance scale of survey and are intended as an overview for planning pur-posesand general management decisions. Site specific applications Will require additional on-site inspection.

V SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Table of Contents

Page Acknowledgements ...... iii Abstract ...... iv How to use the soi1 and landform report and maps ...... v Table of Contents ...... vi List of Figures ...... xi List of Tables ...... xii List of Plates ...... xiii List of Maps ...... xiii CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1.1 Location, Extent and Access ...... 1 1.2 History ...... 1 1.3 Economie Activity ...... 3 1.4 Climate ...... 3 1.5 Physiographic Regions and Drainage ...... 12 1.6 Bedrock Geology ...... 14 1.7 Landforms and Surficial Materials (Soi1 Parent Materials) ..... 15 1.7.1 Glacial History ...... 15 1.7.2 Recent Events ...... 16 1.7.3 Distribution of Landforms within the Ashcroft Map Area . 22 1.8 Vegetation ...... 22 1.9 Agriculture...... 32 1.10 Forestry ...... 34 1.11 Wildlife and Waterfowl ...... 34 1.12 Fisheries ...... 35 1.13 Recreation ...... 35 CHAPTER TWO Soi1Survey, Mapping Proceduresand Mapping Philosophy 2.1 Mapping Procedures ...... 39 2.2 Reliability ...... 39 2.3 MapUnits .. 1 ...... 40 CHAPTER THREE A General Summary of Soils of the Ashcroft Map Area 3.1 Factors Affecting Soi1 Development in the Map Area ...... 45 3.2 The Soil Association Defined ...... 45 3.3 Soils of the Grassland Areas; the Chernozems ...... 49 3.4 Soils of the Lower Elevation Forested Areas; the Brunisols .... 49

vi SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Table of Contents (Continued) 3.5 Soils of the Mid-Elevation Forested Areas; the Luvisols ...... 50 3.6 Soils of the High Elevation Forested Areas; the Podzols ...... 51 3.7 Soils of the Floodplains and Poorly Drained Areas; the Regosols, Gleysols and Organics ...... 51 CHAPTER FOUR A Description of the Soi1Associations and their Characteristics 4.1 Map Symbols ...... 67 4.2 Landform Definitions ...... 68 4.3 Definition of Soi1 Association Components ...... 70 4.4 Soi1 Moisture Phases ...... 72 4.5 Slope Classes ...... 73 4.6 Soi1 Drainage Classes ...... 74 4.7 Description of the Soi1 Associations of the Ashcroft Map Area . . 75 Abbott Soils (AB) ...... 79 Alkali Soils (AK) ...... 79 Allamore Soils (AA) ...... 80 Allie Soils (AL) ...... 80 Andrew Soils (AD) ...... 81 Artisan Soils (AN) ...... 81 Ashton Soils (AH) ...... 82 Aylmer Soils (AY) ...... 82 Beaver Soils (BV) ...... 82 Beaverhut Soils (BT) ...... 83 Bester Soils (BR) ...... 83 Blustery Soils (BL) ...... 84 Bowman Soils (BW) ...... 84 Boxer Creek Soils (BX) ...... 84 Cache Creek Soils (CC) ...... 85 Cairn Mountain Soils (CR) ...... 85 Calling Soi1 (CL) ...... 86 Carabine Soils (CB) ...... 86 Carson Soils (CS) ...... 87 Cavanaugh Soils (CG) ...... 87 Cedarbench Soils (CZ) ...... 88 Chasm Soils (CM)...... 89 Chataway Soils (CY) ...... 90 Clapperton Soils (CP) ...... 90 Clemson Soils (CW) ...... 91 Cochiwa Soils (CV) ...... 91 Commonage Soils (CO) ...... 92 Conant Soils (CA) ...... 93 Courtney Soils (CT) ...... 94

vii SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Table of Contents (Continued) Crown Mountain Soils (CN) ...... 95 curnow soils (CX) ...... 95 Dominic Soils @N) ...... 96 Dunleavy Soils (D) ...... : ...... 96 Eugene Soils (EE) ...... 97 Flat Creek Soils (FT) ...... 97 Fleet Creek Soils (FL) ...... 98 Frances Soils (FS) ...... , 98 Frisken Soils (FR) ...... * 99 Gisborne Soils (GN) ...... 99 Glimpse Soils (GS) ...... 100 Glossey Soils (GY) ...... 100 Godey Soils (GD) ...... 101 Gorge Creek Soils (CG) ...... 102 Gwenn Soils (GW) ...... 102 Hallamore Soils (HA) ...... 103 Helmcken Soils (HN) ...... 103 Hemp Soils (H) ...... 103 Holden Soils (HD) ...... 104 Hooligan Soils (HO) ...... 104 Hotfïsh Soils (HH) ...... 105 Inkitsaph Soils (IT) ...... 105 Inkoiko Soils (IK) ...... 105 Izman Creek Soils (IZ) ...... 106 Kanaka Soils (KK) ...... 106 Kerr Soils (KR) ...... 107 Kha Lake Soils (KH) ...... 107 Klept Lake Soils (KP) ...... 108 Klowa Creek Soils (KL) ...... 108 Kumkan Soils (KM)...... 109 Kwoiek Soils (KW) ...... 109 Lac du Bois Soils (LD) ...... 110 Laluwissen Soils (LS) ...... 110 Laurel Soils (LL) ...... 111 Lundbom Soils (LM) ...... 111 Maiden Soils (MD) ...... 112 McKnight Soils (MG) ...... 112 McLaren Soils (ML) ...... 113 McQueen Soils (MQ) ...... 114 Meander Soils (MA) ...... 114 Medicine Soils (MC) ...... 115 Mellin Soils (ME) ...... 115 Minnie Soils (MN) ...... 116 Mossey Soils (MS) ...... 116 Oregon Jack Soils (0) ...... 117 Placid Soils (PD) ...... 117 Rail Soils (RL) ...... l17

. . . Vlll SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Table of Contents (Continued) Rayonier Soils (RA) ...... 117 Rennie Soils (RE) ...... 118 Rock Outcrops (RO) ...... 118 Saatin Soils (SA) ...... 118 Scuitto Soils (ST) ...... 119 Shumway Soils (SM) ...... 119 Soues Soils (SO) ...... 119 Spius Creek Soils (SP) ...... 120 Stolle Soils (SL) ...... 120 Struthers Soils (SE) ...... 120 Succour Soils (SR) ...... 121 Teather Soils (TT) ...... 121 Ternan Soils (TR) ...... 121 Timber Soils (TM) ...... 122 Tisdall Soils (TD) ...... 122 Tole Soils(TL) ...... 123 Trachyte Soils (TH) ...... 123 Tranquille Soils (TQ) ...... 124 Trapp Lake Soils (TP) ...... 125 Truda Mountain Soils (TU) ...... 126 Tsintsunko Soils (TO) ...... 126 Tullee Soils (TE) ...... 127 Tunkwa Soils (TW) ...... 128 CHAPTER FIVE SelectedSoi1 Interpretations 5.1 Agriculture, Forest and Grazing Capability of the Soi1 Associations ...... 133 5.1.1 Typical Forest Capability Rating ...... 133 5.1.2 Typical Agriculture Capability Rating ...... 135 5.1.3 Typical Grazing Capability Ratings ...... 139 5.2 Soi1 Fertility of Sampled Soi1 Associations of the Ashcroft Map Area ...... 150 5.2.1 Discussion of Soi1 Chemistry and Fertility Considerations ...... 150 5.2.2 Estimated Soi1 Fertility of the Sampled Soi1 Associations of the Ashcroft Map Area ...... 155 5.3 . Susceptibility of Soils to Erosion and Mass Movement in the Ashcroft Map Area ...... ; ..... 169 5.4 Engineering Properties of Soils ...... 176 5.4.1 Estimated Soi1 Properties Significant to Engineering ... 176 5.5 Selected Interpretation of Soils Based on Engineering Properties ...... 182

REFERENCES ...... 191

ix SQILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Table of Contents (Continued) APPENDM A Previous Soi1Surveys A.1 PreviousSoi1 Surveys within the Ashcroft Map Area ...... 203 A.2 Soi1Surveys in AreasAdjacent to the Ashcroft Map Area . . . . 205

APPENDIX B List of Soi1Profile Descriptions and Analysesfor Soi1 AssociationsSampled in the Ashcroft Map Area ...... 211

APPENDIX C SelectedSoi1 Profile Descriptions and Analysesfor someof the more Extensive Soi1Associations in the Ashcroft Map Area ...... 217

X SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA List of Figures Figure Page 1 Generalmap showingthe areacovered by the survey ...... 2 2 Freeze-freeperiods (days) of the Ashcroft map area ...... 7 3 Growing-degreedays of the Ashcroft map area ...... 8 4 Climatic moisturedeficit/surplus of the Ashcroft map area ...... 9 5 Climate capabilityfor agriculture.Classes 1, 2 and 3 are rated for irrigation ...... 10 6 Physiographicregions of the Ashcroft map area ...... 13 7 Generalizedbedrock groups for differentiatingbetween soil associationsin the Ashcroft map area ...... 17 8 Schematiccross section of SouthThompson River valley eastof Kamloops...... 18 9 Schematiccross section of ThompsonRiver valley at Ashcroft ..... 19 10 Schematiccross section of FraserRiver valley near Pavilion ...... 20 11 Schematiccross section of Hat Creek valley near Upper Hat Creek ... 21 12 Generaldistribution of surficial materialsin the Ashcroft map area ... 23 13 Vegetationzones of the Ashcroft map area ...... 25 14 A generalguide to biophysicalforest, zones and subzones in the Ashcroft map area ...... 26 15 Generalizedimproved agriculturecapability ratings in the Ashcroft map area ...... 33 16 Synthesisof a biophysicalmapping unit ...... 41 17 Schematicdiagram of generaltrends in soil great groupswith increasingelevation and/or precipitation in the Ashcroft map area .... 46 18 Soi1profile developmentand soi1great group trends within the Ashcroft map area ...... 47 19 Generalizeddistribution of soi1great groupsand Chemozemic subgroupswithin the Ashcroft map area...... 48 20 Brown Chernozemsoi1 associations ...... 52 21 Dark Brown Chemozemsoi1 associations ...... 53 22 Black Chemozemsoi1 associations ...... 54 23 Eutric Brunisol soil associations...... 55 24 Dystric, Sombricand Melanic Brunisol soi1associations ...... 57 25 Gray Luvisol soi1associations ...... 59 26 Humo-Ferricand Ferra-HumicPodzol soi1 associations ...... 61 27 Regosol,Gleysol and Organic soi1associations ...... 63 28 Soi1- landform mapsand reports for areasadjacent to the Ashcroft map area ...... 205 29 Location of soi1association sampling sites in the Ashcroft map area ...... 212

xi SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA List of Tables Table Page 1 Climatic Statistics for Selected Stations ...... 6 2 Climate Capability for Agriculture Classes, as applied to the Ashcroft Map Area ...... 11 3 A Comparison of Vegetation (Biophysical Forest) Zones and Biogeoclimatic Zones ...... 24 4 Correlation of Vegetation Zones, Grasslands and Soi1 Development ... 30 5 Great Soi1 Groups and Associations of the Grasslands Areas ...... 50 6 Definition of Landforms and Map Symbols for the Soil/Landform Maps of the Ashcroft Map Area ...... 68 7 Definition of Soi1 Association Components ...... 71 8 Soi1 Moisture Phases ...... 72 9 Slope Classification ...... 73 10 Soi1 Drainage Classes ...... 74 11 Stoniness Classes ...... 75 12 General Key to Soi1 Associations of the Thompson Plateau ...... 77 13 General Key to Soi1 Associations of the Coast Mountains, Fraser Plateau and Shuswap Highlands ...... 78 14 Forestry Capability Classes and Subclasses ...... 134 15 Agriculture Capability Classes and Subclasses ...... 137 16 Grazing Capability Classes and Subclasses ...... 139 17 Typical Capability Ratings for Forestry, Agriculture and Grazing ... 141 18 Total Nitrogen Classes used to Rate Soi1 Fertility ...... 152 19 Cation Exchange Capacity Classes used to Rate Soi1 Fertility ..... 153 20 Base Saturation Classes used to Rate Soi1 Fertility ...... 154 21 Estimated Fertility of Sampled Associations in the Ashcroft Map Area ...... 157 22 Estimated Fertility of Non-Sampled Soi1 Associations within the Ashcroft Map Area ...... 168 23 Guide for Evaluating Surface Erosion and Mass Movement Potential of Mineral Soils ...... 171 24 Erosion and Some Hydrologie Interpretations of Ashcroft Map Area Soi1 Associations ...... 172 25 Estimated Soi1 Properties Significant to Engineering ...... 177 26 Selected Interpretations for Soils of the Ashcroft Map Area, Based on Engineering Properties ...... 185 27 Correlation between Soi1 Associations of this Report and Soi1 Series in Sprout and Kelley, 1963 ...... 204 28 Correlation Between Tulameen Soils Map and Report (Lord and Green, 1974) and Soils Mapped in the Ashcroft Map Area ...... 207 29 List of Sampled Soi1 Associations ...... 211 xii SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA List of Plates Plate Page 1 CacheCreek to Hat Creek ...... xiv 2 Ashcroft to Hat Creek ...... 36 3 Bridge River towardsPavilion Lake ...... 42 4 ThompsonRiver downstreamof SpencesBridge ...... 64 5 Merritt East to DouglasLake ...... 130 6 East of Kamloopsalong the SouthThompson River ...... 188 7 West of Kamloopsto Savona ...... 200 8 Southof Kamloops...... 208 9 ThompsonPlateau from Guichon Valleyto Stump Lake ...... 214

List of ‘Maps 1: 100 000 Soil/Landforms92I/NE Kamloops ...... back pocket 1: 100000 Soil/Landforms92I/NW Ashcroft ...... back pocket 1:lOO000 Soil/Landforms92I/SW Lytton ...... back pocket 1: 100 000 Soil/Landforms92I/SE Merri tt ...... back pocket

. . . x111 Plate 1: CacheCreek to Hat Creek Cache Creek is located on coarse textnred, rapidly drained soils of the Godey association. Since this oblique aerial photograph was taken (1952), most of the fluvial fan has been developed for urban uses. The Bonaparte River floodplain cons& of poorly drained, saline, stone-free soils of the Frisken association. Adjacent to the floodplain are basic, medium to coarse textured soils of the Cache Creek association. The grassland soils near McLaren Lake belong to the Mossey soi1 association while these in Upper Hat Creek mainly belong to the Medicine association. The forested soils between Cache Creek and Upper Hat Creek are primarily morainal soils of the McIaren association. B.C. Photo 65368. xiv CHAPTER ONE

Introduction SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA 1.1 Location, Extent And Access The Ashcroft map area (NTS 92 1) is situated in south-central British Columbia and occupies a large part of the Interior Plateau (Figure 1). The map area lies between 120” and 122” west longitude and between 50” and 51” north latitude. It is about 143 km (88 mi) from east to west and 110 km (68 mi) from south to north. It occupies about 15 500 km* (6000 mi*) or 1.5 million ha (3.8 million acres). The largest City, Kamloops, is located on the Trans-Canada Highway and is serviced by both Canadian Pacifie and Canadian National railways. All three routes traverse the map area from northeast to southwest. Ashcroft and Lytton are other localized centres on these major transportationroutes. Menitt and Lillocet are joined by surfaced roads to the main transportation routes. Major highways also run north from the Trans-Canada Highway at Cache Creek and Kamloops. From these main surfaced roads there extends a network of secondary roads which provide good access throughout most of the survey area.

1.2 Interior Salish people were the first inhabitants in the survey area. This ethnie group spoke four different languages: Lillooet, Thompson, Shuswap, and Okanagan (Duff, 1964). There were semi-permanent villages along the Thompson and Fraser rivers, with villages also located near Douglas and Nicola lakes. Winter dwellings, known as keekiwillies, were more or less permanent while teepeeswere moved to a number of campgrounds during the summer (Balf, 1969). In 1808, Simon Fraser travelled down the Fraser River and was the fïrst European explorer to traverse the study area. While passing the mouth of the Thompson River, Fraser named the river after David Thompson, thinking he was exploring its headwaters. Thompson was actually on the Columbia River, however, and never saw the river that came to bear his name (Hutchinson, 1950). Fur traders rapidly penetrated the area and in 1812 the Hudson’s Bay Company established a post at Cum Clou~s, the site where Kamloops is situated today (Balf, 1969). Fur traders and their pack trains were the main activity within the area until prospectors began to find gold along the bars of the Fraser River in 1856. The Cariboo Gold Rush of 1858, although centred north of the Ashcroft map area, had a profound effect on the region, as gold seekers travelled along the Fraser and Thompson rivers to reach the gold fields. The Cariboo Wagon road was constructed to accommodate the gold seekers and the settlements of Lytton and Lillooet sprang into existence (Wade, 1979). The regional economy changed from fur trading to supplying goods and services to miners. The demand for beef brought in cattle drives from the United States and started the ranching industry in the region. The natural grasslands were utilized for overwintering herds before proceeding to the Cariboo gold fields (Lutz, 1980). Settlers were allowed to pre-empt 160 acres with full title after improvements were met. Land prices were attractive and ranchers formed the nucleus of the new interior settlements (Weir, 1955). Some of the gold seekers turned to ranching, establishing ranches such as 1 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Figure 1. General map showing the area coveredby the survey. 2 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Quilchena.The Douglas Lake Cattle Company comered the market for supplying cattle to the CanadianPacifïc Railway, which began survey and construction through the study areain 1871(Wooliams, 1979). The CanadianPacifïc Railroad(CPR) brought changesboth during constructionand after when the region was connectedto the rest of Canada.Sternwheelers plied Kamloops Lake and the North and South Thompsonrivers to supply the railroad construction gangs. Stemwheelerswere also used on the Fraser River north of Lytton during tbe gold rush days.

1.3 Economie Activity The economyof the Ashcroftmap amais dividedbetween mining, foresu-y,agriculture, transportation,and recreation. Several large copper mines are located in the map area, mainly in the Highland Valley, someof which also produce molybdenumand other metals. Large deposits of coal occurin the Hat CreekValley. Cattle ranching is the major form of agriculturewithin the study area.The open to semi-opengrasslands below 1000 m elevationare well suited for the productionof cattle. There are many ranchesof varying size; the largest is the Douglas Lake ranch eastof Merritt. Irrigated foragesused for winter feedingare grown where the soils are suitable. The warm summer temperaturesassociated with the lower elevationalareas along the Thompsonand Fraserrivers enableproduction of somefruit and vegetablecrops with irrigation.There is, however,some risk of winter damagedue to coldtemperatures. The major highwayswhich crossthe study area generatetheir own economiesand are the mainstayof placessuch as Cache Creek. The major railway routes which crossthe study areaalso add to the economy. Recreationalfishing, boating,hunting, and hiking are good and tourism is becoming an increasinglyimportant industry.

1.4 Climate The CoastMountains have a markedeffect on the climateof interior British Columbia, including the Ashcroft map area. The mountain range impedesthe flow of moist Pacifie air massesinto the Interior and the movementof cold Arctic air massesfrom the Interior to the Coast. Winter outbreaksof very cold Arctic air occasionallypenetrate the valleys of the study area. Winter temperaturesof -20°C in valley bottoms are not uncommonand extreme winter minitiutm temperaturesnear -40°C have been recorded.During the fall and winter months inversionconditions often result in stable,overcast or foggy conditionswhich may persistfor severaldays.

3 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

In bath summer and winter, air massesfkom the Pacifie move inland and are uplifted as they pass over the Coast Mountains. The lifting cools the air and condenses the water vapour, resulting in heavy precipitation on the windward side. As the air mass descends on the leeward side it is much drier and warms at a rapid rate, producing the familiar warm and dry climate of the southem Interior. Precipitation within the map area decreasesslightly from the west towards the centre, tben gradually increases from there to the eastem boundary. Seasonal (May to Sep- tember) precipitation in the major valleys averages near 100 mm, and ranges from a low of 90 mm at Lytton and Ashcroft to a high of about 130 mm in the Kamloops area. Precipitation incmases rapidly with increasing elevation, with the western portion of the survey area being somewhat drier than the eastem. In the west, the 200 mm seasonal precipitation isoline occurs between an elevation of 1300 to 1400 m. In the east, the same isoline is between 1ooO to 1200 m. Long ter-m winter precipitation data are available at only a few selected valley bottom stations (Table 1). These data indicate that for most stations 25 to 35% of the annual precipitation falls as snow. The effect of elevation on snowfall is also evident at the long-term stations where the percentage of October to April precipitation which falls as snow increases with elevation (Table 1). The frost-free days, growing-degree days, climatic moisture deficit/surplus, and the climatic capability for agriculture shown in Figures 2 to 5 have been generalized from l:lOO,OOO scale maps. These climatic parameter maps, as well as additional maps showing the location of the climate stations in the Ashcroft map area and the May to September precipitation, are available from the same source as this publication and have been produced by Meterological Services Unit, Waste Management Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Environment. Marsh (unpublished) and Williams (unpublished) describe the methods and list the normalized data and parameters used to derive the climatological parameter maps. Freeze-free period is a measure of consecutive days without freezing temperatures. Freeze-free period is highly variable throughout the area. Periods in excess of 180 days occur along the benches of the Fraser River from Lillooet to Lytton. Since cold air is more dense, it tends to collect in the valleys and depressional areas. This causes the freeze-free period on the valley sides to be greater than that at the lower elevation valley floors. An example is the freeze free-period of less than 110 days in the valley bottom at Menitt while on the adjacent hillsides it is in excess of 120 days. For conditions other than cold air pooling, increasing elevation results in a decreasing freeze-free period. In general, the freeze-free period is quite consistent at the higher elevations. For example, a fkeze-free period of 80 days occurs consistently near 1200 m elevation (see Figure 2). Growing-degree days is a measure of heat calculated by adding a11mean daily temperaturesabove a threshold value of 5°C. A day in which the maximum temperature is 20°C and the minimum temperature is 10” has a mean of 15°C and would contribute 10 growing-degree days to a cumulative total. In springtime, growing-degree days are calculated fi-om the first day of the first consecutive five day period in which the daily mean temperature is equal to, or greater than the 5°C threshold. Calculations cesse in the fa11on the last day of the last consecutive five days when the daily meantemperature is equal to, or greater than the same threshold value.

4 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Growing-degree days in excess of 2600 occur in the western valleys of the map area near Lillooet, Lytton and SpencesBridge. The eastem portion of the study atea is somewhat cooler with 2100 growing degree days occurring near Kamloops and 1900 near Merritt. This parameter decmasesrapidly to 1100 at elevations near 1400 m and 1200 m, in the western and eastem parts of the map area, mspectively (seeFigure 3). The difference between seasonal(May to September)pmcipitation and seasonalpotential evapotranspirationis defined as the climaric moisturedejïcit (if negative) or surplus (if positive). Deficits in the major valleys range from 500 mm near Lytton and Spences Bridge, to 400 mm in the Mer& and Kamloops area,to 300 mm in the North Thompson River valley. In general, a balance between seasonalprecipitation and potential evapotranspiration occurs near 1500 m elevation with the exception of the Douglas Lake piateau areawhere it occurs near 1350 m (seeFigure 4). Climatic Capability for Agriculture is based on a combination of heat, cold, and moisture as expressed by freeze-free periods, growing degree days, and climatic moisture deficit/surplus (Figures 2, 3 and 4). The severe climatic moisture deficits in the map area limit the natural (unirrigated) climatic capability for agriculture of the major valleys to classes 5, 0 or 7. With irrigation, these areas improve to classes 1, 2 or 3, limited only by extreme winter minimum temperatures. Figure 5 shows the improved agricultural classes for the major valleys. In general, class 1 climatic capability for agriculture is found below 1000 m elevation and classes 5 to 7 above 1300 m elevation (See Figure 5). Table 2 defines the combinations of heat, cold, and moisture which determine the Climate Capability for agriculture. As the growing-degreesincrease and the freeze-f%e period lengthens, SOdoes the range of crops which cari be grown. Table 2 explains the classes in Figure 5. It should be noted that although the climate capability is class 1, the soi1 capability for agriculture within the same area is seldom class 1. Only a few of the soils are suitable since most have severe limitations for agriculture uses as cari be seen when Figure 5 (Climate Capability) is compared to Figure 15 (Generalized Soi1 Capability for Agriculture). SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Table 1. Climatic Statistics for SelectedStations

T Precipitation T Percentage October to April Elevation Annual May to Snowfall Precipitation as September (mm) (ml (mm) (cm) Snow

346 260.5 128.5 77.1 57 590 254.4 90.7 87.6 53 258 462.9 89.4 141.6 37 305 212.5 104.9 49.4 46 899 317.1 137.9 133.0 73

Climatic Mean Temperature Moisture (‘Cl Def icit (mm) Januar-y July

Kamloops 145 169 116 2 202 423.9 -6.0 20.9 Merritt Lvtton 118 164 74 1 663 382.0 -7.7 17.5 Ashcroft 187 206 155 2 539 427.2 -3.6 22.0 Hat Creek 169 180 145 2380 447.3 -6.5 21.4 Barriere’ 50 86 13 1 156 337.3 -11 .o 15.1

*Barriere is located slightly north of the Ashcroft map area on the North Thompson River.

Figure 3. Growing-degreedays of the Ashcroft map area. 8 Figure 4. Climatic moisture deficit/surplus of the Ashcroft map area. 9 Figure 5. Climate capability for agriculture. Classes1,2 and 3 are rated for irrigation. 10 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Table2. Climate Capability for Agriculture Classes,as applied to the Ashcroft map area. (Classesare generalizedfrom ResourceAnalysis Branch, 1978, and BE. Land Inventory, 1972).

Freeze-Free Growing-Degree Climatic Glass Range of Crops Period Days Moisture Defici ( Ws) (Degree Days) (mm) (Figure 2) (Figure 3) (Figure 4)

lb crops listed below plus: >150 1780 to 2059 Irrigation asparagus, peppers, melons, assumed tomatoes, watermelons, cucumbers

la crops listed below plus: 120 to 150 1505 to 1779 Irrigation hardy apples assumed

1 crops listed below plus: 90 to 119 1310 to 1504 <40 corn

2 crops listed below plus: 75 to 89 1170 to 1309 40 to 115 asparagus, carrots, beets, leeks, brocolli, turnips, brussel sprouts, Swiss chard, wheat

3 crops listed below plus: 60 to 74 1030 to 1163 116 to 190 strawberries, raspberries, potatoes, , lettuce, peas, spinach, cauliflower. forage crops - aifalfa, sweet clover, brome grass and timothy. cereal crops - oats and barley.

4 mainly forage crops with some 50 to 59 1030 to 1169 191-265 hardy cool season vegetables

5 only forage crops 30 to 49 780 to 1029 266 to 340

6 native grazing and browse <30 670 to 779 341 to 415

7 no agriculture potential <30 ~670 >415

11 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA 1.5 Physiographic Regions And Drainage Physiographic regions, after Holland 1964, have been used as a primary stratification in delineatinglgrouping the soil associationsof the Ashcroft map area (sec Figure 6). Soil associationsare unique to a physiographicregion (seeTables 12 and 13, Chapter 4.7). The Thompson Plateau is the most extensive physiographic region in the study area; it is bounded on the west by the Clear Range and Cascade Mountains. The transition to these ranges is gradua1 as the plateau surface rises gently towards the mountains; this is also true of the transition to the Shuswap Highlands which bound the plateau to the east. The plateau surface is a gently rolling upland of low relief between 1220 and 1520 m elevation (4000 and 5000 ft), with more resistant rock rising above the old erosion surface to 1810 m (5940 ft) on Gnawed Mountain, 1726 m (5666 ft) on Swakum Mountain and 1693 m (5556 ft) on Iran Mountain (Holland, 1964). The Thompson plateau drainage system is entrenched 300 m (1000 ft) to 600 m (ZOO0 ft) below the general elevation of the plateau surface. The north and south Thompson rivers have relative low gradients above Kamloops Lake, but drop rapidly to join the Fraser River at Lytton. Kamloops Lake, 1330 m (1100 ft) is the largest lowest elevation lake in the study area. The Deadman, Bonaparte, and Nicola rivers have relatively low gradients in their Upperreaches with steepergradients in the final reachesas they descend to the more deeply entrenchedThompson River. Guichon, Quilchena, Clapper-ton,Hat, and Moore creeks are the major drainagesoriginating on the plateau surface in the study area. Nicola, Stump, Trapp, Shumway, Lac La Jeune, Douglas, Mamit, and Pennask lakes a.Uoccur on the Thompson Plateau, about 300 m (1000 ft) above the elevation of Kamloops Lake. The Coast Mountains lie to the west of the Fraser River and Fraser Fault Zone which coincides with the Fraser Valley. T%e Fraser River descendsfrom 460 to 330 m (1500 to 1000 ft) elevation as it flows through the study area. The Coast Mountains contain the highest, most rugged peaks in the study area; Skihist Mountain rises to 2944 m (9660 ft) elevation and is the highest while Stein Mountain is 2773 m (9100 ft). Drainages such as Kwoiek and Texas creeks have steep gradients and empty directly to the Fraser River. The CascadeMountains lie east of the Coast Mountains and are separated from them by the Fraser River. These mountains are more subdued than the Coast Mountains and the degree of dissection is less. Mount Lytton 2043 m (6706 ft), Mount Zakwaski 2403 m (6703 ft) and Jackass Mountain 2008 m (6588 ft) are the highest in this physiographic region. There is a gradua1 transition from these mountains to the Thompson Plateau to the east. Nicoamen River, Mowhokan, Prospect and Siska creeks are the major drainages. The Shuswap Highlands consist of gently to moderately sloping plateau areas between elevations of 1520 and 1980 m (5000 to 6000 ft) and occupy only a small part of the map area in the northeast. Mount Lolo 1675 m (5500 ft) is the highest elevation in this physiographic region. The main drainage is provided by Louis and Heffley creeks.

12 Figure 6. Physiographicregions of the Ashcroft map area, modified after Holland, 1!%4.

13 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

The Fraser Plateau consists in part of the Camelsfoot and Clear ranges which are separatedby the Fraser River. Blustry Mountain 2328 m (7640 ft) and Mount Carson 2096 m (6877 ft) are the highest peaks. Short, steep creeks drain these ranges on the west to the Fraser River, whereas the more gentle gradient streams of Hat Creek and Murray Creek drain eastward. An area lying north of the Tranquille River and west of the North Thompson Valley is also part of the Fraser Plateau.

1.6 Bedrock Geology A general overview of bedrock geology is necessary to develop an understanding of the distribution and kinds of soils that occur in the map area. The chemical and physical properties of bedrock types often determine or influence soi1 characteristics and soi1 development. Bedrock geology has been used as a means of separating soi1 associations in the map area. The fïrst comprehensive surveys of bedrock geology in the Ashcroft map area were carried out by Cockfield (1948), who mapped the east half, and by Duffel and McTaggart (1952), who mapped the west half. Since the initial mapping was completed, studies of specific bedrock groups or specific aspects of geology have been carried out by Mathews (1968), Mathews and Rouse (1963), McMillan (1978), Preto (1969), Schau (1968) and others. The oldest bedrock in the map area is of sedimentary origin and dates from the Carboniferous and Permian Periods (285 million years ago to 200 my ago). These sedimentary rocks form parts of the Marble Canyon and Cache Creek groups (Roddick, Muller and Okulitch, 1979) and include thick limestone beds which make up the Marble Range. Some extrusive volcanic rocks dating from these periods also form part of the Cache Creek Group. The most extensive early volcanic rocks, however, are those of the Nicola Group. Granitic plutons intruded the older sedimentary and volcanic rocks. The Guichon Batholith is the oldest, dating between Upper Triassic and early Middle Jurassic (approximately 180 my to 130 my ago). The Pennask and Mount Lytton batholith followed in the Mesozoic Era. The Scuzzy Pluton, located in the Coast Mountains, is the most recent. Volcanic andesites and basalts from the Mesozoic Era form the Spences Bridge and Kingsville Croups (Duffell and McTaggart, 1952) and were followed by the Kamloops Group. The most recent volcanics are the Plateau lavas and basalt flows of the Miocene and Pliocene Epoch (25 my to 1 my ago). Figure 7 shows the distribution of bedrock types that generally result in soi1 parent mater& with similar properties, such as reaction and nutrient status. The groupings follow the work of Cockfield, 1948, and Duffel sud McTaggart, 1952, and summarized by Roddick, Muller and Okulitch, 1979.

14 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA 1.7 Landforms and Surficial Materials (Soi1 Parent Materials) Surficial materials are the unconsolidated deposits which overlie bedrock. The Upper part of the surfïcial mater& becomes altered through time by weathering and biological activities to form soil. The physical and chemical properties of the surfïcial mater& largely determine the texture, structure, and fertility of the soi1 that form on them Surficial materials (landforms) were mapped in conjunction .with soils in the Ashcroft map area. The glacial history of the map area and the resultant surfïcial deposits have been studied in the east half by Fulton (1969 and 1975) and in the west half of the area by Ryder (1976 and 1981). A brief summary extracted from these publications and maps provides a general overview of how the present landscape evolved. Four schematic cross sections, Figures 8 to 11, show the common surficial mater& and stratigraphie sequencesalong the valleys of the Thompson and Fraser rivers and in the Upper Hat Cmek Valley. These cross sections are after Ryder in Nicholsen et al., 1982.

1.7.1 Glacial History The map area was covered by ice during at least two glaciations separated by an interglacial period (Fulton, 1975). The last glaciation, named the Fraser Glaciation (Armstrong et al., 1965), first built up ice in the Coast Mountains to the west and gradually expanded southeastwardonto the Thompson Plateau. At the glacial maximum the zone of greatest ice accumulation was north and northwest of the study area and ice moved south and southeast. Fulton (1969) describes the glacial history and deglaciation events. Deglaciation was mainly by downwasting, with gradual exposure of upland surfaces although ice tongues remained in the valleys. The persistence of ice in most valleys disrupted the preglacial drainage pattems. Large glacial lakes accumulated behind both stagnant and active ice tongues in many larger valleys, while in the smaller valleys lakes occupied the margins of the melting ice. Two types of ice dammed lakes occurred. Upland lakes were of short duration and left thin, patchy glaciolacustrine deposits while lowland lakes were of longer duration, and accumulated thick glaciolacustrine materials. The upland lakes were fed by relatively clean meltwater which came directly off the ice, whereas the lowland lakes were supplied by meltwater which carried large quantities of silt derived from the now exposed upland areas. Upland glacial Lake Hamilton initially covered an area from Merritt to Stump Lake and east to Douglas Lake but later reduced in size to occupy only the lowlands between the present day Stump and Nicola lakes. It was then called Glacial Lake Merritt (Fulton, 1969). The thickest and best known glaciolacustrine deposits were laid down in Glacial Lake Thompson and are easily visible along the Trans Canada Highway east of Kamloops. These deposits are the white silts first noted by Dawson (1894) and are the subject of a special report and maps by Buchanan and Evans (1977). These silts,

15 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

though not extensive in the map area, are of special concern due to their susceptibility to piping, gullying and slope instability, which cause problems for urban development and roads (see Figure 9 for schematic cross section and Figure 12 for distribution). Morainal mater& (glacial till) are the most extensive deposits in the map area. Thick till covers much of the mid to lower elevations on the Thompson Plateau, and many of these amas are drumlinized. The higher elevations on the plateau and localized hills and bluffs elsewhere are covered by shallow till interspersed with outcrops of exposed bedrock (see Figure 12). Though not extensive, fluvioglacial deposits such as eskers, kames, and kame terraces occur in the major valleys, particularly along the Thompson River and Guichon Creek. The mater& were deposited by flowing water near the ice margins and vary greatly in texture over short distances.

1.7.2 Recent Events Since the disappearance of ice approximately 12,000 to 10,000 years ago (Clague, 1981), a variety of geomorphological processeshave modified the map area. Landslides and debris flows were probably more frequent during immediate post-glacial time than at the present day and numerous alluvial fans formed soon after deglaciation (Ryder, 197 1). A number of large landslides have taken place in the Deadman River Valley in volcanic rocks of the Kamloops Group (Cruden and Evans, 1979). The Drynock earthflow on the Thompson River between Lytton and Spences Bridge is still active (Vandine, 1980) as are the Pavilion and Hat Creek earthflows (Bovis, 1980). Landslide scarps are shown on the surficial geology maps (Fulton, 1975 and Ryder, 1976, and 1981). Silty lacustrine deposits along the Thompson River are also failing. Colluvial deposits resulting from the action of gravity and weathering are most extensive in the steeper parts of the Coast Mountain and Fraser Plateau physiographic regions and are more localized elsewhere. Extensive post-glacial terraces and floodplains have been deposited along the North and South Thompson rivers (Reid, 1974) and significant floodplains have developed along the Bonaparte and Nicola rivers. Many of the surficial deposits in the map atea have thin veneers of eolian materials. These are thickest and most continuous in the Thompson valley near Ashcroft.

16 OJqCjSôOLlEuk (3lNOllllc ‘el!uexoJld %l!lOp!JSd ySI?yY UOJl l l 3Alsntlu

‘E

WOlStMJ6 mdd ww dw elwetuol6uoo ‘ep(oetdeJ6 uyiunoyyssey3ey elk2JeLUol6Um ‘zuenb ‘ely!BE dnoJgMeJa aIJolsueeJ6 ‘euolsewy ‘el!zusnb ‘el!((!6= uJeiseeyeeJaeqx3 eptfs ‘eleJetUol6uo3 ‘euoispues eljsepue ‘il8seq ‘euoml!s ‘evme ueqo UO!l!AEd ‘le eleJetuol6uo3 hiuew!pas pu ‘elkys’euoispms SP% Jele@WI 3!qdJotm?laW JOLI~ e$!llAtjd ‘el!((!&t2 ‘iJet&t Jeytj eôp!Jg htw.N3r(la3

I!Jo!d ‘Ileseq ‘ei!sepua r?uI siuewjpes ‘el!sepue ‘ieseq Au sMoll ip?seq ‘wsl neelald qAdyV wsw ‘en3eJq’ai!sepue epns6u!M Ileseq’ei!sepue e6ppg seouedg en3eJq pue v-0 peieposss el!loAqJ ‘ei!sepue ‘ilkxeq SdoolweM keiewuoes JOUI~ ft m SOUTH NORTH I

600

South Thorrpson

1 nferred contact

roximate surface of Glacfal Lake -_.__._

Surfici a1 Materials and Stratigraphfc Sequence

Postglaci al: Fraser Glad at ion:

---v-m- -_- eolian sand and silt glaciolacustrine si lt - - - - - fans - chi ef ly rewrked si lt 22 recessional outrash gravels ::.*.*. . . . . - chiefly debris flors e%@ and hummocky grave1 ...<. fluvial sediments - chiefly silt and sand :::.:.:.:.:..;.:.. ti11 .,&:‘~&y: talus Older Drift

Bedrock 8 \\\ f? a SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Figure 9. Schematiccross sectionof Thompson River valley at Ashcroft. 19 t EAST MEST

- Fraser P bateau-

60C

40 Surficial Materials and Stratigraphie Sewe

Post g lad a1 : 000 y eolian sand and silt - general mantle - dunes colluvi a1 and alluvi a1 fans s, talus slopes J landslides in drift (older silt and till) w observed contact landsll des in bedrock +h. inferred contact -/- fluvial grave1 -r-r...,“,‘ val ley floor duri ng 1 Fraser Cladation: Fraser Glaci atton . . . . . recessional outwash grave1 E%edrock :;.;%y \\m ti11

Older Drift (many horl rontal layers . I (after Ryder, 1976) EAST

or older drlft

(after Aylesnotih, 1975)

Surficial Materials and Stratigraphie Sequence

Postglaci al:

alluvi a1 and colluvi a1 fans d observed cent au s / fluvi a1 sand and grave1 inferred contacts _A /- *0.0.0.

Fraser Glaciation:

hummxky and ridged grave1 A+ ti11 :..w-Y0.V..

Bedrock SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA 1.7.3 Distribution of Landfortis within the Ashcroft Map Area The surficial geology of the map area has been mapped at a scale of 1: 125 000 by Fulton (1975) and Ryder (1976 and 1981). Surficial materials form the basis for the 1:lOO 000 scale soil/landform maps included with this report. Detailed mapping at a scale of 1:20 000 has also been carried out within the Stein River basin by Ryder (198 1). Figure 12 shows the general distribution of surficial materials in the map area. Definitions of the landforms are given in chapter 4.2.

1.8 Vegetation Vegetation zones reflect broad climatic zones and have been used as a stratification level in defîning soi1 associations. For example, a group of soi1 associations has been defined as occurring in the Interior bunchgrass zone while another group has been defined for the subzones of the Interior Douglas-fir zone (see Tables 12 and 13 in Chapter 4.7). The biophysical forest regions, zones, and subzones used to stratify the soil landscape are based on criteria discussed by Walmsley and van Barneveld (1977). The biophysical zones and subzones are generally comparable to biogeoclimatic subzones developed by Krajina (1969) and modified by Mitchell and Green (1981) as shown in Table 3. The vegetation zone map in Figure 13 is compiled from several sources: forest inventory data, the soi1 association maps accompanying this report, the biogeoclimatic maps of Krajina (1975), and Mitchell and Green (1981), and small scale maps showing grassland distribution by Tisdale (1947), and Watson and Van Ryswyk (1980). Biophysical Forest (Vegetation) Zones are named after the kind of vegetation which grow and continuously reproduce in the zone if undisturbed and given enough time. This kind of vegetation is termed ‘climatic climax’ and is most suited to the climate within the zone. Many areashave been disturbed by fïre or Iogging and some younger vegetation occupies these areas. These are serai vegetation types and within any biophysical vegetation zone they Will gradually change until the climatic climax stage is reached, if no disturbance occurs. Figure 14 shows the vertical sequence of vegetation zones and the approximate elevational ranges. Interior BunchgrassZone (IBG) The Interior Bunchgrass Zone generally occurs at the lowest elevations, below 520 m (1700 ft) but extends up to 760 m (2500 ft) on some south aspects in the major valleys of the map area. Climax plant communities are dominated by bluebunch wheatgrass with lesser amounts of big sage, Sandberg’s bluegrass and prairie koeleria. This zone is subject to droughty conditions and has approximately 120 to 150 mm of growing season precipitation, low snowfall, hot summers and a relatively long freeze-free period (Lea et al., 1985).

22 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

23 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Table 3. A Comparison of Vegetation(Biophysical Forest) Zonesand BiogeoclimaticZones

3iophysicai Forest Regions, Zones and Subzones Biogeoclimatic Regions, Zones, and Subzones :Van Barneveld and Harcombe, 1976; Waimsley and (Krajina, 1969; Mitchell and Green, 1961) /an Barneveld, 1977)

Dry Interior Region Cordiileran Cold Steppe and Savanna Forest Region BG interior Bunchgrass Zone PPBG Ponderosa Pine - Bunchgrass Zone D interior Douglas-fir Zone PPBG(a) Very Dry Northern PPBG Grassland Subzone ID(a) Interior Douglas-fir-Ponderosa Pine Subzone 1 - (Kamioops Grassiand ID(b) Interior Douglas-fir-Lodgepole variant) Pine Subzone 2 - (Douglas Lake Grassland variant) ws Interior White Spruce Zone

>AeS-alF Subalpine Engelmann Spruce - Alpine Fir Canadian Cordilleran Forest Region Zone IDF interior Douglas-fir Zone SAeS-aiF (a) forested - Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir Subzone iDF(a) Very Dry Submontane Subzone SAeS-alF (b) forested - Lodgepole Pine Subzone iDF(b) Very Dry Montane Subzone SAeS-aiF (c) Krummholz Subzone iDF(c) Dry Submontane Subzone IDF(d) Dry Western Montane Subzone Coastal-lnterior Transition Region SBS Sub-boreal Spruce Zone CwH-WC Coastal Western Hemlock - Western Red Cedar Zone CwH-WC (b) Sera1 Douglas-fir Subzone Canadian Cordilleran Subalpine Forest Region MS Montane Spruce Zone AT Alpine Tundra Zone MS(c) Very Dry Southern Subzone

ESSF Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir Zone Subzones d, e, 1, pd, pe, pf

IDF Interior Douglas-fir Zone iDF(d) Dry Western Montane Subzone iDF(e) Subcontinental Subzone

Alpine Region AT Alpine Tundra Zone

24 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Figure 13. Vegetation Zonesof the Ashcroft Map Area. 25 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Areas which produce low moisture Areas which produce high moisture stress for plants such as north aspects stress to plants such as south aspects and/or moderately well to imperfectly and/or shallow soils and/or coarse drained, deep soils. textures with low moisture storage capacity

METRES METRES (feet)

- 2740 - highest mountains - -2740 - (9000) (9000) f Al 2440 - 2440 At (8000) (8000) - - 1 2130 -2130 (7000) (7000) -

1830 - 1830 (6000) (6000) SAeS-alF

1520 :wH-WC (6) - 1520 (5000) (5000) -- l _--- - -__--- 1220 - (4000) - ;4?%0)- ID(b) ___--- L-’ 7 ----rw2 - 910 - 910 WI (3000) I (3000)

ID(a) i 610 -610 -/ - (2000) (2000)

300 - 300 IBG (1000) (1000)

- lowest valley bottoms - :

Note the IwS zone and CwH-WC(b) subzone are restricted to minor portions of the survey area. Also note the range of the CwH-WC(b) subzone from 460 to 2130 m (1500 to 7000 ft). (Refer to Figure 13 for definition of the zone and subzone symbols).

Figure 14. A general guide to biophysical forest zonesand subzonesin the Ashcroft map area. 26 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

The zone is most extensive around Ashcroft and Cache Creek but extends along the Thompson River from east and north of Kamloops and to south of Spences’ Bridge. Another small portion occurs in the vicinity of Merritt and extends west to the lower Nicola area. Not a11present day grasslands are in this zone (see section on grasslands which follows the description of biophysical forest zones). Interior Douglas-fir Zone (ID) Characteristics of this zone are also described by Tisdale and Maclean (1957). Rowe (1972) considered it as part of the montane forest region. This region has also been studied by Tisdale (1948) and Tisdale and Maclean (1957) and Lea et al. (1985). The zone is characterized by climax communities on mesic sites that are dominated by Douglas-fir, with an understory dominated by bluebunch wheatgrass at lower elevations and soopolallie and pine grass at higher elevations. The zone has moderate moisture conditions (approximately 140 to 200 mm of growing season precipitation), moderate snowfall, warm summers and relatively long growing sea- sons. Presently, much of the zone is dominated at low elevations by open forests of ponderosa pine and bluebunch wheatgrass, or at higher elevations, closed forests of lodgepole pine, paper birch, trembling aspen, Douglas-fir, soopolallie and pine grass. The rate of succession is slow to moderate. Interior Douglas&- Zone: PonderosaPine Subzone(IDa) This subzone is characterized by successional communities dominated by ponderosa pine with an understory of bluebunch wheatgrass. On drier sites such as those at lower elevations, on southern exposures and sites with shallow soils, the vegetation tends to be similar to the Interior Bunchgrass Zone. The soils are generally poorly developed (Brunisolic soils) due to limited precipitation. The rate of succession is relatively slow. The subzoneis situated in an elevational band above the Interior Bunch- grass Zone and extends upward to elevations of between 920 to 1070 m (3000 to 3500 ft) on north aspects and 1070 to 1220 m (3500 to 4000 ft) on south aspects. The subzone receives more precipitation and has higher biomass productivity than the Interior Bunchgrass Zone and has been studied and summarized by Brayshaw (1955, 1970). This subzone also contains extensive ‘grasslands’ which are discussed later in this section. The Interior Douglas fir zone: Ponderosa Pine Subzone occurs in the major valleys of the Fraser and Thompson rivers, along the tributary Bonaparte, Deadman, and Nicola valleys, and occupies the valley floors of Hat, Guichon, and Quilchena creeks. The subzone also occupies some lower elevations between Merritt and Kamloops and around Douglas Lake. Interior Douglas-fir Zone : LodgepolePine Subzone(ID!) This subzone is characterized by having successional communities dominated by lodgepole pine with understoriesof soopolallie and pine grass. The subzone is subject to moderate precipitation and has warmer temperatures than the Interior White Spruce and Subalpine Engelmann spruce - Sub-alpine Fir zones. The soils frequently have clay-enriched subsurface horizons (Luvisolic soils) that may improve moisture and nutrient availability for plant growth. The rate of succession is moderate.

27 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA The Interior Douglas-fir Zone: Lodgepole Pine Subzoneis the most extensive within the map area. It is situatedelevationally above the ponderosapine subzone but below the SubalpineEngelmann Spruce - Alpine Fir zone (SAeS-alF),Interior white Spruce Zone (IwS) and, in places, below the Coastal Western hemlock - westernred cedar:seral rocky mountainDouglas-fir subzone (CwH-WC(b)). The ID(b) subzoneis generallylocated between 1070 to 1520m (3500to 5000 ft) elevationon southaspects and between920 to 1370m (3000to 4500ft) on north aspects. The subzoneis most extensiveon the ThompsonPlateau with the largestexpanses located south of KamloopsLake, east of the ThompsonRiver and north of Nicola River and Nicola Lake. In this areathe boundarywith the lower elevationponderosa pine subzoneis not alwayssharply defined as is the casenorth and southof Douglas and Chappertonlakes (see Figure 13). Other extensiveareas of this subzoneare located on the highlandsbetween Bonaparte and Deadmanrivers and east of the DeadmanRiver and north of KamloopsLake. The subzonealso occurs in the Cascade Mountainssouth of Lytton andis extensivenorth of Lytton to Hat Creekand continuing further north. The subzonealso forms a narrow elevationalband on east and south aspectsin the Coast Mountainswest of the FraserRiver. Interior White Spruce Zone (IwS) This zone is characterizedby climax communitiesof either white or hybrid spruce with an understoryof dwarf blueberry,northern twinflower and moss. Successional communitiesare dominated by lodgepolepine, soopolallieand pine grass.This zone is subjectedto moderateprecipitation and relatively cool temperatures.Soils are moderatelyleached (Luvisolic soils). The Interior White SpruceZone has limited distribution in the map area and only occurs on the TranquillePlateau north of Kamloopswhere it is the southernextent of a much larger zone which lies along the westernedge of the Interior Wet Belt. Interior white spruceis the climatic climax speciesand with either Rocky Mountain Douglas& or lodgepolepine as seralstages before climax. This zoneis elevationally confined to a band between920 to 1220m (3000 to 4000 ft). CoastalWestern Hemlock - Western Red Cedar Zone; Sera1Douglas-fir Subzone (CwH-WC(b)) This subzoneis most extensivein the higher rainfall areasin the south-westcorner of the map area,such as the Nahatlatch,Kwoiek, Steinand MowhokamRiver valleys. Coastalwestern hemlock and westernred cedarare the climatic climax specieswith Rocky MountainDouglas-fir and lodgepolepine as seralstages. This subzonecovers a wide rangeof elevations;on north aspectsit lies between460 and 1830 m (1500 and 6000 ft) and on south aspectsbetween 1070 and 2130 m (3500 and 7000 ft). Extremely steep slopes,often with coarsetextured, shallow to bedrocksoils, seem to exaggeratethe effectsof aspectto producethe wide elevationalranges. SubalpineEngelmann Spruce - Alpine Fir Zone; Forested Subzone(SAEs-alF) This subzoneis restricted to the higher elevation areasof the Ashcroft map area where Engelmannspruce and alpine fir form the climatic climax vegetation.The subzoneis most extensivein the Coast Mountains west of the Fraser River, in the CascadeMountains west of Hat Creek, and on the Tranquille Plateau north of Kamloops. Some higher elevation portions of the Thompson Plateau south of

28 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Kamloops Lake are also within this zone. On the ThompsonPlateau, the subzone generallylies above 1220to 1520m (4000to 5000 ft) on north aspectsand 1370to 1670 m (4500 to 5500 ft) on south aspects.In the higher precipitation areasof the Coastand CascadeMountains the subzoneextends to much lower elevations,reaching as low as 760 m (2500 ft) on north aspectsand 1070m (3500 ft) on south aspects. Herring (1977) has studiedadvance alpine fir regenerationin this subzone. Alpine ‘hndra Zone (At) Alpine tundra areasare restrictedto the highestelevations of the Coast and Cascade Mountains and the FraserPlateau. These areas are not extensiveand this zqne was not used as a stratificationto form new soi1associations as most of the alpine areas consistof steeprock outcrops. Grasslands The Interior Bunchgrasszone (IBG) is consideredthe only true climatic climax grasslandzone within the biophysicalforest zone framework (van Barneveld, 1981 pers.con-m.) while the biogeoclimaticzones of Krajina(1969) include the grasslandsin the PonderosaPine - BunchgrassForest zone. Mitchell and Green (1981)recognize a grasslandsubzone of the PonderosaPine - Bunchgrasszone. In most forest zones, grasslandsare considexedseral to forest communitiesor occurin edaphic,topographie or topoedaphicclimax situationsand this tends to down-play their importance.The grasslandsof the Ashcroft map area deservesome special mention, however, since they occupythe highestproportion of grasslandwithin any map areaof the province. (Fenger,1982.) Grasslandswere utilized early in the history of the province and noted in early studies(Dawson, 1894; Whitford and Craig, 1918).The arealextent of the grasslands dependson the percentageof tree caver permitted, if any, within the definition of grasslandthat is used. The first major grasslandstudy (Tisdale, 1947) included a sketch map showing their distribution in the province. A more recent map at a sirnilar scale was compiled using satelliteimagery (Watsonand van Ryswyk, 1980). Forest caver maps (British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Inventory Division) differentiate betweengrassland and productiveforest categories.Tisdale’s and Watson and van Ryswyk’s maps indicatemore grasslandsthan the biogeoclimaticzonation maps of Mitchell and Green (1981). In the latter, grasslandsare consideredas edaphic,topoedaphic or disclimaxphases within forestedzones. Using a11vegetation information sources,the most extensivegrasslands in the map area are those betweenNicola and Douglaslakes. Theseextend north to Kamloops and along the North and South ThompsonRiver Valleys. South of SpencesBridge the grasslandsare somewhatconfined within the Thompsonand Nicola River valleys; this is also true of the grasslandsalong the FraserRiver Valley.The valley bottoms of Hat and Guichoncreeks also contain grasslands. Many definitions and classificationsof grasslandshave been proposed. Tisdale (1947)recognized lower, middle and Uppergrassland zones. The lower zone,termed Bluebunchwheatgrass-sagebrush (Agropyron - Artemisia), has the least rainfall and lowest organic matter buildup in the surface soi1horizon. The Bluebunchwheat- grass- bluegrasszone (Agropyron- Poa), the middle grasslandzone, is slightly wetter and has more organic matter buildup while the Bunchgrass- Bluegrass (Agropyron - Festuca) or Uppergrassland zone receivesthe most moisture and has 29 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

the deepestbuildup of organic matter in the surface soil horizons. Thesefïndings are verified by van Ryswyk et ai., (1965) in a study of differencesbetween grasslands and grassland soils at various elevations. Van Ryswyk et al., (1985), recognizedsimilar grasslandzones but useddifferent speciesfor naming each zone. For example,the lower zone is namedArtemisia, the middle zone Stipa - Poa, and Upperzone Fesmca. Table4 showsthe correlationbetween Tisdale (1947), van Ryswk et al., (1966), the biophysicalforest zonesand subzones,and taxonomiesoil development. The grasslandsoi1 associations wem mappedusing a separateset of associationsfor each parentmaterial in eachbiophysical forest zone. Thesezones coincide with the great group level of soi1classification as shown in Table4. Soi1associations in each ChernozomicGreat Group are shown in cross sectionaldiagrams (Figures 20, 21 and 22).

Table 4. Correlation of VegetationZones, Grasslandsand Soi1Development

Biophysical Forest Zone and Grassland Classifications Soi1 Development Subzone (CSSC, 1973) Great Tisdale (1947) Van Ryswyck et al. Group Level (1965) IBG Interior Bunchgrass Zone lower - (Agropyron lower - (Artemisia) Brown Chernozem - Artemisia)

ID(a) Interior Douglas-fir Zone: middle - (Agropyron mi&jle - (St@ - Dark Brown Chernozem ponderosa pine subzone - Poa) Poa)

ID(b) Interior Douglas-fir Zone: uPPer - (AgropYron Upper - (Festuca) Black Chernozem lodgepole pine subzone - Festuca)

The AgricultureCanada Reseamh Station at Kamloopshas conductedseveral mseatch studiesdealing with the grasslandsof the map area.TO monitor the effectsof grazing, exclosureshave beeninstalled. A Handbook on Grazing Values of Range Plants of British Cohmbia has been publishedby McLean, Smith and Pringle (1964) and descriptions of grasslandranges were summarized by McLean and Marchand (1968). McLean and Tisdale (1960) analyzedthe chemical composition of native forage plants. McLean, Pringle and Willis (1961) addressedthe problem of overgrazing and recommendedseeding as a meansof restoringproductivity. Pringle and McLean (1962) issued a similar publication dealing with seedingforest ranges. McLean and Tisdale(1972) analyzedsome of the data obtainedfrom the grassland exclosuresand estimatedrange recovery rates. Lord and McLean (1969) discuss aerialphoto interpretationon British Columbiarangelands and Watson(1977) carried out a study of classificationof the Lac du Bois rangeusing remote sensing techniques. Parsonset aZ., 1971, discussessoi1 properties affecting Agropyron communitiesat Kamloops.There are many more studieswhich focus on grasslandswithin the Ashcroft map area. The grasslandshave also been the subject of several workshops and 30 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA publications dealing with interactions between cattle and wild ungulates and also relating to rangeland fertilization research (Kilcher et al., 1965). A Range Management Handbook for British Columbia has been edited by McLean (1980). A summary of ecology and management of the grasslands and forested rangelands for the province has been compiled by Strang (1980) and contains many references and studies relevant to the Ashcroft map area. Nicholson, McLean and Baker (1982) produced a symposium on grassland classification for the British Columbia Ministty of Forests. The Forest-Grassland Ecotone - a contribution by A. van Ryswyk, Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Kamloops. A grassland transect on morainal and ablation moraine deposits along an elevational and climatic gradient between Kamloops and Lac du Bois indicates that the ratio of growing season precipitation to evapotranspirationincreases gradually from the valley bottom at 350 m (1150 ft) elevation to about 800 m (2600 ft) elevation (van Ryswyk et al., 1965). Above this elevation, this ratio increasedmore rapidly towards the edge of the treeline at 945 m (3100 ft) elevation. The change in soi1 organic carbon along this transect closely parallels the ratio of growing season precipitation to evapotranspiration (Green and van Ryswyk, 1982). It is quite likely that the Upper 150 m (500 ft) of elevation along this studied grasslandtransect representsthe lower portion of a broad forest-grassland ecotone zone in which forest or grassland edaphic or topo-edaphic vegetation variants to should be expected to occur. Indeed, the higher elevation portion of this transect is associatedwith Dark Brown to Black Chemozemic soils supporting dense herbaceous vegetation (Agropyrun-Festuca) that would be quite capable of carrying periodic fires which would kil1 Young tree seedlings. Black Chernozemic soils on the Great Plains are considered to have been maintained in large part by fire (Dorrnaar and Lutwick, 1966; Pettapiece, 1969). (It may be argued whether fire is a climatic factor or one, like non-modal soils and/or topography, and grazing, that produces a variant vegetation.) About 10 km west of this transect, Lea et al., (1985) describes vegetation of the Interior Bunchgrass Zone extending up to about 750 m (2200 ft) (well below the break in the PE curve of the precipitation:evaporation ratio for the Lac du Bois transect) on south facing slopes, with morainal material and Brown Chernozemic soi1 development. Lea et al., 1985 describes the vegetation of the Interior Rocky Mountain Douglas-f% 2one:ponderosa pine subzone immediately above this ecotone zone on skeletal colluvial materials with a moisture regime that allows establishment and survival of ponderosa pine and Rocky Mountain Douglas-fïr. The herbaceous vegetation (Artemisiu-Agropyron) of the adjacent Brown Chemozems is less dense than that of the Black Chernozems and probably less susceptible to fire, SOthat fire frequency was low enough to allow the pine and fir to reach fîre resistant ages on the forested landscape (Brayshaw, 1970). In this instance, the grassland-forest boundary would not be fire-maintained but rather due to edaphic differences. This might indicate that the grassland-forestecotone covers about 300 m (lOa, ft) elevation or more, not unreasonable when the comparable ecotone (parkland) on the Prairies averages a distance of about 300 km (180 mi) (Pettapiece, 1969). An extreme example of an edaphic grassland variant exists in the Kamloops area where small areas of grassland vegetation occur at high (1500 m) elevation on steep, south facing slopes with shallow soils in the vicinity of Greenstone Mountain. These ‘outliers’ may be the remnants of a continuous grassland that existed during

31 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA the very warm and dry interval 10,000to 8,000 B.P. when grassland-forestbound- aries were much higher than at present (Hebda, 1982). Further evidence that vegetationzones were much higher during that period exist in the Princeton map area in the Alpine TundraZone. PodzolicBf horizonswere formed in remnant surface volcanic ash material in lee positions up to 2650 m (8600 ft) elevation on Lakeview Mt. This indicatesthat at least ericaceousshrub vegetationand possibly coniferous trees had reachedthat elevation, 490 m (1600 ft) above their present location at 2150 m (7000 ft) (van Ryswyk and Okazaki, 1979). A 9100 year old piece of charcoalwas found buried at 0.75 m in a buried Ah horizon of a Cumulic Regosolat 2460m (8000ft) on the samemountain, indicating tree vegetation existed at this site before9100 B.P. (van Ryswyk, 1971). On the other extreme,ponderosa pine communitiesexist at low elevationsin the Interior BunchgrassZone on deep, coarse textured materials that have available water at somedepth.

1.9 Agriculture Ranching is the most common agricultural enter-prisein the map area and makes widespreaduse of the extensivegrasslands. Weir (1955) containsa good summary of ranchingon the SouthernInterior Plateau.A more recentsynopsis of ranchingin the province by the Ministry of Forests (1980) outlines the Kamloops Region’s range resources.Chapter Five (section 5.1) outlines grazing capability ratings for the soi1associations described in this report. The B.C. Land Inventory provided agriculturalland capability ratingsusing the soil maps as a base.These agricultural capability maps are at a scaleof 1:50 000 and formed the basis of the Agricultural Land Reservesin the Ashcroft map area. The main limiting factor to unimprovedor non-irrigatedagricultural capability is climatic aridity and the lack of soi1moisture during the growing seasonfor lower elevation areas.Class 6 is the usualrating for the ThompsonValley and Class 5 for the Fraser Valleybetween Lytton and Lillooet. Unimprovedratings of classes4 and 5 aremore widespreadin the eastern half of tbe map area and generally coincide with the distributionof the mid-and-Uppergrasslands of the ThompsonPlateau where moistum deficienciesare lesslimiting. Improved agriculturalcapability cari be achievedmainly through irrigation, and sub- stantial changesin ratings often result. The improved and unimproved agriculture capabilityratings for each soi1association are given in ChapterFive (section5.1). Figure 15 showsthe generalizedimproved agriculture capability ratings for the soils of the Ashcroft map area.This map has beenderived from 1:50 000 scaleagricultural capability mapsavailable from the samesource as this publication.It is interesting to compareFigure 5 - Climate Capabilityfor Agriculture and Figure 15 - General Soi1Capability of Agriculture,Only a fraction of the area shown as Class 1 climate capabilityhave soils without somelimitation to agriculture.More detaileddescription of the capabilityclasses is containedin ChapterFive (section5.1) of this report Ratings are basedon agriculturecapability classifications summarized by Runka (1973) and more recently by Kenk (1983). 32 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA r I I

Figure 15. Generalizedimproved agriculture capability ratings in the Ashcroft map area. 33 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

1.10 Forestry The dominant land capability for forestry ratings throughout most of the forested uplandsof the ThompsonPlateau range from Class 3 to Class 5. A definition of classesand the rangeof productivityis containedin ChapterFive. The forest-grassland transitionareas are rated Class6, while the grasslandsare Class7. The main limiting factor for forestproduction is climaticaridity, which causessoil moisturedeficiencies. The higher precipitationlocations west of the FraserRiver have somevalley bottoms which are rated Class 1 and lower valley slopesrated Class 3; however these are somewhat restricted in area. The main limitations to forest growth in the Coast Mountainsare shallow to bedrocksoils, climatic exposure, and short growingseasons at the higher elevations.Generalized forestry capabilityclasses and limitations for each soil associationare given in ChaprerFive. Land capabilityfor forestrymaps, are availableat a scaleof 1:50000 from MAPS-B.C., Surveyand ResourceMapping Branch,British ColumbiaMinistry of Crown Lands.

1.11 Wildlife and Watetfowl The CanadaLand Inventory(1970) classifîed the Ashcroftmap areafor its capabilityto producewild ungulates.Five speciesof large ungulatesare residentin the map area. Mule deer are abundantthroughout the area in the summer, with wintering areas restricted to locations at low elevationssuch as along the Thompson and Nicola rivers. Moose occur in limited numbers,mostly in the easternhalf of the map area. Mountain goatsare common only in the Coast Mountains and winter on the rocky, south-facing slopes.Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep,introduced in the vicinity of SpencesBridge in 1928,still maintaina moderatepopulation. California bighom sheep,which were introducedalong the north shoreof Kamloops Lake in 1966, have expandedtheir populationslightly. Black bear and cougar are common throughout,while grizzly bearmainly occurwest of the FraserRiver. There have been a number of studiesand workshops dealing with ungulates.A workshop (Miltimore, 1972) dealt with interactionsbetween cattle and ungulates. Willms et al. (1979) studied mule deer and cattle interactionson big sagebrush rangesnear Kamloops.The feedinghabits of mule deer with changingsnow depth are summarizedby Willms, McLean, and Ritcey (1976). Willms and McLean (1978)also studiedfeeding habitats of tame mule deer near Kamloops.Willms et al. (1980)reported on the effectsof buming on forageselection by cattle and deer. CanadaLand Inventory (1969) alsorated the map area for its capability to produce waterfowl. Their findings indicatesome of the best waterfowl producing areasare the lakes in open grasslandareas, such as Minnie, Douglas,Nicola, and Chapperon. The Upper Hat CreekValley, Bachelor Range area, and the vicinity of Knutsford are also important waterfowl producers.Nesting is the main use; the most common speciesare mallards,pintails, blue winged teal, scaupand goldeneye.

34 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAI’ AREA

1.12 Fisheries GreatLakes char arefound in the largerdeep lakes of the valleys,Dolly Vardenchar are abundantin most streams,and kokaneeare residentin Nicola Lake. Four speciesof salmon migrate up the Fraser and Thompsonriver systemsto spawn. Kamloops trout are common; studieson this speciesare summarizedby Raymond(1980).

1.13 Recreation The CanadaLand Inventory (1971) produceda recreationcapability map for the Ashcroft map area.It indicatesthe land’s suitability for a wide rangeof recreational opportunities. Although warm water temperaturesand fine grave1beaches are common on Nicola and KamloopsLakes, family beachactivities are usually restricted to smallerlakes such as Paul Lake, due to unpredictable,strong winds on the larger water bodies.Fishing is a common activity on many of the smaller lakes with some reserved for fly fishing only. There are opportunitiesfor steelheadfishing and viewing migrating salmon along the Fraser, Thompson and Nicola rivers. Traditional native fishing methodscari be observednear Bridge River, while spawningsalmon may be viewed in the artificially createdspawning beds near Lillooet. The opportun@ for hunting or viewing of ungulates,waterfowl, and gamebirds is availablethrough most of the map area. The dry, desert-likeconditions along the ThompsonValley together with its naturalsce- nie beautymakes hiking, horsebackriding, and river travel enjoyable.The outstanding sceneryalong the Fraser Canyonand its many tributaries provides pleasantplaces for camping.The map area is rich in historic artifacts, and towns such as Ashcroft and Lillooet containold buildingsand muchof the lore of the gold rush days. The cold winter temperaturesprovide opportunitiesfor cross country and downhill skiing, snowshoeingand skidooingin the higher snowfall areasin the northeastand southwesternportions of the map area.

35 Plate2: Ashcroft to Hat Creek Note the gullies formed in the morainal deposits ncar Ashcroft The soils developed on less steep, morainal mater& in the foreground are in me Interior Bunchgrass zone and belong to the Tranquille and McKnight soi1 associations; Brown Chemozems are the most common soils. The grasslands near Upper Hat Creek are within the Interior Douglas-fu forest zone; ponderosa pine subzone. This zone receives more precipitation than the area near Ashcroft and the soils are Calcareous Black Chemozems chamcteristic of the Medicine association. The Douglas-fu and ponderosa pine forests between the two grassland areas are on medium textured Gray Luvisols typical of the McLaren association. In the Clear Range, the parent mater& is primarily colluvium. Soi1 development is either Dyshic or Eutric Brunisol depencling on the reaction of parent material and the degme of weathering. The soils in the Coast Mountains receive the most precipitation and Humo-Ferric Podzol is the usual soil development. B.C. Photo 653:63. 36 Chapter 2

Soil Survey, Mapping Proceduresand Mapping Philosophy -

SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA 2.1 Mapping Procedures Prior to the field work, preliminary assessmentof the terrain and accesswas under- taken on 1:70 000 scaleaerial photographsand 150 000 and 1:250 000 National TopographieSeries maps. A review of availableinformation on soil, climate, bedrock, surficial geology, and vegetation was also conducted.Boundaries between contrastinglandforms and soils were drawn on the aerial photographsusing visible landscapefeatures such as vegetation,slope, form and shapeof deposits,and photograph tone, texture, and pattern. Field work involved verifying the previously defined map unit boundariesand describingthe soil, vegetationand the landform characteristicswithin the boundaries. Field work consistedof gatheringsoil and related data along all passableroads. Pretypedmap units, boundaries,and symbolswere adjustedas necessary.From the gatheredinformation the soil associationlegend was developedand as new or different soils were encounteredthey were either placed within the existing soi1 legend framework or, if sufficiently extensiveand different, a new associationwas defined. TO assistin classification,samples from diagnosticsoil horizonswere taken for laboratory analysis.The soils were classifiedaccording to the systemof Soi1Classification for Canada(Canadian Soi1 Survey Committee, 1973). The main soi1characteristics of the profiles, suchas colour (accordingto the Munsell notation), horizon sequences,structure, texture, presence/absenceof mottles, were recorded. Characteristicsof the total physiographicenvironment were also mcorded, suchas drainage,stoniness, parent mater& topography,aspect, vegetation, and climate. Representativesoi1 samples of most soil associationswere collectedand analysedin the laboratoryand detailedsoil profile descriptionsrecorded. Forest plots were locatedon most soil associationsand mensurational data recorded. Eventually the soils were given namesfrom the areaswhere they were first found, plus symbols to denote the names.At the end of the field seasontypical profiles representativeof the major soi1associations were describedand sampledin detail. Soi1 boundarieswere transferredfrom the aerial photographsto 1: 50 000 scale topographiemaps. These maps, combined and printed at 1:lOO000 scaleare included with this report.

2.2 Reliability Mappingreliability depends partially on accessibilityand to someextent on landscape complexity.Accessibility was fair to good in the valleys,particularly those at mid-to- lower elevations.There are, however, significant ateas, mainly at the higherelevations in the westernhalf of the map area,where access was poor or non-existentand mapping was mainly by aerialphoto interpxetation and extrapolation. Reliability is thereforesomewhat dependent upon accessand all map units have not been field checked.Any map unit symbol Will not describe100% of what is in that polygon. Polygonsin which there is a denseroad network are expectedto be 85% reliable, areaswith sparseroad network, 75% reliable, and areaswith no access, 65% reliable (Valentineand Schori, 1980).

39 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA 2.3 Map Units The landform map units form the basisfor the soi1association map units; landform and soil associationboundaries and units are the same. A soil associationconsists of a group of soils that have developedon similar parent mater& and under similar climatic conditions. The vegetation zone provides an indirect indicationof climatic conditions.The linkagesbetween vegetation zone and the inferred climate and the parent materialsand drainageas expmssedby the soil associationform a soundbasis for land useplanning. The synthesisof a soi1associ- ation is depictedin Figure 16 (Kowall, 1980). The dominant soil of a soi1association generally consists of one or sometimestwo related soil subgroupsof one soi1great group. The soi1associations are indicatedon the map by a two letter symbol, for example, GS, and the associationcomponents are indicated by numbers, for example, GSl, GS2. Each soi1 associationcomponent contains a dominant (most common) soil which has been classified to the subgrouplevel in the 1973 CanadianSystem of Soi1Classification. This most con-mon soi1occupies 40 to 100% of the delineated polygon. A second(less common) soi1occupying between 20 to 40% of the map unit is alsoindicated. Soils occupyingless than 10% of a mappingunit arenormally not identified. Componentnumbers change when the characteristicsof the lesscommon soi1change. See Table 7a for definitionsof soi1components. Combinationsof two or more soil associationcomponents are mapped when they occur in a pattem too intermixed to delineateat the scaleof mapping.The percentage of the map unit occupiedby each soi1association component is indicated by superscripts.Thus, a delineatedarea designatedas MGd6 - GD42 contains about 60% of the McKnight soi1association (component 4) and about 40% of the Godey soil association(component 2).

40 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Landform Vegetation and Zone iC,imat~ Soit Parjnt Material

Physiographic Region

l(Soil Association)\

Figure 16. Synthesisof a biophysical mapping unit (Kowall, 1980). 41 Plate 3: Bridge River towards Pavilion Lake The steep area in the foreground is mapped primarily as Rock Outcrop interspersed with some coarse colluvial soils having Eutric Brunis01 development (Chasm association). The Douglas-fin and ponderosa pine forests at the top of slope in the foreground are on shallow Brunisolic soils of the Caim Mountain and Chasm associations. The soils in the Interior Bunchgrass zone along the Fraser River are developed on coarse textured, rapidly drained fluvioglacial mater& of the Godey association and have Brown Chernozem profiles. The grasslands above the B.C. Railway are within the Douglas& forest zone, receive more precipitation and have Black Chemozem profnes typical of the Tullee association. B.C. Photo 56684.

42 Chapter Three

A General Summary of the Soils of the Ashcroft Map Area SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA 3.1 Factors Aff ecting Soi1 Development within the Map Area This chaptergives an overview of the types of soil found in the Ashcroft map area. Soi1 developmentsand the environmentalfactors causingthem are outlined with emphasison trends and relationships.The generalcharacteristics of the main soil orders are discussedand the relative landscapepositions of the soil associationsare diagrammaticallypresented. Soi1is a product of five soi1forming factors (Jenny,1941, 1980).These are parent materials (bedrock types and/or surficial mater&), topography,climate, organisms and time. Tables12 and 13 in Chapter4.7 show the generalframework for defming soil associationsin the FraserPlateau, Thompson Plateau, Shuswap Highlands, and Coast Mountain physiographicregions. In the study areathere is a generaltrend of increasingprecipitation and decreasing evapotranspirationwith increasing elevation. This trend influences the types of vegetation,the degreeof weatheringand soil developmentas shown by the schematic crosssection in Figure 17. The general relationship between soil developmentsas expressedby taxonomie great groupsin the study areais shownin Figure 18. It illustrateshow the generalized soi1profile developmentsof the various soi1 subgroupschange with increasing elevation and/ormoisture. The generaldistribution of soi1great groupsin the map areais shown by Figure 19. Subgroupswithin the Chemozemicgreat soi1group have beendifferentiated. A soil great group is a subdivisionof a soi1order within the CanadianSystem of Soil Classification.Soi1 orders are differentiated on soi1characteristics that reflect the nature of the soi1and the dominant soil-forming processes.A soil subgroupis a subdivision of a soi1great group with differentiating criteria based on kind and arrangementof soil horizons.

3.2 The Soi1 Association Defined A soil associationis a groupof soilsdeveloped on similarparent materials under similar climatic conditions.The interactionbetween parent material and climate results in a modal or most commonly occurring soil development.Variation from the modal componentcari occur due to changessoil texture,drainage, soil depth, vegetationor otherfactors and theseare identified as componentsof the soil association. Ninety-six soi1associations are identified in the Ashcroft rnap area.About 40 recur widely throughoutthe areawhile the remainderare fairly limited in occurrence. The schematiccross sections(Figures 20 through 27) portray segmentsof the main elevationaland/or precipitation gradientsin the map area. TO facilitate discussion the soi1associations have been generalizedinto groups with similar soi1profile developmentat the GreatGroup level.The most commonlyoccuring soil development (at the soil subgrouplevel) is indicatedby abreviationsin parenthesesbelow each associationname. 45 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Figure 17. Schematicdiagram of generaltrends in soi1great groups with increasingelevation and/or precipitation in the Ashcroft map area. 46 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

This table is only meant to show some of the general trends in soi1 development within the map area. Many of the subgroups indicated within the vegetation zones and subzones are not the most commonly occuring subgroups; for example, Dystric Brunisols occur widely in the Subalpine Englemann spruce- alpine fir zone. It should also be noted that both Dark Gray Luvisols and Dark Gray Chenozems are rare and the forest to grassland transition is usually abrupt to either Eutric or Dystric Brunisols or Gray Luvisols.

’ Name of grassland after Tisdale, 1947. * Name of grassland afdter van Ryswyk et a/., 1965.

Figure 18. Soi1profile developmentand soi1great group trends within the Ashcroft map area. 47 LEGEND MAP YMBOL SOIL CLASSIFICATION Great Group Nubgroup

BC Brown )rthic RBC Chernozem iego

DBC Dark Mhic SDBC Brown iolonetzic Chernozem

BIC Black Mhic CBIC Chemozem ;alcareous

DB Dystric Brunisol

EB Eutric Brunisol

GL Gray Luvisol

HFP Humo- Ferric Pozdol

R Regosol

Vhen two soils occur within a map nit in a complex pattem, both are . ldicated, i.e. GL-EB. SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA 3.3 Soils of the Grassland Areas; the Chernozems Soils formed under grasslandsare usuallyclassified as Chernozemicsoils or within the Chernozemsoi1 order. Chernozemmeans “dark surface layer”. Organic matter accumulatesin the surface due to the production and decompositionof the many roots developedby grassvegetation. The amount of organic matter accumulation determinesthe colour of the surface;as a generalrule, the higher the organic matter content, the darker the colour. The colour of the surface layer determines the subdivisionswithin the ChemozemOrder and within the map area,Brown Chemozems occur at the low elevations,Dark Brown Chernozemsat mid-elevationsand Black or Dark Gray Chenozems at the higher elevations.Chemozems are usually quite fertile sincethe organicmatter accumulationreplaces soluble nutrients lost by leaching. Table 5 identifies the soi1associations in the map area that are classified in the variousGreat Groupsof the Chernozemicsoil order. The relationshipsbetween soi1 associations which are dominantlyBrown Chemozems are shown in Figure 20. The relationshipsbetween Dar-k Brown Chernozemsand Black Chemozemsare respectivelydepicted in Figures21 and 22.

3.4 Soils of the Lower Elevation Forested Areas; the Brunisols Brunisols are the most extensivesoils in the map area. They have surfacehorizons which aremoderately weatbered and leached.These horizons are usually light brown to brown in colour with depthsdependent upon the degreeof leaching.Generally the zone of leachingis thickest in areasreceiving the highestamounts of precipitation. The Brunisolic soi1order containstwo main Great Groups: Dystric Brunisols and Euttic Brunisols.Eutric Brunisolsare the most extensivein the map ama,are neutral to basic in soi1reaction and generallyoccur in areasof relatively low precipitation. They also usuallycontain more availableplant nutrientsthan the strongly weathered, acidic Dystric Brunisols.Figures 23 and 24 provide schematiccross-sections of the relationshipsbetween soi1 associations having Brunisolic soi1 development. Dystric Brunisols usually occur at moist, higher elevation locations or in areas where the soi1parent materials are acidic. In the map area theseare mainly situated in the CoastMountains (Scuzzy Pluton) and on portionsof the ThompsonPlateau such as the GuichonBatholith. Figure 24 providesa cross-sectionshowing the relationships betweenDystric, Melanic, and SombricBrunisol soi1developments.

49 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA 3.5 Soils of the Mid-Elevation Forested Areas; the Luvisols Soi& with Luvisolic profile developmentsare fairly extensive on the Thompson Plateau.Luvisolic soils have light-coloured, acidic surface horizons from which clays have beenleached downward. The clay accumulatesin the subsurfaceto form a clay enriched layer which distinguishes the Luvisolic soils. With increased precipitation the leachedsurface horizon becomesmore strongly weatheredand as- sumescolours and characteristics similar to the Upperhorizons of the Brunisolicsoils. Figure 25 shows the relationships between soil associationswith dominantly Luvisolic soil development.

Table 5. Great Soi1Groups and Associationsof the Grassland Areas

Soi1 Great Groups Biophysical Soi1 Associations (Subdivisions of the Forest Zone (See cross sectional diagrams, Chernozemic Soi1 Figures 20 to 22) Order)

Brown Chernozem Interior Carabine, Cache Creek, (Figure 20) Bunchgrass Zone Courtney, Flat Creek, Godey, Lundbom, Tranquille, C0 McKnight, Shumay, Scuitto 2 Mark Brown 2Q> between 300 nterior Commonage, Glimpse, Lac du Chernozem (Figure B and 1220 m Iouglas-fir Bois, Laluwissen, McQueen, 21) z (1000 and Zone; ponderosa Trapp Lake, Soues c 4000 ft) )ine subzone 0 .Z(d Black Chernozem 5 between 900 nterior Alymer, Gwenn*, Meander, (Figure 22) a: and 1520 m Douglas-f ir Mossey*, Medicine, Tullee*, Zone; lodgepole Trachyte .-i 5000(3000 ft)and sine subzone m al Dark Gray 9 between 900 lnterior occurs only as a secondary Chernozem - and1520m Douglas-fir component of other soi1 (dominates in no soi1 (3000 and Zone; lodgepole associations association) ! 5000 ft) pine subzone . x “Soi1 association cari occur .In botn. . . suozones. of the Interior Douglas-fir Zone.

50 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA 3.6 Soils of the High Elevation Forested Areas; the Podzols Podzolic soils have developed at higher elevations where precipitation is highest and weathering and leaching is most intense. These forested soils have relatively thick surface litter layers since cooler temperatures have slowed the decomposition of the organic material. Strong weathering has released amorphous iron and aluminum to produce the distinctive reddish horizons of Podzols. A thin, gray, strongly leached horizon often occurs at the soi1 surface. Due to relatively strong leaching, Podzolic soils tend to be the somewhat infertile. Figure 26 indicates the relationship between soi1 associations with dominantly Podzolic soi1 development.

3.7 Soils of the Floodplains and Poorly Drained Areas; the Regosols, Glejmols and Organks Regosols, Gleysols and Organic soils do not conform to the general elevational and/or precipitation trends which have been discussed for Chernozems, Brunisols, Luvisols and Podzols. Since Regosolic soils are relatively Young, little weathering or leaching has taken place and the soils are most similar to the original parent materials. Gleysols are minera1 soils which have formed in areas with poor and very poor drainage, while Organics are also poorly drained and occur in areas where the rate of deposition of organic matter is less than the accumulation. Figure 27 provides the relationship between the Regosolic, Gleysolic and Organic soi1 associations.

51 13iophysical Carabine Cache Creek Courtney McKnight Tranquille Lundbom Flat Creek Shumway Godey 1:orest Zone I cc (& O-) “) (E)

3levation as 1‘nterior ndicated by 1Iouglas-fir ‘orest zone i brie; 1monderosa pine s;ubzone

:nterior 3unchgrass 7one

Colluvial Moraine c Lacus- Fluvial . Fluvioglacial - Fan trine Xfferences Bedrock basic and basic and basic basic and basic variable variable variable variable variable calcareous jetween soi1 Characteristics calcareous calcareous ssociations on sandy to sand loam sandy sandy Other sandy loam to silt loam to loam to he same type of Characteristics loam loamy sand silt loam tarent materials. Biophysical Soues Commonage McQueen Trapp Lake Lac du Bois Laluwissen Glimpse Forest Zones &B, (OYB)

t---lInterior Douglas-fu zone; lodgepole pine subzone Yevation as ndicated by ‘orest zones

Interior Douglas-fir zone; ponderosa pine subzone

Colluvium Colluvial . Moraine ,.- Lacustrine , Fluvioglacial Fan I Xfferences Bedrock calcareous basic acid basic variable variable variable >etween soi1 Characteristia associations vithin the same orest zone or Other alkaline salts in xrbzone and Characteristic$ the soi1 profile leveloped on he same type oî naterials 3iophysical Trachyte Tullee Alymer Medicine ?orest Zone (0%) (Ci-i-L) (ci%)

hnerior Douglas-fu zone; lodgepole pine subzone Ilevation as ndicated by ‘orest zones Interior Douglas-fn zone; lodgepole and ponderosa pine subzones

hrterior Douglas-fir zone; ponderosa pine Moraine or Till Fluvioglacial Abalation Moraine subzone Moraine Xfferences Etween soi1 ~sociatîons vithin the same Bedrock basic basic volcanics basic and basic variable basic and basic and calcareous calcareous ‘orest zone or Characteristia and limestone calcareous ubzone and ieveloped on he same type ol naterials. : Biophysical Hotfish Timber Gisbome Holden Dunlevy Struthers Andrew Izman Glossey succollr Forest Zones Creek (L?:B) $3) (D:B) (D?B) (DbEyg) (D?B) (D!;B>

Interior White Spruce zone

Interior Douglas-fir 3levation as zone; ndicated by lodgepole pine ‘orest zones subzone

Interior Douglas-fir zone: ponderosa pine subzone

Colluvium Moraine or. Fluvioglacial , Ablation . Fluvioglacial .-( Till Moraine ~- Differences Bedrock basic basic mainly mainly variable variable basic and mainly mainly variable between soi1 characteristics volcanic limestone calcareous granitic volcanic associations sandy loarn sandy mapped within the same Other to loamy loam to only forest zone or characteristics sand, gravelly along the subzone and mapped sand; N. developed on only along mapped Thompson the same type of the N. only alone River mater& Thompson the N. River Thompson River Biophysical Stolle Carson Chasm Hemp Cavanaugh Canant Fleet Dominic Maiden CUITICI Forest Zones Creek (OSLB) (DCEB) (DFLB)

Interior White Spruce Zone

Elevation as indicated by Forest zones Interior Douglas-fir zone; lodgepole pine subzone

Interior Douglas-fir zone; ponderosa pine Fluvial Moraine- subzone Fluvio- Colluvial -- glacial Differences Bedrock variable calcareous basic basic basic acidic mainly variable basic metamoi between soi1 characteristics volcanic volcanic and volcanic volcanic associations metamorphic mapped and within the same Other only calcareous forest zone or characteristics along the sedimentary subzone and North Thompson developed on River thesametypeof materials. Biophysical Inkoiko Inkitsaph Teman Hooligan Kwoiek Teather Abbott Forest Zones (D.&B) (D.DTyB) (DEB) (D.:?B) (D::B) (D.gB) (O.&

coastal western hemlock - 7 western red cedar zone; Douglas-fir subzone

Ilevation as Interior white ndicated by spruce zone orest zones htterior Douglas-fir Eone; lodgepole pine ;ubzone

:nterior Iouglas-fir :one; jonderosa pine :ubzone . Fluvioglacial - . Colluvium Shallow - Ablation - Coluvium Moraine Differeuces Bedrock mainly granitic mainly variable basic grani tic acidk basic variable acidic between soi1 characteristics metamorphic volcanic and associations metamorphic within the same Forest zone or Other subzone and characteristics leveloped on :he same type of naterials. SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

L> 3s

58 Figure 24 (Cont’d). Dystric, Sombric and Melanic Brunisol soi1associations Biophysical Allamore Alkali Beaverhut Mellin Allie Artisan Forest Zones (BRqLcL) (BEL)

Subalpine Engelmarm spruce - alpint h zone

Ilevation as ndicated by ‘or-est zones

huerior Douglas-fir

+ Moraine

Iifferences Bedrock basic volcanic and basic volcanic and basic volcanic acid to neutral basic basic etween soil characteristics metamorphic metamorphic ssociations vithin the same Other mapped only on the mapped only on the mapped only on the orest zone or characteristics Shuswap Highlands Fraser Plateau Fraser Plateau ubzone and .eveloped on sandy loam to silty sandy loam to loam ie same type of clay loam laterials. I EGophysical Truda Mountain Bowman Eugene Minnie Spius Creek Tunkwa I ;orest Zones (gB& (0%) (0%) (0%) (0%)

1subalpine zngelmaun ipruce - alpine zlevation as ndicated by Ti zone Orest zones

rnterior white pruce zone

nterior buglas-fir :one; odgepole pine iubzone

c Moraine

Xfferences Bedrock basic basic and basic basic and acidic volcanic and basic etween soil characteristics calcareous calcareous granitic rsscciations vithin the same Other orest zone or characteristics ,ubzone and leveloped on he same type 01 naterials. I I I I I Biophysical Kumkan Klept Lake Gorge Creek Laurel Tisdall Tole Saatin Forest Zone Tsintsunkc

3levation as ndicated by Orest zones lubalpine ingelmann pruce - alpine ir zone

Differences Bedrock acidic basic variable variable basic acid between soi1 :haracteristics variable basic associations within the same Other forest zone or iharacteristics subzone and developed on the same type of materials. Biophysical Cochiwa Clemson Calling Hallamore Helmcken Placid Cedarbenct- Klowa Kha Lake ! Forest Zones Creek (“P) (OEFP)

Subalpine Englemann spruce - alpine fir zone

3evation as ndicated by ‘orest zones coastal western hemlock - western red :edar zone; Douglas-fir mbzone

Colluvium . Colluvium over rock

Differences Bedrock acidic limestone basic basic basic volcanic basic acidic acidic basic between soi1 characteristics and associations metamorphic withing the Other mapped only mapped only same forest characteristics in the Coast in the zone or subzone Mountains Shuswap and developed on the same / Highlmds/ type of materialc L, Biophysical Rayonier Boxer Creek Beaverhut Oregon Rail Bester Rennie Frisken Frances Forest Zones RA Jack (0) (Z) (OR) (& (& (GL;.R) (G&.R)

Subalpine Engelmann . spruce - alpine fir zone

Interior white 3evations as spruce zone ndicated b y orest zones Interior Douglas-fir zone; lodgepole pine subzone

Intenor Douglas-fir ) zone; ponderosa pine subzone Organic Fluvio- Fluvial Organic Organic Fluvial Fluvio- + Fluvi- glacial glacial Xfferences Bedrock NIA variable basic NIA NIA variable variable variable variable letween soi1 characteristics Issociations vithin the same Other poorl y, poorly draine ‘orest zone or characteristics drained, ubzone and saline leveloped on he same type of naterials. Plate 4: Thompson River downstream of Spences Bridge The open grasslands in me foreground have Dark Brown Chemozem soils (Trapp Lake Association) developed on medium textured morainal mater&. The Douglas fii and ponderosa pine forests surrounding Soap Lake are primarily on soils of the Tunkwa or Timber associations. Soils of the Glossey association are common along the Thompson River at lower elevations. They are coarse textured,rapiclly drained, have developed on fluvioglacial materials and exhibit Eutric Brunisol profiles. The Drynock landslide is the subject of a special report (Vandine, 1980). B.C. Photo 633:61.

64 Chapter Four

A Description of the Soil Associationsand Their Characteristics SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

This chapterof the report fïrst describesand definestbe soil/landformmap symbols used on the maps.The symbols are explainedin more detail than the descriptions given on the map legend. Secondly,the abbreviationsused in the description of soi1 associations,such as drainageclasses and stoninessare defined. Thitdly, a generalkey to the soil associationis givento show the variousphysiographic regions,bedrmk groups, and biophysicalfox-est zones used to constructthe legend. The major@ of the chapterdescribes in alphabeticalorder, the soi1associations and their componentsfor the map area.

66 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA 4.1 Map Symbols Wheneverpossible, soi1 association names have beenchosen to begin with the letter of the landform or parentmaterial on which they occur. For example,names of soil associationsdeveloped on colluvium often begin with ‘C’, those on till or moraine begin with a ‘T’ or ‘M’, while thoseon fluvial and fluvioglacial depositsbegin with ‘F’ or ‘G’ respectively.This conventioncould not be maintainedin all casesfor naming soi1 associationssince previously named soil associationsbeginning with different letters alsooccur within and adjacentto the map area.

1. SimpleMap Units

soi1.association . soi1association symbol \ -T 1 / component(Table lH4 - ,Td:EF\ lmdfom wmhnl“J ------/- slopeclasses (Table 6) (Table9)

This map unit containssoils of the Trachyte Association(TH), Component4. The soils are most commonly Orthic Black Chernozemswith lesscommon Orthic Gray Luvisols.These soils axe developed on drumlinizedtill (TYd)with simple,unidirectional slopesfrom 9 to 30%.

2. CompoundMap Units

soi1association component (Table 7) proportion (out of 10) occupied

soi1association ---+)(T zji.~yYEEks symbols

THg6 - GNl:b - phase(Table 8) T/R - Gm: fg\

landform symbols (Table 6) surfaceeipres sion ’ slopeclasses (Table6) (Table 9)

67 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA This map unit containsapproximately 60 percent soils of the Trachyte Association (TH), component9, and approximately40% soils of the GisborneAssociation (GN), component1. The Trachyteassociation varies for loam to silt loam. The most common soils in component9 of the TrachyteAssociation are well drainedGrthic Black Chernozemswhile well to imperfectly drained Saline Blacks and/or Calcareous Blacks are less common. This associationis developedon till depositedover rock (T/R). The GisbomeAssociation, found in approximately40% of the area,is developed on rolling glaciofluvial materials (Gm). The profile developmentof this rapidly to well drained, gravelly to very gravelly soil is DegradedEutric Brunisol, however, some minor areasare moderatelywell to imperfectly drained(b). The entire area has complexslopes (multi-directional) from 15 to 60%.

4.2 Landform Definitions The generaldistribution of surficial mater& and a brief summaryof glacialhistory and recent geomorphicevents has been outlined in Chapter 1.7.2. Definitions of landforms (surficial materialsand surfaceexpressions) and map symbols are given in Table6, adaptedfrom E.L.U.C., 1978.

Table 6. Definition of Landforms and Map Symbols for the SoiVLandform Maps of the Ashcroft Map Area

Mw Name Landform Definition Symbol

A Ablation Material deposited directly by melting of glacier ice. The deposit is marked by its Moraine partial loss of fine constituents to meltwater streams, its’ non-compact nature, and the random orientation of the particles.

C Colluvium Material that has reached its present position by direct gravity induced movement, with no agents of transportation involved. Its’ character depends on the nature of the material from which it was derived. Colluvium deriied from bedrock is characteristically rubbly (e.g. talus cane, rubbly colluvial blanket) while colluvium derived from unconsolidated sediments usually resembles the material from which it originated (e.g. landslide, mudflow fan).

E Eolian Material transported and deposited by wind. The deposit generally consists of fine to medium sand and coarse silt that is well sorted and poorly compacted. It may contain interna1 structures such as cross-bedding or ripple laminae, or may be massive. Individual grains may be frosted.

F Fluvial Material transported and deposited by streams and other moving water; the term is synonymous with alluvial. The material generally consists of grave1 and/or sand with a minor fraction of silt (and rarely clay) with is commonly well to moderately well sorted and displays stratification. The grave1 is typically rounded with sand between the grave1 sized particles. The material consists of overbank deposits, channel deposits, terrace deposits, and landforms such as floodplains and deltas. G Fluvioglacial Fluvial materials which present clear evidence of having been deposited either directly in front of, or in contact with glacier ice. The deposits include such features as kettles, ridged topography (eskers), hummocky or otherwise irregular topography (kames and kame terraces).

68 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Table 6 (cont’d). Definition of Landforms and Map Symbolsfor the SoWLandform Maps of the Ashcroft Map Area

Mw Symbol Name Landform Definition

T Morainal Material which has been transported beneath, and deposited directly by glacial (glacial till) ice and has not been modified by an intermediate agent. Generally, it conisists of well-compacted material that is non-stratified and contains a heterogeneous mixture of paricle sizes, often in a matrix of Sand, silt, and clay.

L Lacustrine Sediments that have settled from suspension in bodies of standing fresh water, or (includes sediments that have accumulated at their margins through the action of waves. glaciolacustrine) Sediments commonly consist of stratified fine Sand, silt and/or clay.

0 Organic Material resulting from vegetation growth, decay and accumulation in and around closed basins where rate of accumulation exceeds that of decay. R Rock Outcrops Exposed rock or rock coveered by a thin veneer (less than 10 cm) of unconsolidated materials.

surface Expession

C channelled Surfaces crossed by a series of channels. d drumlinized Surfaces with streamlined more or less parallel hills (drumlins).

f fan A fan-shaped form that cari be likened to the sector of a cane, and possessing a perceptible gradient from apex to toe. h hummocky Steep sided hillocks and hollows with multi-directional slopes dominantly between 10’ and 35’ (unconsolidated materials) and steeper (consolidated materials), and with local relief greater than 1 meter. In plan view an assemblage of non-linear, generally chaotic forms.

m rolling Linear and non-linear forms with slopes ranging up to 10‘ and with local relief greater than 1 meter; differs from hummock only by virtue of having gentler slopes.

P plain A flat or very gently sloping (less than 5’) unidirectional surface with a generally constant slope not broken by marked elevational changes or depressions of greater than 1 meter local relief.

S steepland Erosional slopes generally greater than 35’ on both unconsolidated and consolidated materials.

t terraced Scarp face and the horizontal or gently inclined surface (tread) above it.

V dissected Surfaces modified by fluvial erosion, resulting in the development of parallel and subparallel, steep sided and narrow ravines and gullies in both consolidated and unconsolidated materials.

69 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Shallowmaterials, less than 1 metre thick, are indicatedby the use of a slash(/);for example, shallow colluvium over bedrock is C/R. Only two material thickness classesare recognizedwithin the landform symbol. These are less than 1 metre (shallow), and greater than 1 metre (deep)in thickness.A third depth criteria, less than 50cm (very shallowor lithic), is recognizedin the componentsof some soil associations.Most soi1associations have deep soils as the modal component1 and shallowsoils are indicatedby components5 or 6. Someassociations however, have been defmed in which the modal or component1 is shallow; thesemostly occur in the Coastand Cascademountains.

4.3 Definition of Soi1 Association Components Soi1associations are divided into componentswhich differ from one anotherbased on changesin soil developmentdue to variation in drainage,texture, soi1depth, land use (cultivation), or climate. Table7 defmes the componentnumbers in more detail than the defiiitions found on the map legends. In the legendattached to the maps, the term ‘modal’ describesthe most common soil in all the componentsof the soil association,except for component6. Component6 indicatesthe most common soi1in the associationis very shallowor lithic (~50 cm in deptb)and the modal soi1is lesscomrnon. A modal soi1profile is generallydefined as havingdeveloped on deep,well drained, medium textured materialslocated in midslopepositions on uniform gentle slopes and is the result of the interaction of the soil-forming factors (parent mater&, climate,relief, soi1organisms and time). In the contextof Ashcroft map area,a somewhatbroader definition has beenapplied and the modal soil has been used to describethe most commonly occurring soil profile developmentin the soi1 association.Soils developedon rapidly drained, coarsetextured materialsor on very poorly drained, nearly level organic deposits, for example,are alsodescribed as the most commonlyoccurring modal soils described by component1 of eachassociation. The modal soi1of an associationis the most commonly occurring soi1or the central conceptof the associationand is describedby component1. Al1 other components contain a significantproportion of a lesscommon soi1that in someway variesfrom the modal soi1described by component1.

70 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Table 7. Definition of Soi1Association Components

Soi1 Component

This component consists only of the modal or most commonly occuring soil in the association. It is the central concept of the association and has usually developed on well drained, deep materials in a mid-slope position. The less common soi1 is drier than the most common soil, due to either somewhat coarser textures, southern exposures, or being located in a slightly drier climates (eg. south aspects). This component usuallly occurs at the lower elevation of the soil association elevation range.

The less common soil is moister than the most common soil, due to somewhat finer textures, northerly aspects, or being located in areas which receive slightly more moisture than component 1. The increased moisture often causes deeper soil weathering sufficient to produce a different taxonomie subgroup or order. Typicallly this soil component occurs at the Upper parts of the elevational range of the soil association. 4 The less common soi1 varies from the modal due to ecological.differences. The less common soil differs from the modal due to a historical alteration of vegetation (i.e. land clearing), or the present vegetation pattern is highly contrasting for the area. For example, clearings in some forested areas have developed Chernozemic-like soil profiles whereas the profiles under forest are Brunisolic. In the Dominic (DN), Fleet Creek (FL), and Scuitto (ST) associations, component 4 describes ecological variations due to imperfectly or poorly drained less common soils. In the Curnow (CX), Cedarbench (CZ) and Klept Lke (KP) associations, component 4 includes ecologically different soils developed on avalanche tracks.

In the poorly drained Bester association, component 4 indicates the inclusion of an edaphically drier, well drained, less common soil. In the Cache Creek (CC) and Frances (FS) associations, component 4 indicates a less common saline soil, while in the Shumway (SM) association it indicates the less common soil is eroded. In the Dunleavy (D) association, component 4 identifies that the less common soil is higher in clay content than the modal.

5 The less common soi1 is shallow (lithic, less than 50 cm thick) overlying bedrock.

6 Lithic soils (soils less than 50 cm thick) overlying bedrock are most common and bedrock outcrops occupy a significant portion of the map unit. 7 The less common soil has developed in steep talus deposits. This component only occurs where material addition and instabillity have retarded soil horizon development and the less common soil is regosolic.

8 The less common soil occupies areas affected by sheet, gully or rill erosion.

9 The less common soil is alkaline and/or saline. 10 The less common soil is mainly due to cultivation and usually has an identifiable plough payer at the soil surface.

11 The less ccmmon soil varies from the modal (component 1) soil due to differences in texture and soil profile development.

12 The less common soil varies from the modal (component 1) soi1 due to cold air pooling,

71 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Soi1 Moisture Phases The developmentof the soil associationsand their componentsis basedprimarily on the more commonwell or rapidly drainedsoil moistureregime. Variationsoccur in the field as a result of the presenceof seepage,or the accumulationof seepagein the soil profile. The movementof moisture is determinedby the slope angle, slope length, and the natureof the parentmaterial. In many caseswhere seepageis present, it is not reflected within the soi1profile yet there is an improvement in site productivity. Sincethe improved productivity is usually reflected in denser,better developedvegetation and cari be seenon the ground and on the aerialphotographs, a systemof Soil MoisturePhases (based primarily on slopeposition) has beendevised and is describedin Table8. The symbols‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’ may be usedeither singularly or in combinationas the landscapeand soi1moisture condition requires. An example follows: TWlab The moisturephases indicate that the normally well drainedTunkwa soi1in the mid-slopeposition transmits seepage from upslope (Symbol ‘a’). Furthermore,there are somelocations in the map unit, at the baseof slopesor in swales,which tend to receivemore seepagethan they transmit (Symbol ‘b’).

Table 8. Soi1Moisture Phases* r Map Symbol Description

no symbol The soil is usually well or rapidly drained. It usually occupies the Upper slopes and crests of the topography and does not receive significant seepage from upslope. It is the normal soi1 condition for the soil association.

a The soi1 is well drained. It usually occurs in mid-slope positions and transmits seepage from upslope. The increased moisture status is not reflected in soil morphology.

b The soil is rnoderately well to imperfectly drained. It usually occupies the lower slopes and tends to receive more seepage than it transmits. Weak to moderate mottling in the lower solum is usual.

C The soil is imperfectly or poorly drained. Il usually occupies the toes of slopes or depressional areas. Downslope seepage tends to accumulate as evidenced by well developed mottling or gleying in the solum.

*Soi1moisture phases do not apply to the whole soil associationcomponent in a map unit. They indicatesmall areas within a map unit that differ in moisturestatus from the normal, and are either too small or disjointedto be mappedseparately. Soi1 moisttue phasesare primarily based on slopeposition as interpretedon aerialphotographs.

72 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA 4.5 Slope Classes Slopeclassification in Ashcroft map area is taken from the Systemof Soil Classifi- cation for Canada(Canadian Soi1 Survey Committee, 1973).

Table 9. SlopeClassification

Simple Topography Complex Topography Single Slopes Multiple Slopes Slope A depressional to level a nearly level 0 to 0.5

B very gently soping b gently uhdulating o.Ei+to 2

C gently sloping C undulating 2+to 5

D moderately sloping d gently rolling 5+to9

E strongly sloping e moderately rolling 9+ to 15

F steeply sloping f strongly rolling 15+to 30

G vefy steeply sloping 9 hilly 30+ to 60

H extremely sloping h very hilly over 60

Examples: GH - dominantlyvery steeplysloping (G) topographywith gradientsbetween 30 and 60% togetherwith significantinclusions of extremely sloping(H) topographywith gradientsgreater than 60%. Gf - dominantlyvery steeplysloping (G) topographywith significantinclusions of strongly rolling (fj topographyhaving slopes between 15 and 30%. gf - hilly (30 to 60%) multiple slopes(g) aredominant with significantinclusions of strongly rolling (15 to 30%) multiple slopes(f).

73 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA 4.6 Soi1 Drainage Classes Soi1 drainageis a result of the permeabilityof the soi1and underlying material. Drainage classesare determinedby the length of time excessmoisture remains in the soi1profile and by the degreeto which secondarydevelopment of mottling and gleying occurs. Classesare describedin Table 10. Soil drainageis describedfor major and minor componentsof all soi1associations.

Table 10. Soi1Drainage Classes

Symbol Class Definition

r rapidly drained The soi1 moisture content seldom exceeds field capacity in any horizon except immediately after water additions.

W well drained The soil moisture content does not normally exceed field capacity in any horizon (except possibly the C) for a significant part of the year.

m moderately well Soil moisture in excess of field capacity remains in subsurface horizon for a small but significant period of the year.

i imperfectly drained Soil moisture in excess of field capacity remains in subsurface horizons for moderatley long periods during the year.

P poorly drained The soil moisture in excess of field capacity remains in all horizons for a large part of the year.

“P very poorly Free water remains at of within 12 inches (30 cm) of the soil surface for most of the year. SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA 4.7 Description of the Soi1 Associations of the Ashcroft Map Area The following section briefly describes the characteristics of the soi1 associations (and components)in the Ashcroft map area. The soi1associations are listed alphabeticallyby soi1association name. Each associationis further identified by the physiographic region(s) and forest zone(s) for the area in which it occurs. The general extent and distribution of the various soi1 associationswithin the survey area is also given. The soi1texture and soi1parent material (bedrock type and landform) as well as surfacestoniness is briefly described.Textures are thosedefined by the CanadaSoil Survey Committee, 1973and 1978.Grave1 content (fragments between 2 and 15 cm in diameter)is identifiedby modifiersattached to the texturename. Contents between 25 and 50% (by volume) are indicatedby ‘gravelly’while contentsbetween 50 and 90% are indicated by ‘very gravelly’. Stoninessis a measureof the presenceof coax-sefragments that are greater than 15 cm in diameter and occur on or near the soil surface.Table 11 showsthe classesof stoniness.

Table 11. StoninessClasses Classes Description J Nonstony Stones are either not present or occupy less than 0.01% of the soi1 surface.

Slightly Stony Some stones are present but hinder cultivation only slightly or not at all [O.Oi-0.1% of the surface covered, stones 10-30 m apart).

Moderately Stony Sufficient stones are present to cause some interference with cultivation :O.i-3% of surface covered, stones 2-10 m apart).

Very Stony Stones are present in sufficient quantity to seriously handicap cultivation; some clearing is required (3-15% of surface covered, stones l-2 m apart).

Exceedingly Stony Stones are present in sufficient quantities to prevent cultivation until considerable clearing is done (1550% of surface covered, stones 0.1-0.5 m apart).

Excessively Stony The land surface is too stony to permit cultivation; it is a boulder or stone pavement (more than 50% of surface covered, stones less than 0.1 m apart).

75 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

The elevationrange of each soil associationis also listed. Al1 soil associationsthat have been sampledand analyzedare identified. Thesedetailed soi1 descriptions arid analysesare storedin the B. C. Soi1Information System. Componentsof each soil associationare given as are their taxonomieclassification and drainageclasses. Also given is a brief descriptionof how the componentsdiffer fiom the modalsoil (component1) in the soi1association. Soil associationsestablished in amasadjacent to the Ashcmft map axa were maintained in the map areawherever possible. Superscript (1) identifies those soil associations which were initially definedin map area92PE (Gough,1988, Soils of the Bonaparte River-Canim Lake Map Area) while a superscript(2) indicates those which have beenadapted from Valentine(1980), Soils of the Lac La Hache - Clinton Area (map area 92P/W). Superscript (3) identifies soils associationsdescribed by Kowall (1980), Soi1 and Terrain of the Seymour Arm Area (N.T.S. Map 82 M). Many of the associationsfrom the adjacentsurveyed areas have limited distribution in the As- hcroft map area and are more fully describedin the soi1reports for these adjacent areas.Further information on soi1correlation with adjacentareas and earlier soil surveysis alsocontained in the Appendix.

76 Table 12. General Key to Soi1Associations of the Thompson Plateau

Pbysiographic Region 1 Thompson Plateau (Offen Includes Soi1 Asociaüons Also Mapped on the Fraser Plateau) l Major Bedrock Types 1 Acid (Granitic) Basic (Volcanic and Metamorphic) Calcareow 1 Basicand Calcareous 1 Mixed

Region Dry Interior Dry Inte&r Dry Interior Dry Interior Dry Interior I l I I BiePhysical Forest Zone ID SAeS-alF IBG ID IWS SAeS-alF AI IDF SAeS-alF IBG ID IBC : ID IwS I,SAeS-al - -tT T Subzone a b a b a b a b a b -

SOil Parent Materials

Albation Moraine TD AY LY, AD -

Colluvium, Shallow KK -

Colluvium CA CP CY CO,CG CM,H HH CR, PD, SO cw CC, CB CT HO 1:ii i YP - TE TE, AK BT, AK, Moraine (TU) ME* TQ TP,TM TW, EE TO, TU, MS 1MS BW MG l-r ME*, AL ?PF -

FlUVid BV ? 1 -

Fluvioglacial AB TL, GG* GG* ‘9 1l-R, SL LL, B> 1 -

Lacu&ne II S, LD -

RL RA* o* o* RL RA* - -L ‘Soil association occurs in more than one bedrock group SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

ABBOTT SOILS (AB)

Most Common Soi1 Las Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map - T Forest Zone and Texture lymbo train Classification a@ Classification - ‘Ihompson and Gravelly to very ABl orlhic Dyslric r Moderately rolling to hiuy Fraser Plateau gravelly sandy loam Brunis01 (10%-60%) slopes). Physiographic to came Sand. Regions; Dry Interiol Medium acid, ice- AB2 0rIhic Dystric * Degraded Up to 40% inclusion of less Forest Region; contact (ablation Bnmisol Eutric Brunis~ annmon soil which bas develoPed Interior Douglas-fïr moraine) deposits under edaphically or climatically zone (without serai associate4l with drier conditions. ‘lIese may be due ponderosa pine). granitic bedrock. to southem aspects. lower elevations Generally or combination. Fairly extensive exceedingly to distribution on ~011th excessively stony. aspects in the Highland Valley, and Two profiles AB3 olthic Dystric * Degraded Up to 40% inclusion of less amas surrounding described and Brunis01 DyStIiC common soti which has developed Roscoe and sampled; a Modal Bmnisol uuder edaphically or climatically Chataway lakes and profile (Orthic moister conditions. These may be Mount Mabel, also Dystric Brunisol) anc due to nothem aspects, upper near Pennask Lake. a variant profile elevations or combinaticn. @uuisolic Gray *Seepage may Luvisol). accumulate in depressions, Elevations range AB4 orthic DysIric r Podzolic Gray Up to 40% inclusions of less especially in between 1050 and Brunis01 LWisOl COMMU soil which has textures component #I4. 1650 m (3500 and somewhat finer than the modal. 5500 ft.). 4BlO olthic Dysuic r orthic up to 40% inclusion of less common Bmnisol Sanbric sd due to cultivation Brunis01 -

ALKALI SOILS ‘(AK)

Most Common Soi1 Less Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map -r l- Comments Forest Zone and Texture Pb’ rain rain Classification w Classification age - Fraser Plateau Sandy loam to sihy AK1 Podzolic Gray W Moderately sloping to strongly Physiogmphic clay loam morainal Luvisol rolling (520% slopes). Region; Dry Interior deposits associated Forest Region; with basic volcanic AK2 Podzolic Gray W Brunisolic up to 40% inclusiCRl of less subalpine Engehnann and metamorphic Luvisol Gray Luvisol common soil which bas develcped spuce - alpine fir bedrcck. Generally under edaphically or climatically wne. moderately to very drier conditions. ‘Ihese may be stony. southem aspects, lower elevations 01 combination.

Limited distribution Elevations range AK3 Podmlic Gray W Luvisolic Up to 40% inclusion of less cm the Tranquille from 1350 to 1650 m Luvisol Humo-Ferric common soil which bas develcçed Plateau north of (4500 to 5500 ft). Podzol under edaphically or climatically Kamloops we.tter conditions. ‘Ihese may be due tc northem aspects, Upper elevations or ccnnbination.

AK5 Podzolic Gray W LithiC Up to 40% inclusions of less LAlvisol Humo-Ferric common soil which is d0 cm thick Podzol over bedrock.

79 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT- MAP AREA

ALLAMORE SOILS ” (AA)

Most Commoo Soi1 Les Common Soll Location and Parent Materials - Comments* Forest Zone and Textore rala Classification Classification ‘ge

Shuswap Highlaud saudy loam to silty AA1 Podzolic Gray Moderately sloping to strongly physiographic clav loam morainal Luvisol ding (53m slopes). Region; Dry Intetior Forest Region: wiih basic volcanic AA2 p?E Gray Bmnisolic W Up to 40% inclusion of less Sttbalphe and metamorphic Gray Luvisol cmunon soil which has developed hl.&tlWtt SpNCe - bedrock. Generally under edaphically or climatically alpine fir wne. moderately to very drier couditions. These may be due Sony. u> southem aspects, lower elevatious Limited distributif or combination. mostly north of Heffley Lake. Elevations range AA3 Podzolic Gray Up to 40% inclusion of from 1350 to 1650 m LWisOl taxomonically similiar but more *Seepage at the base (4500 tc 5500 ft). deeply weathered, less ComNal soil of some slcpes and which has developed under in deptessiats will edaphically moister amditiuq due impmve the site to notth aspects, or lower slope podltivity. poSitiO!tS.

AA4 Podzolic Gray Sombric wj Up to 40% inclusion of less Luvisol Humo-Fertic conunon soil which has developed Podzol under mainly shtub and/or forb vegetaticm at bigher elevation.

AA5 Podwlic Gray LithiC r Up to 40% inclusion of less Luvisol Humo-Ferric camnon soti wbich is c5Ocm thick Podzol over bedrock.

AA6 LithiC Rock Gutcrop r Humo-Fenic Podzol

ALLIE 3 SOILS (AL)

1 Most Commoo Soi1 Les Common Soi1 Location and Parent MateriaIs Commenta Forest Zone and Texture hin- Drain age Classltkatlon nge

lllompsou plateau Medium to w - Physiographic moderately coarse Rerzion: Drv fnterior textufed morainal Fo&t Reg& deposits associated AL2 Bmnisolic w 0rthicGray w Up to 40% inclusion of less Interior Douglas-fir with basic bedrock. Gray Luvisol Luvisol common soil wbich has developed wne (without seral Generdly moderately under edapbically or climatically pondetosa pine). stony. drier conditions. ‘Ihese may be due to southem aspects, lower elevations Very limited Elevations range or combination. distribution in from 1160to 1220m nottheastem part in (3800 to 4ooo ft). the Jameson Range.

80 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

ANDREW SOILS (AD)

Most Common Soi1 Less Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map Comments Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Drain- Drain- Classification age Classification age

Thompson and Gravdy to very AD1 Degraded w - - Gemly rolling to hilly (5 to 50% Fraser Plateau grave.IIy sandy loam Eutric Brunisol sIol”s). Physiographic or loamy Sand, Regions; Dry herior nwtral ice-contact Degraded Forest Region; (ablation maraine) AD2 Eutric Brunis01 w Degraded w Up to 40% inclusion of less Intetior Douglas-fir deposits associated Eut& BNGSOI cornmon soil with similar zone (without serai with basic volcanic morphology but occuring under ponderosa pine). and limestone edaphically or climatically drier bcdrock. Generally amIitious. Change is due to Fairly extensive moderately to southem aspects. lower elevations o distribution, mainly exceedingIy stony. combination. around Plateau Lake, Degraded north of Douglas Elevations range AD3 Eutric Brunisol w mhicoystric w Up to 40% inclusion of less Lake, between between 750 and common soil which has developed Nicola, Tunkwa and 1200 m (2500 and under edaphically or climatically Shumway lakes and 4000 ft). moister conditions due to northerly west of the Deadman aspects, Upper elevations, or River. combination. Degraded AD4 Eutric Bmnisol w Orihic Black, w Up to 40% inclusion (in total) of Orthic Dark w less common soils which bave Gray developed mainly under grassland and/or shrub vegetation.

ARTISAN SOILS1s (AN)

Most Common Soil Less Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map Comments* Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Drain- Drain- Classification age Classification age

‘Ihompson Plateau Sandy loam to silty AN1 Brunisolic w - - Moderately to steeply sloping Physiographic clay loam morainal Gray Luvisol (5-30% slopes). Region; Dry Interior deposits associated Forest Region; with basic volcanic AN2 Bmnisolic W OrthicGray w Up to 40% inclusion of less Interior Douglas-fir and metamorphic Gray Luvisol Luvisol common soil which has developed u>ne (without serai bedrock. GeneraIly under edaphically or climatically ponderosa pine). moderately to very drier conditions. These may be due stony. to southem aspects, lower elevations Fairly extensive or combination. distribution in the Elevations range vicinity of Ilefley from 1050 to 1350 m AN3 Brunisolic W Podzolic Gray w Up to 40% inclusion of less Lake and north of (3500 to 4500 fi). Gray Luvisol Luvisol common soil which has developed Isabel Lake. under edaphically or climatically moister conditions. These may be *Seepage at base of due to northem aspects, upper slopes may improve elevations or combinarion. site produuivity while in depressions AN4 Bmnisolic W Dark Gray W Up to 40% inclusion of less it may retard growth. Gray Luvisol Luvisol common soil caused by highly contrasting vegetation.

AN5 Brunisolic W LithicDystric r Up to 40% inclusion of less Gray Luvisol Brunis01 common soil which is <5Ocm thick over bedrock.

AN6 LithicDystric r Rock Outcrop r Most common sod is <50 cm thick Brunisol over bedrock. Up to 40% inclusions of exposed bedrock. SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

ASHTON SOILS (AH)

Most Common Soi1 Less Common Soi1 Location and Parent MateriaIs Map Comments For& Zone and Texture Symbol Draln- Drnin- Classification age Classification ay

Thompson and $niyn;uzto coarse AH1 Degraded i- - - Strongly rollmg to hilly (1560% Fraser Plateau Dystric slopes. Physiographic ice-contct (ablation Brunis01 Regions; Dry Interior moraine) deposits Forest Region; associated with basic Subalpine volcanic and Engelmann spmce - hmestone bedrock. alpine fir zone. Elevations range VeIy limited between 1200 and distribution. 1950 m (4000 and 6500 ft).

AYLMER SOILS (AY)

Most Common Soi1 Less Common Soil Location and Parent Materials Map Comments* Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Drain- Drain- Classification age Classification age

Tbompson and Gravelly to very AYl Orthic Black w - - Gently to strongly rolling (3-30% Fraser Plateau gravelly sandy loam slopes). Vegetation pattem due to Physiographic or loamy Sand, fire and grazing. Grassland Regions; Dry Interior moderately to vegetation probably the result of Forest Region; strongly alkaline historical fins. Interior Douglas-fi ice-contact (ablation zone (with or moraine) deposits AY Orthic Black w Orthic Dark w Up to 40% inclusion of less without serai associated with basic Brown common soil which has developed ponderosa pine). volcanic and under edaphically or climatically Grass and shmb limestone bedrock. drier conditions. These may be due disclimax. Generally moderately to southemly aspects, lower to very stony. elevations or combination. Restricted distribution betweon One modal profile AY Orthic Black w Degraded W Up 10 40% inclusions (ii total) of Quilchena and (Orthic Black) Eutric less common soils which have Douglas creeks, described and B~nis01, developed under mainly forested Chapperon and Trapp sampled. Orthic Dark w conditions. lakes, and near Lac GUY du Bois. Elevations range betwccn 910 and AYll Orthic black w Gleyed Black i Up to 40% inclusion of less *Seepage in 1220 m (3000 and common soil due to seepage and/or depressions may 4000 ft). restricted drainage. improve site productivity.

BEAVER SOILS (BV)

Most Common Soil Less Common Soil Location and Parent Materials Map Comments Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Drain- DIXill- Classification age Classification age

Fraser Plateau Fine sandy loam to BV2 OrtbicRegosol wj ~~Ioystric w Up to 40% inclusion of less Physiographic loamy sand fluvial common soil which has developed Region; Dry Irtterior deposits. Generally under drier conditions on Upper Forest Region; slightly to very stony. terraces. Undulating (2-5% slopes). Interior white spmce zone. Elevations range BV3 Orthic Regosol wj Orthic Gleysol p LJp to 40% inclusion of less from 330 to 1050 m common soil which is subject to Vety limited (1100 to 3500 ft). permanently high water tables. distribution on the Tranquille Plateau.

82 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

BEAVERHUT SOILS’ (BT) Most Common Soi1 Lfss Common Soil Location and Parent Materials Map Comments* Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Drain- Dhl- Classification age Classification age

Fraser Plateau Sandy loam or loam BT1 P&yo Gray Moderately sloPiug to strongly Physiographic morainal deposits rolling (5-30% slopes). Region; Dry Interior associated with Forest Region; volcanic bedrock. BT2 rW’odf Gray w OrthicGray w Up to 40% inchrsion of less Subalpine Generally moderately Luvisol mmmou soil which has developed Bngehrmn Spmce - to very stony. muter eda~hically or climatically alpine fir zone. drier ccnditions. ‘fhese may be due Elevations range tc southem aspects, lower elevaticns ReStti&!d from 1350 to 1650 m or combination. distribution on the ( 5000 to 5509 ft). Tranquille Plateau. BT3 PLodzogGray w Podzolic Gray i,w Up to 40% inclusion of Luvisol taxonomically similar but more *Seepage at the base deeply weathered less common soti of slopes imProves due to edaphically or climatically site prcductivity moister conditions. while in depressions it may cause BT5 Podzolic Gray w LithiC r up tc 40% inclusion of less xeductious. Luvisol Humo-Ferric common soil which is ~50 cm thick Pcdzol over bedrock.

BT6 Lithic r Rock Gutcrop r Most common soil is ~50 cm thick Humo-Ferric over bedrock. Up to 40% inclusion Podzol of rock outcrops.

BESTER SOILS (BR)

Most Common Soil Less Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials MaP Comme& Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Drain- Drain- Classification age Classification age

Thompson Plateau lt loam or fine BRl Orthic Gleysol p,vp - Very geutly slo@tg to gently Physiographic sandy loam undulating (less than 2% slopes). Region; Dty Interior overlying loamy sand Forest Region; or sand fluvial BR3 OrthicGleysol p,vp ~CI;ohrmic vp Upto 40% ficlusicn of less Interior Douglas-fh deposits. Generally common sorl whtch has a well zone (without serai stone-free or slightly developed, organic matter emiched ponderosa pine). stony. surface horizon.

Limited distribution Elevations range in the nottheast from 330 to 480 m corner of the map (1100 to 3500 ft). arca.

83 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

BLUSTERY SOILS (BL)

T Most Common Soi1 Les Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials T Forest Zone and Texture )rnin Classification Classification age - Thompson and Sandy loam or loam, BLl orthic Strongly sloping to hilly (1060% Fraser Plateau acidic to neutral Sombric sb4. physiographic colh~vium associated Brunis01 Regions; Dry Interior with vohnic Forest Region; bedrock. Generally BL2 onhic Oftbic Dystric r Up to 40% inclusion of less Subalpine very to exceedingly Sombric Brunis01 common soil on somewhar coarser Bugelmarm spmce - stony. Brunis01 textures or sonthem exposures. alpiue fir me; k~mmholz subu>ne. Elevations range BL4 onhic Orthic Dystric r Up to 40% inclusion of less between 1950 aod Sombric BNII~SO~ common soil developed under Limited distribution, 2175 m (6500 and Brunis01 mainly closed forest conditions. mainly between 7520 ft). Upper Hat Crack and BL5 odlic Lithic Sombric r Up to 40% inclusion of less Lillooel. Sombric B~+ol cmnmon soil which is c50 cm thick Brunis01 over bedrock.

BOWMAN SOILS (BW)

Most Common Soi1 -r Less Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map Comments* Forest Zone and Texture ymbol rain Classification age

Fraser Plateau Sih loam or silty BWl Orthic Gray Steeply sloping to vely hilly physiographic clay loam. Luvisol (1.5-over 60% slopes). Region; Dry Interior moderately to very Forest Regicm; strongly calcareous BW2 Orthic Gray Otthic Eutric Up to 40% inclusion of less Subalpine morainal deposits Luvisol Brunis01 common soil due to edaphically or Engelmaun spruce - associated with basic climatically drier conditions. alpine fir me. volcanic and limestone bedrock. BW4 Orthic Gray Oithic Up to 40% inclusion of less ReStlicted Generally moderately Luvisol Melanic common soil under dominantly forbs distribution in tbe to exceedingly stony. BNII~SO~ aud/or shrubs. vicinity of Pavilion Mountain and Elevations range BW5 Onhic Gray Lithic Gray Up to 40% inclusion of less ComwaU HiUs. between 1650 and Luvisol Luvisol common soil which is ~50 cm thick 2100 m (5500 and over bedrock. *Seepage at base of 7000 ft). medium and long slopes and in depressions may improve site productivity.

BOXER CREEK SOILS (BX)

Most Common Soi1 Less Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map l- Forest Zone and Texture lymbol 1 Nrain, Classification Classification age

Fraser Plateau Gravelly sand to BX2 Gleyed Orthic Orthic Regosol W Up to 40% inclusion of less Physiographic sandy loam fluvial Regosol c&nmon soil which is unaffected by Region; Dry Interior deposits. Generally periodic high water tables. Forest Region; moderately to very Undulating (2-5% slopes). Subalpine stony. Engehnaun spruce - alpine fu zone. Elevations range from 1050 to 1650 m Very limited (3500 to 5500 ft). distribution in the northeastem portion of the map area.

84 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

CACHE CREEK SOILS (CC) Most Common Soi1 T Les3 Common Soi1 l- Location and Parent Materials Map Forest Zone and Texture ymbol bain Raln Classification age Classification age

Thompscm Plateau Sandy loam or loam, CC3 calcare4nls Otthic Brown Up to 40% inclusion of less Physiographic mildly tc moderately Rego Brown commmon soil which has developed Region; Dry Interior alkaline cdluvial fan uuder edaphically or climatically Fomst Region; deposits associated moister conditions, or in amas of Interior Bunchgrass with basic volcanic less alkaline parent material. Very zme. and limestone gently tc moderately sloping (less bedrock. Generally than 10% slopes). Li&ed distribution slightly to intheSemhnand moderately stony. “Cl 1 calcarews Carbonated Up to 40% inclusion of less Bonaparte valleys Rego Brown Dark Brown common soil which is due to near Cache Creek, A modal profile cultivation. sud east of Me&t. (Calcareous Rego Brown) described and sampled.

Blevations range between 300 and 750 m (1000 and 2500 ft)

CAIRN MOUNTAIN SOILS (CR)

1 Most Common Soi1 1 Less Common Soi1 1 Location and Parent Materials Map CommenW Forest Zone and Texture S@?OI Draia- Classification

Fraser Plateau Gravelly sandy loam CRI orthic Dystlic Moderately to extremely sloping (5 Physiographic or gravelly loam, Brunis01 tc over 60% slopes). Region; Dry Interior neutral colluvid Forest Region; deposits associated cR2 orthic Dystric W Up to 40% inclusion of less Subalpiue with volcanic Brunis01 Eutric Brunis01 common soil developed under Eugehmnn spmce- brdrock. Generally edaphically or climatically drier alpine fir me. moderately to conditions. ‘Ihese may be due to extremely stony. southerly aspects, lower elevations Ftily extensive or combination. distribution north of Elevations range lillooet, between from 1650 to 2100 m cR3 onhic Dystlic W otlhic Up to 40% inclusion of less Hat Cmek and Fraser (5500 to 7OaI ft). Bmnisol Humo-Fenic common soil developed under River and between Podzol edaphically or climatically moister Nicola and Fraser conditions. lhese may be due to rivers. northerly aspects, Upper elevations or combination. *Seepage at the base of slopes will CR4 0rthicDysttic w orthic W Up to 40% inclusion of less improve site Bmnisol Scmbric common soil which bas developed p!DdUUiVity. Bmnisol under mainly shmb and/or forh vegetatim at higher elevations.

cR5 0rthicDystric w LithicDysttic r Up to 40% inclusion of less Brunis01 Bmnisol common soil which is d0 cm thick over hedrodc.

CR6 LithicDystric r RockGutcrop r Most common soil is 60 cm thick Bmnisol over hedrodc. Up to 40% inclusion of rock outcrops.

CR7 orthicDystic w Otthic Regosol w Up to 40% inclusion of less Bmnisol cmnmon soils located in avalanche tlXkS.

85 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

CALLING SOILS (CL) I I i Most CommonSoil 1 LessCommonSoil Location and Forest Zone and Texture

Ccast Mountains Sandv loam or loam. OIthiC Stfongly to very steeply sloping Physiographic neutlhcolluvial Humo-Ferric (10~60% slopes). Region; Coastal deposits associated Forest Reaion with metamorphic ~Ccastal.- Transition bedrock. Generally OdliC Degraded Up to 40% inclusion of less Section); Subalpine very to excessively Humo-Fenic Eutic Brunis01 mnmon soil which has developed Engelmann SPN’X - stony. Podzol under edaphically or climatically alpine fïr zone. hier conditions. These may be. due Elevations range to southerly aspects, lower Limited distribution from 1350 to 1800 m elevations or combination iu valleys west of the (4500 to 6ooo ft). Fraser Vaky. CL4 orthic W Sombric Up to 40% inclusion of less Humo-Fe& Humo-Ferric common soil which has developed *Seepage occuring at Podzol Podzol under mainly deciduous vegetation base of slopes will resnlting from exposure and/or irnpmve site avalanchiug. prôductivity; may be a constraint to Orthic Regosol r Up to 40% inclusion of less entieeline. common soil which has developed Y Y ” Podzol areas of active mass wasting (talus).

CARABINE SOILS (CB) T Most Common Soi1 T Le53 Common Soi1 T Location and Parent MateriaIs Map - - Comments Forest Zone and Texture Pb rain rain Classification w Classification w

?hompson Plateau Saudy loam or loam, CBl Orthic Brown Very gently to moderately sloping Physiôgraphic moderately to (las than 10% slopes). Region; Dry Interior strongly alkaline Forest Regicn; colluvial fan deposits CB3 Orthic Brown Orthic Dark Up to 40% inclusion of less Interior Bunchgrass associated with basic Brown common soil which bas develcped zone. volcanic and under edaphically or climatically limestone bedrock. moister conditions. These may be Limited distribution Genendly slightiy to due to northerly aspects, Upper north of Kamloops mcderately stony. elevations or combinaticm. and in the vicinity of Shallow, sandy to Ashcroft. silty eolian mate+& CB4 Orthic Brown Orthic Dark Up to 40% inclusion of less have been GUY common soil which has developed inccnporated into or under mainly forested conditions. occur on the mil surface. CB.5 Lithic Brown Up to 40% unclusion of less ammon soil which is d0 cm thick Two profiles over bedrock. sampled, one modal (Orthic Brown), the CB6 Lithic Brown Rock Outcrops Most common soil is ~50 cm thick other a Carbonated over bedrock. Up to 40% inclusion Dark Brown in of rock outcrcps. ccqonent CB 11. CB7 Orthic Brown Up to 40% inclusion of less Elevations range common soil developed on talus between 180 and 750 slcpes. m (600 and 2500 ft). CBll Orthic Brown Up to 40% inclusion of less Dark Brown common sofi which is due to cultivation.

86 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

CARSON SOILS (CS) Most Common Soi1 Less Common Soi1 T Location and Parent MateriaIs Map - - Comments* Forest Zone and Texture ymbol Irain Nraim Classifkation age Classification

‘Ihompscn and Gravelly loamy sand CSl Degraded Strongly to vety steep sloping Fraser Plateau or gravelly sandy Eutric Bmnisol (1060% slopes). physiographic loam, moderately Regions; Dry Interior alkaline colluvial fan CS2 Degraded ChlCareOUS Up to 40% inclusion of less Forest Regicm; deposits associated Eutric Brunis01 Dark Gray omunon soil which has developed Interior Douglas-fis with limestone under edaphically or chmatically zone (without seral bedrock. Generally drier conditions. ‘lhese may be due ponderosa pme). moderately to to southerly aspects, lower extremely stony. elevations or combination. Re&i&.d distribution in the A modal profile cs3 Degmded onhic Up to 40% inclusion of less vicinity of Pavilion (Degraded Eut& Eutric Bmnisol Humo-Fenic common soil which has developed Lake, Cache Cmek, Bnmisol) described Podzol under edaphically or climatically Upper Hat Creek, and sampled. moister conditions. These may be and Spences Bridge. due to southerly aspects, Upper Elevations range elevations or combination. *Seepage at the base from 1050 to 1650 m of medinm and long (3500 to 5500 ft). cs4 Degraded Orthic Dark Up to 40% inclusion of less slopes may improve Eutric Bruinsol Brown common soil occming in grassland site productivity. openings.

cs Degraded Lithic Eutric Up to 40% inclusion of less Eutric Brunis01 Brunis01 common soil which is d0 cm thick over bedmck.

CS6 Lithic Eu& Rock Ontcrop Most annmon soil is <50 cm thick Btnnisol over bedrock. Up to 40% inclusion of rock outcrcps.

CS7 Degraded Orthic Regosol Up to 40% inclusion of less Eut& Bmnisol wmmon soil which has developed in amas snbject to mass wastjng (talus).

CAVANAUGH SOILS 2 (CG) T Most Common Soi1 T Less Common Soi1 T Location and Parent Materials MaP Comments* Forest Zone and Texture :gmbo mrain rain Classification age Classification a&!e

Thompscm and Gravelly loamy sand CG1 Degraded Moderately to extremely sloping (10 Fraser Plateau or gravelly Sand, Eutric Brunis01 to over 60% slopes). Physiographic mildly to moderately Reaions: Drv Interior alkaline colluvial and CG2 Degraded Orthic Brown Up to 40% inclusion of less Fo& Regi& colluvial fan deposits Eutric Bmnisol common soil which has developed Interior Douglas-fïr associated with under edaphically or climatically zone (with seral volcanic bedrock. drier conditions. These may be due ponderosa pine). Generally mcderately to southerly aspects, lower to exceedmgly stony. elevations or combinaticn. Moderately extensive distribution, mainly Blevations range CG3 Degraded Degraded Up to 40% inclusion of soil with on the steeper slopes fnnn24Oto9OOm Eutric Brunis01 Eutric Bnmiso similar mosphology as the most along the Fraser, (800 to 3000 ft). common soif but which has lhompson and developed nnder edaphically or Nicola rivers. clhatically moister conditions. lhe soil has a more deeply weathered profile.

CG4 Degraded Orthic Dark Up to 40% inclusion (in total) of Euttic Bmnisol Gray, Otthic less ccamnon soils which have Dark Brown developed mainly under gmssland vegetatiat. CG5 Degraded Lithic Eutric Eutric Brunis01 Brunis01 Up to 40% inclusion of less common soil which is ~50 cm deep over bedmck.

87 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

CAVANAUGH SOILS 2 (CG) (continued) I 1 Most Common Sdl Les Common Sdl Locatton and Forest Zone and Texture

CG6 Lithic Eunic r RodcOutcrop r Most common sofi is ~50 cm deep Bnmisol over bedmck. Up to 40% inclusion of rock cutcrops.

r l-Orthic Regosol r Up to 40% inclusion of less CG7 Degraded Eutric Bmnisol common soil which bas develcped in amas of active mass wasting w”4.

CEDARBENCH SOILS (CZ)

Most Common Soi1 L-es Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materiais Map Comments* Forest Zone and Texture Spbd Drsin- Classitkation - Coast and Cascade orthic WJ Strongly to very steeply sloping Mountains mgn Humo-Ferric (1060% slopes). Physiographic Podzol Regions; Coastal 3 Fomst Region assoc-- ..-. orthic w.r Orthic Dystric r Up to 40% inclusion of less ‘Coastal Transition gmniticbedm&. --- Humo-Ferric Bmnisol aunmon soil which has develqed h.ion);ectionk coastal GenerallyGenerallv Podzol under edaphically or climatically western hemlock - excessively stony. drier catditions. These may be due western red cedar tc southerly aspects, lower zone. A modal profile elevations or combinaticn. (Orthic Humo-Fe& Restriaed to amas Podzol) described cz3 odlic w,r orthic W Up to 40% inclusion of less west and south of and sampled. Humo-Ferric Humo-Fenic common soil which has similar Lyttonandinthe Podzol Podzol morphology but has developed Siska, Kwoiek, under edaphically or climatically Siwhe and Stein moister conditions. lhese may be valleys. due to northerly aspects, upper elevations or combination. lhe soil *Seepage at base of is more deeply weathered. slopes impmves site pwductivity but may cz4 OIthiC w,r sc¶nbric W Up to 40% inclusion of less ba a constraint to Humo-Ferric Humo-Fe& cmnmon soil which has developed engineering uses. Podzol Podzol under mainly shmb and fort, vegetation located in areas subject tr avdanching.

cz7 olthic WJ Otthic Regosol r Up to 40% inclusion of less Humo-Ferric common soil which has developed Podzol in amas subject to mass wasting w”a.

88 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

CHASM SOILS 2 (CM) Most Common Soit Less Common Sd1 Location and Parent Materials Map Comment@ Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Draln- DrSlill- Classification age Classification age

Tho~pscn and Sand to sandy loam, CM1 Degraded w - - Moderately to extremely sloping (5 Fraser Plateau neutral to mildly Eutric Brunis01 to over 60% slcpes). Physiographic alkalhe colluvial and Regions; Dry Interior colluvial fan deposits CM2 Degraded W Degraded Up to 40% inclusion of less Fotest Region; associated witb Eutric Brunis01 Eutric Brunis01 common soil which is Iutetior Douglas-fir volcanic bedrock. morphologically similar to the most zone (without seral Genetally slightly to common soil but has developed ponderosa pine). very stcny. under edaphically or chmatically chier cmditious. ‘Ihese may be due Very extensive A modal profile to southerly aspects, lower diStlibUtiOU (Degmded Eutric elevations or combination. thmughout the map Brunisol) described area. The highest and sampled. CM3 Degraded W otaicDystric w Up to 40% inclusion of less concentration of map Eutric Brunis01 B~ti01 common soil which has develcped units is alcng the Elevations range tmder edaphically or chmatically Fraser River in the from 900 to 1650 m moister conditions. These may be notthwest portion of (3000 to 5500 ft). due to northem aspects, upper the map area. Gther elevations or combination. fairly extensive areas cccur west of CM4 Degraded w otthic W LJp to 40% inclusions of less Spmces Bridge and Eutric Brunis01 Melanic Common soils (in total) which have south of Nicola Brunis01 mainly developed.under grassland 01 River. Gther areas and/or Orthic deciduous vegetation. occur along the Black Notth and South Thompson valleys, CM5 Degraded W LithicEutric r Up to 40% inclusion of less ou the southem Eutric Brunis01 BNII~SO~ common soil tihich is <50 cm in portion of the depth over bedrock. Tranquille Plateau and in widely CM6 Lithic Eutric r RockGutcrop r Most common soils are <50 cm scattemd locations on Brunis01 de-ep over bedrock. Up to 40% the steeper portions and/or Lithic inclusion of rock outcrops. of the Tbompson Melanic Plateau. Brunis01

*Seepage at the base CM7 Degraded W Onhic Regosol w Up to 40% inclusion of less of medium and long Eutric Brunis01 common soil which has developed slcpes may improve in amas of active mass wasting site productivity; W~~. especially in component CM3. CM12 Degraded W OrthicGray w Up to 40% inclusion of less Eutric Brunis01 Lnvisol common soil which bas developed in areas where the parent material is somewhat finer textured.

89 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

CHATAWAY SOILS (CY)

Most Common Soi1 Less Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map Comment+ For& Zone and Texture SpbOl Dralll- Drain- Classification age Classification age

Fraser Plateau Gravelly sandy loam CYl $;Fd w - - Moderately to very steeply doping physiographic to gravelly warse (lO-30% slopes). Region; Dry Jnterior Sand, acid to neutrai Brunis01 Fomst Region; colhrvial deposits Subalpine associated with CY2 Degmded w ;p;soY-iC Up to 40% inclusion of less Engelmanu spruce - granitic bedrock. Dystric common soil which has developed alpiue fi zone. Generally vety to Brunis01 under edaphically or climatically excessively stony. drier conditions. These may be due ReStlicted to southerly aspects, lower distribution mostly ELevations range elevations or combmation. south of Liliooet, and from 1500 to 2100 m north of Lytton. (moo to 7000 ft). CY3 Degraded W odlic W Up to 40% inclusion of less Dyshic Humo-Ferric common soil develcped under *Seepage at base of Brunisol Podzol edphically or chmatically moister slopes improves site conditions. produdlvity. CY4 Degraded W onhic W Up to 40% inclusion of less Dystric Sombric amrnon soil which bas developed Brunis01 Bnmisol under mainly shrub and forb vegetation.

CY5 Degraded w LithicDystric r Up to 40% inclusion of less Dystric Brunis01 canmon soil which is d0 cm thick Brunisol over bedrock.

CY6 Lithic Dystric r Rock Outcrop r Most common soil is 60 cm thick Bmnisol over bedrock. Up to 40% inclusion of rock outcrop.

CLAPPERTON SOILS (CP)

Most Common Soit Les3 Common Soil Location and Parent Materials Map - Comme&* Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Drnin- Drain- Classification age Classification age

Thompscm and Sandy loam to coarse CPl 0rthicDystric w - - Moderately to very steeply saloping Fraser Plateau Sand, slightly acid to Brunis01 (560% slopes). Physiographic neutral, coBuvial and Regions; Dty Interior colhtvial fan deposits CP2 ~Jsoystric w Degraded w,r Up to 40% inclusion of less Forest Region: associated with Eutric BNII~SO~ wmmon soil which has developed Interior Douglas-fir granite bedrock. under edaphically drier conditcns. wne (without seral Generally very to lhese may be due to southerly ponderosa pine). excessively stony. aspects, lower elevations or combination. Moderately extensive Elevations range distribution along the from 900 to 1650 m cP3 0tthicDystric w Degraded W Up to 40% inclusion of less Fraser River north of (3CXkJ to 5500 ft). Brunis01 DySttiC common soil which has developed Lytton, between Brunis01 under edaphically or climatically Nicola Lake and moister conditions. lhese may b-e Ashcroft, along due to nottherly aspects, upper Guichon Creek and elevations or combination. Nicola River, in the Highland Valley and cp4 0tthicDystric w Orthic Dark w Up to 40% inclusion of less north of Nicola Lake Brunis01 Brown common soil which has developed towards Kamloops. under grassland in forest openings.

*Seepage at the base CP5 0lthicDysnic w LithicDystlic r Up to 40% inclusion of less of medimn and long Brunisol Brunis01 common soil which is <50 cm thick slopes may improve over bedrock. site. productivi~ especially in CP6 LithicDystric w RockOutcrop r Most common soil is <50 cm thick comportent CP3. Brunis01 over bedtock. Up to 40% inclusion of rock outcrops.

cP7 0rtJticDystric w Orhic Regosal r Up to 40% inclusion of less Brunisol common soil which has developed in amas of active mass wasting (talus). CLEMSON SOILS (C!V) Les Common Soil Location and Parent Materials Comments* Forest Zone and Texture Drah Classification age

Tbompson and Strongly to very steeply sloping Frase-r Plateau (IO-30% slopes). Physiographic Regions; Dry Interior Fomst Region; LJp to 40% inclusion of less Subalpine Eutric Brunisol common soil which bas developed Engehnauu spruce - under edaphically or climatically alpine fir wne. drier ccmditons. These may be due A modal profile to southerly aspects, lower Limited distribution (O&~C Humo-Feuic elevations or combinaticn. between the Fraser Podzol) described and Bonaparte rivers. and sampled. cw4 orthic olthic W Up to 40% inclusion of less Humo-Ferric Mebmic common soil which bas developed *Seepage at the base Elevations range Podzol Brunis01 under maiuly shrub and forb of slopes improves from 1650 to 2100 m vegetatiou. site productivity. (5500 to 7ow ft). cw5 olthic LithiC r Up to 40% inclusion of less Humo-Ferric Humo-Fer-tic common soil which is 4’0 cm thick Podzol Podzol over bedrock. I / r 1 CW6 1 Lithic 1 r Rock Outcrop Most common sofi is -50 cm thick Humo-Fe& over bedrock. Up to 40% inclusion / IPodzol of rock outcrops.

COCH.IWA SOILS (CV) Most Common Soi1 T Les.9Common Soi1 T- Location and Parent Materials Map Comments* Forest Zone and Texture ymbo rain rsin Classification w Classification es - - Coast and Cascade Gravelly sandy loam cv1 onhic W Strongly to very steeply sloping Moumains to gravelly Sand, Humo-Fenic (1060% slopes). Physiographic acidic colhrvial Podzol Regions; Coastal deposits associated Forest Region with grauitic cv2 orthic W Degraded w Up to 40% inclusion of less (Coastal Transition bedrock. Generally Humo-Ferric DyStliC common soil which has developed Secton); Subalpiire - excessively stony. Podzol B~&ol under edaphically or climatically Englemamr spruce drier conditions. lbese may be due alpine fii zone. Elevations range to southerly aspects, lower from 1350 to 1800 m elevations or combination. Not extensive; (4500 to 6000 ft). mostly almg cv3 olthic W Gleyed i Up to 40% inclusion of less tributaries of the Humo-Fer& Humo-Ferric common soil which has developed Nahalatach sud Stein Podzol Podzol due to edaphically or climatically tivers, and alarg moister conditions. Kwoiek, Siska and Texas creeks. cv4 otthic W Sombric W Up to 40% inclusion of less Humo-Fe& Humo-Ferric mnmon soil which has developed *Seepage at base of Podzol Podzol under mainly shmbs and forbs. slopes improves site These usually occur ht exposed pmductivity but may amas subject to avalanching. lx a constraint to emgineeting uses. cv7 olthic W Orthic Regoso r Up to 40% inclusion of less Humo-Fetric common soil which has developed Podzol in amas subject to mass wasting (talus).

91 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

COMMONAGE SOILS (CO)

Moat Common Sdl Les Common Sdl Locathn and Parent MateriaIs Map Comme& Forest Zone and Texture SJlllhOl Ddn- Ddll- Classification age Classifkation age

‘hmpson and Lomy sand or saud, CO1 Orthic Dark w Fraser Plateau neutral coBuvial fan - BnWtl Fhysiogra@lic deposits sssociated Regions; Dry Interior with volcanic Forest Regicn; bedrock, Generally Iuteri01 Douglas-fir moderately to very CO2 Otthic Dark w Up to 40% inclusion of less me (with sed stony. Brown -on soil which bas developed ponderosa pine). under edaphically or cbmatically Ehevations range fier conditions. lhese may be due linlied distributiotq fmm 750 to 1050 m tc southerly aspects, lower widely scattered (2500 m 3500 ft). elevations or combination. fnxn Spermes Bridge to Merritt and near CO3 Orthic Dark W Up to 40% inclusion of less Kamloops. Brown commou soil which has develqed under edaphically or climatically moister cuxiitions. lhese may be due to nonherly aspects, elevaticms or combination.

CO4 GnhicDark w Degraded W Up to 40% inclusion (in total) of Bmwn Eutric less commcn soils which have Brunis01 mainly developed under forested and/orGrthic w conditions.

CO9 ChthicDatk w calcareous W Up to 40% inclusion of less BrWWl Dark Brown annmon soil which is calcareous in the Upper part

CO11 Orthic Dark w carbcnate4I w Up to 40% inclusion of less Bmwn Black ammon soil which bas develqed due to cultivaticn.

92 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

CONANT SOILS (CA)

Most Common Soi1 Lefis Common Soi1 Location and Parent MateriaIs Map Comments Forest Zone and Texture SplbOl DWlill- Clas3ifkation

ThomPson and Gravelly to vety CA1 Gmtly to steeply sloping (3-30% Fraser Plateau gravelly sandy loam slopes). Physiogra&ic to came Sand, Regions; Dty Jnterior neutral to mildly CA2 Degraded r GrthicEutric r Up to 40% inclusion of soils Forest Region; alkaliue cdluvium Eutric Brunis01 B~nis01 developed under hier condhions lnterior Douglas-fir associated with due to southerly aspect, lower zone (with serai vokanic or elevations or combinarion. ponderosa pitre). metamorpbic bedrock. Generally CA3 Degraded r orhic Dystric w Up to 40% inclusion of less Limited distribution, very to excessively Eutric Brunis01 BNII~SO~ common soil which has developed mainly in the vicinity stony. under edaphically or climatidy of the Fraser River moister conditions. llmse may be between Lytton and One modal profile due to northerly aspects, upper Lillooet. (Degraded Eutric devations or combination. Bmnisol) described and sampled. CA4 Degraded r ChthicDark 1 r Up to 40% inclusion of less Eutric Brunis01 GUY common soil that has developed Elevarions range under dominationtly grass and between 300 and 900 deciduous vegetation. m (1000 and 3000ft). CA5 Degraded r LithicEutric r Up to 40% inclusion of less Eutric Brunis01 Brunis01 commm soil which is dOcm thick over bedrock.

CA6 LithicEutric r Rock Gutcrop r Most common soil is ~50 cm thick Bmnisol over bednxk. Up to 40% inclusion of rock outcrops.

CA7 Degraded r Otthic Regosol r Up to 40% inclusion of actively Eutric Brunis01 mass wasting colluvium (talus).

CA11 Degraded r OrthicGray w Up to 40% inclusion of soils Eutric Bmnisol Luvisol developed on somewhat titrer textured materials.

93 ‘SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA COURTNEYSOILS2(CT)

I l 1 Most Common Soi1 1 Le SScommon - “~‘*3ol1 ’ Location and Parent Materials Map Comment- Forest Zone and Texture SpbOl DIAl- brain- Classification nge Classitication age

Thompscn and Sandy loam or loam, (3’1 OrthicBrown w - - Gently to stnmgly sloping (2-15% Fraser Plateau moderately ahline, slopes). Physiographic CO”"llvlal . * rau= aepsrs’ -‘-- Regions; Dry En-‘--G,I", , ^-’docdocd* c-r2 Oahic Brown Orthic Brown W Up to 40% inclusions of FoÏest Regi& taxonomically similar less common hterior Bunchgrass &Ymerally slighdy to soil which is less deeply weathered mue. mc xlerately stony. due to drier conditions. Sa ndy to sihy eohn Net extensive; -’LUdk?tidS cl-3 Orihic Brown Oahic Dark W Up to 40% inclusions of less mainly at lower iucolporated into Brown common soïl which bas developed elevations along the surface of soil. under edaphically or climatically TX-----,‘l”u,pwu N”GlDZ..- moister ccmditions. ‘lhese may be between Spences Three profiles due to northerly aspects, Upper Bridge and Savona. sampled and elevations or combmation. described, a modal profile (Orthic CT4 Orthic Brown Onhic Dark W Up to 40% inclusion of less Brown) and two Gray and/or common SO& which have develope variaut profiles Degraded under mainly forested conditions. (Calcareous Brown). Emric Brunis01

Elevations range CI.5 Orthic Brown Lithic Brown r Up to 40% inclusion of less from 180 to 750 m common soil d0 cm in depth to (600 to 2500ft). bedrock.

Cl’6 Lithic Brown Rock Outcrop r Most common soil is 60 cm deep over bedrock. Up to 40% inclusion of rock outcrops.

cl7 Onhic Brown Orthic Regosol w,r Up to 40% inclusion of less common soil which has developed in amas of active mass wasting (talus).

CT8 Orthic Brown Rego Brown Up to 40% inclusion of less common soil which has been affected by sheet, riE, and/or gully erosion.

CT11 Orthic Brown Carbonated Up to 40% inclusion of less Dark Brown common soil which has developed due to cultivation.

94 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

CROWN MOUNTAIN SOILS (CN)

Most Common Soi1 Less Common Soil Location and Parent Materials Map Comments Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Drain- Drain- Classification age Classification age

‘Ihompson and Sandy loam or loam, CNl Calcareous w - - Strongky to very steeply sloping Fraser Plateau mildly to moderately Dark Gray (1060% slopes). Physiographic alkaline, colluvial Regions; Dry Interior fan deposits CN2 Calcareous w Calcareous w Up to 40% inclusion of less Fore~r Region; associated with Dark Gray Dark Brown common soil which has developed Interior Douglas-fir limestone bedrock. under drier conditions. zone (without seral Generally moderately ponderosa pme). to excessively stony. CN3 Calcareous w Dark Gray w Up to 40% inclusion of less Dark Gray Luvisol common soil developed under Limited distribution One modal profile, clinatically or edaphicahy moister in the Hat Creek (Calcamms Dark conditions. basin. Gray) described and sampled. CN4 calcareous w Degraded w Up to 40% inclusion of less Dark Gray Eutric Brunis01 common soil which has develq?ed Elevations range under mainly forested conditions. from 750 to 1200 m (2500 to 4000 ft). CN5 calcareous W Lithic r Up to 40% inclusion of less Dark Gray Dark Gray common soil which is ~50 cm thick over bedrock.

CN6 LithiC W Rock Outcrop r Most common soit is ~50 cm thick Dark Gray over bedrock. Up to 40% inclusion of rock outcrops.

CNl 1 Calcareous W Gleyed i Up to 40% inclusion of soif Dark Gray Dark Gray developed on finer textured materials with restricted drainage.

CURNOW SOILS (CX)

l- Most Common Soi1 Less Common Soil T Location and Parent Materials Map Comme& Forest Zone and Texture ymbol Irain rrain Classification %!e Classification we

Coast and Cascade Gravelly sandy loam CXl Degraded Strongly to very steeply sloping Mountains or gravélly loim, Eutric Brunisol (1060% slopes). Physiographic neutral colluvial Regions: Coastal deposits associated cx2 Degraded Orthic Eutric W Up 10 40% inclusion of less Forest Region with metamorphic Eutric Brunisol Brunis01 common soil developed under drier (Coastal Transition bedrock. Generally conditions such as south aspects and Section); coastal very to exceedingly lower elevations. western hemlock - stony. western red cedar cx3 Degraded Orthic W Up to 40% inclusion of less zone. A modal profile Eutic Brunisol Humo-Fenic common soil which has developed (Degraded Eutric Podzol under edaphically moister Not extensive; Bnmisol) described conditions. lhese may be due to mostly in the and sampled. northerly aspects, Upper elevation or Nahatlatch and combination. Kwoiek valleys. Elevations range Cx4 Degraded from 750 to 1350 m Eutric bnmisol Orthic W Up to 40% inclusion of less *Seepage at base of (2500 to 4500 ft). Melanic common soil which has developed slopes improves site B~nis01 under mainly shrub and forb productivity but may vegetation and often occurs in amas be a constraint to subject to avalanching. engineering uses.

95 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

DOMINIC SOILS @N) TMost Common Soi1 1 Las Common Soi1 Lwation and Parent Materiak l- Commenta* Forest Zone and Texture Classification Classification

lltompscn Plateau Fine sandy loam or DNl Degraded W Nearly level to gently undulatjng Physiographic silt loam, -neutml Eutric Bronisol (less than 2% slopes). Region; Dry Inte&r 5uvial deposits Forest Regiou; derived fmm a DN4 Degtaded W Gleyed Eutric up to 40% inclusion of less lnterior Douglas-fir vatiety of bedrock. Eutric Brunisol B~is01 common soil which has restricted zone (with mal Stone-ftee. drainage. ponderosa pine). One variant profile DNll Degladed W Carbonated Up to 40% inclusion of less Very limited (Carbottated Dark Eutric bmnisol Dark Brown common soil which has developed distlibutiotl along the Brown) desctibed due to cultivation. 2”: ThompS~ and sampled. Elevations range *Compcmt DN4. from330to6OOm because of mstricted (110 to 2000 ft). drainage, may require attificial drainage to improve site productivity. -

DUNLEAVY SOILS” @)

Most Common Soi1 Les Common WI Location and Parent Materiais Comment9 Forest Zone and Texture

Thompson Plateau GraveUy sandy loam Dl Undulating (2-5% slopes). Fhysiographic or gtavelly loamy Eutric Brunis01 Region; Dty Interior Sand 5uvial deposits Forest region; derived fmm a D3 Orthic Regosol mj Up to 40% inclusion of less lntetior Douglas-5r vatiety of bedrock. Eutric Brunis01 common soil which is edaphically zone (without serai Genemlly moderately moister thau usual, due to ponderosa pine). tc very stouy. fluctuating wate.r tables.

Very lhited Elevations range D5 Degraded m,w LithiC r Up to 40% inclusion of less distribution in the fmm 330 to 1050 m Eutric Brunis01 Degraded annmon soil<50 cm in depth to north-east corner of (1100 to 3500 5). Eutric Bnmisc bedrock. the map are8

*Fluctuating water tables in depmssions (D3) increases site pmduuivity in these attSS.

96 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

EUGENE SOILS’2 (EE) Most Common Soi1 Lem Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map Comme&* Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Drain- Drain- Classification age Classification age

Fraser Plateau silt loam or silty EEl OrthicGray w - - Moderately sloping to strongly Physiogqhic clay loam morainal !.xvisol ding (5-30% slopes). Region; Dry Interior deposits associated Forest Region; with volcanic EE2 Orihic Gray w Degraded W Up u> 40% inclusion of less Intexior white spxuce bedrcck. Generally Lllvisol Eutric Brunis01 mmmon soil developed under drier zone. mcderately to very ccnditicm such as south aspects and stony. low elevations. Limited distribution cm the Tranquille Elevations range EE3 OrthicGray w PodzolicGray w Up to 40% inclusion of less Plateau notth of Rod from 1050 to 1350 m Luvisol LllvisOl common soil which bas developed Lake. (3500 to 4500 ft). under edaphically or climatically moister condtions. ‘lltese may be *Seepage at base of due to northerly aspects, Upper slopes and in elevations or combination. depressions improves EE4 Orthic Gray w Gleyed Gray site productivity. Luvisol LllvisOl i Up to 40% inclusion of less commoIl soil with restrictecl drainage developed under edaphicdly wetter conditions.

EE5 OnhicGray w LithicGray r Up. to 40% inclusion of less JNvi.sol Lalvisol common soil which is ~50 cm thick over bedrock.

FLAT CREEK SOILS (FT)

Most Common Soi1 Less Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map Comment.9 Forest Zone and Texture SjlllbOl Drnin- Drain- Classifîcation sge Classification âge

Thompscn Plateau Sand to sandy loam, FI.1 OrthicBrown w - - Nearly level to gently undulating Physiographic moderately alkaline (less than 2% slopes). Region; Dry Interior fluvial deposits Forest Region; derived from a FT4 OrthicBrown w Gleyed i Up to 40% inclusion of 1~s Interior Bunchgrass variety of bedrock. Carbonated common soil which bas restricted zone. Stone-free. Regosol drainage. tited distribution Elevations range FT11 Orthic Brown w Carbonated w Up to 40% inclusion of less between Kamloops from 330 fo 600 m Dark Brown common soil which bas developed and Tranquille. (llOOto2OOOft). due to cultivation.

*Component FT4 may require artificial drainage to improve site producxivity.

97 SOILS OF .THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

FLEET CREEK SOILS (FL)

Most Common Soi1 Les Common Soi1 - T- Location and Parent Materials Map lz r Comments* Forest Zone and Texture ;ymbol train, ‘rah Classification age Classitkation age

‘lltompson and Sand to sandy loam FL1 Degraded w Nearly level to gently undulating Fraser Plateau fluvial deposits Eutric Bmnisol (les than 2% slupes). Physiographic derivedfrom a Regions; Dry Interior variety of bedrock, FL4 Degraded w Gleyed ip Up to 40% inclusion of less Forest Region; mainly volcanic. Eutric Bmnisol Regosol and/or common soils which have restricted Inmior Douglas-fir Stone-fme. Gleyed drainage. zone (with seml CumllliC ponderosa pine). A modal profile Regosol (Deqaded Eutric Limited distribution, B$+&~Pled FL1 1 Degraded w Carbonated w Up to 40% inclusions of less mainly on the lower Eutric Bmnisol Datk Brown common soil which bas developed terraces alcng the due to cultivation. North Thompson Elevations range River. from330to6OOm (llOOto2OOOft). *compcslmt FIA, because of water table fluctuation, may require drainage to improve site productivity. -

FRANCES SOILS2 (FS) l-Most Common Soi1 T Less Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map - CommenW Forest Zone and Texture ;$mbol ‘raiIl train, Classifkation age Classification w

‘lhompscn and Sandy loam to silt FS1 Gleyed i Gently undulating to gently rolhng Fraser Plateau loam, moderately CUIIlUliC (less than 10% slopes). physiographic nlkaline fluvial Regosol Regions; Dry Interior deposits derived Forest Region; mainly from a FS2 Gleyed i Cumulic W Up to 40% inclusion of less Interior Douglas-fir variety of basic Cumulic Regosol common soif not affected by zone (with seral bedrock types. Regosol fluctuating water tables. ponderosa pine). Stone-free.

Riparian vegetatiou FS3 Gleyed i Rego Gleysol pi Up to 40% inclusion of less 00 edaphic sites. Eilevations range CUtllUliC common soit which is wetter. from 300 to 750 m Regosol Net extensive; occurr (1cOO to 2500 ft). along the Coldwater FS4 Gleyed i Gleyed Saline i,p Up to 40% inclusion of less River near Mer&, CUNlUliC Regosol common, saline soil along the Upper Regosol Nicola River to Chapperon Lakes FS11 Gleyed i Carbonated Up to 40% inclusion of less and along the Cumulic Black and/or common soils which have developed Bonaparte and Regosol Chthic Humic due to cuhivaticm. Deadman rivers. Regosol Most of this associatim is cultivated and component FS 11 is rhe most common.

*AE components. due to fhtctuating water tables, may require drainage to improve site &XOdUUiVity.

98 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

FRISKEN SOILS (FR)

Most Common Soi1 Las Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map Comment-s* Forest Zone and Texture SpbOl Drfhl- brsin- Classification age Classification q-2

lhompson Plateau Sandy loam to sih FR1 Gleyed Saline i - - Gently undulating to gently ding Physiographic loam, ahline, Regosol (less thau 10% slopes). Region; Dry Interior fluvial deposits Forest Region; derived from a FR11 Gleyed Saline i Gleyed i Up to 40% inclusion of less Interior Douglas-fir variety of basic Regosol Carbonated commou soils which bave developec zone (with serai bedrock. Stone-free. Black due to cultivaticn. ponderosa pine). Riparkn vegetatim A modal profile on edaphic sites. (Gleyed Saline Regosol) sampled Very limited and described. distribution near Nicola Lake and Elevations range south of Minnie Lake. from 300 to 750 m (1000 to 2500 ft). *All components, due to fluctuating water tables, may raytire artifïcial drainage to improve site productiviq.

GISBORNE SOILS (GN)

Most Common Soil Les Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map Commet&* Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Drain- brain- Classification nge Classification age

Rtompson and Gravelly to very GNl Degraded r,w - - Vety gently sloping to mcderately ?raser Plateau gravelly sandy loam Eutric Brunis01 rolling (less than 15% slopes). ‘hysiographic to Sand, neutral 7egions; Dty Interior fluvioglacial deposits ?orest Region; derived from a nterior Douglas-fir variety of bedrock, GN2 Degraded r,w Degraded r LJp to 40% inclusion of less :without serai mainly volcanic. Eurric Brunis01 Eutric Brunisol common soil which has developed x>nderosa pine). Generally moderately nnder edaphically or climatically to very stony. drier conditions. ‘lhese may be due Very extensive to southerly aspects, lower fistrïbution, mainly A modal profïle elevafions. or combinaticn. ‘fhe n the Highland (Degraded Eutric profile is shallower and correlates Valley, east and west Brunisol) described with the Glossey soil association. d Guichon Creek, and sampled. md near Heffley, GN3 Degraded r,w Orthic W Up to 40% inclusions (in total) of pennask and Elevations range Eutric Btunisol Humo-Ferric less cumnon soifs which have Dardanelles lakes . from1OOOto1450m Podzol and/or developed under edaphically or (3000 to 5500 ft). Degtaded climatically moister conditions. * Seepage at the base DyStliC lhese may be due to northerly of the short slopes or Brunis01 W aspects, Upper elevations or emerging on tertaced combination. landforms from shedding upslope GN4 Degraded r,w Orthic Dark r,w Up to 40% inclusion of less locations improves Eutric Brunis01 Gray common soil which has developed site productivity but under vegetation containing presents a constraint significaut grasses and forbs. to engineering uses. GNIl Degraded r,w Carbonated w Up to 40% inclusions of less Eutric Brunis01 Black and/or common soils which bave developec Melanic due to cultivation. Brunis01

99 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

GLIMPSE SOILS (GS)

Most Common Sdl IRss Common Sdi Location and Parent Materiais Map Comments* Forest Zone and Texture Symboi Draln- Drahl- Classification ~p Ciaaifbtion age

‘ilmmpsa~ and Sand or loamy sand, GSI OrthicDark r,w - - vely geutiy sicpiug to gedy militlg Fraser Plateau mildiy to mcderately BKWII (iess than 10% slopes). Vegetation is Physiographic aikaiioe, domina& by grass and shntb Regions; Dty fluviu-glacial dixihax due to fïte and graxing. Interior Forest deposits derived Regiom Interior from a variety of GS2 OrthicDark r,w Onhic Brown r IJp to 40% inclusion of less common Dcuglas-fir me bedrock. Generally Brown soii which has develcped under (with serai moderateiy tn very edaphically or chmatically drier ponderosa pine). stony. conditions. ‘ihese may be due to southerly aspects, lower elevations or Fairly extensive Ekvations range COmbinatiOn. distibution. from 750 tc 1050 m somewhat (2500 to 3500 ft). GS3 Orthic Dark r,w Orthic Black r,w Up to 4040 inclusion of iess common widely scattered. BKlWn soil which developed under edaphically Largest or climaticaiiy moister conditions. concentration is ‘ilese may be due to northerly aspects hetween upper elevations or combination. IGmtsford, Trapp and Napier GS4 OtthicDark r,w Degraded Eut& r,w Up to 40% inclusion (in total) of less iakes, and Brown Brunis01 and/or common mils which have devclqxd betwccn Nicola, Otthic Dark Gray under pattially forested conditions. Douglas and Minnie lakes. GS8 Orthic Dark r,w Rego Dark r Up to 40% inclusion of less common Ah0 occurs in Bmwn Bmwn soil which is affected by sheet, riII the Nicola and and/or gully erosion Hat Creek vaiieys. GS9 Orthic Dark r,w Caicarecus Dark r Up to 40% inclusion of less common Bmwn Bmwn soii which is strongly alkaline.

GSll OrthicDark r,w Carbonated W Up to 40% inclusion of less common Brown Biack soil which is due to cultivation.

GLOSSEY SOILS (GY)

Most Common Sd1 Les Common Soii Location and Parent Materfais Map Comme& Forest Zone and Texture Sjlllboi Drain- Dratn- Classification age Classification aite

llranpson and Graveiiy sandy GY1 ggymisol GW - - Very gently sloping to modemtely rolling Fraser Plateau iœm to graveiiy (iess than 15% slopes). Physiographic siit loam Regions; Dry ovedaying Sand or GY2 De-grade-d r,w OtthicBmwn r Up to 40% inclusion of less common haior Forest lmmy Sand, Eutric Brunis01 soil which has deveioped under Regiat; Inte&r neutral to basic edaphically or climatically drier Douglas-fir zone fluvioglacial conditions. ‘Ihese may be due to (with setal deposits derived southerly aspects, lower elevations or ponderosa pine). from a variety of canbination. tfedmck mainly Mcderately volcanic. GY3 Degraded r,w Degraded Eutric w Up to 40% inclusion of taxonomically extensive Generaiiy Eutric Brunis01 Bmnisol* similar less common soil which distribution in moderate to very developed under edaphically or the Guichon, StOUy. climatically moister conditions. lhese Nicola, may be due to northerly aspects, lhompson and Elevations range elevations or combination. lhe pmfile is Fraser valleys. from 180to900m deeper and umelatcs with the Cisbome (600 to 3ooo ft). soil association.

GY4 Degraded r,w Orthic DarkGray r Up to 40% inclusion of iess common Eutric Brunis01 soil which bas develqxd uuder partially forested conditions.

GY9 Degraded r,w Degraded Eutric w Up to 40% inclusion of iess common Eutric Brunis01 Bmnisol soil which is slightly alkaiiue or saline.

GYll Degraded r,w CatbonatedDatk w Up to 40% inclusion of less common soi Eutric Brunis01 Brown and/or which bas developed due to cuhivation Meianic Brunis.01

100 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

GODEY SOLLS (GD) Most Common Soit Les Common Soi1 T Location and Parent Materials MaP Comments Forest Zone and Texture ;ymbo Classification Classification

Thompson Sandy loarn to loamy GDl Orthic Brown Very gently sloping 10 gently rolling Plateau Sand overlying (less than 10% slopes). Physiographic gravelly sandy loam Region; Dry to gravelly coarse GD2 Orthic Brown Orthic Brown r Up to 40% inclusion of taxomonically Interior Forest Sand. moderately similar but less deeply weathered less Region; Interior alkaline, fluvio- common soil which has developed Bunchgrass zone. glacial deposits under edaphically or climatically drier derived from a conditions. Fairly extensive variety of bedrock, distribution mainly volcanic. GD3 Orthic Brown Orthic Dark r Up to 40% inclusion of less common along the Fraser Generally slightly Brown mil which has developed under River from stony near the edaphically or climatically moister Lytton to surface and very conditions. These may be due to L.illmet and stony and gravelly at northerly aspects, Upper elevations or along the depth. A variable combination. Thompson River thickness of eolian from Ashcroft to veneer is con-mon as GD4 Orthic Brown Onhic Dark r Up 10 40% inclusion (in total) of less Kamloops. a surface capping. Gray. Degraded common soils which bave mainly Eutric Brunis01 developed under fores& conditions. lltree modal profiles (Orthic Brown) GD5 Onhic Brown Lithic Brown r Up t0 40% inclusion of less common sampled and soil which is <50 cm in depth over described. bedrock.

Elevations range GD8 Orthic Brown Rego Brown r Up t0 40% inclusion of less common from 200 to 750 m soi1 which is affected by sheet, rill, (600 to 2500 ft). and/or gully erosion.

GD9 Orthic Brown Solonetzic Brown r Up t0 40% inclusion of less common soil which is alkaliue or saline.

GDI 1 Orthic Brown Carbonated Dark r Up to 40% inclusion of less common Brown soi1 which has developed due to cultivation. -

101 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

GORGE CREEK SOILS (GG) Most Common Soi1 -rLes Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials -l- - Comments* Forest Zone and Texture hh raln Classification age Classification ‘ge - - Thompson and Gravelly to vety GGl OlthiC w Undulatiug to strongly rolling Fraser Plateau gravelly coarse Sand Humo-Ferric (530% slopes). Physiographic to sandy loam. Podzol Regions; Dry Interior medium acid! flucio- W Up to 40% inclusion of less Forest Region; glacial depom GG2 olthic w Degraded common soif which has developed SuLdpiue derived from a HumoFerric Eutric BN~SC under edaphically or climatically Engelmann SpNCe - variety of bedrock, Podzol drier conditions. lhese may be due alpine fir zone. mainly vohnic and to southerly aspects, lower grauitic Gcnerally elevations or combination. Very lirnited vezy to excessively distribution, mostly smny or gravelly. near Gnawed Mountain and east of One variant profile the Guichon Valley. (Degraded Dystric Brunisol) sampled *Seepage at the base and described. of short slopes, or emerging on termced Blevations range landfotms frun from 1500 to 1950 m shedding, upslope (5000 to 6500 13). locazions improves site productivi~, but presents a constraint to engineering uses.

- -

GWENN SOILS (GW)

Most Common Soil T Less Common Soil l- Location and Parent Materials Map l- - - Forest Zone and Texture ,ymbo D rain rain Classification age Classification w

‘lhompson and Gravelly loamy sand GWl Onhic Black Fraser Plateau to silt loam over Very gently sloping to gently rolhng physiograpbic sand or loamy Sand, (less thau 10% slopes). Vegetation is Regions; Dry Jirterior neutral fluvioglacial Orthic Black dominated by grass and shmb dis- Forest Region; deposits derived cli~ax due to fire and grazing. hnerior Douglas& from a variety of wne (with or bedrock, mainly GW2 Orthic Black Orrhic Datk r.w Up to 40% inclusion of less without sera1 volcanic and granitic. Brown common soil which bas developed ponderosa pine). Generally mcderately under edaphically or climatically to very stony. drier conditions. ‘Ihese may be due Lirnited distribution, to southerly aspects, lower mostly near Douglas Elevations range elevations or combination. Lake. from 1000 to 1500 m (3orxl lo 4500 fl). GW3 Orthic Black Orthic Black W Up to 40% inclusion of less common soil which has developed under climatically wetter conditions, resulting in deeper Ah horizons.

GW4 Orthic Black Degraded W Up to 40% inclusion (in total) of Euuic less ccmmon soils which have B~nis01 developed under mainly forested and/or conditions. Degraded DyStIiC BN~I~SO~

GW9 Otthic Black calcareous Wj Up to 40% inclusion of less Black common soil which is alkahne and cultivated

SWll Orthic Black Carbonated W Up to 40% inclusion of less Black ammon soil which is due to cultivation.

02 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

HALLAMORE SOILS’ (HA)

Most Common Soi1 Las Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map Comments* Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Draiil- Drain- Classification age Classification age

Sbuswap Highland Sandy loam or loamy HA5 Orthic w LithiC r Strongly to very steeply doping Physiographic Region; sand colluvial Humo-Fertic Humo-Ferric (10-a% slopes). up to 40% Dry Interior Forest deposits associated Podzol Podzol inclusion of less common soil Region; Subalpine wich basic bedrock which is 60 cm thick over Engehnann spmce-alpine areas. Generally vety tedrock. fir zone. to excessively stony.

Very lhnited occurrence Elevations range near the northeast corner from 1350 to 1650 m of me map area. (4500 to 5500 ft).

HELMCKEN SOILS’ (HN)

Most Common Soil Less Common Soil Location and Parent Materials Map - Comments* Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Drain- Didl- Classification age Classification age

Fraser Plateau Sandy loam or loamy HNl Orthic w - - Strongly to very steeply sloping Physiographic Sand colluvial Humo-Fenic (IO-60% slopes). Region; Dry Interior deposits associa& Podzol Forest Region; with basic volcanic Up to 40% inclusion of less Subalpme and metamorphic HN2 Otthic W Degraded W common soil which has developed Engebnaun spruce - bedrock. Generally Humo-Fenic Dystcic under edaphically or climatically alpine fir zone. very to excessively Pcd.?ol Brunis01 drier conditions. These may be due stony. to southerly aspects, lower Limited distribution elevations or combination. on the Tranquille Elevations range Plateau. from 1350 to 1650 m HN5 Orthic W Lithic r Up to 40% inclusion of less (4500 to 5500 ft). Humo-Ferric Humo-Fenic common soil which is 40 cm thick *Seepage at base of PodzOl Podrol over bedrock. slopes and in depressions improves HN6 Lithic r Rock Outcrop r Most common soil is 60 cm thick site prcductivity. Humo-Fenic over bedrock. Up to 40% inclusion PodzOl of rock outcrops.

HEMP SOILS’3 (H)

Most Common Soil Less Common Soil Location and Parent Materials Map Comments Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Drain- Drain- Classification age Classification age

Thompson Plateau Sandy loam or loamy HI Degraded r - - Srrongly to very steeply sloping Physiographic Region; sand colluvial Eutric Brunisol (1060% slopes). Dry Interior Forest deposits associated Regicn; Interior with basic volcanic Degraded r Degraded r Up to 40% inclusion of Douglas& zone and metamorphic H3 Eutric Brunisol Eutric Brunis01 taxonomically similar less (without sera1 bedrock. Generally ccmnon soil which has deeper ponderosa pine). vety to excessively profile development. stony. Very hmited distribution H6 Lithic Eutric r RockOutcrop r Most common soil is d0 cm in the northeast portion Elevations range Brunis01 thick over bedrock. Up to 40% of the map ama. from 330 to 1050 m inclusion of rock outcrops. (1100 to 3500 ft).

103 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

HOLDEN SOILS2 (HD)

Most Common Sd1 Les Common Sd1 LocPtion and Parent Materials Map Comme&+ Forest Zone and Texture SpttbOl Drain- bratn- Classification aga Classification age

‘lkompson and Gravelly or very HDl Degraded w - - Very gently sloping to moderately rollin~ Fmser Plateau gmdy sandy Eutric Brunis01 (less than 15% slopes). Physioglaphic loam or loam Regions; Dry overlying sand or HDZ Degraded W Degraded w~ Up to 40% inclusion of taxonomically Iuterior Fomst loamy sand, basic Eutric Bnmisol Eutric Brunisol similar less common soil which has Region; Interior fluvioglacial develuped under edaphically or Douglas-fir me deposits derived chmatically drier conditions. Tbese may (without seral from a vareity of be due to southerly aspects, lower ponderosa pine). elevations or combination. llte less pjeZedY common suil is less deeply weathered. !.hited Generally. distribution west muderately to vety HD3 Degraded Degraded W Up to 40% inclusion of less common and north of Hat stcmy. Eutric Brunisol w ~~~~1 soil which has developed under CldC. edaphicdy or climatically moister Elevaticm range conditions. lkese may be due to *Secpage at base from 1050 to 1650 nottherly aspects, upper elevations or of short slopes m (3500 to 5500 combination. may improve site ft). pdUCtiVi~. HD4 Degraded W ChlCaNOUS W Up to 40% inclusion of less common Eutric Brunis01 Dark Gray soil which has developed under mixed grass and open forest vegetaticn.

HD5 Degraded W Lithic Eutric r Up to 40% inclusion of less cotumcn soi Eutric Brunis01 BNII~SO~ whichisdOanindepthoverbe&odc.

HOOLIGAN SOILS1g (HO)

Most Common Sdl Less Common Sdl Location and Parent Materials Map Comments* Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Draln- Drain- Classitïcation age Classitkation age

Thompson Plateau Sandy loam or HO1 Degraded r - - Strongly to very steeply slcping Physiographic loamy Sand Dystric Brunis01 (1060% slopes). Region; Dry COllUVid Interior Fotest deposits HO2 Degraded r Degraded r Up to 40% inclusicn of less common soil Regiun; Intetior associated with Dystric Brunisol Eutric Brunis01 which has developrd tmder edaphically or Douglas-ti zone basic volcan& climatically drier conditions. These may (without SeraI and be due to southedy aspects. lower ponderosa pine). metamomhic elevaticns or combinaticn. bedrock. Limited Generally very HO3 Degraded r OtthiC r up to 40% inclusion of less common soil distributiou, to excessively Dystric Brunisol Humo-Fenic which has developed under eda~hically or maidy north of stony. Podzol climaticahy moister conditions. lhese may Heffley Lake and be due to northerly aspects, Upper west of Notth Elevations range elevations or combination. Thompsm River. from 1050 to 1350 m (3500 to HO4 Degraded r Orthic Gray w Up to 40% inclusion of less common *Seepage at the 4500 ft). Dystric BNII~SO~ Luvisol soil developed on finer textured parent base of @es mater&. irnproves site productivity. HO5 Degraded r Lithic Dystfic r Up to 40% inclusiou of less common Dysuic B~nid Bmnisol soil wbïch is ~50 cm thick over bedmck.

Most c-on soil is d0 cm thick over HG6 Litbic Dystric r Rock Gutcrop r bedrock. Up to 40% inclusion of rock Brunis01 0utcNps.

104 -

SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

HOTFISH SOILS1 (HH)

Most Common Sol1 Les3 Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map Comment.9 Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Drain- Drain- Classification age Chssification age

Thompsm plateau Sandy loam or loamy HHl Degradcd WJ - - Strongly to very steeply Physiographic Region; Sand colhtvial deposits Eutric Brunis01 sloping (la-a% slopes). Dry Jnterior Forest associated with basic Region; Interior white volcanic and SpNCC! zone. metamorphic bedrock. Generally very to Very limited distribution exœssively stony. in the Upper Deadman River Valley. Elevations range from 750 to 1050 m (2500 to *sœpage in base of slqes 3500 ft). impmves site pmductivity.

JNKITSAPH SOILS (IT)

Most Common Soi1 Less Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map Comments* Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Drain- Drain- Classification age Classitïcation age

Coast and Cascade Sand or loamy Sand, ITl Degraded r - - Moderately to steeply sloping Mountains Physiographic strongly to medium Dystric (S-30% dopes). Regions; Coastal Forest acid flnvioglacial Brunis01 Region (Coastal deposits derived fmm Transition Section); mainly metamorphic lT3 Degraded r oltllic r LJp to 40% inclusion of less Cœstal western hemlock bednxk. Genemlly Dystric Humo-Ferric com~on soil which has - western red œdar zone. moderately to Bmnisol Podzol devehped under edaphically or exœedingly stony. ClimaticalIy moister conditions. Iimited distrihurion in ‘lhese may be due to northerly the Mowhokam Valley of A modal profile aspects, upper elevations or the Cascade Mountains. (Gleyed Dystric combination. Bmnisol) sampled IT4 Degraded r OIthic r *Seepage fmm adjacent and Described. Dystric Sombric Up to 40% inclusion of less slopes impmves site Brunis01 Bnmisol common soil which has prcductivity, but may Elevations range developexl under mainly shmb constrain engineering uses. from 300 to 750 m and forb vegetation. (1000 to 2500 ft).

INKOIKO SOILS (IK)

Most Common Soi1 Lea Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map Comments Forest Zone and Texture SplbOl Drain- Draln- Classification age Classitkation age

Coast Mountains Sand or loamy sand, Ml Degraded r - - Moderately to steeply slopjng Physiographic slightly acid Dysuic (S-30% slopes). Region; Coastal fluvioglaciaJ deposits Bmnisol Forest Region derived fmm a (Coastal Transition variety of bedrock, IK2 Degraded r Degraded r Up to 40% inclusion of less Section); Coastal mainly granitic. Dystlic Eutric B~nis01 mmmon soil wbich bas developed western hemlock - Generally Bmnisol under edaphicaUy or climatically western red cedar exœssively stony. drier conditions. These may be due zone. to southerly aspects, lower Elevations range elevations or combination. Very limited fmm 750 to 1350 m distribution in the (2500to 4500ft). IK3 De.&ed r Orthic r Up to 40% inclusion of less Nahatlatch and Stein Humo-Ferric mmmon soil developed under River vdleys. Brunis01 Podwl climatically moister mnditions, such as northerly aspects and/or Upper elevations.

105 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

IZMAN CREEK SOILS (IZ) Most Common Soil Less Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materiais Map Comments+ Forest Zone and Texture SpbOl brnin- DAII- Classification nge Classification age

‘fhompscm and Fraser Sand to loam overlying IZl Degraded r - - Gently to moderately sloping Plateau Physiographic coarse Sand, slightly acid Eutric Brunis01 (2-10% slopes). Regions; Dry Interior to neutral fluvioglacial Forest Region; Interior deposits derived from a ET.2 Degraded r Orthic Eutric w,r Up to 40% inclusion of less Douglas& zone (with variety of bedrock, Euttic BNYI~SO~ Brunis01 c-cm soil which has seral patderosa pine). mainly gfanitic. Gcnerally developed under edaphically vety to exceedingly or climatically drier Net extensive stcmy. A thin surface ccnditions. These may LX due disttibuti0~ occurs capping of eolian to sontherly aspects, lower along the Fraser mterial is common. elevaticns or combination. canyon south of Lytton and in the lower Stein A modal profile (Degraded fZ3 Degraded r orthic r Up to 40% inclusion of less River valley. Eutric Bnmisol) sampled Eutric B~rus01 Humc-Ferric c-ou soil which has and described. Podzol developed tmder edaphically *Seepage frcm or climatically moister adjacent slopes may Elevations range frcm conditions. These may be. due improve site 180 to 750 m (600 to to nottherly aspects, Upper pdUUiVi~. 2500 ft). elevations or combination.

KANAKA SOILS O(K)

Most Common Soi1 Less Common Soit Location and Parent Materials Map Comme&* Forest Zone and Texture Symbol DUlin- Drain- Classification age Classification age

Coast and Cascade Lcmn or sandyloam, KKl D$” r - - Very steeply sloping to vety hilly Mountains medium acid, (30 tc over 60% slopes). Modal Physiographic tegions; shallow cdluvial Btunisol soil is between 50 and 100 cm Dry Interior Forest deposits overlying deep over bedrock. Region; Interior metamorphic Douglas& zcne (wtih bedmck. Generally KK3 Degraded r orthic r Up to 40% inclusion of less seral ponderosa pine). exceedingly rocky. DyStIiC Humo-Ferric comrnou soil which has developed B~tti~01 Podzol under edaphically or climatically Not extensive A modal profile moister conditions. These may be distribution; occurs (Degraded Dystric due to northerly aspects, Upper south of Lytton along Brunisol) described elevations or combinaiton. the Fraser Canyon. and sampled. KK5 Degraded r Lithic Dystric r Up to 40% inclusion of less *Shallow depth to Elevations range DySttiC Bmnisol CONN~U soil which is 60 cm bedrock is a major front 180 to 750 m BNYI~SO~ thick over bcdrazk. constraint to (600 to 2500 ft). engineering uses. KK6 ~~thisoystric r Rock Gutcrcp Most common soil is 60 cm thick over bedrock. LJp to 40% inclusion of rock outcrops.

106 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

KERR SOILS2 (KK) Most Common Soi1 Las Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Comment@ For& Zone and Texture S Irain Classification Classification aBe - ‘Ihompson and Sandy loam or loam, KRl onhic Strongly slcping to hilly Fraser Plateau slightly acid colluvial I Melanic (9-15% slopes). Physiographic deposits associated Bmnisol regions; Dry Interior with limestone Up to 40% inclusion of less For-est Region; bedrock. Generally mmmon soil which has developed Subalpine vety to excessively KR4 onhic orthic w under mainly forested conditions. Engelmann spmce - stony. Melanic Humo-Fenic alpine fir zone Brunis01 Podzol Up to 40% inclusion of less A variant profile common soil wbich is c50 cm thick Lzzy (lithic Melanic over bedrock. Bmnisol) described Very limited and sampled. KR5 orthic Lithic Melanic r Most common soil is ~50 cm thick distribution; mainly Melanic Brunis.01 over bedrock. Up to 40% inclusion near Pavillion Elevations range Brunis01 of rock outcrcps. Monmain. from 1950 to 2195 m (6500 to 7200 ft). KR6 Lithic Melanic Rock Gntcrop Brunisol

KHA LAKE (KH) Most Common Soil Les Common Soi1 T Location and Parent Materials Map - Comments* Forest Zone and Texture S ymbol Irain Classification Classification aEs

Coast and Cascade LO~N or sandy loam, KHl onhic r Very steeply sloping to very hilly Mountains acidic to nwtral Humo-Fertic (30 to over 60% slopes). Modal soil Physiographic shallow colluvial Podzol is between 50 and 100 cm deep ovet Regions; Coastal deposits overlying bedrock. Forest Region metamorpbic (Coastal Transition bedrock. Generally KH2 OthiC r olthic Dystric Up to 40% inclusion of less Section); coastal exceedingly stony Humo-Fetric BNII~SO~ annmon soil which has developed western hemlcxzk - and moderately to Podzol uuder edaphically of climatically western red cedar exceediugly rocky. drier conditons. ‘Ihese may be due zone. tc sontherly aspects, lower Elevations range elevations or combination. Vety limited from 750 to 1350 m distribution west and (2500 to 4500 ft). KH3 orthic r onhic Up to 40% inchrsion of south of Lytton. Hnmo-Fenic Humo-Ferric taxonomically sitnilar but more Podzol Podzol deeply weathered less common soil *Locaked seepage which has developed under may improve site edaphically or chmatically moister productivity; shallow conditons. These may be due to deptb to bedrock is a nonherly aspects, upper elevations major constraint to or ccmbmation. engineering uses. KH5 OIthic r LithiC Up to 40% inclusion of less Hnmo-Ferric Humo-Fe& caumon soil which is ~50 cm thick Podwl Podzol over bedrock. -

107 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

KLEPT LAKE (KP)

Most Common Soi1 Leas Common Soi1 Parent Materials T- - - Comments* Location and rain rain Forest Zone and Texture Classification w Classitkation ‘ge - Coast and Cascade Loam or sa& loam, OIthiC r Vety steeply sloping to very hiJly Motmtains acidic to neutral Humo-Fenic (30 to over 60% slopes). Modal soil Physiographic shallow colhvial Podzol ii between 50 and 1-W cm deep over Regions; Coastal deposits overlying bedrock. Forest Regiar metamotphic (Co~stal Transition bedrdc. Generdly OXthiC olthic r Up to 40% inclusion of less comon section); Subfdpine excecdingly stony Humo-Ferric Ferm-Humic soil which has developed under Rnglemamt SPN’X - and mcderately to Podrol Podzol edaphically or climatically wetter alpine tïr ZOU~ exœedingly rocky. conditons. These may be due to notth aspects, higher elevations or Limited distribution Elevations range combination. wuth of Texas Creek. fmm 1350 to 1800 m (4500 to 6om ft). orthic Scanbric r Up to 4.0% inclusion of less *Lfxalkd smpage Humo-Ferric Humo-Fetric common soil which has mainly will improve site Podzol Podzol developed under shrub and forb produuivity. Shauow vegetation in amas subject to depth to bedrock is a exposure andlor avalanching. major cmstraint to mgineeting uses. OdliC LithiC r Less ccanmon soil is 40 an thick Humo-Fenic Humo-Ferric cwer bedrock. Podzol Podzol

LithiC Rock Outcrop r Most common soil is 40 cm thick Humo-Ferric over bedrock. Up to 40% inclusion Podzol of rock outcrops. -

KLOWA CREEK SOILS (KL)

Most Common Soi1 T Less Common Soi1 T Location and Parent Materials MaP r - - Commet&* Forest Zone and Texture gmbl rai* min Classification ‘ge w - - Ccast and Cascade Sandy loam to sand, KLl orthic r Vety steeply doping to very hilly Mountains acidic to neutral Humo-Ferric (30 to over 60% slopes). Modal soil Physiographic shallow colluvial Podzol is between 50 and 100 cm deep ovet Regions; Coastal deposits overlying bedrock. Forest Regicn glariiticbedti. (Coastal Transition Gmerally KL2 otic r ghiCoYStliC r Up to 40% inclusion of less comon Section); Coastal excessively stcmy Humo-Ferric soil which has developcd under western hemlcck - and moderately to Podzol edaphically or climatically drier western red cedar exceedingly rocky. conditons. These may be. due to zone. southerly aspects, lower elevations Elevaticns range or ccmbinaticn. Fairly extensive ftom 750 to 1350 m distribution south of (2500 to 4500 ft). KL3 0rIhic r orthic r Up to 40% inclusion of Texas Cmek and Humo-Ferric Humo-Ferric taxonomically similar but more southeast of Lytton. Podzol Podzol deeply weathered less aunmon soil which has developed under *Localized seepage edaphically or climatically moister may improve site conditions. These may be due to productivity. Shallow northerly aspects, upper elevations depthtobedrockisa or combination. Lcss common soil i major constraint to similar to the most common soil of engineering uses. the Kumkan association.

KL5 orthic r LithiC r up to 40% inclusion of less Humo-Fenic Humo-Fer+ mmmon soil which is 40 cm tbick Podzol Podzol over balrodc.

KL6 LithiC r Rock Outcrop r Most common soil is c50 cm thick Humo-Fertic over bedrock. Up to 40% inclusions Podzol of rock outcrops

- -

.08 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

KUMKAN SOILS (KM)

Most Common Soii Less Common Soii Location and Parent Materiais Map Comme&* Forest Zone and Texture Synlboi Drain- brain- Classification age Ciaaificatlon age

Coast and Cascade Sandy loam to Sand, KM1 Orhthic r l- - “ggyJ&y&~yY~~ Mountains acidic to neutral Humo-Ferric Physiographic shauow coihwiai Podzol 5oalk!1oOCmdeepCnrerbedrr>dc Regions; Coastal deposits overlying Forest Region granitic bedrock. OIthiC r orthic Up to 40% inclusion of (Cos~tal Transition Generally KM2 Humo-Ferric Humo-Ferric r taxonomically similar but less Section); Subalpine excessively stony Podzol Podzol deeply weathered less common soil Engle.mann sprnce - and moderately to which has developed under alpine fû zone. exceedingiy mcky. edaphicaily or chmatically drier conditicus. These may be due to Fairly extensive Elevations range southerly aspects, lower elevatioms distribution ~011th of from 1350to 1800m or combination. Less common soil is Texas Creek and (4500 to 6om ft). similar to the modal of the Klowa west of the Fraser Creek association. River, also southeast of Lytton within the KM3 orihic r OIthiC Up to 40% inclusion of Cascade Mountains. Humo-Fenic Humo-Ferric r taxonomically similar but more Podzol Podzol deeply weathered less common SO~L *L.ocalized seepage ‘iltese may be due to moister mpmves site conditions su& as higher elevations, pmductivity. Shallow north aspects or a combinaiton. depth to bedrock is a major constraint to KM4 orthic r Sombric Up to 40% inclusion of less engineering uses. Hnmo-Fenic Humo-Ferric r wmmon soii which has developed Podzol Podzol mainiy nnder shrub and forb vegetation in areas subject to expwe and/or avalanching.

KM5 orthic r LithiC Up to 40% inclusion of less Humo-Ferric Humo-Ferric r common soil which is d0 cm tbick Podzol Podzol over bedrock.

KM6 Lithic r Rock Gntcrop Most common soil is d0 cm thick Humo-Ferric r over bedrock. Up to 40% inclusion Podzol of rock olltcrops.

KWOIEK SOILS (KW)

Most Commou Soii Les Common Soii L,ocation and Parent Materiais Map Comme&* Forest Zone and Texture Symboi Drain- Drain- Classification age Classification age

Coast and Cascade Sandy loam to Sand, KW1 Degraded r - Mountains acidic to neutral Dyst.Iic - it%%?i$i$tltii?i!!ti?tin Fhys~ographic shallow colhrvial Bnmisol 5Oami 1oOcm&epovertedmck. Regions; Dry Interior deposits overlying Fomat Regicn; granitic bedmclc. KW2 Degraded r Degraded r Up to 40% inclusion of less Interior Douglas-fïr Generally Dystric Eutric Brunis01 wmmon soil which has developed zone (without seral excessively stony Brunis01 under edaphically or chmatically pondemsa lpine). and moderately to drier condtions. Theae may be due exceedingiy rocky. to southerly aspects, lower Limited distribution, eievations or combination. mainly in the Stein Elevations range and Kwoiek vaBeys fmm 180 to 750 m KW3 Degraded r OIthiC r Up to 40% inclusion of less and along the Fraser (600 to 2500 ft). Dystric Humo-Ferric common soil which has develcped River south of Lytton. Brunis01 Podzol under edaphically or climatically moister conditiars. Tbeae may be *Locaiizcd seepage due to nortberiy aspects, Upper may impmve site elevations or combination. productivi~. Shallow depth to bedrock is a KW5 Degraded r LithicDystxic r Up to 40% inclusion of leas constraint to Dystric B~nis01 common soil which is d0 cm thick engineering uses. Brunis01 overbedmck.

KW6 LiIhicDysuic r ROckGutcrop r Most common soil is ~50 cm thick Brunis01 over bedmck. Up to 40% inclusion of rock outcrops.

109 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

LAC DU BOIS SOILS (LD)

Most Common Soi1 Les Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials MaP Comments Forest Zone and Texture Symbof DE4ill- Draln- Classifkation age Classifkation age

Thompsou Plateau silty &y loam to LDl Solonetzic w - - Gently undulating to gently roll& Physiographic loam, -gly Dark Brown (less than 10% slopes). Vegetation is Region; Dry Interior alkaline, weakly dominated by grasses and shmbs. Forest Regiat; saline! lacustrine Intelior Douglas-fir deposits. Stone-free. LD2 Solcnetzic W OrthicBrown w Up to 40% inclusion of less zone (with seral Dark Brown common soil which has develcped ponderosa pine). A modal profile under edaphically or climatically (Solonetzic Dark drier conditons at the lower lknited distribution Brown) described elevations. between Merritt and and sampled. Nicola Lake and east LD3 Solonetzic W Solonetzic w Up to 40% inclusion of less of Campbell Lake. Hevations range Dark Brown Black mmmon soil which bas developed from 300 to 750 m under edaphically moister conditicnr (looo to 2500 ft). such as higher elevations or northerly aspects.

LD4 Solonetzic W SolodicDark w Up to 40% inclusion of less Dark Brown Brown cummon soil in which pedogeuic processes have advauced more than USUd.

LDll Solcmetzic W Solonetic W Up to 40% inclusion of less Dark Brown Dark Brown common soil which is cultivated.

LALUWISSEN SOILS (LS)

Most Common Soi1 Less Common Soil Location and Parent Materials Map Comme& Forest Zone and Texture Symbol DrAl- Dldl- Classification age Classification age

Thompscn FGteau silt loam or silty LSl Orthic Dark w - - Gently undulating to gently rotig Physiographic clay loam, Brown (less than 10% slopes). Vegetation is Region; Dry Interior moderately to dominated by grass and shmb Forest Region; strongly alkaline disclimax due to fire and grazing. Inrerior Douglas-fir lacustrine deposits. zone (with serai Stone-free. LS2 OrthicDark w Orthic Brown w Up to 40% inclusion of less ponderosa pine). Brown common soil which has developed Elevations range under edaphically or climatically Limited distribution, from 850 to 1160 m drier conditons. These may be due mostly near (2800 to 3800 ft). to southerly aspects, lower Quilchena Creek and elevations or combination. hetween Trapp and Nicola lakes. Ls3 OrthicDark w Orthic Black w Up to 40% inclusion of less Brown common soil which has developed under moister conditions such as north aspects, higher elevations or txth.

LS4 OrthicDark w Degraded W Up to 40% inclusion of less Brown Eutric Brunis01 common soil which has developed under mainly forested conditions.

LS8 OrthicDark w Rego Dark W Up to 40% inclusion of less Brown Brown ccmmon soil which bas been affected by sheet, rill and/or gully erosion.

LS9 Orthic Dark w Saline Dark w Up to 40% inclusion of less BPWII Brown common soil which is saline.

LSll OrthicDark w Carbonated w Up to 40% inclusion of less Bmwn Black common soii which bas developed due to cultivation.

110 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

LAUREL SOILSl (LL) Most Common Soi1 Les3 Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map Comments+ Forest Zone and Texture Draill- SYmh Classification

Fraser Plateau Sandy loam to LLl onhic Gently sloping or undulating (2-5% Physiographic gravelly Sand Humo-Fenic slopes). Region; Dry Interior fluvioglacial deposits Podzol Forest Rezion: derived from a subalpiue- . variay of bedrock. LL3 orlhic olthic r Up to 40% inclusion of EGlglemauu spnlce - Generally moderately Humo-Ferric Humo-Fer& taxonomically similar but more alpine fir ZLaIe. to exceediugly stony. Podzol Podzol deeply weathered less common soil which has developed under Limited distribution Elevations range edaphically or climatically moister aloug Jamieson from 1350 to 1650 m conditons. These may be due to Creek in the North (4500 to 5500 ft). northerly aspects or higher Thompson River elevations or a combiiticn. drainage.

LUNDBOM SOILS (LM) l- Most Common Soi1 T Les Common Soil Location and Parent Materials Mw L -r Forest Zone and Texture iymbo I min rain Classification age Classification age - Thompson Plateau Silty clay loam or LMl Orthic Brown W Gedy undulating to gently rolling Physiographic clay loam, (less than 10% slopes). Region; Dry Jnterior moderately to Forest Regiou; strongly alkaline LM2 Orthic Brown Up to 40% inclusion of fnterior Bunchgrass lacustrine deposits. taxonomically similar but less zone. Stone-free. deeply weathemd less common soil which has developed under Limited distribution, A modal profile edaphically or climatically drier mainly along the (Orthic Brown) was conditions. lbese may be due to South Thompson described and southerly aspects or lower elevations River between sampled. or a combiuation. Speuces Bridge and Ashcroft, sud near Elevations range LM3 Orthic Brown Otthic Dark Up to 40% inclusion of less Metrin. from 200 to 730 m Brown couunon soil which has developed (700 to 2400 ft). under edaphically or chmatically moister conditons. lhese may be due to northerly aspects, Upper elevations or combination.

LM4 Orthic Brown Degraded Up to 40% inclusion of less onunon Eutric Bdsol soil which has developed under mainly forested conditions.

LM8 Otthic Brown Rego Brown Up to 40% inclusion of less common soil that has been affected by sheet, Ru and/or gully erosion.

LMll Orthic Brown Carbonated Up to 40% inclusion of less Dark Brown common soil which has developed due to cultivation.

111 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

MAIDEN (MD) Most Common Soi1 Les Commoo Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map Comments Forest Zone and Texture SpbOl Draln- Draln- Classification age Classification nge

‘ll~ompson and Silt loam or silty MD1 Degraded w - - Moderately ro*g to hilly (lO-60% Fraser Plateau clay loam, Eutric Brunis01 slopes). Fhysiogqhic moderately alkahe, Regions; Dty Interior morainal deposits MD2 Degraded w OrthicDark w Up to 40% inclusions (in total) of Forest Regiou; associated with basic Eu& Bmnisol Browu,Orthic w less -ou soils that have htterior Douglas-fir volcanic and Dark Gray developed under mostly grassland me (with seral limestone bedrock. vegetatiou in edaphically or ponderosa pine). Generally slightly to climatically drier loactions. ‘lltese moderately stony. may be due to southerly aspects, Fairly extensive lower elevations or canbination. distributif mainly A modal profile noah and south of mgradcd Eut& MD3 Degraded W OrthicGtay w Up to 40% inclusion of less Kamloops, west of Bmnisol) described Eutric Brunis01 LWisOl common soil which has developed the Bonaparte River, and sampled. under edaphically or climatically and west sud no& moister ccmditcns. 7hese may be of Spences Bridge. Elevations range due to northerly aspects, higher from 450 to 10550 m elevations or combination. (1500 to 3500 ft). MD4 Lkgraded W calcareous W Up to 40% inclusion of less Eutric Brunis01 Black common soil which hss developed under mainly grass and shrub vegetatim.

MD5 Degraded W LithicEutric r Up to 40% inclusion of less Eutric Bnmisol Brunis01 common soil which is d0 cm thick over bedrock.

MD6 LithicEutric r Rock Outcrop r Most common soil is ~50 cm thick Brunis01 over bedrodc. Up to 40% inclusion of rock outcrops.

MCKNIGHT SOILS (MG)

Most Cranmou Soil Les Commou Soil Location and Parent Materials Map Comments Forest Zone and Texture Symbol DrAl- Drain- Classification nge Classification age

lkompsou Plateau Loam or silt loam, MG1 OrthicBrown w - - Gently sloping to strongly rolling Physiographic mcderately alkdine (5-305 dopes). Region; Dry Interior and weakly saline Forest Region; morainal deposits MG3 OrthicBrown w OrthicDark w Up to 40% inclusion of less htterior Bunchgrass associated with basic Brown common soil which has developed zone. volcanic and under edaphically or climatically limestone bedrock. moister conditions. These may be Fairly extensive Geuerally slightly to due to northerly aspects, Upper distribution, mainly moderately stony. An elevations or combination. near Ashcrofi and eoliau veneer of south towatds variable thickness is MG4 OtthicBrown w Orthic Dark w Up to 40% inclusion of less Spmces Bridge; also iym.;zresent at Gray common soil which has develqed OCCtUSCXlSOUth under mixed forest and grass aspects alcmg the vegeraticm. soufh Thompson A modal profile River and north of (Orthic Brown) MG5 OrthicBrown w LithicBmwn r LJp to 40% inclusion of less KdOCp. descxibed commm soil which is d0 cm thick andsampled. wer bedrc&.

Elevations range MG6 Lithic Brown r RockOutcrop r Most ammon soil is 40 cm thick from3OOto6OOm over bedrodc. Up to 40% inclusion (1000 to ZICKI fi). of rock outcmps.

MG8 Orthic Brown w Rego Brown w Up to 40% inclusion of less common soil which has been affected by sheet, rill and/or gully erosion.

MG9 OrthicBrown w Saline Dark wm Up to 40% inclusion of less Brown canmcm soil which is affected by saline seepage. SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

MCLAREN SOILS (ML) Most Common Soi1 Les Common Sd1 Location and Parent Materials Mw T CommeAs+ Forest Zone and Texture izi ymbo Classification Classification w lhompson and Gravelly sandy ML1 Mcderately rolling m steeply sloping Ftaser F’lateau loam or gmvelly (lO-30% slopes). Physiogmpltic loam. neutral to Regions; Dry moderately ML2 Degraded Up to 40% inclusiat of less common soil Interior Forest alkaliue morainal EIGraY Eutric Bmnisol which has developed under edaphically or F;g! deposits associated climatically drier conditons. Tbese may be with hic volcanic due to southerly aspects, lower elevaticns or hglas- fir and limestone combination. zmte (wirhcnlt bedrock. Generally se-rd pcnderosa slightly tc vety ML3 Orthic Gray Up to 40% inclusion of taxoaomically Eue). StCRl~. L.WiSOl similar, but more deeply weathemd less common soil which has developed under Moderately A modal proflie edaphically or climaticaEy moister extensive @hic Gray conditions. ‘Ihese may he due to nottherly distlibution, Luvisol) described aspects, upper elwations or combination. maidy east and sampled. and north of ML4 Onhic Gray CalCareOUS Up to 40% inclusion of less common soil that Hat Creek. Blevations range LUViS Black has mainly developed uuder grass and forb front 1050 to 1650 vegetation. *Seepage at m (3500 to 5500 base of slopes ft). MIS Lithic Gray Up to 40% inclusion of less common soil improves site Luvis which is dOcm thick over bedrock. productivity but may also ML9 OrthicGray Solonetzic Up to 40% inclusion of less common soil increase Luvisol Gray Luvisol which is alkaline or saline. calcareousness.

113 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

MCQUEEN SOILS (MQ)

Most Common Soi1 Les Common Soi1 Location and Parent MateriaIs Map . Comments* Forest Zone and Texture SpbOl Drain- Draia- Classification nge Classification as

‘Iltompson and Silt loam or silty MQl Otthic Dark w - - Gently sloping to strongly rolling (5-30% Fraser Plateau clay loam, Brown slopes). Vegetation is dominated by grass physiographic mc&zeely and shmb disclimax due to tïte and grazing. Regions; Dry Inmrior Forest morainal MQ2 Orthic Dark w Orthic Brown w Up to 40% inclusion of less common soil Region; deposits Brown which bas developed under edaphically or Intfnior associated with climatically drier conditons. These may be Douglas& basic volcanic due to southerly aspects, lower elevations zone (with and limestone or combination. ponderosa be4Irock. pine). Generally MQ3 Orthic Dark w Onhic Black w Up to 40% inclusion of less common soil slightly stony. Brown which has developed under edaphically or Fairly climatically moister conditons. These may extensive A modal profile be due to northerly aspects, Upper distribution, (Orthic Dark elevations or combination. mostly nonb Brown) and south of described and MQ4 Orthic Dark w Orthic Dark Gray w Up to 40% inclusions (in total) of less Kamloops and sampled. Brown and/or Degraded c-on soils which have developed under west and north Eutric Brunis01 W mainly forested conditions. of Ashcroft. Elevations range from 450 to 950 *Seepage at m (1500 to3000 MQ5 CriDark w Lithic Dark Brown r Up to 40% inclusion (in total) of less base of slopes ft). and/or Lithic common soils which are ~50 cm thick andin Eutric Bmnisol r over bedrock. depressions improves site MQ6 Lithic Dark r Rock Outcrop r Most c-on soils are ~50 an thick over productivity Brown and/or bedrock. Up to 40% inclusion of rock but may LithicEutric r outcrops. itlCRCW2 Brunis01 salinity or alkalinity. MQ8 Orthic Dark W Rego Dark Brown r Up to 40% inclusion of less common soil Brown which are affected by sheet, riU and/or gully erosion.

MQ9 Orthic Dark W Calcareous and/or wm Up to 40% inclusion (in total) of less Brown Saline Dark Brown cunmon soils which are affected by saline and/or alkahne seepage.

MQlO Onhic Dark w Carbonated Dark w Up to 40% inclusion of less common soil Brown Brown which bas developed due to cultivation.

MQll OrihicDark w Carbonated W Up to 40% inclusion of less con-mon soil Brown Black which has developed due to cultivation.

MEANDER SOILS (MA)

Most Common Soi1 Less Common Soi1 Location and Parent MateriaIs Map Comments Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Drain- Drain- Classification age Classification age

Thompson and silt loam to clay MA1 Orthic Black w - - Gently sloping to strongly rolbng Fraser plateau loam, basic topography (5-30% slopes). Physiogmphic (moderately to Vegetation is dcminated by grass Regions; Dry btterior strongly and shmb disclimax due to fire and Forest Region; calcamus)morainal 8==ks Inte&r Douglas& deposits associated zone (without serai witll basic volcanic ponderosa pine). and limestone bedrock. Generally very limited slightly Sony. distribution; only occurs as secondaty Elevaticns range association in map from 1160 to 1280 m units. (3800 tc 4200 ft).

114 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

MEDICINE SOILS (MC) -rMost Common Soif l- Lesi Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map - Comment9 Forest Zone and Texture lpbo rain ‘raiil. Classification age Classification w

Thompson and Loam or sandy loam, MCl Calcareous Mcderately rolling to hilly (1060% Fraser Plateau da;m;z$Y Black slopes). Vegtion is dominated by Physiographic gras and shrubs due to fm. grazing Regions; Dry Interior deposits’associated and stmng alkaliuity, Forest Region; with basic volcanic Interior Douglas& and limestone MC2 Calcareous calcareous W Up to 40% inclusion of less (with seral ponderosa bedrock. Generally Black Dark Brown commcm soil which has developed pine). slightly to under edaphically or climatically moderately stony. drier conditions. ‘lIese may be due Restricted dis- to southerly aspects, lower tribution; occurs A modal profile elevations or combination. mainly near Hat (Calcareous black) Creek. was described and MC4 Calcareous Degraded W Up to 40% inclusion of less sampled. Black Eutric Brunis01 unnmon soil which has developed *Seepage at base of mainly under fores& conditions. slopes and in swales Elevations range of hilly topography from 450 to 1140 m MC5 Calcareous Lithic Black r Up to 40% inclusion of less is moderately to (1500 to 3750 fi). Black common soil which is 60 cm rhick highly clacareous. over bedrock.

MC8 Calcareous QlClINOllS Up to 40% inclusion of less Black Regosol c-on soil which has been affected by sheet, rill and/or gully erosion.

MC9 Calcareous Carbonated Up to 40% inclusion of less Black Rego Black c-on soil which has developed due to calcareous seepage.

MClO Calcareous Carbonated Up to 40% inclusion of less comon Black Rego Black soi1 which has developed due to sheet or rill erosion and calcareous seepage.

MELLIN SOILS (ME) T Most Common Soil T Les.9 Common Soil T Location and Parent Materials Map Comments* Forest Zone and Texture ymbo ,rain kain Classification age Classification w

Thompson and Sandy loam or loam, ME1 Podzolic Gray WD Moderately rolJing to hilly (10~60% Fraser Plateau acidic to neutral Luvisol slopes). Physoigraphic morainal deposits Regions; Dry Interoir associated with ME2 Podzolic Gray wm Orthic Gray Up to 40% inclusion of less Forest Region; volcanic and granitic Luvisol Luvisol common soil which has developed Subalpine bedrock. Generally under edaphically drier conditions. Englemann spruce - very to exceedingly These may be due to southerly alpine fir zone. stony. aspects, lower elevations or combination. Not extensive Elevatims range distribution; occurs from 1600 to 1900 m ME4 Pcdwlic Gray orthic Up to 40% inclusion of less mainly south of (5000 tc 6000 ft). Luvisol Sombric commm soil which has develcped Pavillion Lake and Brunis01 under mainly shrub and forb west of Guichon vegetation. Creek. ME5 Podzolic Gray wj LithiC Up to 40% inclusion of less *Seepage at base of Luvisol Podzolic Gray common soil which is ~50 cm thick slopes itnproves site Luvisol over bedrock. productivity; excessive moisture in Ml% LithiC W Rock Outcrop Most common soil is ~50 cm thick depressions may Podwlic Gray over bedrock. Up to 40% inclusion retard plant growth. Luvisol of rock outcrops.

115 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

MINNIE SOILS (MN)

Most Common Sdi Les Common Sdi Location and Parent Materiais MaP Commenta* Forest Zone and Texture iph0 Ciassitlcation Ciassitkation

llmmpson and Gravelly sandy MN1 WC Gray Modemtely rtolling to steeply sloping Fraser Plateau loam or gravelly Luvisol (lO-30% slopes). Physiographic loam, moderately Regioas; Dry Interior acid. morainal MN2 Onhic Gray Degraded Up to 40% inclusion of less common Forest Regioq deposits associated Luvisol Eutric Brunis01 soii which has developed under Jnterior Douglas& idI gmitic edaphically or climatically drier zone (without mai bedrock. Gemraily conditons. These may be due to pcnderosa pine). moderately to southerly aspects, lower elevations or exceediugiy stcny. combiuation. Moderately extensive distributim. mainly A modal profile MN3 Oahic Gray Brunisolic Up to 40% inclusion of less cunmcn between lower (Ohic Gray Lwisoi Gray Luvisol soil which has developed under Nicoia River and Luvisol) described edaphically or climatically moister Ashcroft, south of and sampled. amditons. These may be due to Pavilion Lake, northeriy aspects, upper elevations or between Nicola Lake Ebations wge combinations. and Lac Le Jeune, from 1050 to 1650 and east of Trapp m (3500 to 5500 ft) MN4 Onhic Gray Otic Black Up to 40% inclusion of less commou Lake Luvisol sd which has developed under main& grass and shrub vegetation. *Se-page at base of slopes and in MN5 Up to 40% inclusion of less common depressions improves soii which is c50 an hi& over bedroci site productivity. MN6 Lithic Gray Most common soil is c50 cm thick Luvisol over bedrock. Up to 40% inclusion of rcck outcrops.

MOSSEY SOILS (MS) Most Common Soii Less Common Sdi T Location and Parent Materiais MaP T Forest Zone and Texture :ymiM Classification Classification

‘Ibompson and Lmn or silt loam, MS1 O&~C Black Gently sloping to moderately rolling Fraser Plateau moderately (less than 15% slqes). Vegetation is Physiographic aikaline, morainal dominated by grass and shrub Regions; Dry Interio~ deposits associated disclimax due to fire and grazing. Forest Region; with basic volcanic interior Douglas& and limestone MS2 Orthic Black Ohic Dark Up to 40% inclusion of less c-on me (with and bedrock. Generally Brown soil which bas developed under without seral slightly stony. edaphically or climatically drier ponderosa pine). conditions. lIese may be due to Four modal southerly aspects, lower elevations or Fairly extensive profiles (Orhic combination. distribution, mostly Bladc) described along the Nonh and sampled. MS3 Orthic Black Orthic Black Up to 40% inclusion of taxonomically lllompson valley, similar less common soil which has south of Kamloops Elevations range developed under edaphically or and west of Cache from 750 to 1150 climatically moister conditions. These Creek. m(2500to3800 may be due to northerly aspects, Upper fil. elevations or combinaitan. Organic *Seepge at base of matter emiched surface is thicker than slopes and in the modal. depressions improves site productivity but MS4 Orthic Black Degraded Up to 40% inclusion of less commun may increase Eutric Brunis01 sd which has developed under mainly aikalinity or salinity. forested conditions.

MS5 Dtic Black Lithic Black Up to 40% inclusion (in total) of less md/or Lithic common soils which are. d0 cm rhick Eutric Brunis01 over bedrock.

MS9 Otic Black calcareous Up to 40% inclusion (in total) of less Black aud/or common soils which are affected by Saline Black saline or alkaline seepage. 116 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

OREGON JACK SOILS (0)

Most Common Soi1 1 Less Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map Comments Forest Zone and Texture SplbOl ‘I Classltkation

Thompson Plateau Partly decomposed 01 Tjpic Mesisol Nearly level to gently Physiographic Regicn; Dry organic deposit undulating topography. Inte&r Fomst Regiom Interior Douglas-fir xone (with and Rlevaticns ranges without ponderosa pine). from 1200 to 1800 m (4ml tc 5ooo ft). Occurs occasicnally in widely scattered map units.

PLACID SOILS’ (PD)

Les Common Soil Location and Forest Zone kain age Classification - Fraser plateau Gravellv saudv loam OI PD5 olthic w,r LithiC r Strongly to very steeply Physiogmphic Region; Dry gravelle loam$ Sand Humo-Ferric Homo-Fenic sloping (1060% slopes). Interior Forest Region; colluvial deposits Podwl PodzOl Up to 40% inclusion of less Subalpine Engelmann associated with cammm soil which is d0 spmœ - alpine fir zone. volcanic bedrock. cm thick over bedrock. Generally very to Very limited distribution in excessively stony. the eastem half of the map area; ocans only as Elevations range from secondaty association in 1350 to 1650 m (4500 map units. tc 5500 ft).

RAIL SO&) (RL) I Most Common Soil T Les Common Soil 1 Location and Parent Materials Map Comments Forest Zone and Texture Symbol kain- iizJ%E Classification 1w lhaupson Plateau Physiognphic Regicq Dry btericr Fotest Regicn; rnterior white SpNœ ml-le. Elevation range RL2 Tj$c M&ol p,vp Tenic Mesisol fmm 975 to 1GOo Veryhmited distrihmion in m (3200 to 3300 ft). widely scattered map units.

RAYONIER SOILS’ (RA) l- Most Common Soil l- Less Common Soil T Location and Parent Materials Map - Comments Forest Zone and Texture ;ymbol Irain Classification Classification age

Tbompson and Fraser Undeccqosed RAl Fibrisol Great Neady level to ondulatig (less Plateau, and Shuswap organic deposits. Group IllaIl 2% slopes). Highlands Physiographic Regions; Dry Interior Rlevation range from RA2 Fibrisol Great Tjpic Mesisol ?.T Up to 40% inclusion of less Forest region; Subalpine 1700 to 1830 m Groue coupon SO~I which is partially Engelmam SpNCe - (5600 tc 6000 ft). deccmposed. alpine fïr zone.

Very limited distribution in widely scattered map units.

117 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

RENNIE SOILS ” (RE) I 1 Most Common Soi1 Less Common Soi1 Parent Materiak r - Comments Location and Irain, hdn Forest Zone and Texture ws Classification age - Thonlpsm Plateau silt loam to fine Orthic Regosol W Orhic Dark W Gcntly undulating (less than 2% Physiographic sandy loam overlying Brown S@es). up to 40% inclusion of less Region; Dry Interior loamy sand or sand anmon soil which has developed Forest Region; flwioglacial deposits due to highly contrasting grassi lnterior Douglas-fïr derived fmm a vegetatim wne (with serd variexy of bedrock. pondemsa pine). Genetally slightly StOllY. Very limikd distribution along the Elevations range Notth Thompson fmm 330 to 750 m River. (1100 to 2500 ft).

ROCK OUTCROPS (RO)

Most Common Soil Les.9 Common Soil Location and Parent Materials Forest Zone and Texture raln Classification age

Expo& rock is most Expo& bedrock Rock Ontcrq Rock outcrop areas tend to be steep onnmon in the tist arëas of and often occur in complex map and Cascade undifferentiated units with soils developed from Mountains. Oligitl. shallow colluvium.

Fairly extensive Elevations range distribution. Some from 600 to 2960 m map units are large, (980 tc 9700 ft). for example, cm the Cautilever Range and Stein Mountain, but most are relatively stnall.

SAATIN SOILS (SA) Most Common Soi1 Less Common Soi1 l- Location and Parent Materials MaP - Comments* Forest Zone and Texture ymbol rain min Classification w Classification w - Coast and Cascade L.mm or sandy loam, SA1 otthic W Strongly to very steeply sloping Mountains acidic to neutral Humo-Ferric (10-60% slopes). Physiographic morainal deposits Podzol Regions; Coastal associated with a Forest Regicm variety of volcanic SA2 olthic Degraded Up to 40% inclusion of less (Coastal Transition and granitic bedrock. Humo-Ferric DyStIiC common soil which bas developed Section); Subalpine Generally vety to Podzol Brunis01 under edaphically drier conditons. Engehnann spruce - exceediugly stony. These may be due to southerly alpine fir zone. aspects, lower elevations or Elevations range combination. Limited distribution, from 1200 to 1800m maidy between (4000 to a00 ft). SA3 orthic Scmbric Up to 40% inclusion of less Stein River and Humo-Ferric Humo-Ferric common soil which has developed Texas Creek. Podzol Podzol under mainly shrub and forb vegetation in areas subject to *Seepage at base of exposure and/or avalanching. slopes impmves site pmductivity but in SA4 OllhiC Luvisolic Up to 40% inclusion of less depressions its Humo-Ferric Humo-Ferric common soil which bas textures chat accumulation may Podzol Podzol are somewhat fmer than usual. hinder plant growth. SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

SCUI’ITO SOILS (ST)

Most Common Soi1 Less Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map - Comme& Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Drain- Drain- Classification age Classitkation age

‘lhotnpm and Fraser Sandy loam to sih ST1 OrthicBrown w - - Nearly level to gently undulating Plateau Physiogmphic loam fluvial deposits (less thon 2% slopes). Regions; Dty Interior associated with a Forest Region; variety of bedrock, ST11 Orthic Brown w Catbonated w Up to 40% inclusions of less Interior Bunchgrass mainly volcanic. Dark Brown common soit which has developed xone. Generally stcne-free. due to cultivation.

Limited distribution, Elevations range ST12 OtthicBrown w Orthic Brown w Up t0 40% of taxcnomically similar mainly along the from330to6OOm less cmnmoo soil which bas South Thompscm (1100 to 2Ocxl ft). developed under mainly shmb and River. forb vegetation in areas subject to cold air pooling.

SHUMWAY SOILS (SM)

Most Common Soil Las Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materlals Map Comme& Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Drain- Drain- Classifkation a*e Classification age

‘Ihompson and Sandy loam to silt SM1 OrthicBrown w - - Nearly level to gently undnlating Fraser Plateau loam, moderately (less than 2% slopes). Physiographic dkaline, Regions; Dry Interior fluvioglacial fan SM3 OtthicBrown w Orthic Dark w Up to 40% inclusion of less Forest Region; deposits associated Brown common soil which has developed Interior Bunchgrass with a variety of under edaphically or climatically zone. bedrock. Generally moister ccnditicns. These may be stone-fme. due to nottherly aspects, upper Very limited elevations or combination. distribution; occurs A modal profile mainly along the (Orthic Brown) SM11 Otthic Brown w Carbonated w Up to 40% inclusion of less South Thompson described and Dark Brown common soils which has developed River. sampled. due to cultivaticn.

Elevations range from 330 to 600 m (1100 to 2ocKl ft).

SOUES SOILS2 (SO)

1 Most Common Soil 1 LessCommon Soil I Location and Parent Materials Map Comments Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Drain- Draln- Classification a* Classifkation age

1 I I I I I Thompson and 1 Gravelly to vety ISOl IOtthicDatic I w I- - I Moderately to extmmely sloping (5 Fraser Plateau gravelly sandy ioam to over 60% slopes). Vegetation is Physiographic or loamy Sand, dominated by grass and shmb Regions;- Interior moderately alkaline disclimax due to fim and grazing. Douglas& zone colluvium associated (with sera1 pcmderosa with limestone pine). bedrock. Generallv

119 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

SPIUS CREEK SOILS (SP) Most Cammon Soi1 T Les Common Soi1 htion and firent Materials Map - Commenta* For& Zone and Texture ~pho mrain rain. Clas.4tication ‘P Classification w

l-hompson and LaIn or saudy loam, SP1 w strongly to very steeply sloping Fraser Plateau fnildly dkdine, (1560% slopes). Physiographic . . Regions; Dry Intetior :sr SP2 Ortbic Gray w Degraded IJp to 40% inchlsion of less Forest Region; volcanic and granitic Luvisol Eutic Brunis01 common soil which has developed Iuterior Douglas-fir bedrock. Generally under edaphically or climatically me (without sera slightly to vety stony# drier conditions. lhese may be due pondemsa pine ). to southerly aspects, lower A modal profile elevations or combination. Not extensive (Orthic Gray Livisol) distributif OcaIrs described and SP3 w Podzolic Gray Up to 40% inclusion of less mostly south and Sampled. LItvis conunott soil which bas develcped east of Lytton. under edaphically or climatically Elevations range moister conditions. These may be *Seepage at base of fmn3oOto 12OOm due to nottherly aspects, Upper slqxsorin (moo to 4oca ft). elevations or combination. depressions improves site productivity. SP5 Orthic Gray w Lithic Gray Up to 40% inclusion of less Luvisol Luvis common soil which is 40 cm thick over bedrock. -

STOLLE SOILS’ (SL)

Most Common Soi1 Les Common Soi1 Location and 1 Commet&* Forest Zone and Texture Ctassification .,.,,,, I- Fraser Plateau Orthic Euuic Undulating to gently rolling (2-10% Physiographic Brunis.01 S+=d. Region; Dry Interior fluvioglacial deposits Forest Regicn; derived fmm a pthi)Iti-lisUtliC Degraded r Up to 40% inclusion of less Interior white spmce variety of bedrock. Eutric Brunis01 common soil which has developed mue. Generally slightly to under edaphically or chmatically exceediugly stony. moister conditions. These may be Very limited due to nottherly aspects, lower distributicm, mostly Blevation range from elevations or combination. along the South 750 to 1350 m (2500 -Ilmlnpson River to 4500 ft). Valley. ! STRUTHERS SOILSl (SE) l- Most Common Soi1 l- Les Common Soi1 Location and Parent MateriaIs Map Comments Forest Zone and Texture ymbo min rain Classification age Classitïcation *ge

Thompson Plateau Saudy loam to SE1 Orthic Eut& w.r Undulating to moderately rolling Physiographic gravelly sand, Brunis01 (2-15% slcpes). Regioq Dry Inte-rior îlum~lu~~ $Posits Forest Region; hnerior Dcuglas-fir valiety of bedtock. zme (without serai Genedly dightly to ponderosa pine). exceedingly stony.

Very limited Elevations range distribution along the from330toCOOm Notih lltompson (1100 to 2Oat ft). River Valley.

.20 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAI’ AREA

SUCCOUR SOILS’,2 (SR) Most Common Soil Less Common Soil Location and Parent Materials Mac Comme&* Forest Zone and Texture Symba .,,,,,.

Thompson Plateau Sandy loam to SRl Undu3ating to gently rolliug (2-10% Physiogmphic gravelly sand Eutric Bmnisol slopes). Region; Dry Interior fluvioglacial deposits Forest Region; derived from a SR4 Orthic Dark r Up to 40% inclusions of less Iuterior Douglas-fir variety of Mrock. Eutric Brunis01 Gray common soil which has developed mne (with seral Generally slightly to under mixed forest and grass ponderosa pine). exceediugly stony. vegetaticm.

Very limited Elevations range distribution along the from 450 10 750 m Noah Thompson (1500 to 2500 ft). River.

TEATHER SOILS’ (TT) Most Common Soi1 Less Common Soi1 T Location and Parent Materials TMac 1 T Forest Zone and Texture lymbo D raio D Classification w Classification

Thompson Plateau Sandy loam to T-r2 Degraded Onhic Dystric Up to 40% inclusion of less Physiographic gravelly sand, Dystric Brunis01 c6mmon soil which has developed Region; Dry lnterior ice-contact (ablation Brunis01 under edaphically drïer conditions. Forest Region; moraine) deposits Tbese may be due to southerly Interior Douglas-fir derived from a aspects, lower elevafions or zone (with seral variety of bedrock. combiuation. ponderosa pine). Elevation range from -r-B Degraded orthic Up to 40% inclusion of less Very liiited 1050 to 1350 m Dystric Humo-Ferric common soil which has developed distribution in the (3500 to 4500 ft). Brunisol Podzol under edaphically or climatically nortbeast corner of moister conditions. These may be the map area. due to noxtherly aspects, upp-er elevations or combination.

TERNAN SOILS2I (TR) 2 Most Common Soi1 Les3 Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Mac Forest Zone and Texture iplb0 ,.,,,.. .,.,.,,i,

Fraser Plateau Sandy loam to TRI Undulating to gently rolling (2-15% Physiographic gravelly sand -%=4. Region; Dry Interior fluvioglacial deposits Forest Region; derived from a Interior white spmce variety of bedrock. TR2 Degraded r Degraded r LJp to 40% inclusion of less zone. Generally slightly to Dystric Eutric BNII~SO~ common soil which has developed exceedingly stony. Bmnisol under edaphically or climatically Limited distribution drier conditions. These may be due on the Tranquille Elevations range to southerly aspects, lower Plateau. from 1050 10 1350 m elevations or combination. (3500 to 4500 ft).

121 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

TIMBER SOILS2 (TM) Most Common Soi1 Les Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map Comments* Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Drain- Di-ah- Classification age Classification age

Thompsm and sut loiml or &y TMl Degraded w - - Gemly sloping to strongly rolling Fraser plateau clay loam. Eutric Brunis01 (5-30% slopes). Physiographic moderately Regions; Dry alkaline, morainal TM2 Degraded w Orthic Brown w Up to 40% inclusion of less common Interior Forest deposits associated Eutric Bmnisol soil which has develop-ed under Region; Interior with volcanic edaphically or climaticahy drier Douglas-fir zone bedrock. Generally conditions. These may be due to (with serai slightly to southerly aspects, lower elevations or ponderosa pine). moderately stony. combination.

Moderately A modal profile TM3 Degraded w Orthic Gray w Up 10 40% inclusion of less comon soil extensive (Degraded Eutric Eutric Brunisol Luvisol which has developed under edaphically distribution, Brunisol) or climaticahy moister conditions. These mainly along the described and may be due to northerly aspects, upper lower Nicola sampled. elevations or combination. River, south of Kamloops Lake Elevations range TM4 Degraded W Orthic Dark w Up to 40% incluison (in total) of less and along the from 300 to 1050 Eutric Brunisol Gray and/or common SO& which bave mainly Fraser River m (1000 to 3500 Orthic Dark developed under open forest or grassland Valley near fi). Brown conditions. Lulooa. TM5 Degraded W Lithic Eutric r Up to 40% inclusion of Iess couunon *Secpage at base Eutric Brunisol Brunis01 soil which is ~50 cm thick over bedrock. of slopes and in depressions TM6 Lithic Euuic r Rock Outcrop r Most common soil is ~50 cm thick over improves site Brunis01 bedrock. Up to 40% inclusion of rock productivity. outcrops.

TM8 Degraded w Orthic Regosol w Up to 40% inclusion of less common Eutric Brunis01 soil which has been affected by sheet, rill and/or gully erosion.

TISDALL SOILS’ (TD)

Most Common Soi1 Less Common Soi1 Location and Parent MateriaIs Map Comments* Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Drain- Drain- Classification age Classification age

Fraser Plateau sady loam to TDl OrthicHumo- w - - Moderately rolhng to htiy (10.60% Physiographic gravelly sand Fer-tic Podzol slopes). Region; Dry Jnterior ice-contact Forest region; (ablation TD2 Orthic W Orthic W Up to 40% inclusion of taxonomically Subalpine moraine) Humo-Ferric Humo-Fetic similar but less deeply weathered less Engelmann spruce - deposits Podzol Podzol common soil which has developed under alpine fir zone. associated with edaphically drier conditions. These may volcanic he due to southerly aspects, lower Limited distribution, bcdrock. elevations or a combination. mainly on the Generally Tranquille Plateau. moderately to TD3 onhic W Orthic w Up to 40% inclusion of taxonomicaUy excessively stony. Humo-Fenic Humo-Ferric similar but more deeply weathered less *Seepage at base of Podzol Podzol common soil which has developed under slopes or in Elevations range edaphically or climatically moister depressions improves from 1200 to conditions. ‘Ihese may be due to nonherly site produtivity, but 1650 m (4000 to aspects, upper elevations or combination. may present a 5500 ft). constaint to TD4 onhic w Degraded W Up to 40% inclusion of less corumon engineering uses. Humo-Fenic Dystric soil which has developed under more Podzol Brunis01 open forested vegetation.

122 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

TOLE SOILS’ (TL)

Most Common Soil Less Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials Map Comme& Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Drain- Drain- Classification age Classification age

Fraser Plateau Sandy loam to TLl onhic w - - Moderately rolling to hilly (lO-60% Physiographic gravelly Sand Humo-Fenic slopes). Region; Dry Interior ice-contact (ablation Podzol Forest Region; moraine) deposits Subalpine associated with TL4 Orthic w Sombric Wj Up to 40% inclusion of less Eugelmann spruce - granitic hcdrock. Humo-Fetic Humo-Ferric common soil which has developed alpine fir zone. Generally exceedingly Podzol Podzol under edaphically moister conditions to excessively stony. Very limited distribution on the Elevations range Tranquille Plateau. from 1200 to 1650 m (4ctoO to 5500 ft).

TRACHYTE SOILS (TH)

Most Common Soi1 Less Common Soil Location and Parent Materials Map Comme&* Forest Zone and Texture Symbol Drain- DiAIl- Classification age Classification age

Thompson Plateau Silt loam or silty THl Orthic Black w - - Gently sloping to strongly rolling Physiographic clay loam, (5-30% slopes). Vegetation is Region; Dry Interior moderately alkaline, dominated by grass and shmb Forest Region; weakly saline, disclimax due to fire and grazing. lnterior Douglas-fir morainal deposits zone (withom sera1 associated with TH2 Orthic Black w Orthic Black w Up to 40% inclusion of ponderosa pine). volcanic bedrock. taxonomically similar but less Generally slightly to deeply weathered, less common soil Fairly extensive moderately stony. which has developed under distribution, mainly edaphically or climatically drier south and east of Five modal profiles conditions. These may be due to Nicola Lake. (Orthic Black) were southerly aspects, lower elevations described and or combiation. *Seepage at base of sampled. slopes and in TH3 Orthic Black w Eluviated W Up to 40% inclusion of less depressions improves Elevations range Black common soil which has developed site productivity but from 1050 to 1260 m under edaphically or climatically may also increase (3500 to 4200 ft). moister conditions. These may be salinity and/or due to northerly aspects, Upper alkahnity. elevations or combination.

TH4 Otthic Black w Orthic Gray w Up to 40% inclusion of less Luvisol common soil which has developed under mainly forested conditions.

TH5 Orthic Black w Lithic Black r Up to 40% inclusion (in total) of and/or Lithic less common soils which are ~50 Gray Luvisol cm thick over bedrock.

TH6 Lithic Black r Rock Outcrop r Most common soils are ~50 cm and/or Lithic thick over bedrock. Up to 40% Gray Luvisol inclusion of rock outcrops.

TH9 Orthic Black w Saline Black w+i Up to 40% inclusion (in total) of and/or less comon soils which are affected Calcareous by saline or calcareous seepage. Black

THlO OrthicBlack w Carbonated w Up to 40% inclusion of less Black common soil which has an identifiable plough layer due to cultivation.

THl 1 Ouhic Black w Otthic Black w Up to 40% inclusion of less common soit which bas a significantly different texture. SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

TRANQUILLE SOILS (TQ) Most Common Soi1 Les Common Soi1 Parent Materials T T Comments Location and Map )rnin T Forest Zone and Texture ymbo Classitkation a?3 Classification - ‘hompscmPlate-su silt loam or silty TQl Orthic Brown W Gently sloping to gently rolling Physiographic ClaY !oam, SuonglY (2-9% slopes). Region; Dry Interior fy$=~F&lJ Forest Region; TQ3 Odic Brown w Orthic Dark W Up to 40% inclusions of less Jnterior Bunchgrass deposits associated BrOWn common soil which has developed zone. WiLh volcanic under edaphically or climatically bedrock. Generally moister conditions. These may be Limited distribution, slightly to very stony due to northerly aspects, Upper mostly east of elevations or combination. Kamlocps, along A modal profile Kamloops Lake and (Otthic Brown) was TQ4 Otthic Brown W Orhic Dark W Up to 40% inclusion (in total) of along the Thompson described and Gray and/or less common soils which have River to Spences sampled. Degraded developed under mainly forested Bridge. Eutric BNII~SO~ conditions. Elevations range from 120 to 750 m Orthic Brown W Lithic Brown r Up to 40% inclusion of less (600 to 2500 ft). common soil which is ~50 cm thick over bedrock.

TQ6 Lithic Brown r Rock Outcmp r Most common soil is <50 cm thick over bedrock. Up to 40% inclusion of rock outcrops.

TQ8 Orthic Brown W Rego Brown r Up to 40% inclusion of less common soil which has been affected by sheet, rill and/or gully erosion.

TQ9 Orthic Brown W Saline Dark Up to 40% inclusion of less Brown common soil which has developed due to saline seepage.

l-Q10 Orthic Brown W Carbonated W Up to 40% inclusion of less Dark Brown common soil which has an identifiable plough layer due to cultivaiton.

rQl1 Otthic Brown W Orthic Brown W Up to 40% inclusion of less common soil which has a signifcantly different texture.

- -

124 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

TRAPP LAKE SOILS (TP) 1 Most Common Soi1 1 Less Common Soi1 T Location and Parent MateriaIs Map - Commenta* Forest Zone and Texture ~pbl CG ‘rain Classification w Classitlcation w - Thompscn plateau Silt loam or silty TP1 Orthic Dark w Gently sloping to strcngly mlling physiographic clay loam. mildly Brown (2-15% slcpes). Vegetaion is Region; Dry fnterior alkaliue, weakly dominated by grass and shub Forest Region; saline morainal disclimax due to fïre and grazing. Interior Douglas-fir deposits associated zone (with serai with volcanic TP2 Orthic Dark W Orthic Brown W LJp to 40% inclusion of less ponderosa pine). bedrock. Generally Brown common soil which has developed slightly to under edaphically or climatically Fairly extensive moderately stony. drier conditions. These may be due distribution, mainly to southerly aspects, lower in the vicinity of A modal profile elevations or combination. Ashcroft. Savonna, (Orthic Dark Brown) Knmsford, and described and TP3 Orthic Dark W Ortbic Black W Up to 40% inclusion of less Douglas Lake. sampled. Brown common soil which has developed under edaphically or cbmatically *Seepage at base of Elevations range moister conditions. Drese may be slopes and in from6OOto9OOm due to northerly aspects, Upper depressions improves (2000 tc 3000 ft). elevations or combination. site productivity, but may increase salinity. TP4 Orthic Dark W Orthic Dark W LJp 10 40% inclusion of less Brown Gray ador common soils which have developec Degraded under mainly forested conditions. Emric Brunisol

TP.5 Onhic Dark W Litbic Dark r LJp to 40% inclusion (in total) of Brown Brown and/or less camnou soils which are ~50 lithic Eutric an thick over bedrock. Brunis01

TP6 Lithic Dark r Rock Gutcrop r Most common soils are d0 cm Brown and/or bick over bedrock. Up to 40% fhhiC&UtliC nclusion of rock outcmps.

TP8 Orthic Dark W Rego Dark r Jp to 40% inclusion of less Brown Bmwn zommon soil which has been ffeaed by sheet. rill and/or gully 2msion.

TP9 Orthic Dark W Saline Black Wi Up to 40% inclusion of less Bmwn common soil which has been affected by saline seepage.

TP10 Orthic Dark W Carbonated W Up to 40% inclusion of less Brown Black mmmon soil which has an identifiable plough layer due to cultivation.

TP11 Orthic Dark W Orthic Dark W up to 40% inclusion of less Bmwn Brown common soil which has a significantly different texture.

125 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

TRUDA MOUNTAJN SOILS (TU) l- Most Common Soi1 l- Less Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials r - Comments Forest Zone and Texture rnim Classification Classification age - llmmpson and silt lmn or Ioam, Tu1 Bmnisolic Moderately sloping to very hilly Fraser Plateau mildly alkaline Gray Luvisol (560% slopes). Physiographic mominal deposits Regions; Dry Interior associated with TU2 Bmnisolic Orthic Gray W Up to 40% inclusion of leas Forest Regicm; volcanic bedtock. Gray Luvisol LWisOl common soil which has developed Subalpine GenetaIIy moderately under edaphically or climatically Englemann spmce - to vety stcny. drier conditions. ‘Ihese may be due alpine fir wue. to southerly aspects, lower A modal profile elevations or combination. Fairly extensive (Brunis01 Gray distrilnnion, mainIy Luvisol) described TU4 Bmnisolic OIthiC w Up to 40% inclusion of less in the vicinity of and sampled. Gray Luvisol Scmbric common soil which has developed Upper Hat Creek, BNII~SO~ under mainly shrub and forb and west and north Elevations range vegetation. of the lower front 1650 to 2100 m HighIand Valley. (5500 to 7OGO ft). TU5 Bmnisolic LithiC r Up to 40% inclusion of less Gray Luvisol Brunisolic common soil which is c50 cm thick *Se.page at base of Gray Luvisol over bedmck. sIqx.s will improve site. productivity; in TU6 LithiC Rock Gutcrop r Most common soil is ~50 cm tbick depressions, seepage Brunisolic over bedrock. Up to 40% inclusion may retard growth. Gray Luvisol of rock outcrops.

TSINTSUNKO SOILS’ (TO) TMost Common Soi1 l- Less Common Soi1 Location and Parent Materials - - T Comme& Forest Zone and Texture Irain IrairI- Classification age Classification age

Fraser Plateau Sandy Ioam to silt TO1 OITfliC W Moderately roIRing (la-15% slopes) Physiogrphic Region; loam mor&tal Ferro-Humic Dry Interior Forest deposits asscciated Podzol Regiom Subalpine with volcanic Engehnann spmce - bedrock. Generally TO3 onhic W onhic m Up to 40% inclusion of alpine fif zone. moderately to very Ferro-Humic Ferro-Humic taxonomicahy similar less common stony. Podzol Podzol soil which has developed under Very limited edaphically or climatically wetter distribution on the Elevations are in conditions. Tranquilly Plateau. excess of 1650 m (in excess of 5500 ft). TO5 ollhic W LithiC r Up to 40% inclusions of Iess Ferra-Humic Ferro-Humic con-mon soil which is d0 cm thick Podzol Podzol over bedrock.

- - ti

126 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

TULLEE SOILS (TE)

Location and Parent Materials Comments Forest Zone and Texture

Thompson Plateau Silt loam or silty TE1 Orthic Black Gently sloping to strongly rolling. Physiographic clay loam, Vegetation is dominated by grass Region; Dry Interior moderately alkabne and shmb disclimax due to fine. and Forest region; morainal deposits Interior Douglas-fir associated with zone (with or volcanic bedrock. TE2 Orthic Black Onhic Dark W Up to 40% inclusion of less . without sera1 Generally slightly to Brown common soif which has developed ponderosa pine). moderately stony. under edaphically or climatically drier conditions. These may tc due Moderately extensive A modal profile to southerly aspects, lower distribution, mostly (Orthic Black) elevations or combination. near Douglas and described and Minme lakes and in sampled. TE3 Orthic Black W Onhic Black W Up to 40% inclusion of the vicinity of taxonomically similar but more Knutsford. Elevations range deeply weathered less common soil from 750 to 1050 m which has developed under *Seepage at base of (2500 to 3500 ft). edaphically or climatically moister slopes and in conditions. These may be due to depressions irnproves northerly aspects, Upper elevations site produtivity, but or combinaiton. may also increase salinity. TE4 Orthic Black w Degraded W Up to 40% inclusion of less Eutric B~&ol common soils which has developed under mainly forested conditions.

TE5 Orthic Black w Lithic Black r up to 40% inclusion (in total) of less and/or Lithic r common soils which are ~50 cm Eutric Bruni~01 thick over bedrock.

TE6 Lithic Black r Rock Outcrop r Most common soils are ~50 cm and/or Lithic thick over bedrock. Up to 40% Eutric Brunis01 inclusion of rock outcrops.

TE9 Onhic Black W Saline Black m Up to 40% inclusion of less common soil which is affected by saline seepage.

TE10 Orthic Black W Carbonated W Up to 40% inclusion of less Black common soil which has developed due to cultivation.

TE11 Orthic Black w Carbonated w Up to 40% inclusion of less Black con-mon soil which has developed due to coarser texture.

127 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

TUNKWA SOILS1= (TW) Most Common Soi1 Les Common Sol1 L.ocatlon and Parent Materials MaP T l- Comme& Forest Zone and Texture ymbo. ,rnin Classitkation Classifkatlon w - ‘Ihompsm and Silt loam or loam, TWl Orthic Gray Gently sloping to strongly rolling Fraser Plateau nddly alkaline, Luvisol (5-30% slopes). Pbysiographic morainal deposits Regions; Dry Interio~ associated with Tw2 W Degraded W Up to 40% inclusion of less Forest Region; vokanic bedrock. Eutric Bmnisol common soil which has developed Interior Douglas-fir Generally slightly to under eda@ically or chmatically zone (without serai vety stouy. drier conditions. These may be due ponderosa pine). to southerly aspects, lower A modal profile elevations or combiantion. Very extensive (Orthic Gray disttibution, mostly Luvisol) described Tw3 Orthic Gray W BNII~SO~~C W Up to 40% inclusion of less between Kamloops and sampled. Lnvisol Gray Luvisol common soil which has developed Lake and Merritt, tmder edaphically or chmatically sud north of Elevations range moister conditions. These may be Kamloqx Lake and from 1050 to 1650 m due to northerly aspects, Upper lhmpscn River. (3500 tc 5500 ft). elevations or combination. Les extensive areas occur ~0~1th of the Tw4 Orthic Gray W Orthic Black W Up to 40% inclusion of less lower Nicola Valley. Luvisol common soil which has developed mainly under grass and shmb vegetatim.

Tw5 Orthic Gray W Lithic Gray r Up to 40% inclusion of less LWisol Luvisol common soil which is d0 cm thick over bedrock.

TW6 lithic Gray r Rock Chncrop r Most common soil is ~50 cm thick Luvisol over bedrock. Up to 40% inclusion of rock cutcmps.

IwlO Orthic Gray Orthic Gray Up to 40% inclusion of Luvisol LAWisOl taxonomically similar less common soil with an identifiable plough laye

rW11 Otihic Gray Otthic Dystric Up to 40% inclusion of less JNvisol B~&ol common soil with somewhat coarse textures.

rW12 Odtic Gray OIthic Up to 40% inclusion of less Luvisol Scanbric common soil which has developed BNII~SO~ nnder mainly shrub and forb vegetation in areas subject tc exposure (cold temperatures).

128 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Plate 5: Merritt East to Douglas Lake The extensive grasslands around Douglas and Nicola lakes are primarily on soils of the Tullee and Trachyte associations which have developed on moderately alkaline morainal deposits. These Black Chemozem soils are the most productiveof the grasslandsoils. The lighter toneson eitherside of the Nicola River are lacustrinedeposits on which Lundbom and Lac du Bois soi1 associations occur. The Lac du Bois soils have subsurface salts and rquire special management considerations. Soils along the Nicola River fltiplain belong to the Frisken ass&ation. B.C. Photo 651:34. 130 Chapter Five

SelectedSoil Interpretations SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA 5.1 Agriculture, Forest and Grazing Capability of the Soi1 Associations Each soi1 association is given a representative rating for forestry, agriculture and grazing capability in Table 17. The ratings are not directly comparable. Forest capability class 1, for example, does not necessarily equate to agriculture capability class 1, either in terms of biomass production, economic value or social benefit. The definitions used in each rating system are given in the following pages.

51.1 Typical Forest Capability Rating Forest capability is a rating of potential productivity of a mapping unit. The seven capability classes are determined by the kind and severity of factors limiting forest production such as excess moisture, shallow soi1 and adverse climate. Capability ratings assume good land and stand management practices with optimum stocking. Forest capability improves with the presence of seepagein the mapping unit. Seepage (additional soi1 moisture) is indicated for each soi1 association where applicable, throughout the map area (see Soi1 Moisture Phases, Chapter 4.4). Forestry capability maps are based on soils information; however, many of the units are more general and the boundaries do not always directly coincide with the soils/landform map units. The forest capability maps do, however, provide a general picture of the forestry potential within the Ashcroft map area and show which areas have the highest capability. These maps, at a scale of 1:50 000, are available from the same source as this publication. Kowall(197 1) and McCormack (1967) describes in greater detail how the Forestry Capability Classes are determined. The Forest Capability Rating System is outlined in Table 14 and is based on the Canada Land Inventory, Land Capability for Forestry system. The capability classes used for the Ashcroft map area in Table 17 are described below. Forest productivity estimates are based on a rotation age of 100 years. Within Table 17, N/A means not applicable or little or no commercial forest capability.

133 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Table 14. Forestry Capability Classesand Subclasses

Class Description

1 Lands having no important limitations to the growth of commercial forests. Soils are deep, permeable, of medium texture, moderately well drained to imperfectly drained, have good water holding capacity and are naturally high in fertility. Their topographie position is such that they frequently receive seepage and nutrients from adjacent areas. They are not subject to extremes of temperature or evapotransportation. Productivity is usually greater than 7.7 cubic metres per hectare per year.

2 Lands having slight limitations to the growth of commercial forests. Soils are deep, well drained to moderately well drained, and have good water holding capacity. The most common limitations are adverse climate and the cumulative effects of several minor adverse soil characteristics. Productivity is usually between 6.4 to 7.7 cubic metres per hectare per year.

Lands having moderate limitations to the growth of commercial forests. Soils may be deep to somewhat shallow, well to moderately well drained with moderate to good water holding capacity. They may be slightly Iow in fertility or suffer from periodic moisture imbalances. Productivity is usually between 5.0 to 6.3 cubic metres per hectare per year.

Lands having moderately severe limitations to the growth of commercial forests. Soil characteristics vary considerably. The most common limitations are moisture deficiency and adverse climate. Productivity is usually between 3.6 to 4.9 cubic metres per hectare per year.

Lands having severe limitations to the growth of commercial forests. Soils are frequently shallow to bedrock, stony and well to rapidly drained. The rnost common limitations (often in combination) are moisture deficiency, shallowness to bedrock, and adverse climate. Productivity is usually between 2.2 to 3.5 cubic metres per hectare per year.

Lands having severe limitations to the growth of commercial fore%. Soils are frequently shallow, stony and rapidly to well drained. A large proportion of the land in this class is composed of open, steep, south-facing, colluvial slopes. The most common limitations (frequently in combination) are shallowness to bedrock, deficiency of soil moisture, and adverse exposure. Productivity is usually between 0.8 to 2.1 cubic metres per hectare per year.

7 Lands having such severe limitations that the growth of commercial forests is precluded. Soils that are extremely shallow to bedrock, actively eroding or extremely dry are usually placed in this class. Poorly drained organic soils are also included. The most common limitations ar shallowness to bedrock, excessive soil moisture and extremes of climate or exposure. Productivity is usually less than 0.8 cubic metres per hectare per year.

134 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Table 14 (cont’d). Forestry Capability Classesand Subclasses

Subclass Description

A drought or aridity as a result of climate. Water deficits exist during the growing season due to relatively low seasonal precipitation.

C adverse climate - usually high elevation, alpine or subalpine areas.

E actively eroding soils.

H low temperatures which result in a short, cool growing season.

M soil moisture deficiency attributable to soil characteristics such as low water holding capacity and rapid drainage.

R restriction of rooting zone by bedrock. Soils are shallow and generally coarse textured.

S a combination of minor soil factors which adversely effect growth.

U solar exposure associated with steep, south-facing slopes which results in increased water deficits during the growing season due to significant evapotranspirational losses.

W excess soil moisture; e.g., poorly drained organic or gleysolic soils.

Indicator species refers to those commercially acceptable forest species that are best suited in each mapping unit. Species Symbols: pP ponderosa pine alF alpine fïr D Douglas-fir WC western red cedar 1P lodgepole pine wH western hemlock eS Engelmann spruce mH mountain hemlock

5.1.2 Typical Agriculture Capability Rating The agriculture capability ratings in Table 17 are based on the Canada Land Inventory, (1969). This system was refined by the B. C. Land Inventory, (1972). Agriculture Capability ratings take into account the range of cropspossible and not the productivity (i.e. yieldl hectare) of any trop. The wider the range of crops the higher the capability classon a scaleof 1 to 7, Agriculture capabilityis determinedby the combinationof climateand soi1factors. Class1 agricultureland hasno climaticor soil lirgitations.Ail

135 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

other classes (2 to 7) have some limitation which reduces the capability, such as shallow depth, coarse textures, low moisture holding capacity, or stoniness. Adverse climate such as insufficient climatic moisture or a short growing season reflected by few frost-free days cari also reduce ratings as cari topography. Climatic parameters and range of crops are given in Table 2 in Chapter 1.4. The general climatic limitation within the Ashcroft map area is insuffcient mois- nue, and the columns labelled unimproved and improved usually refer to irrigation as the improvement. Other improvements may be removal of surface stones, installation of drainage where necessary,or addition of fertilizers. Agriculture capability ratings assume that lands are well managed or managed at a level which is sufficient to realize the natural capability. The agriculture classes and subclasses and the abbreviations used in Table 17 are defined in Table 15. The soil capability for Agriculture maps are available from MARS-B.C., Surveys and Resource Mapping Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Crown Lands, Victoria. A wide range of vegetablesand fruits means that crops such as the following cari be gmwn: asparagus,beans, beets, broccoli, brussels spmuts, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, celery, kohlrabi, leeks, lettuce, parsnips, peas, potatoes, radishes, rhubarb, turnips, spinach, Swiss chard, strawberries and raspberries. Forage crops refers to crops such as alfalfa, red clover, alsike clover, orchard grass, and brome grass. Cereal grains refer to crops such as wheat, oats, and barley. In some areas improvements to the soi1 by irrigation or drainage may not improve or expand the range of crops able to be grown; however, these improvements may increase yields significantly. Economie feasibility criteria should be applied to each managementunit to determine the cost/benefit of such endeavours. Within Table 17, N/A means not applicable and refers to non-arable or not suited to native forage production.

136 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Table 15. Agriculture Capability Classesand Subclasses

Glass Description

1 Soils in this class have no significant limitations for crops. The soils are deep, well to imperfectly drained, hold moisture well, and are well supplied with plant nutrients. They cari be managed and cropped without difficulty. Under good management they are moderately high to high in productivity for a wide range of field crops.

2 Soils in this class have moderate limitations that restrict the range of crops or require moderate conservation practices. The soils are deep and hold moisture well. The limitations are moderate and the soils cari be managed and cropped with little difficulty. Under good management they are moderately high to high in productivity for a fairly wide range of crops.

3 Soils in this class have moderately severe limitations that restrict the range of crops or require special conservation practices. The limitations are more severe than for Glass 2 soils. They affect one or more of the following practices: timing and ease of tillage, planting and harvesting; choice of crops;,and methods of conservation. Under good management they are fairly to moderately high in productivity for a fair range of crops.

4 Soils in this class have severe limitations that restrict the range of crops or require special conservation practices, or both. The limitations seriously affect one or more of the following practices: timing and ease of tillage, planting and harvesting; choice or crops; and methods of conservation. The soils are low to fair in productivity for a fair range of crops but may have high productivity for a specially adapted trop.

5 Soils in this class have very severe limitations that restrict their capability to producing perennial forage crops, and improvement practices are feasible. The limitations are SO severe that the soils are not capable of use for sustained production of annual field crops. The soils are capable of producing native or tame species of perennial forage plants, and may be improved by use of farm machinery. The improvement practices may include fertilizing or water control.

6 Soils in this class are capable only of producing perennial forage crops, and improvement practices are not feasible. The soils provide some sustained grazing for farm animals, but the limitations are SO severe that improvement by use of farm machinery is impractical. The terrain may be unsuitable for use of farm machinery, or the soils may not respond to improvement, or the growing season may be very short.

7 Soils in this clss have no capability for arable culture or permanent pasture. This class also includes rockland, other non-soi1 areas, and bodies of water too small to be shown on maps.

137 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Table 15 (cont’d). Agriculture Capability Classesand Subclasses

Subclass ( Description

C adverse climate: refers to a short growing season.

D undesirable soil structure and/or low permeability: refers to soils which are difficutl to till or which absorb water slowly; also refers to soils with layers that physically reduce rooting depth.

E erosion: soil erosion has reduced agricultural use and productivity; soils which have gullies that impair agriculture practice and productivity.

F low fertility: lack of available plant nutrients may be due to high acidity or alkalinity, low nutrient exchange capacity, high levels of carbonates or the presence of toxic compounds.

I inundation by lakes or streams: inundation causing trop damage or restricting agricultural use.

M moisture limitation: soils with low moisture holding capacity.

N salinity: salts adversely affect trop growth, or range of crops.

P stoniness: soils are sufficiently stony to hinder tillage, planting and harvesting operations.

R rockiness: bedrock outcrops occur at or near the soil surface.

T topography: adverse slope gradient and/or pattern or frequency of slopes in different directions,

W excess water: inadequate soil drainage, high water table, or runoff from surrounding areas.

138 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA 5.1.3 Ijpical Grazing Capability Ratings The grazing capability ratings are based on Runka (1973) and McLean and Marchand (1968), and more recently summarized by the Forage Classification System (Demarchi and Harcombe, 1982). Grazing capability is a 5 class system which rates the productivity of land with regard to its ability to produce native forage, mainly bunchgrass, fescues, or pinegrass. The rating system is summarized in Table 16. Maps of grazing capability in the Ashcroft map area are not available, but cari be derived by applying the ratings given in this report to the map polygons on the soil map. The rating is representative of the potential only and provides a guide to the relative importance of each soi1 association for grazing uses.

Table 16. Grazing Capability Classesand Subclasses(Runka, 1973)

Class Description

1 Lands in this class have no limitations for the production of native forage plants. Soils are deep, permeable, medium-textured, moderately well to imperfectly drained, and naturally fertile. These lands are not subject to extremes in temperature and evapotranspiration. Production of forage is greater than 1125 kg/ha/year. This class is commonly associated with Black Chernozem soils in the uppper grassland areas.

2 Lands in this class have slight limitations for the production of native forage plants. Soils are deep, well drained and have good moisture holding capacity. These lands have slight limitations due to moisture deficiency, restricted rooting depth, light forest competition, adverse climate, or the cumulative effects of several limitations. Production of forage is between 570 and 1125 kg/ha/year.

3 Lands in this class have moderate limitations for the production of native forage plants. Soils may be deep to somewhat shallow, well to imperfectly drained, medium to fine in texture with moderate to good water holding capacity. Soils may be slightly low in fertility or suffer from periodic moisture imbalances. The most common limitations are adverse climate, restricted rooting depth, moderate forest competition, moderate deficiencies or excesses of moisture, somewhat low fertility, exposure and/or occasionai innundation. Production of forage is between 280 and 570 kg/ha/year. This class commonly occurs on Brown Chernozem soils of the lower grasslands, on soils with Eutric Brunisol development in the Interior Douglas-fir Zone (with sera1 ponderosa pine), and on Brunisolic Gray Luvisol soils supporting lodgepole pine stands in the Engelmann Spruce - Subalpine fir Zone.

4 Lands in this class have moderately severe limitations for the production of native forage plants. The most common limitations are deficient or excess moisture, adverse climate, restricted rooting depth, forest competition, poor structure, excessive carbonates and/or low fertility. Production of forage is between 142 and 280 kg/ha/year. This class is commonly associated with Eutric and Dystric Brunisol soils in the Interior Bunchgrass, Interior Douglas-fir and Englemann Spruce-Subalpine Fir forest zones. SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Table 16 (cont’d). Grazing Capability Classesand Subclasses(Runka, 1973)

Class Description

5 Lands in this class have severe limitations for the production of native forages. Soils in this class are considered unsuitable for grazing due to overriding climatic and environmental limitations. The most common limitations (often in combination) are deficient or excess soi1 moisture, shallowness to bedrock, adverse regional or local climate, forest competition, excessive stoniness, high levels of carbonates and/or salts, and low natural fertility. Production of forage is usually less than 142 kg/ha/year.

N/A Not applicable; cari be considered a sixth class with no grazing capability.

Subclass Subclass Limitations

A Drought or aridity caused by aspect, landscape position, exposure or combinations of these; includes regional climatic aridity.

H Accumulations of deep snow and/or a short, cool growing season.

I Soils subject to inundation by lakes and streams for long periods.

M Moisture deficiencies attributable to soil and land characteristics (ie. Iow soil moisture holding capacity).

N Poor soi1 fettility due to the presence of toxic elements, such as soluble salts.

v Soils limited for native forage production by excessive competition from other Yegetation. This symbol is used where it is assumed that land management Will continue to recognize the forestry values.

R The restriction of the rooting zone by bedrock.

T Percent slope and pattern and frequency of slopes in different directions limit these map units.

W An excess of soil moisture, other than that caused by innundation.

140 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Table 17. Typical Capability Ratings for Forestry, Agriculture and Grazing

I Forestry Agriculture Graz@ Soi1 Association A iculture Cmp Range Forest Indicator pli;g c? i@dllty vaf;tg Grazing Forage Limiting Fa&x Capabiity spesies capa- Type Unlmproved Improved Unlmproved Improvtd bility (season of use)

4uamore 3S-SR 1p;c-S combiiation 6T;6T NIA grazing NIA ww=@y. 5v-2v pinegrass vegetation M of miner R frost-fiec competition factors, perid (summer) shallow soil, shallow soils soi1 moiswre

4bbott 4M-3S Ip;cs soi1 moisture, 6P; 6P NIA F=a NIA stoniness, SV pinegrass forest competitior combination W PerCM (s-4 of miner watertable, factors 60s6ce pericd

Andrew 5M-4M D; IP capabitity 5T-6T 4T-6T grazing. forages, stoniness, 4M pinegrass forest competitior improves in PP PP improved grazing topography, V moismre (summa moist swales, paStUE soi1 moiswre soi1 moisture

3s 1P;D combination 6P NIA grazing NIA stoniness, 5V pinegrass forest compixion of miner T wwaphx (summer) factors frost-6ee period

Ukali 3S4M-5R Lp; eS combination 6T-5P 6T-5P improved improved topography, 4V-5V pinegrass vegetation M of miner RT RT pasture, pasture, stoninc.ss, competition, factors, soil grazing grazing shallow soils, vegetation type moisture, frost-fiee (s-4 shallow soi1 period

titisan 3S-5R D;IP;eS combiion of 6T-7T NIA grazing N/A topwaphx 4V-5V pinegrass vegetation M miner factors, C frost-6.x competition, shallow soil, period. vegetation type soi1 moisture (summer)

iylmer 7A NIA climatic 5T-6T 4T-6T improved forages, topwaphy, 2M bunchgrass moisture (fa11 and aridity MP PP pasture, grazing stoniness spfing) grazing

tlustery 7G7C NIA Krummholz - 6T;6T; NIA grazing NIA towrMv. 4H-4H alpine exposure, shallow R mainly open R shallow to R grass and to bedrock, forested 7R rock, rock forbes host-fiee pericd outcrops fs-er)

3esta 4M-7W LP;D SOU moisture, 4W-51 2W-51 forages, range of fluctuating 2V-41 riparian vegetation fluctuating W W CerCd beat water table, V vegetation competition, water table grains, loving pesicxlic periodic improved crops, inondation immdation pZ3StU~e forages, (summer-early CCreal fall) grains, improved posture

Beaverhut 4M-3S-5R IP;eS soi1 moisture, 6T N/A grazing NIA fqm.wphy, 4V-5V pinegrass M com binaiton R shallow soi], vegctation of m inor 6ost-!?Cc cOmpetitiOn, factors, period vegas.ion type shallow soil (s-er) Beaver 5A-3M D;lP climatic 5X7T 5P-7T improved improved combination 4V-3V pinegrass M aridity, soit C C pasture, pasture, ofminor vegetation moisture NIA NIA factors, competition stoniness, (sommer) “ZZhYa pcriod

Bowman 4M-5R 1p;e.S soi1 moismre, 6T;6T; NIA grazing NIA wl?72 5V pinegrass M capability R forest competitioz may improve .7R =kd (s-er) in seepage axas

141 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Table 17 (cont’d). Typical Capability Ratings for Forestry, Agriculture and Grazing

Forestry Agriculture Grazing SOU T Association A For& & Grazing hpbiiit: Capa- Improved Jnlmprovn bility

Boxer Creek 3S-4M Ip;es combination IC 5V pinegrass vegetation of miner COlTpSitiOtl factros (s-er)

lonant 6A,6A D;pP climatic 6T;6T grazing 4M MR aridity, soil R V moistue, shallow soi& tdUS

Zuabine 7A V/A climatic 5M wa, wide soi1 moisture 4M bonchgrass soil moismre, aridity improved range of A aridity (spring & pSlUre heat fall) loving “PS, forages, cereal grains

“ache Creek 7A climatic 5M 3N grazing wide salinity, 4M bonchgrass soi1 moismre, aridity P P improved range of stoniness N salinity (spriog & pashtre sait fall) tolerant crops, forages, CWtA grains

ravanaugh 5A-6A climatic 5T-6T; VA VAMP, improved topography, 4A bunchgrass climatic aridity, MR aridity, P P improved pStlIre, stoniness, M soi1 moisture shallow soil, pasmre grazing rock outcrops (spring & faIl) tdUS 7R

3lling l-2S-7E no limitation, 7T WA NIA NIA wwaphy, NIA NIA vegetation combination C stoniness, compctition, of miner frost-free. vegetation type factors, period severe erosion (avalanche)

Chasm 4M-5A-6. D:lP soi1 moistore, 6T;6T WA grazing NIA twgwhy, 4M pinegrass soi1 moistore, Ml climatic P R stoniness, V vegetation aridity, shallow soi], competition shallow soil, IR rock outcrops (summer) talUS

crown 6A D climalic 6T-5M 5P w+g, 3M-4M bunchgrass soi1 moisture, Mountain M aridity, soi1 P P F improved V vegetation moishue pasture competition (spring & fall)

Commonage IA NIA climatic 5M 14T g=N, 3M bunchgrass soi1 moisture aridity P P improved (spring & fall) pStlIre

Clapperton 5A-6A D;pP climatic 6T;6T NIA grazing NIA fvwaphy, 4M pinegrass soi1 moistore, MR aridity, soil PR stoniness, V vegetation moistore, shallow soil, competition shallow soil, rock outcrops (sommer) talUS

Cairn 4M-6R IP;D soi1 moistore, 6T-7R NIA grzuing NIA ‘opwaphy, 5v pinegrass vegetation Mountain M shallow soi1 R shallow soil, comuetition rock outcrops (surimer)

142 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Table 17 (cont’d). Typical Capability Ratings for Forestry, Agriculture and Grazing

Foreslry Agriculture Grazing SOil Association A iculture Crop Range Forest Indicator yat;:g c?apability ya$;:g Graz@ Forage Limiting Factors CapabiJity specles Cap Type Unlmproved Improved Unlmproved Improved bility @son of use)

C?CSOtl SA-6~ D climatic 6T-6T- NIA F=i4 NIA wwaphy, 4M pinegrass sd moisture, MR aridity, soil P R StOtlineSS, V and vegetation moistore, shallow soil, bunchgrass competition shallow soils 7R rock outcrops (s-4

Coumey 7A NIA climatic 5M l-3T grazing wide fyFyshy> 4M bunchgrass soi1 moisture aridity T P range of (early spring & heat Iate fall) loving crops, forages, CCP331 grains

Cochiwa 3S4H-7E eS;alF; combination 7T N/A NIA NIA twwaphys NIA NIA vegetation dl of miner C stoniness, competition, factors, fiost-free vegetation type severe period erosion (avalanche)

Clemson 5R4M-6T Ip;eS shallow soil, 6T;6T NIA grazing N/A ‘qwWv, 5V ppinegrass vegetation M R soi1 moismre, R shallow soil, competition -6U wwaphy, frost-6c.e (summer) R exposure pexiod (asp=t)

Curnow 1-2s D;wH;eS no limitation, 7T NIA NIA NIA topograph NIA NIA vegetation combination C stoniness, competition, of miner frost-frce vegetation type factors pc-xiod

Chataway 5T-4MbU Ip;eS shallow soil, 6T;6T-7R NIA grazing NIA wwaphy, 5~’ pinegrass vegetation M R soi1 moistue, R shallow soil, compctition exposure frost-free (summer) (aspect) paicd, rock outcrops

Cedartxnch 3S-2s D;LP;wH combinaiton 7T NIA NIA NIA wwaphy, NIA NIA vegetation of miner C frost-frce COltlpetitiOn, factors period, vegetation type stoniness

Dunleavy 4M lP;D soi1 moisture 3P4W 2P-3 W range of range of stoniness 3V-41 pinegrass, vegetation M 1 1 vegetable heat flucmating riparian competition, cqs, loving watettable, vegetation periodic inunation forages, crops periodic (s-er-early fall cereal (except inundation grains root cropsb forages, CWZ3l grains

Dominic 7A PP climatic 5M l-2T graziog, wide no soi1 4M bunchgrass soil moisture, M aridity, soil M improved rangeof limitations, V vegetation moisture pasture heat topwaphx competition loving soi1 moisture (spring & fall) cmps, forages, cereal gains

Eugene 4M-3s D;IP soil moistare, 6P-5C 6P-5C grazing, grazing, stoniness, 5V pinegrass vegetation combination T T improved improved ;ztyrzhy, competition of miner pStlUC pastore (summer) factors pericd SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Table 17 (cont’d). Typical Capability Ratings for Forestry, Agriculture and Grazing

Forestry Agriculture Graz@ sd Association A culture p mabilitv E Unlmproved Improved Unlmprow Improved

I I ;leetCreek 4W bco,pP soi1 wetoess SM-31 l-3T-2X improved wide raoge sd 2v bunchgrass vegetation (fluctuating W M pStlUC, of heat moisture or ripariao competition watertable) ccrcal loving topography, vegetation grains, cmps, peziodic forages Cd inundation, greh soil wcmess forages

bCo SOiI sa1inity, 4w 3W-2W forages, heat loving soil 4N-2V riparian sd salinity, soi1 wetness M N CUCd witb moisture, vegetation vegetation grains mpssalt sd salinity, competition tolerance, fluctuating forages, watertable -1 grains I bC0 soi1 wemess 3w 2X-3T forages, heat loving SOiI 4v riparian vegetation M cercal crops moisture, vegetation competition grains, forages, wwaphy, heat cereal fluctuaring -r loving grains watertable crops

NIA climatic 314T 2X-41 forages, forages, periodic 21 aridity TW W cercal ccmaI inundation, M shartcm season, grains, grains, topographiy~ thcn soi1 moisture heat wide range combination deficiency loving of heat of factors, crops loving flucmating mPs watertable 1 I 5M-6T 2x-6T gr=k wide range soi1 P P P improved of heat moisture, posture loving soil depth, crops, stoniness, forages, wwaphy cercal grains, graziog

NIA 5V pinegrass vegetation gming%::hy> competition frost-fnx’ (summer) pericd

l---rstoniness, grazh3,grazing, l----i forages forages, topogwhx ^’ cereal soi1 moisturc grains, range of vegetable T-r crops ClhlLiC SM-6T soi1 3M bunchgrass SO~I moisture NIAaridity T P moisture, (spriog & fall) wwaphy, -1 stoniness 5M-6T forages, soil 2M bunchgrass soil moisture P P cexcal moisture, @ring & fall) grains, stoniXSS, range of tvw@v, vegetable t?ost-fret? crops, , period &v=h SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Table 17 (cont’d). Typical Capability Ratings for Forestry, Agriculture and Grazing

Forestry Ag,riculture Graz@ SOU 1 Association Mure Forest iity rhzin Forage Limiting Factors capabilitj Capa- Type Improvec bility hason of use)

Glossey 6A D;pP ClimatiC 5M-6T 2X-6T improvec wide range sou 4M bonchgra soil moistore, M aridity, soil P P pasture, of hcat and vcgetation moisture graziog loving stooiness, pniegrass competition (early crops, topography spring, late fall) forages, cercal grains, grazing

HOP 4M-SM IR-6T N/A grazing NIA shallow 5R pinegrass shallow soils, TR sous, V vegetation topograpW compelition (early -M

Hallamore I 7T NIA NIA NIA crost-frce. SV pinegrass vegetation R period, COUlpetiti Q-wWvs fsummer) shallow soi1 s

Holden 1 5rm- miF- grazing, twmg, topwaphx ‘1M pinegrass sod moistore, P P P improved forages, stoniness, V vegetation pasture CeFA soi1 moistur e competition (CarIy grains s-cr)

Hotfïsh SM-6U 1LP;D soi1 moisture, IT N/A N/A NIA ‘Opography,5V pinegrass vegetation R R shalJow soi& R rhallow soi1 s compc.tition exposure b-4

Helmcken 5R-4M 1Ip;cs shallow soil, jT NIA graziog NIA :vwaphy, 5V pinegrass vegetation M soi1 moisture R Frost-fiee COItlpetitiOn xriod, (s-4 ;hallow soi1 s

Hooligan 3S-SR-6L J 1IP;D;eS combination iT-7T NIA ;hallow 5R pinegrass shallow soils, MR of miner RR. ioils, V vegetaiton factors, vwaphy îompetilion (early shallow soils, summer) soi1 moistore, exposure

Inkoiko l-3M D:wH soil moisture TT-SM-6 7T-4P- improved forages, opographx St0 pinegrass vegetalion c P 1 CM PROF caca1 ;toniness, iilA to NIA competition and/or graziog grains, mil vegetation type ST-2X to NIA F=+%, noisture (s-m) P range of vcgetable crops, to NIA

tokitsaph x-1 D;eS;w comhiiation jT NIA :wwphy, 11v-5v pinegrass, vegetation of miner P jtOniness 1UJA NIA competition and/or factors, no vegetation type 1 limitation (s-4 [zman Creek SA-2S D;pP climatic 5T-SM 5T-3P gmkg, range of tvwaphy~ 5v pinegrass vegetation M aridity, soi1 PP PM improved heat loving stoniness, M @unch- competition, sou moisture, pasmre crops soi1 w.4 moisture (spring combination (except and s-er) of miner mot crops) factors g~~g# improved pasture

Khalake 4M D;eS soi1 moisture, IT NIA NIA NIA wwaphy, N/A vcgetafion R shallow soils R shallow ccmpetition ad01 soils, rock vegetation type 0utCrops (s-4

145 Table 17 (cont’d). Typical Capability Ratings for Forestry, Agriculture and Grazing

Foreslry Agriculture Grazing soil Lssociation A ‘culture Cmp Range Forest Indlador Lhii~g F apability yyi,p Graz@ Fpee Limiting Factors Capability Species Capa- Unlmproved Improved Unlmproved Improved biity (season of use)

.anaka 6A-5R-2S D ClhlatiC 6T-7R NIA grazing NIA wwaphy, 4~’ PiZEgWS Wgetati0tl RM aridity, soil R shallow mils, R compctition, rock moisture, rock outcrops outcrops (summer) shallow soils

.lowaCreek 4M-7R D;eS SOU moistore, 6T-7R NIA grazing NIA wwaphy. NIA N/A vegetation R shallow soils, R shallow soils, competition aod/or rock outcrops rock outcrops vegetation type, rock outcrops (summcr)

ilmkan 5H-7R alF:cs snow depth, 7T NIA NIA NIA climatically NIA NM ‘opowphy, R short growiog R and vcgetation type, season, wwsp~- rock outcrops shallow soils, CdY (summer) rock outcrops unsuitable, shallow soils, rock outcrops

Xept Lake 5H-7R lP;es snow depth, 7T NIA NIA NIA climaticaUy NIA NIA ‘opography, R short growing R aod vegetation type, scason, rock outcrops shallow soils, ZF’“- (summer) rock outcrops unsuitable, shallow soils, rock outcrops

kr SR-4M 1p;cS shallow soils, 6T;6T NIA grazing NIA bost-bce 5V-4U pinegrass vegetation M soi1 moisture R period. (alpine competition, short fopography, grasses) growing seasoo shallow soils (sommer)

Lwoiek 5R-6U D;1P;eS shallow soils, 7T-6T N/A N/A - NIA topography. N/A N/A rock outcrops, MR soi1 moistore, R R grazing shallow SO~IS, vegetation exposure, rock outcrops COtOpetitiOtl rock outcrops

ac du Bois 7A NIA climatic 5M 2N- l-4T improved Salt soil salinity, 3N bunchgrass soi1 salioity aridity R pastore, tolerant alkalinity, (Salt (spring & fall) grazing nops, twwaphy toleraot forages, forages) cemal grains

sure1 4M 1p;c-S soi1 moisture 7C N/A NIA NIA bost-bec 5v pioegrass vegeataion period competition (sommer)

.undbom 7A N/A climatic 6T-5M-n 6T-3T-7T graziog, range of topography, 3A bunchgrass climatic aridity aridity improved heat SOU erosion, (cdy spriog & pStlUiT loving shallow soil, latc. fall) cqs, soi1 moisture forages, ceral grains

aluwissen 7A NIA climatic 5M-6T 3T-6T iv=@, range of topography, 2a bunchgrass climatic aridity aridity TE DE improved heat soiI erosion, (spring & fall) pastore loving sou crops, Mpermeable forages, layer CCX4 (structure), grains soil moisture

Aeaoder 7A NIA climatic 4M-6T 4T-3C-6T forages, forages, topography, 1 bunchgrass no limitations aridity R R grazing, cereal frost-bec except where rcck CHd grains, period, rock outcrops (carly grains cool outcrops SUtlttWX) loving “OPS 146 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP fWEA

Table 17 (cont’d). Typical Ca ability Ratings for Forestry, Agriculture and Grazing sou l- Foreslry Agriculture T Graz@ 1 issociation More CAP Range Forest Ilodicatot Limiting dlity r: T ;razing Forage Limiting Fa&n apabi@ / :species Pa&rs Capa- Me nlmprow Improved Improvtd bility (season of use)

ledicine A rVA climatic .T-6T;6-l 4T-3C-61 forages, forages, wwapb, xux-hgras: ninm calcarmus aridity ER R 3mhg, cereal hst-tÏcz limitation (spring d grains, peziod, soil Fi fall) 3rains, CO01 erosion, -ange of loving shallow soi1 ” CIOPS des

Iaiden A-6A 12pp cutnatic ;M-6T 3P-6T p4ng,. forages, soi1 moisture, IV mxhgras! .

4ellin M-3S-SF : 1P;CS soi1 moisture, ip: 6P NIA p.zing NIA frost-ffee iv $negrass iegetation A!1 combination TR paiod, :ompetition of miner stoniness, :s-er) fictors, fopwaphy, shallow soi1 shallow soi1

4cKnight ‘A 1 climatic iT-6T;6’l 4T-6T-61 o’=iwA forages, wwaphy, bunchgras: slimatic aridity aridity MER E F improved cereal soil erosion, :ear1y spring & paSNE. grains, shallow soi1 Ml) grazing

4cLaren RAM-X l 1 shallow soil, iT-6T improvcd NIA topwaphy. !V-3A pinegrass vegetation R soi1 moisture, P R paSNE., stoniness, V Isompetition, exposure grazing shallow soi1 0rlimatic aridity (aspect) l:summer)

dinnie lA-4M-5F climatic iT-ST NIA p-hz, NIA ‘opwaphx !V pinegrass vegetation A4 aridity, soi1 RP improved shallow soil, Ixmpetition moisture, paSNre stoniness ,:summer) shallow soi1

4cQueen 1 climatic iT-5T-61 3T-4T-61 improved range of topwaphys !A bunchgras: 5 ,climatic aridity aridity M MF PR paSNre, heat soi1 moisNre, ,(spring & fall) Forages, loving stoniness, rereal crops, shallow soi1 grains, forages, range of cereal vegeta- grains, bles, g=h grazing

Aossey 1 climtic IP-6T-61 2P-3P-6T range of range of stoniness, soi 1 bunchgras: 5 1no limitation aridity MP 1 T P vegetable heat moisture, , (spring & fall) crops, loving wwaphy~ , (caly summer) -6T Forages, crops, shallow soi1 R ce.rcal forages, grains, Cereal grazing grains, g?=@* pasture

hegon Jack high water iC grazing gr=k frost-free SW sedges fluctuating water table, oeriodic W forages paid 1table. immdatim fluctuaring water table

lacid iR-4M shallow soil, iC NIA grazing NIA flost-tÏee jV-3V pinegrass vegation M soil moisture R paiod, ccmpetition shallow soi1 (s-er)

high water !W-Oc 6W-6C grazing grazing frost-free subalpine fluctuating table, pcriodic 1 w 1 w perid forage, watertable, inundation flUCNatin~ sedges Deriodic

pcriodic . inundation SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Table 17 (cont’d). Typical Capability Ratings for Forestry, Agriculture and Grazing

AgricuItwe GMZbtg SOU 1 Association bue CroP Range a ility T Grazinj Forage Limitlng Factors Y Capa- me Improved i Improved bility hason of usel

iennie SM-4W 1 SOU moisture, QI-3W II-3w forages, pexiodic 2v- 1 A climatic WI WI ,cemal inindation, aridity, ghw flucmating (summer & fall) fluclllating vegetabks, watatable wumable improved 1paStuF

lail 7W 1 high SC iC 1gr=b!, fmst-bce 3w sedgcs fluctuating watertable W 1forages perid, watertablc@nma fluctuating watextable

iaatin SS-2s e9;aF combination 7T VA VA 1NIA I NIA N/A rock outcmps, of miner C vegatation factors I competition ad/01 vegetation Lype - iUUthWS 1);IF rombination ST-6T LT-6T mproved 1impmved 1 3v pinegrass vegetation of miner SO~I PP P P maure, I pShlre, cmpetilion factors, soil pzing 1pzing (s-4 moisture

imlle 1M-3s 1P;D soi1 moisture, 5P VA ;rezing 1VIA I Frost-fice sv-3v pinegrass vegetation :ombiiation T 1paiod, competiton 3f miner soi1 rtonincss, (s-4 factors 1wwaphy ;humway IA PVA slimatic 5M -2T-3T mproved 7wide range 1~ygraphy, 3A bunchgras climatic aridity tidity DD mmxe, , >f heat (early spring & ;razing I oving 1tmpervious late faIl) <:mps, 1laycr I ‘orage, t:stnlctlue), ‘ :cmal mil moisture 1;rains, 1>asmm

?A 1NIA climatic 6T-?T NIA grazing NIA ~opography, 3A-ST bunchgraz climatic aridity, aridity R shallow soi1 RR shallow soil, topwaphy (spring & fall)

Spius Crcek 4M-5R-? s 1D-pP-1P soi1 moisture, 6T-6T NIA NIA wogrsphy, 3v bunchgra vegetation M shallow soil, R shallow soil ami comuetition combinaiton pinegrass of miner soi1 factofs

3ucccur SM-6U 1D;pP soi1 moisture, 5M-6T 2M- l-61 improvcd 1 wide range soi1 4v bunchgras vcgetation A R climatic P I pasture, of heat moisture, M competition, soi1 aridity gming loving fvwaphya moisture, (early aops, stoniness spring - late fall) forages, CWXI grains

Scuitto IA 1V/A climaitc 5M SF-2F-4I improved range of soi1 fetility aridity F D pasture, heat OM 3A bunchgras climatic aridity, grazing loving, alkalinity), N soil fertiliry (carly lime sou spring & late fall) todcrant impaviuos crops, laycr forages, (smcture) cemal grains fisdall 4M II@s soil moisture 6c \IiA NIA host-free 5v-3v pinegrass vegetation paiod compctition (s-4 Table 17 (cont’d). Typical Capabiiity Ratings for Forestry, Agriculture and Grazing

Fora Agriculture Soi1 T 1 1 Graz& 1 Association Forest rndicatt Grasin; Forage LimiCng Factors l+3iil SpeCi* Capa- Type Jnlmprovc 1bility (season of use) lùllee 7A NIA climatic 4T-6T-6T 3T-2P-67 forages, 1 bunchgras no limitation aridity MPRP 1 cereal @ring 86 fall) 6T km6 R grazing

Iiachyte ?A N/A climatic 3M-ST-6T 2G5T-6 range of range of fiOSt-fE%? 1 bonchgras no limitation aridity PR PI vegetable vegetable pczicd, (sprhz, .=ly WOPS, TOPS, topographya summer & faIl) forages, forages, stoniness, Cereal UXtXl shallow soil grains, grains, kW& tY=k

l-Ok 3S-5H Ip;es 7C-6T NIA grazing NIA 5v-4v pinegrass vegetation R of miner soi1 TR competition factors (sommer)

lïiber SA-6A QpP climatic 3v bonchgras vegetation R aridity, A competition, shallow soil climatic aridity (spring & fall)

Ikintsunko SH-4H es;alF shallow soi1 N/A SV subalpine vegetation R accumulation forage competition of deep snow (s-er) andlor cool growing Se%c

rrapp Lake 7A N/A climatic 4M-6T 3T-6T$’ forages, 2A bonchgras climatic aridity aridity T P P ; cereal (sphg & fall) grains, grazing

IYranquille 7A NIA climatic 5MdTdT 3T4T-61 improved 3A bonchgras: rlimatic aridity aridity TFR PE pastore, karly spring & 6T grazing late fall) R

feman $M-7W 1p:e.s soi1 moishue, 6T-5C 6T-5C gr=k% grazh5 topography~ 5v pinegrass vegetation fluctuating P P improved improved frost-fiee COlllptitiOIl watertable, paslue pasture peri4 (s-et) (pc.~ drainage shallow soil

lèatber 3S4M-5 D;lP combination 5T-6T ST-6T improved improved topmW~ 3V-2V pinegrass vegetation h of miner soi1 PP PP pStlIre, pastare, stooïness XRIlpetitiO~ factors, soi1 grazing grazing (summer) moisture, shallow soi1 t lkuda 1M-3S-5 Lp;es soil moistore, 6C-6T NIA grazing 5v-3v pioegrass vegetation Mountain 1 combination R ~C8DpetitiO~ -6U of miner soil (summer) R factors, shallow SO& exposure

runkwa 5M-5R D;lP;eS soil moistore, 6T-5M 6T4T gr=k 2V-3V pinegrass vegetation M shallow soil RT RP impmved competition (s-4

149 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA 5.2 Soi1 Fertility of Sampled Soi1 Associations of the Ashcroft Map Area

52.1 Discussion of Soi1Chemistry and Fertility Considerations A brief discussion of various soil properties is given to aid in interpretation of chemical data. Most of the discussion is taken from Sprout and Kelly (1963) and was initially written for agriculture, however, it also generally applies to rangeland soils and soils for forestry. This portion of the report is included to provide a better understanding of the columns in Table 21 which are based on interpretation of laboratory results for sampled soi1 associations. pH or Soi1Reaction Pure (distilled) water has a pH of 7, a value of which represents neutrality. Values less than pH 7 denote acidic conditions while those above pH 7 denote alkaline conditions. The pH range for soils may vary from about 3 to 10. Soil parent mater& in the Ashcroft area range mainly from pH 5.5 to 8.5. Soils with a pH value of 7.5 to 8.0 usually contain free carbonates of calcium and magnesium, while those with pH values of 8.5 or more generally contain considerable amounts of exchangeable sodium and sodium carbonate. Plants vary in their ability to grow at different pH values, and while no single factor may be responsible for limiting growth, an important consideration is nutrient availability. For example, in alkaline soils, growth may be limited by the low availability of phosphorus, zinc, iron, manganese, and boron. Soi1 rooting zones with reactions of 6.2 to 7.5 are practically neutral and this represents the ideal situation for most crops. Between the pH range of 7.5 to 8.5, the growth of many crops may be limited and only alkaline tolerant crops should be grown. Soi1 rooting zones with pH values above 8.5 are strongly alkaline. Organic Matter The content of organic matter in the soi1 may vary from less than one percent in minera1 soils to as high as one hundred percent in organic soils. The maintenance of an adequate supply of organic matter is one of the most important requirements of soi1 fertility and management. Organic matter contributes to plant growth through its effect on the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. Most, if not all, of the nitrogen and some of the phosphorus and sulphur are held in organic combinations. However, the organic form of these nutrients must be mineralized before being utilized by higher plants, a process accomplished by the microbiological population of the soil. The frequent additions of easily decomposable organic residues cause the synthesis of complex organic compounds that bind soi1 particles into structural units called aggregates. These aggregates help maintain a loose, open granular condition which improves the tilth, increases resistance to erosion and facilitates the movement of air and water through the soil. In short, the presence of adequate amounts of organic matter in the soi1 improves the structure of both coarse and fine textured soils,

150 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

increases the moisture holding and cation exchange capacities, and cmates a favorable carbon dioxide-oxygen relationship which is beneficial to plant mot development. Phosphorus Phosphorus is one of the major elements essential for plant growth. Most of the total phosphorus occurs in forms not immediately available to the growing plant. Available soi1 phosphorus originates from the bmakdown of soil minerals, soil organic matter, or fi-om previous additions of phosphatefertilizer. Only inorganic phosphorus is utilized by higher plants, and organic phosphorus forms must first be mineralized by organisms. The chemistry of phosphorus is complex, but a knowledge of a few basic principles Will aid in its utilization. One characteristic feature of soi1 phosphorus is its low solubility in the soi1 solution. Phosphorus applied as fertilizer changes into less soluble compounds similar to the native forms present. This process is called fixation. The nature of the fixation may affect phosphorus fertilizer efficiency differently on different types of soil. Acid soils contain a large excess of active iron and aluminum while alkaline soils an excess of calcium. These elements combine with water soluble phosphorus producing less soluble compounds. Iron and aluminum phosphates are least soluble at pH 4, with their maximum availability in the pH range of 6.5 to 7.0. As the pH increases from 7 to 8.5 in alkaline soils, the availability of phosphorus decreases as a result of the formation of calcium phosphates. The fixation processes take place quite rapidly SOthat applied phosphorus does not move any appreciable distance through the soil. This means that the plant root must move to the phosphorus rather than the phosphorus moving to the plant root as is the case for nitrogen. Consequently, phosphorus should be distributed throughout the cultivated layer either by discing or drilling. Top-dress applications are benefïcial primarily when the trop has abundant feeding roots in the Upper one or two inches of soil, a condition which occurs most commonly in humid areas or in irrigated soils. In most dry farmed soils, the roots tend to concentrate at lower depths, although this is somewhat dependent on the type of plant and rooting habit. Nitrogen Nitrogen is a major element of special importance because it is utilized by plants in rather large amounts. It is fairly expensive to supply, and is easily lost from the soil. A major factor in successful agriculture or forestry is the ability to maintain an adequate nitrogen supply. The atmosphere is the ultimate source of soi1 nitrogen. Higher plants cannot utilize gaseous nitrogen directly and it must first be combined with other elements, a process called nitrogen fixation. One of the chief methods of this transfer is through the agency of microorganisms inhabiting the soil. The nitrogen-fixing aerobic bacteria known as Azotobacter and the anaerobic bacteria, Clostridia, are responsible for fixing large quantities of atmospheric nitrogen: The bacteria, Rhizobia, living in symbiotic relationship with legumes, and other plants (for example alder) also makes a considerable contribution to the total nitrogen content of soils. Aside from the nitrogen attributable to microbiological activity some is washed into the soi1 each year as a result of electrical storms.

151 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Despite the large amounts of nitrogen released in the soi1 each year, the reserve of available nitrogen is never very great. This, in conjunction with the very large demand for trop production, necessitates development of an adequate fertilizer program. The addition of green caver crops and trop residues enhances the nitrogen and organic matter content of the soil. In a general way it cari be said that 75 to 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre should be available for trop growth. Management practices should be such that a moderate level of available nitrogen is always present in the soi1 for trop use. The dependence of nitrogen availability on microbial activity makes interpretation of the analytical values even more diffïcult than is the case for available phosphorus and potassium. The probable response of crops to nitrogen fertilizers cari be determined primarily by taking into account previous yields and cropping history, kinds of residues returned to the soil, adequacy of other nutrients, the weather and soil conditions. Analytical values of total nitrogen cari serve only as a partial guide, and the levels shown in Table 18 may be used as rough guidelines.

Table 18. Total Nitrogen Classesused to Rate Soi1Fertility Very low CO.10% Low O.lO-0.25% Medium 0.25-0.40% High >0.40%

Cation ExchangeCapacity and ExchangeableCations The mineral and organic particles of soils exhibit cation exchange properties. The. particle surfaces are negatively charged, and positively charged cations are adsorbed on the particle surface to counteract their negative charge. The soi1 is a heterogeneous system of solid, liquid and gaseous components in various proportions. The solid component of the soi1 is made up of primary minerals, clay minerals and hydrous oxides, together with organic matter and living organisms. In this heterogeneous system the soi1 solution acts as the medium by which the exchange of ions between members of the different phases are made possible, even when the reactants are not in direct contact. This ability of the soil to hold exchangeable cations is termed the CaEionexchange capacity, and is expressed as milli-equivalents of cations required to neutralize the negative charge of 100 grams of soi1 at pH 7. Depending upon the content of organic matter and the type and content of clay minerals present, the cation exchange capacities range from practically ni1 to over 100 milli-equivalents per 100 grams of mineraI soil. One milli-equivalent of calcium per 100 grams of mineral soi1 is roughly equivalent to 170 kilograms of calcium per acre to plow depth or the amount of calcium in 420 kilograms of pure limestone. The cation exchange properties of soils influence plant nutrition. Nuuient cations held as exchangeable bases are in an available state, but not easily leached from soils. Since the cation exchange capacity of a soi1 depends on the content of organic

152 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA matter and clay, there is variation in behaviorbetween soi1 types, and betweensoil horizons of the sameprofile. Table 19 shows how cation exchangecapacities have beenused to assistin rating soil fertility. Hydrogen, aluminum, calcium, magnesium,potassium, and sodium are the most abundantexchangeable cations. Their proportionsvary from soi1to soil, depending on inheritedcharacteristics and past managementpractices. Hydrogen and aluminum are the predominantexchangeable cations in most acid soils. Calciumand magnesium are most common in nearly neutral soils, while strongly alkaline soils contain large proportions of exchangeablesodium in addition to calcium and magnesium.The strengthwith which the ions are boundon the particlesurface depends on the nature of the ions and of the particlecharge. Exchangeablepotassium levels constitute an important indication of the potassium supplying power of a soil. The exchangeablepotassium is in equilibrium with less availablemineral and fixed forms. As exchangeablepotassium is removedby plants, potassiumis graduallyreleased from the lessavailable forms to nestorethe equilibrium. The maintenanceof an adequateexchangeable potassium supply therefore depends upon the amountin reserveand the rate of release. Exchangeablesodium is an important constituentthat cari profoundly affect the physicalproperties of a soil. If the exchangecomplex contains appreciable amounts of sodium, dispersionof soi1particles Will occur.Such a condition causesthe soi1to puddle,promotes poor aerationand water availability;puddling is most detrimental in fine texturedsoils. If the exchangecomplex becomes more than 10 to 15% saturated with sodium,nutritional disordersare likely to occur.

Table 19. Cation ExchangeCapacity Classesused to Rate Soi1Fertility

CationExchange Capacity: measured in meq/lOOg of soil.

<7.5 - very low - coax-setexture 7.5-10 - low - coarsetexture 10-30 - medium - mediumtexture (1: 1 lattice clays) 30-80 - high - fine texture(2:l lattice& amorphousclays) >80 - very high - organics

Base Saturation Base saturationis a measureof how many of the exchangesites within the soil complexate occupiedby calcium,magnesium, sodium and potassium.If a.Uexchange sites are occupiedby cations then the soi1is 100% base saturated.Generally the higher the percent base saturationthe more fertile the soil tends to be. A rough guide to interpretingbase saturation for soi1fertility is shown in Table20.

153 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Table 20. Base Saturation Classesused to Rate Soi1Fertility

<30% - very low 30-50% - low 50-80% - medium 80-95% - high 95-100% - very high

Conductivity The content of soluble salts in the soi1 solution is estimated electrically through conductivity measurements. The greater the conductivity, the greater the content of soluble salts present in the soi1 solution. The greater the soluble salt concentration, the greater the osmotic pressure against which plants must draw their nutrients. Conductivity measurementsare estimated in terms of milliseimens per square centimetre @ 25°C. Concentrations of soluble salts of four or more milliseimens/cm are considered harmful to normal plant growth although the amount of damage at any particular level varies with the salt tolerance of the trop. Soluble Cations In regions of low precipitation, soluble salts accumulate in soils which are subject to seepage and restricted drainage. The salts usually present consist of sulphates and chlorides of calcium, magnesium and sodium. Such salts produce harmful effects to plants by increasing the salt content of the soi1 solution, and in some cases by increasing the degree of saturation of the soi1 exchange complex with sodium. The latter effect occurs when the soluble constituents consist largely of sodium salts, and is of a more permanent nature since exchangeable sodium usually persists after the soluble salts are removed. Empirical equations have been devised for expressing the relationship between soluble and exchangeable cations. By this method the exchangeable-sodium-percentage cari be calculated using the values obtained for calcium, magnesium and sodium in a saturated soi1 extract. Depending upon the conductivity and kinds of salts present, the soils may be classed as follows: a) Saline Soils - the conductivity values are in excess of 4 milliseimens/cm, but the exchangeable-sodium-percentageis less than 15. In no casedoes the pH exceed 8.5; b) Non-saline - Alkali Soils - the exchangeable-sodium-percentage of these soils exceeds 15, but the soluble sait contents are low. Usually the pH exceeds 8.5; c) Saline-Alkali Soils - the conductivity values are greater than 4 milliseimens/cm, and the exchangeable-sodium-percentage exceeds 15. The pH readings may vary considerably, but are commonly less than 8.5. The kinds and relative amounts of salt a soi1 contains places it in one of the classes described above and governs the recommendations made regarding its reclamation. The reclamation of saline soils requires leaching only, providing drainage is adequate.

154 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Replacement of the exchangeablesodium is mquired for the mclamation of non-saline- alkali soils, and this cari be accomplished by the application of an amendment such as gypsum or sulphur. Saline-alkali soils require both leaching and the addition of an amendment for their reclamation. Fertility estimates for the soil associationsin Table 21 cari be used as a general guide to soil fertility. They are not however, meant to be used as fertilizer recommendations. Fertilizer recommendations should be based on analysis of soi1 samples from the location to be fertilized.

5.2.2 Estimated Soi1 Fertility of Sampled Soi1 Associations of the Ashcroft Map Area Soi1 fertility of sampled soi1 associations in Ashcroft map area is determined partly through analysis of chemical data such as soi1 organic matter content, phosphorus, nitrogen, pH (reaction), cation exchange capacity, and base saturation. Also, subjective rate of weathering (potential release of nutrients from unweathered parent material), soi1 depth (to unweathered parent material, rock, or calcareous horizon), rate of nutrient availability (cycling), biomass production, soi1 texture and structure, and precipitation (seasonalavailable water), are other factors used in a qualitative evaluation of each soi1 to assist the development of the columns titled ‘Probability of Soil Degradation’ and ‘Soi1 Response to Management Practises’ in Table 21. It is possible to have a soil with a low pH, and a moderate to high cation exchange capacity that has a low fertility rating. In this case, not a11of the soil exchange sites are occupied by exchangeablecations; therefore, the addition of fertilizer and correction of pH should improve soi1 fertility. On the other hand, it is possible to have a soil with near neutral pH, a low cation exchange capacity, and near 100% base saturation. This soi1 may have a low to moderate fertility status, but it does not have any significant potential for improvement. Also, a soi1 may have a low pH, low cation exchange capacity and a low base saturation but remain highly productive due to a high rate of nutrient cycling or the presence of nutrient rich seepage. There are many considerations with respect to soi1 fertility, such as the above, which make interpretation diffïcult, however, Table 21 identifies some of the soi1 characteristics which affect fertility and indicate probability of site degradation or response to management. The parameters describing reaction, salinity, and alkalinity are taken from The System of Soil Classification for Canada, 1974 (revised). The following limits were used to describe the soi1 depth and soi1 reaction. The limits for cation exchange capacity and base saturation are given in Tables 19 and 20, respectively.

155 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Soi1Depth Soil depth is defined by the limit of chemical and physical weathering or the presenceof bedrock. <30cm - very shallow 20-50 cm - shallow 50-100 cm - moderate >lOOcm - deep

Soi1Reaction (pH) pH Value Reaction Class

4.5 - Extremely acid 4.6-5.0 - Very strongly acid 5.1-5.5 - Strongly acid 5.6-6.0 - Medium acid 6.1-6.5 - Slightly acid 6.6-7.3 - Neutral 7.4-7.8 - Mildly alkaline 798.4 - Moderately alkaline >8.5 - Strongly alkaline It must be mentioned that the fertility status of individual farms and fields may vary considerably according to past management practices or variations in the soils and the analyses made in this study are too few and too limited to be used for fertilizer recommendations.

156 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Table 21. Estimated Fertility of SampledSoi1 Associations In the Ashcroft Map Area

soil Association Reaction**’ Salinity - iubjectivr FertiUy Probability of Soil Soll Response to @H) Rate of httdltiol Degradation Management Praetices DgsgL??d Ikalini!; kaulel-in

%bott+* High Incorporate LH into Bm and Btll very stronglj Readily leached; Ae to pxserve organic acid improverished soil mat&, nutrients and improve with I&le potential for moisture retention; exchange Ae very stronglj leeP enhancement. complex is leached of acid nutrients (except K); CEC offers httle retention AB very strong1j high v‘q low capability, howeva, a weak acid Bt horizon at 74 cm (29 in) helps retard leachmg and loss C strongly acid of soi1 moisture beyond classifïcatio rooting dep*. leviant)

\bbott** High High LFH extremely vety high very high .hallow awlvery ow Readily leach&, Avoid fie; encourage miner acid 3W nutri& of LFH vegetatioq’ incorporate demonstrates the organic matter into Bm Bm strongly acid l-medium very low higher level of horizon to preserve nuW.icn nutrition of the and improve moisture BC strongly acid lowlow psatially and retention; shallow soil; ccmpletely prevent erosion; soi1 has little C suongly acid decomposed forest or no potential for litter compared with improvement in productivity. the mineral horizons below.

\ylmer High Leaching of high Ca in Bm 1 Readily leached; horizon deshable, avoid Ah slightly acid very high medium moderate minimize loss of excessive leaching, however; BlIl neutral vuy high medium halloa Ioderate organic matter in Ah. maintain organic matter in Ah horizon for nutrient Ck mildly "uy high very low availability and moisture alkaline retention.

3ache Creek High. LOW. Ahkt mildly vey high medium Leaching of free lime High Ca levels may result in alkaline desirable, Na levels in deficiencies of P and Fe, + Ck could lcad to wide Ca:Mg and Ca:K ratios nwual very high medium ,hallou ligh tigh probletns under poor may induce deficiencies in management; maintain MgandK,aIsoB,CuandZr Ck mildly nildly to very high very low organic marier levels could be a problem; leaching alkaline nodaatly in Ahk for nutrition of Ca Will help alteviate dkaline and moisture retention problems-excessiveleching to be avoided, however.

Iarabine** High High Ah slightly acid vet-yhigh mcdium/ igh Maintain organic K levels in Ah result from l low matter in Ah for decompositon of grass littq nutrition and moisture KinBmisleached;KinCcs BtIl neukal wyhigh medium/ ‘=Y oodaate retention; easily rd Ck is likcly unavailable low ;halloa lesched, very shallow due to high free lime; lime in to calcareous (Cal) Cca and Ck will depress CC23 mildly noderatel! vay hrgh mediun/ nodaate noderate horizon; a productive uptake of P and Fe; B, Cu alkaline 0 strongly low grassland or irrigation and Zn may also by problenn dkaline soil; prevent erosion of topsoil.

157 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Table 21 (cont’d). EstimatedFertility of SampledSoi1 Associations In the AshcroftMap Area soi1 ~ss~;üon Ran$g*** Ssliinity - Base Cation Soil Subjective FertUity Frobabilily of Soil Soil Response ta C*a Sabmlim Exchange Depth Rate of Condition Degradalio” Management F?actices gjkc;d Alkalinity Capacity Weathering

arabine** High High. AP nwtral vcry high medium high high This cultivated soil High Ca levels indicate a” may dcmonstrate the abundance of free lime in all Bmk nwtral vay high medium .shallow modaate effccts of improper horizons (at lcast to the Ck2) use of irrigation which is depressing the Ckl mildly modaately vay high mcdiuml modaate (wata may also be availablility of Mg; the Ap bas alkaline to strongly low calcareous); soi1 bas a reasonable levels of K but it is alkaline high fatility potential doubtful that plants cari absorb ad requires lcaching much of is pH levels (along of Ca (free lime). with the Ca) suggest that P and Fe will be deficient and possibly B, CU & Zn.

‘klIS0” Moderate. Low to moderate. Ae nwtml wyhigh mcdium high Easily lcached; Avoid fue: encourage miner incotpc~ate LH into vegetation, particularly native Bm “eulral vcry high medium mode high Ae to prcsave organic grasses; “utrient complex rate mattcr and nutrients “car capacity; climatic aridity and incrcase moisturc. is major limitation to Ck2 mildly moderatcly low retention capability. productivity. alkaline calcarcous

:avanaugh High MOdCJa1e. Ac mcdium acid very high modaate moderate* Easily lcached; Avoid fire; encourage miner to high incorporate organic vegetation after harvest (or matter (LH) ~“LO Ae; Iïre) 10 regenerate soil; Bm slightly acid very higb mcdium mode incrcased moisture nutrient status may in part be rate to retention Will cnhance due to scepage of nutrient d=p miner vegetation and rich moisture; nutrient survival or seedlings. complex near capacity. CK2 mildly wcakly alkaline calcarmus

:edarbench High High. Ae extmnely vay low low d=p IOW vcry low* Easily lcachcd; Avoid fïre & incorporate LH acid prevcnt erosion. into Ae horizon; maintain miner vegetation to Bf very stTongly vay low medium regenerate soil. acid

:hS”l Moderate. Moderate. Aej medium acid vcry high Easily lcached; Avoid fie; incorporate LH incorporate LH into into Ae horizon to help Bm medium acid veryhigh mcdium deep high moderate* Ae to preserve regrade soil; nutrient complex organic matter and ncar capacity; high Ca may Ck “c4”“31 “ery hi& nutrients and improve induce deficiencies of P and moisture rerention K; enhancement may be achievcd by increased ““trient cycling.

:km SO” High. High. Ah very suongly Leached soil; Avoid fire: prevent erosion; acid incorporate LH and encourage miner vegetation AhintoAeto to help regrade soil; Ae extmnely low mcdium “.=Y high low’ maintai” organic productivity largely resulting acid shallow matta; soi1 is fkom seepage of moisture and serio”sly nutrients ovcr an extcndcd Bf “ery strongly low medium impoverished pcricd. acid considaing fhe high base stahts of the C very strongly medium parent rock. acid SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Table21 (cont’d). EstimatedFertility of SampledSoi1 Associations In the Ashcrofi Map Area

Salinity - Base Cation Soi1 Fertility Probability of Soil Soil Response to *** saturatia Exchang Deptk :kalditiol Degradation Management F?actices Alkdhlity CapaciQ

kinmonage Ah neutral noderate nodcxate High High. EasiIy Ieached; mainrab Nutrient complex near Bm shghtly acid medium node orgaoicmatlerinAht0 capacity; high Ca may ate inc-ormaintain induce deficiencies of Mg moisture retention and and K and probably P. Ck nwtral nutrimt availability.

High High very low Easily leached; Avoid fire; encourage minot incorporate litter into vegetation to help regrade medium ‘@eP ow DW Ahe to preserve soil; nutrient complex near organic matfer and capacity, but CEC is very Bm2 slighlty acid “ery Iow improve moisture low; little or no potential for retention. enhancement. C nwtral

Iourmey High. High Ah neutral vay hi& medium Maintain organic High base stams, particularl: matter in Ah for Ca, suggests need to leach Bm slightly acid vay hi& medium ‘WY noderate mierate nutrition and moisture with non-saline, hallo\ ahigh retention; prevent non-calcareous irrigation mildly erosion of topsoil; very water but not excessively. Cca alkaline vey high shallow soil; avoid exposure of calcareous C horizon. Ck mildly nodaately alkaline nlkaline

~ourtney** High. High Ah nwtral mcdium/ Readily leached; Excessive K levels may high improve organic matter induce deficiencies of Ca in Ah; prevent erosion and Mg although they are Bmk mildly Wiikly vay high high/ hallov tigh igh of topsoil; shallow soil; present in adequate. amourus alkaline Acarmus medium avoid deep cultivation increased productivity of ami exposure of native grasses and cultivati IICca mildly W&ly very high mediuml clacarcms B and C crops cari be achieved by Classifi- alkaline :alcareous, high horizons. using non-saline and non ation noderately cakarcms water for levianl) ilkalitlc, itrigation; P, Fe, B, Cu and xcakly SaIim Zn may he deficient.

Iourtney** High. High. Ah nwtral very higb mediuml Maintain orgaoic High K Ievels may induce high matter in Ah for Ca and Mg deficiency; nutrition and moisture however high levels of Ca Bm mildly vay high high/ QY iigh igh retention; prevent and Mg may compensate; alkaline medium hallov erosion of topsoil and productivity of native deep cultivation to grasses and cultivated crops Cca mildly Wakly very high mediuml minimize exposure of Will increase witb irrigation; alkaline :alcareous high -aIcarelJus c horizon; pH aod Ca levels suggest krigate to leach excess deficiencies of P, Fe, B, Cu Ck mildly xeakly very high medium sahs with non-saline and Zn may occur. alkaline :alcareous, and non-calcarcareous ;lrongly water. dkaline, eakly salin

High. Moderate to high Readily leached; Avoid fue; encourage miner high leaching of ftce lime vegetation and induce lighly desirable; leaching of high Ca levels; medium ay tigh roderate naintain organic high Ca may be depressing hallov natter in the Ahe for availability of Mg and K, P autrition and moisture and Fe.AvailabiIity of B, Cu nildly to retention; avoid erosion andZnmayalsobea noderately 3f Ahe. problem. dkaline

159 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA ‘Ifdble21 (cont’d). EstimatedFertility of SampledSoi1 Associations In the Ashcroft Map Area

Reaction*” salinity - Soit SUbpi; Fertility Probability of Soil Soi1 Respo~a~iI~agemen! @H) **a Depfi 3xldiüon Degradation hlillity kVeatheriy

Yurnow Moderate. High Ae rtrongly acl high medium high moderate* Rcadily leached. Incoporate LH into Ae horizon; prevent erosion. Bm strongly ac.1 high IOW

ck netItraI

lominic High Moderate. Apk nemral kwery medium Leaching of Ca Curent free lime. and pH Ievels high desirable but low suggest induced deficiencies of F CBC suggests high and K; Mg may also be deficien! Bmk neutral hwJery low rhalloï moderate modaate sensitivily to excess duetowideratiotoCqB,ti high to low kaching. ami Zn may also be problan; avoid cakxeous irrigation water Ck rlightly acid kwery “ery low high

lat Creek Mcderate. A# wmral higtiq low to Irrigation to leach free lime high medium desirable: high Ca may induce matter for fertility and P, Fe and K defïciency; Mg w+T IOW mode- modaate may also lx deficient due to high rate to avoid calcatvous wide ratio to Ca; B, Cu and Zn d=p irrigaion water. may ako be a problem. nildly high/veq dkaline high

leet Crack High. High Ae nedium a& high Readly leached; high Avoid fie; prevent excessive base shration ma;ks leaching: encourageminor Bm nedium acic high VaY modaate IOW “a-y low CEC; vegetation (maioly native shallo\ maimain organic grasses); Ca:K andMg:K ratios matterinAeto suggest induced deficiency of C neutrd very hi& pmerve nutricmts aod K; soi1 bas little OI no nanm3l aid moisture retention potential for increased production.

risken Hlgh. Low. AP aildly medium node high Control of watertable Drainage and irrigation to dkaline to high ‘ate essential to ensure encourage leaching of excess drainage and Ca and Na; high Ca and Mg to Cskgjl modaately medium high leachiig of excess K ratios suggest induced K alkaline salts; avoid defïciency and deficiencies in P calcareous irrigation and Fe; B, CU and Zn may also Cskgj2 moderately medium water be a problem; reparian alkaline vegetationnaturally productive.

Wxxne Low. Moderate. LH “ery Readily leached; Avoid fie; encourage miner s3roogly acic msintain organic vegetaion to help regrade soil; matter by soil bas low naturel fertility, Ae slightly acid hdlov moderate IOW incorpating LH and low capacity for into Ae. improvement. Bm slightly acid

C Slighdy a&

;limpse High High Ah slightly acid very high mediuml mode- IOW modaate Readily leached; Nutrition appears balanched; IOW rate to to low maintain orgmic hile the exchange complex is ieeP matta in Ah for saturated the CRC is low, nutrition and therefore the soi1 has little Bm slightly acid vay hi@ very low moisture retention; potential for increased majority of nutrients production - except by Ck neutral oildly to andCECisintheAh increasing the rate of nutrient c1assificati01 nodaate1j horizon cycling with fertilization and lwiant) kkahe inigation

160 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Table21 (cont’d). EstimatedFertility of SampledSoi1 Associations In the Ashcrofi Map Area

sou Association Reacüon*’ Sallnity - Base Cation Soi1 krtuit Probability of Soil SOU Response to @H) 3ahratia Exchang Deptt :ondIfii Degradation Management Practices DHTgi&d LlkaunIl; CapacIQ

Xmpse** Moderate. Moderate. Ah vezy higk medium Maintain organic High K Ievels in Ah may matter in Ah; prevent induce deficinecies in Ca a& I Bml “ery Ggh medium mode nodaate iigh erosion of topsoil. Mg: tigation Will increase rate o high productivity of native grasses m-id cultivatcd crops by CCC# moderately WeaklY increasing soi1 moisture. alkaline îalcareous rrrongly alkaline

;Iimpse** Moderate. Moderate. Ah nwtral very high medium noderate Maintain organic High K levels in Ah and Bm o high matta in Ah; prevcnt may induce deiïciencies of -rosion of topsoil; Ca andMg; irrgation wiIl Bml mildly vay high node- igh :nsure irrigation with improve productivity of alkarme -ate nonsaline, native grasses and cultivatcd noncalcarcous water. crops. CC2 modcrately noderatcl~ alkaline :alcareous, itrong1y dkake

;Orge Creck Yigh High LH exucmely .OW low Teadily leached Avoid fire; encourage miner acid :already seriously vegetation to assist mpoverishcd); improvement of soi1 fertility. Bm very slrongl nedium very low ‘CY OW ucorpcxate LH into îcid ;hallov 4eandBmto xeserve nutrients, C very suong1 ucrease organic acid natta content and noisture retention qability.

iodey Sgh. High. Ah îeutral leadily leached; Soi1 is subjcct VJ blow-outs; aaintain organic zssentid M maintain Bm ncutral ‘aY noderate natta in Ah for vegetative caver; soil bas :hallou muition and moisture variable depth to IIck; etention: majority of textural change to IICca is IICk nildly nodcrately uurition held in Ah.. from loamy Sand to vety alkake dkaline gravelly coarse sand; thae is a large decrease in CEC associa& with the change in texture.

iOdey** ligh. High. Ah wmd aedium ceadily leached, With the exception of theAh, lowever high Ca K and Mg levels are Bm mmal nediuml ‘ery JW evels indicate free depressed, a result of high low ~hallon Une throughtout the Ca; total extractable P is low ;oil; kaching by ml is likely deficient nildly VeaklY “uy low rrigation desirable; especially with high Ca dkahe alcarcous, mprove organic levels; suspect that Fe, B, CU ooderately natter (Ah) by ami Zn Will also be deficient; dkaline mcouragiug native organic carbon (Ah horizon) ,unchgrasses or is low due to overgrazing at :ultivated crops; very the site. ;haIlow soi1 thcrefore Ivoid erosion and/or lcep cultivation.

161 Table21 (cont’d). EstimatedFertility of SampledSoi1 Associations In the Ashcroft Map Area

soil Association Base Cation Soi1 lubjective Tertility Probability of Soil Soil Response to $atldial txcban / Depth Rate of onditia Degradation Management Practices DHzg;&d iapau *f J kathcriq

;odey** Hi&. High. Nutrition for this Ah nedium acid nedium Readily leached, shallow soi1 appears maintain organic matter balanched; productivity of Bm leutral ‘aY ,w 3w in Ah for nutrition and irrigated crops Will require hallon moisture retention; very fertilization to permit rapid shallow soi1 therefore :ycling of nutrients. nildly aedium avoid erosion aod/or ilkaline deep cultivation; inigation must avoid sildly VeaklY nedium excessive leaching. rdkaline S3lCZ2K?OUS, noderately dkaline

hkitsaph ffigh High Ae ixtremely low node 5W DW* Easily kached (suitcd tc Incoporate LH into Ae acid ate acid-loving plants). horizon; no significant potential for enhancement. Yeay suongly acid

nkoiko High High. Ae strongly acid very low 3w DW, Easily leached (suited u lncoqxmte LH into Ae acid-loving plants). horizon; no signifïcant Bml strongly acid “ery low potential for enhancement.

BC rtrongly acid

LlnanC~ High Low to moderate. Ah slightly acid vay high low node- DW Readily leached; Moisture may be held up ate m maintain organic matter by Bmcl aod made ‘eeP in Ah for nutrition and available to plants over an moisture retention extended period; soi1 is Ae slightly acid IOW Ioderate (native grasses); avoid near capacity for nutrients fire. but because of low CEC Bmcl medium acid very high low bas little potential for improvement. C medium acid

IznFJncreekl High. Low 10 moderate. Moisture LFH strongly acid Readily leached; and nutrients may be held incorporate LFH into up by the Bmcl horizon; Ae medium acid nodaate DW Ae for nutrition and encourage minor vegetation organic matter; avoid (grasses especially) to help Bmcl medium acid high fue and prevent erosion regrade the soil, some improvement is possible, C mediun acid though limited by low CEC

Katlaka Hi& High. Ab medium acid high higN noderate ow Shallow soil, readily Shallow soil easily eroded medium leached, maintain when vegetation removed; organic mauer in Ah maintain fertility by encow Ae strongly acid IOW medium ;haUou horizon to preserve aging miner vegetation nutrients and hold (mainly grasses); carrent fer- Bm strongly acid 1OW low moismre. tility of Ah probably a temp- orary phenomenon pending C stmngly acid retum of forest succession.

KW High High. Ah slightly acid vay high medium ‘mY ligh nodaatl Al&ough base samration Short growing season; high to high ihallov is high, pH levels (comparatively) suggest a high degree. o precipitation; nutrient Bml vay strongly high leaching; limestone bed ccmplex near capacity; acid rock appears to wearhn high Ca: K & Mg: K ratio readily; maintain organic may induce K deficiency; P matter & prevent emsior levels appear very low. 162 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Table21 (cont’d). EstimatedFertility of SampledSoi1 Associations In the Ashcroft Map Area

Soi1 Association Reaction** Salinity - Cation Soi1 iubjectivc Probabiüty of Soil Soil Response to and @H) **a Exchangc Depth Rate of Degradation Management Practices Ikalinity Capacity leatherin Yi%::kd

ulaiden High Moderate. LH veq strongl VGy shahow soi1 (to High nutrition stams of soil scid Cca); maintain bas limited effect on biomass organic matter in Ae production due to lack of SO~I Ae slightly acid very higl medium/ ‘W igh ligh to aid nutrition and moisture; leaching of Ca high hallor assist in holding desirable; wide CazK and seasonal moisture. Mg:K ratio may encourage K Bm slightly acid mediuni/ defïciency. high

Ckl “eutral aoderately very high medium lkaline

&Lare” Moderate. Moderate. LH slightly acid Incorporate organic Productivity limited by arid matter into Ae to Aimate; encourage miner Ae medium ack very high medium preserve nutrition and vegetation to maintain the retain soi1 moisture. inherently high level of Bl slightly acid vay high mediuml aode- igh igh fertility; prevent erosion high ate

Ck nwtral rildly 10 trongly Ikaline

4cKnight High Moderate. Ah slightly acid medium medium Maintain organic Maintain native grasses; natter in Ah for zareful irrigation (encourage Bm neutral very high medium QY ioderate igh nutrition and moisture aching of Ca) Will enhaoce hallov ,etention, vey shallow xxiuctivity, high Ca in Bm roil; prevent erosion. md C horizons may limit IICsk neutral toderately very high medium availability of P, Fe and K; Ikaline, ;oil has significant potential Takly roor highly productive aline :rassland and irrigated crops.

bedicine High 3igh Ah rlightly acid iery high mediuml hallov igh igh Maintain Ah by Maintain Ah; leach excess Ca high > Treserving organic md K with irrigation; .tode .natter and preventing .naintain native bunchgrasses ‘ate erosion; soi1 depth high Ca may induce varies and is deficiencies of P and Fe and Bmk nwtral very higt medium susceptible to erosion. possibly B, Cu and Zn; a highly productive soil with Cca mildly very higt medium careful management. alkaline

Ck mildly nildly 10 vey high medium alkaline strongly alkaline tiedicine** High High Ah1 “eUtA mediuml Maintain organic High Ca levels may depress high matter in Ah horizon the availabillty of Mg and K; for nutrient and P and Fe. and perhaps B, Cu Bmk 1 neutral low/ .haIlo! wderate nodaa” moisture retention; and Zn may also be medium prevent erosion and exposure of subsoil; CCS mildly “WY lOW/ iigh tr irrigation to leach free alkaline weakly medium oode lime frorn Bm horizon saline ate

Ck mildly weakly 10 alkaline moderately cakaceous, weakly saline 163 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Table21 (cont’d). EstimatedFertility of SampledSoi1 Associations In the Ashcroft Map Area

soil LSSOCiati0tl salinity - Base Cation Sd Subjective k?rtility Robability of Soil Soil Response to *** iaturaoa Exchang Deptb Rate of ottditiol Degradation Management F’ractices $&rl kalinily Capacitj Yeatberin

Iedicine** High High Ah leutral mediutd Maintain Organic naintain native grasses or bigh mattez in Ab for xganic residue to prevent nutrient and moisture xosion; higb levels of Ca Bmkl leutral medium ‘WY noderate loderate retention: inigation ro aay depress the availability hallow leach free lime from >f Mg (and K); except for thc Bm horizon; soil Ah,PandFemaybe nildly medium extremely shallow; rleficient along witb B, CU llkaline avoid exposure of mdzn. dcareous subsoil. Ck nildly nildly to llkaline rtrongly dkaline

Iinnic Mcderate. Moderate. Lh :XtfUIlely mediuml ‘=P Incorporate LH into Encourage miner vegetation tcid IOW Ae to maintain to aid soi1 regradation nutrition and moisture Ae ;trongly acid nodaate Ioderate retentio? in rooting o high J high zone; Bt horizon Will assist in holding Bt dightly acid medium seasonal moismre.

ck leutral DOd~atelY dkaline

10ssey** Moderate. Moderate. Ah dightly acid very hi& high Maintain organic A highly fertile and matter; protect soil productive soil; maintain Bm WltIal very hi& high ,hallou ligh ligh to depth from erosion native grasses; nutrition near wy higi and deep tillage. optimum balance; pH may retard availability of P. CCa nildly moderately vay higt high aaline alkaline

Iossey** Moderate. Moderate. Ab dightly acid mediuml node Maintain organic High K levels may hinder high ate to matta; when uptake of Ca and possibly ;hallow irrigating ensure a Mg: Mg appears to bave bee~ degree of leaching leached from Ah to Bm 1. Bml rlightly acid mediuml high ligh withnoncalcareous high wster tn protect against a build-up of Cca mildly moderately very hi@ medium bec lime; protect soi1 alkaline alkaline de@ from erosion and deep cultivation. ck mildly modaately alkaline alkaline (moderate! &XeOUS)

hsey** Moderate. Moderate. Ah slightly acid mediuml Maintain organic High K levels may hmder high matter; wben uptake of Ca and possibly inigating ensure a Mg; Mg appears to bave bec Bml nwtral very higl node high ligh degree of leaching leached from Ah to Bm 1. high ate to with noncalcareous ;hallou water (0 protect against a build-up of Cca mildly moderately vay higi medium bec. lime; ptect soi1 alkaline CdWeOUS depth from erosion and deep cultivation. Ck modaately modaately alkaline alkaline, W23kly calcarous

144 Table21 (cont’d). EstimatedFertility of SampledSoi1 Associations In the Ashcroft Map Area

Soi1 Assc$üon Reacüon*** Safiity - Base Cation sou Subjective Ferülity Frobability of Soit SOU Responsa to @H) ,,+,, Saturation Exchange Depth Rate of Condition Degradation Managemant Racticas Dgo@;-& Alkalinity Capacity Weathering

ihutnway Low-modemte. MOderate. Ah neutd very bigh medium mode high high Maintainorganic Ensure adequate leaching rate to matter in Ah (with with irrigation to prevent Ca shallow native grasses or build-up in upper horizons; careful cultivation avoid calcareous irrigatiou Bm namal veryhigh medium practices); avoid W&TT. compaction. Ck2 mildly very bigh medium/ alkahne IOW

ipius Crcek LOW. LOW. Ae slightly acid vey high medium VerY high high Jncorporate LH and/or Encourage miner vegetation d=p H into Ae horizon to to help regrade soil, maintain nutrition and especially Ae horizon; wide Bt siightfy acid veybigb mediuml moisune retcntioq Ca:K and Mg:K ratios in Ae high prevent erosion. may induce deficiency of K Ck2 mildly alkahne

rimber LOW. LOW. Ae slightly acid high medium mode- high high Prevent erosion and Incorporate LH into Ae rate exposure of horizon; nutrient storage near calcareous C horizon. capacity; incresed production Bml slightly acid may be accomplished by increascd cycling of nutrients Ckl nwtral

rrachyte Moderate. Moderate. Ah medium acid vay high medium/ High Ca and Na in Ah horison must be high Bm and C horizons maintained by proper indicate a sensitivity management of native grasse2 Bm nwtral veryhigh medium shallow high high to alkalinity and or caret4 cultivation - to mod- salinity, thafore, preserving organic matter, erate prevent erosion or thickness, and moisture topsoil. retention properties; irrigation Cca mildly modaately very high lowl should permit a moderate alkaline alkaliue, medium degree of leaching - at least weakly (0 until Ca aod Na levels show moderately a decline. saliie

rrachytc** Moderate. Moderate. Ah1 nwtral very high mediuml Maintain organic Maintain native high mattcr in Ah for bunchgrasses; high Na levels nutrition and moisture in Bnjt emphasizes Bnjt nwtral WeaklY vay high medium mode- high high retention; avoid sensitivity; soi1 reqiures saline rate to erosion of topsoil. leaching with non-calcareous, shallow non-saline water for cultivated cropping; salinity Cca mildly weakly to very high may be due to capillary alkaline moderatcly movanent of moisture calcareous upward through the soil, then precipitation of Salt. ck moderately moderately alkaline calcareous, modaatcly alkaline

frachyte** Mcderate. Moderate. Ah1 slightly acid very high medium Shallow soil; avoid Maintaio organic matter by erosion of topsoit; careful management of native Bm ncutral veryhigh medium/ shallow high high sample taken in bunchgrasses; productivity low mid-slope position; will be enbanced witb avoid saline, irrigation and increased Cca mildly moderately veryhigh low calcareous irrigation cycling of nutrients. alkaline calCXC73US WBtcT.

ck moderatcly moderatcly alkaline calcareous, moderately alkahne

165 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Table21 (cont’dj. EstimatedFertility of SampledSoi1 Associations In the Ashcroft Map Area

Soi1 Wociation Reaction*** ialinity - Base Cation sou ubjectivc ‘ertility Frobability of Soil Soil Response to @H, **1 hhlratial xchangc Iepth Rate of Dndiaol Degradation Management F?actices Lky;:ad lkalinity :apacity ‘eatherin

‘ranquille 3igh. Bgh Ah nwtral aedimn ery igh igh hrergrazing Will tiaintain orgsnic matter in halloa ,esult io reducd 4h; high Ca may induce xganic matter in Ah, ieficiencies of P & Fe in ail nwtral my high aediunt md may increase mizons: nutrient storage ;aIinity, especially in xar capacity. mas of seepage. Csk SWXl& alkaline

iapp Lake High. High. Ah slightly acid nedium .=Y toderate toderate Maintain organic Nutrition is high in Ah and halow matta in Ah for Bm; ensure ht native Bm namal nedium 3 nutrition and moisturc grasses or cultivated land halloi retention; most preserves Ah horizon; nutrients are held in irrigation should ensure theAh&Bm;CEC sufficient leaching to remove draps in the C excessive Ca front Bm; high Ckl neutral horizons; soit is vety K levels in Ah may inhibit shallow; prevent uptake of Ca and Mg; soi1 is surface erosion. vay shallow; avoid deep cultivation.

ru11ee** Moderate. Moderate. Ah medium acid nediuml igh ligh* Maintain organic Prevent erosion; protect Ggh matter; prevent against build up of Ca (frcc erosion of topsoil. lime) in the root zone; this is Aeh medium acid nedium a deep, highly fertile soil; fi horizon has high levels of K Ae slightly acid nedium which may hinder Ca uptake

Btl nwtral

Bt2 mildly alkaline

‘uUee** Egh. hgh. Ah slightly acid #ey high nedium 3asily erodcd; ligh Ca levels in Ah & Bm naintain organic nay to depress Mg Bm nwtral ~cry high nedium aY igh igh to natter in Ah for wailablility; P and Fe may hallou Ioderate mtrients and moistun tlso be hindercd by the Ca .etention; irrigation evels; grazing management Cc.¶ moderatcly toderately very high ow ;hould avoid nust maintain native grasses alkahne alcarmus :alcarmus watcr. md orgsnic matter levels in he soil. CkS moderately Eakly to alkaline toderately alcarcous, Xakly laine

ruu~** LOW. 2JW. Ah1 slightly acid very high nedium Maintain organic lareful management of matter in Ah; avoid mtive bunchgrasses and/or Ah3 slightly acid very high nedium igh igh xosion or topsoil Inigatcd crops Will permit ate (thickncss of Ah Ggh productivity; K levels appears to bave bcen ue somewhat high which Bm mildly very high nedium partly a result of nay cause somc antagonism alkaline movement fro with Ca and Mg; exchange mupslope); avoid :omplex is saturated, Cca moderately saline, calcareous herefore incresed alkaline irrigation water. productivity may hc obtaincd by increscd nutrient cycling Ck modaately by irrigation and fertilizatio” alkaline 66 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Table21 (cont’d). EstimatedFertility of SampledSoi1 Associations In the Ashcroft Map Area

Soi1 Reaction*** Salinity - Tertility Probability of Soil Soil Response to @rn *** 'bllditi01 Degradation Management F?actices Llkalinity

Low to moderate. Moderate. slightly acid veryhigh medium medium Maintain organic Shallow soil; enstne good matter in Ah; avoid management of native AR slightly acid vay high medium medium erosion of topsoil; bunchgrasses and/or irrigated avoid saline, crops; high Na indicates need Bill nwtral moderately very high medium shallow high ligh calcareous irrigation for leaching when irtigating; saline water. sample site heavily grazed.

strongly moderatcly very high low alkaline zalcareous

Ck moderatcly W&lY alkahne saline, WeaklY calcareous

hmkwa Low. Low. Ae medium --l---high Revent leaching and Incorpor&e LH into Ae acid d=p ligh erosion. horizon; encourage miner Bt neutral vegetation to help regrade SO& Highly productive soil.

I seepage of watcr extet s the “Orm period of available s -LI moisture to plants. is also ri I in nutrients and cari s nifïcantly improve effects of the “fertility condition” by increasing the rate of cycling of nutrients. Seepage is indicated in the mapping units by i e symbols for soi1 moisune regime (a, b, and c).

c* refers to more than on profde of the same soi1 association sampled at different but closely related locations.

I** alkalinity rating in thés column is based on soi1 reaction determined in a 1: 1 soil/water solution. The interpretation in the Reaction (pH) colutnn is based on pH detennination in 0.01M CaCl2.

9dditional Notes

1. The column “Subjective Rate of Weathering” refers to a qualitative estimate of the rate of relcase of nutrients from sccondary soil minerals as a result of the “normal” weathering processes.

!. Use of fire as a mangement tool in Ashcroft map area is generally restricted front soils with steep topography and low fertility. Adequate precautions must be taken to protect the soi1 and biomass productivity.

1. Within the map area, biomass production usually increases witb elevation (ix.. precipitation). Also, slope (length and degree) and aspect strongly affect biomass production. All these factors affect the rate of weathering of primary and sccondary minerals, and the rate of cycling of nutcienü in the. soil.

1. With elevational changes in forest zone and the attendant change in moisture, and often topography, there is generally an increased sensitivity to eraosion and mass wasting; especially when minera1 soi1 is exposed. The above table attempts to emphasize the importance of vegetation caver, especially miner vegetation, net only to prevent erosion but also for its ameliorative effects on the soil.

167 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Table 22. Estimated Fertility of Non-SampledSoi1 Associations within the Ashcroft Map Area. Soi1 Association Fertility Condition Comparable Soi1 Association (non-sampled) (Estimated) (sampled) Andrew low Abbott

Ashton very low Abbott

Blustery moderate Kerr

Bowman moderate to high Truda Mountain

Clapperton very low

Chataway very low

Frances very high Frisken

Gwenn moderate to low Slimpse (classification deviant)

Glossey moderate 2ominic

Holden low Sisborne

Laluwissen high -ac du Bois

Meander high rrachyte

Mellin moderate

Soues moderate Zommonage

Sciutto moderate to Iow Zodey

Calling Iow to very Iow

Cochiwa low to very low

Curnow low to very low

Kha Lake low

Klowa Creek very low

Kumkan very low

Klept Lake very low

Kwoiek very low

Saatin moderate TableNo. 22 complementsTable No. 1 by listing an estimated fertility conditionfor soils with similar characteristicsto those which were sampled.Common factors are soi1texture, landform andreaction.

168 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA 5.3 Susceptibility of Soils to Erosion and Mass Movement in the Ashcroft Map Area During the soi1 survey both soi1 erosion and mass movement were observed in the study area. Soi1 erosion refers to loss of soi1 due to features such as rills, gullies and the more subtle sheet erosion. Mass movement refers to large scale displacement of the soi1 mantle as associated with soi1 creep, debris avalanches, debris flows, rotational slumps, and earthflows. 1) Surface Soi1 Erosion Active surface erosion such as soi1 creep, sheet, 131, and gully erosion occur in portions of the survey area. Map units containing these types of soi1 erosion are identified by soi1 component 8. These types of erosion usually occur through the combined effects of short duration, intensive rainfall on relatively long slopes with sparse vegetatioti caver. Other factors which influence surface erosion are surface soi1 structure (size of water stable aggregates), the amount of litter on the soi1 surface, and climatic factors such as duration and saturation of the soi1 mantle by melting snow pack. 2) Mass Movement A summary of studies of major land slides within the study area are given in the Surficial Geology section in Chapter 1.7.2. Other mass movement, primarily debris avalanches and debris flows occur in the mountainous region bounded by the Thompson River on the east, the Fraser River on the west, the Marble Canyon - Pavilion Lake area in the north, and extending south to the boundary of the study area. The specific location of earthflows and rotational failures are not identified on the soils maps, but are indicated on the surficial geology maps referenced in Chap- ter 1.7.2. Rock fa11in talus areas has also been grouped with mass movement and these areas occur primarily in the mountainous areas west of the Fraser River. Active talus and snow avalanche areas are indicated on the soi1 maps by component 7 in soi1 associations derived from colluvium. TO evaluate surface erosion and mass movement potential, a number of soi1 and landscape parameters (and limits) were considered. The surface erosion potential interpretation assumes that a11or most of the vegetative caver has been removed. It was not possible to fully consider rainfall intensity, frequency and duration and saturation of soi1 mantle by melting of the snow pack. These factors are extremely important, however, but diffïcult to measure and link to soi1 associations. Although these parameters were considered when rating each association, field observations and,familiarity with each association were also employed. If a soi1 association is rated as having a severe hazard for mass movement, there are some land management practices which cari minimize the hazard. Land managers cari reduce mass movement potential by: a) not saturating the deposit (through irrigation, septic field placement, drainage diversion) b) not adding weight to the deposit (landfills)

169 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

c) not undercutting at the base of a potentially unstable deposit d) diverting groundwater (drainage) e) removing weight from the deposit f) adding material to the base of the deposit.

Table 23 outlines how the soi1 parameters goveming surface erosion and mass movement potential were rated (U.S.D.A 1971). Three classes of slope (in degrees) are rated for erosion potential for each group of soi1 associations and groups of soi1 association components (Table 24).

170 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Table 23. Guide for Evaluating Surface Erosion and Mass Movement Potential of Minera1 Soils -

Soi1 Landscape Parameters Degree of Hazard Slight Moderate Severe

water stable aggregate >3mm .05-3mm ~0.5 mm diameter in mm >70% by weight (estimated)**

permeability/hour (surface & rapid to very rapid moderate to very slow to moderately subsurface estimated)** >6.0 mm moderately rapid slow 0.6 - 6.0 mm ~0.6 mm

slope (non-vegetated)** 0 - 5% 5 - 15% >15% (vegetated)** < 16% 16 - 45% 45 - 70+% seepage* none brief periods of extended periods of intermittenj saturation seepage and saturation

depth to bedrock or 2.5 m impervious layer*

origin of parent material gravelly textured fluvial (and bedrock type)* materials

drainage* rapidly to well drained moderately well to poorly to very poorly imperfectly drained drained

forest floor & grassland litter limits not established - interpretation based on observation (thickness)

Unified soil texture group* GW, GP, SW, SP GM, GC, SC, CH, OH SM, CL, OL, MH, ML

* These parameters were primarily considered for mass movement. ** These parameters were primarily considered for surface erosion.

171 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Table 24. Erosion and Some Hydrologie Interpretations of Ashcroft Map Area Soi1 Associations sou Mass Movement Surface Ercsion Erosion Related Characterisücs Association Debris Sheetl and EEx;w Avala&el Rock Fall Ri!1 Gulley Sedididnt Land Stream components Yr (Talus) Erwon Erosion

Abbou o-5 slightlnil slightinil slightinil moderate slight slight Coarse texture rcsults in a lack Alter&~ of sweem Andrew of cobesion between soil -(-Ya AShL0L-l particles; rapid drainage manmade) Will cause AyllUCZ 5-15 slight/nil slightinil slight/nil modaate modaate slight permits most excess moisture seVereUOsion;sedimWt teather to percolate through the profile. yieti is slight tut risdal >1.5 slight/nil slightinil slight/nil severe severe moderate Orgaoic mauer of grass and variable due tn vkable Tale forest litter Will help r-d parti& size distriion erosion. intbeparenmatuials. Silt and &y fiaction is low a absax Normal emsion produus iwlude Sand, sons, ccbbles (m-ne bculders), and organicmataiaL

Bluste~y o-5 slightlnil moderate slight moderate slight slighr/ Coarse texture results in a lack Altemation of stream Caim moderate of cohcsion between soil courses (naLurally or Mountain particles (net as great with the mari-made) Will cause Cdling 5-15 sligbt/nil moderate slight moderate. moderate slight/ wlluvial group derived from severe erosion; Carson moderate granite); generally rapid sediment yield is slight Cavanaugh drainage permit.~ most excess to moderate due 10 Chasm >15 slight severe slight severe severe modaate moisture to percolate through relatively low amounts clanson the profile. Addition of of silt and/or clay. Crown moisture in seepage areas Erosion products Mountain increases the risk of erosion include Sand, stones, CWUOW when vegetation is removed. some cobbles and Hallamore Organic matter in the “litter” boulders, and organic Helmcken horizon helps protect the soils. material. HOP Soi1 depths >l m. Hooligan Hotfïsh Placid soues

Calling severe - cm) snow & CUtllOW debris (o(4) avalnche

Cedarbench o-5 slight/nil moderate slight moderate slight slight Very -se texture results in a Alteration of stream Chataway lack of cohesion berween soi1 COUTSCS(naturally or Clapperton 5-15 slight/nil moderate slight moderate/ slight/ slight particles (greater than previous mari-made) Will cause Cochiwa severe moderate group dcrived fmm volcanic and sevcre erosion; calant liimestone bedrwk); rapid scdiment yield is slight >15 slight severe slight Se”0-e severe slight/ drainage pennits most cxccss due LO absence of silt moderate moisture to pexolate through the and/or clay. Erosion Cedarbcnch severe - soi1 profde. Addition of moisture products include Sand, (cz.4) snow & inseepageiocrcases the risk of sLoucs, cobbles and Coch&a debris aosion when vegetation is bouldcrs, and organic (CV4) avalanche ranoved. Organic mattex in the material. “litte? hciizon ami miner vegetation heIps protect the soils.

Cache Creek o-5 ni1 slightinil nil mode-rate slight/ modaate Medium to coarse textures are Alteration of stream Carabine mode-rate due mainly LO high Sand (and WuTSes (naturally or Courtney gravel) contents. Cohesion is mari-made) Will cause Commonage 5-15 ni1 slight/nil ni1 severe severe modaate pcor. Soils arc well drained and sevexe erosion; sediimen seepage is gencrally absent. yield is genexally >15 ni1 slight/nil nil severe severe modaatc/ Soils are sensitive to mcdcrate due to tbc silt severe misueatment and impact of fraction ht is usually aosion is grcat, Organic mattcr present Otha erosion in Ahhelps protectthe soik. prcducts include Sand, stoncs and some cobbles, and organic material.

172 Table24 (cont’d). Erosion and Some Hydrologie Interpretations of Ashcroft Map Area Soi1Associations

Mass Movement Surface Erosion Erosion Related Characteristics soil I T 1 kLssociation Debris Sheet/ and Slumpl vakmchf Rill Culley ledimenl Land Stream C ‘omponenb Earthflow Flow Erosion j4hxion Yield

Contponent 1 of: C!Uing light/nil light/nil ewxe Ii&/ Talus is an active mass 4lteration of streatu C:avanaugh nodaate wasting prwess in these :ourses resulting in lhe Cledarbench soil association mdercuttmg of slopes Will Chasm cmnponents; slopes vary ti ncrease tbeh instability. C!lapperton their degree of instability. Sedi- ment yield of silt anf Cbchiwa :lay is very low or nil; C:onant xosion products include C:rown iand, cobbles, stones and I >oulders and limited C:ulnow unounts of organic naterial.

:omponent 5"&6OE B ,Iustery O-5 light/nil light/nil noderate noderate light Coarse textured soi1 is 3edrock conuolled stream C Uling often developed “in situ” murses will tend to divett C ‘arabine S-15 light/nil lighthil Ught thus reflecting the xream energy toward C :avanaugh weathering properties and tdjacent tmconsolidated C hasm >15 light/nil evere lightl stability of the parent rock naterial; some rock types C kataway noderate Moisture readily saturates ire readily. eroded yielding C ‘lemson the very shallow soi1 ;pectftc sire fractions of C ‘onant profile causing localized he genetic rûrk-type. C Ywhiwa instability and high Jenerally, sediment yeild C Yrown sensitivity to bedrock If silt and clay is Iow; k fountain controlled gulley erosion, xosion products include C ‘ùrnow and increased fracturing Gand, stones, cobbles, H Mlamore with freeze-thaw, hot-cold >oulders and organic H Lelmcken cycles, etc. Soi1 depths naterial. H[anP <5ocm. H lotfïsh H Iooligan K .err P lacid

C Uling >30 Severe soi1 churning by C Ledartxxtch vegetation uprooting. C :ochiwa C hrnow

K hmika o-5 .light/nil light/nil Ioderate. noderate nodaate light Coarse textured soi1 is 3edrcck controlled stream K ha Lake often developed “in situ” :ourses Will tend to divett K :1ept Lake 5-15 light’nil light/nil Ioderate mevere evere light reflecting the weathering ,ueam energy toward K Jowa Crack properties and stability of adjacent unconsolidated K ;umkan >15 light/nil evere evere ievere :eve*e light/ the patent rock. Moisture naterials; sotne rock types K Lwoiek nodaate readily saturates the very tre readily ercded yielding shallow soif profile causing :pecific sise fractions of localized instability and he genetic rock- type. high sensitivity to bedrock ~enerally, sediment yield controlled gulley erosion, >f silt and clay is low; and increased fracturing xosion poducts include with freeze-thaw, bot-cold tand, stones, cobbles, cycles, etc. Soi1 depths xxtlders and organic range hors Lithic (<50 naterial. cm) to

B lester o-5 :light/nil light il ;light/ ;light :light Medium textured soils tha Soils are usually adjacent c knninic noderate bave low cohesion. Soils .o streams. Stream bank F itUlCt?S are net normally vegetation must be F lisken 5-15 ;light/nil light [il nodaate noderate noderate associated with steep maintained to prevent s cuitto ;evere slopes; deflation xosion and production of s humway (blow-out) cari occur whet Ftne saud and silt-sized >15 :light/nil Ioderate il ieyere ;everc were vegetation is removed. particles. Avoid îompaction of streatnbank by machinery or livestock and avoid alterations to sueam chaonels.

173 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Table 24 (cont’d). Erosion and Some Hydrologie Interpretations of Ashcroft Map Area Soi1Associations (Cont’d)

Mass Movement Surface Erosion Erosion Related Characteristics soit r l- 1 Association Debris and “‘c”p ralanche Lock Fall %l” Gulley edimenl Land ~OIIlpOntXlts FlOW CTalus) Erosion !Erosion Yield

BeWer o-5 II toderate SIlight ight ;oarse-textured soils which Akeration of stream Fiat crcek 11nonnally rapidly or well CO”TSCS(mural or FleetCreek 5-15 SIevere n mlaate Ii@ rained, therefore most man-made) Will result toistnre Will percolate in severe erosion; >15 S’evere s were lightl aough soil; however, lack of sediment yield of fie mdaatc ohesion between particles sand and silt is slight des these soils very to moderate. ensitive to erosion.

Godey o-5 dl slight s light light barsetenmred soils, weU Alteration of stream Glhnpse Irained, lack cohesiou courses (nalural or GRWUl 5-15 kil Dsoderate ” voderate. light ~eiween soi1 particles; man-made) Will result rexolation rate is high. in only slight sedimen- >15 ri1 severe s evere light hganic matter incorporated tation due to lack of oto surface horizons Will silt; erosion Will yield etard erosion. sand, cobbles, stones and bouldersd and orgmic matter.

Boxer o-5 lil s light s light light harse textured soils lack Alteration of stream Dunieavy :ohesion between soi1 courses (natural or Glimpse 5-15 lil r noderate n nodaate light )articles; rapid drainage man-made) Will resull Glossey emoves most excess in slight sedimentatia Gorge Crack >15 lil s.evere s evere light noistnre; however, miner due (0 lack of silK Holden regetation Will help retard however, erosion of Inkitsaph :rosion. Sand, cobbles, stones, Inkoiko boulders, and organic lzman Creek matta Will be severe. Laurel Remrie stalle sttuthers SUCC~r TenXm

4lkali o-5 il II s light SIlight ight oils moderately cohesive Alteration of stream 4llCIUl01e Ithough exposure of minera1 courses (natural or AItiSlUl 5-15 il ight n roderate n todaate todaate oil Will result in erosion. man-made) wU1 result Beaverhut kosion more severe with in severe erosion Bowman >15 Kdcrai c evere SIwere :vere tcreasing elevation; flows on (snd/or slumping of Eugene teep slopes may occur where tut banks) and Maiden 9e solum becomes saturated sedimentation yieldinf McLaren nd slips on impermeable silt, some clay, Sand, Mellin tarent material. Miner cobbles, stones and MiMie egetation Will retard erosion. organic maaer. SZXZ3titl tesence of seepage Will Spius nhance slumping and Timber rosion processes. Truda Moumain TSilltSUtlkO lùnkwa

Rail o-5 il il ri1 ” n#il were )rganic SOUS usually occur in Severe rating Rayon& lepressional amas. associared with strezut Oregon Jack cutting and erosion of organic materiai.

174 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Table 24 (cont’d). Erosion and SomeHydrologie Interpretations of Ashcroft Map Area Soi1Associations (Cont’d)

Mass Movement Sukace Erosion Erosion Related Characteristics Soi1 1 kssociation Sheel/ and Slttlttpl Rill Gulley “” Stream :omponentc EartMow Erosion Erosion

ac du Bois slight noderate nil lodaatc moderate moderate Soils bave high silt that is Alteration of stream AhJwissen highly erodable, sobject to courses (narural or .undbom modaate moderate ni1 evere severe severe slumping and piping. Excess man-made) will result moisture has tendency to in severe erosion severe severe nu evere severe severe overland flow. Maintain (and/or slumping of organic matter and prevent cmbmks) ami sedi- deep sautration. Seepage Will mentation. Erosion enhance slumping and piping products include fine p~OCeSseS. saods and silts and organic matter.

McKnight o-5 ni1 ni1 ni1 light slight slight Soils moderately cohesive Alteration of stream MQUeeo although exposure of minera1 courses (natural or Meander 5-15 ni1 slight ni1 wderate modaatc moderate soi1 (removal of vegetation) mari-macle) Will result Medicine Will result in erosion. Flows in severe erosion and Mossey >15 slight moderate mil evere severe severe on steep slopes may occur sedimentation yielding Trachyte where the solum becomes silf some clay, Sand, Tranquille saturated and slips on cobbles, stones Trapp Lake impermeable parent material. (minor) aod orgaoic TUllW matter.

175 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA 5.4 Engineering Properties of Soi1 The criteria used in Table 25 are derived from the United States Department of Agriculture, 197 1 publication Guide for Interpreting Engineering Uses of Soils.

54.1 Estimated Soi1Properties Significant to Engineering Table 25 contains some estimated soi1 properties significant to engineering uses as well as some interpretations based on point samples of some soil associations. The level of sampling is not sufficient to provide a full range of soi1 properties and variability within each soil association. Plastic and liquid limits determined by laboratory analysis are given for some soil associations.Percent passing ~2 mm sieves is estimated from hand textures with percentagesdetermined from the textural triangle (CSSC, 1978). It should be noted that textural variations listed in the Soi1 Legend indicate the pedogenic texture fïrst, followed by the parent material texture. Often the latter texture class is coarser than the former due to a variable thickness of eolian (wind blown) silty orsandy material which covers most the landscape. Soils of the Luvisolic order are an exception and surface textures are often coarser than the parent material textures.

176 m..rawe ~3.Ail astimaream-74. -1 .n..- 3011rroperties 1. 3ignmcantcl. .e 1 to. engmeermgm-4 . . % c3 in Passing Sieve Available PkSüC Water Limit Permeabtilitj Storage Reaction 1 >3in. ) 47mm Caps@ rapid medium T acid SM, SC, SM-SC, GH clO* 70* rapid* namal* i I Ashmn >1 m >1 m <10* 70* rapid* ‘r

SM, SC, SM-SC,

40* ML ,CL, ML-CL <5* 70* SOf 20-30' modaacely slightly N/A low A-- rapid* acid to neutral

c2* 75f modaate* moderate. calcareous

a* 70, rapid mildly alkahe

Carabine >l m 30 SM, SC, SM-SC, cl * 75* 65* 5065* modaately modexatelj CB5 <50 ML-CL, ML, CL rapid alkaline I I Cavanaugh z lm >l m 62 SM, ML, SP-SM, SP 2* 45 27 - 16.2 rapid mildly NIA vezy iow CG5,6 c50 c50 alkaline, weakly ClllcaiCOUS -T- 135 SM, SP, GW, SP-SM vay rapid neutral - NIA “cry low -50 mildly ahline

>lm 59 SP-SM, SM, SP modaately neutrd <50 rapid

>l m moderately mildly rapid alkaline

>l m SM, SC, SM-SC, ML-CL, CL, ML

Calling I >l m LI>lm <100* SM, SC, SM,-SC, GC rapid** NIA "ay Iow 80 ---L -t Carson >l m 55 SM, SM-SC, ML, SC <5+ 75* 60* 40-50* CS5,6 40 I 2 Table 25 (cont’d). Estimated Soi1Properties Significant to Engineering

Soi1 Depth TO: Deoth 1 Classification 1 % I % c3 in Passing Sieve Association FrÔm Liquid Plastic and Surface Unified No.200 Limit Limtt Permeablility’ Componenl (cm) (texture) 0.074 mm Cedarbcnch 114 SP-SM, SP, GM, GC l- / rapid Chataway z-1 m >l m -50 * SM, SP, GW, SP-SM C.5 CY5,6 l m >l m 100* SM, SP, GW, SP-SM CP5,6 t50 cm <50

Clanson >l m >l m 34 SP-SM, SM, SP, CW5,6 60-t cm 40 SM-SC, ML Cochiwa >l m >l m l m >l m 74 SM, SP-SM, SP

>l m >l m 30 SM, SC, SM-SC, 51 92.6 2.2 ML-CL, CL, ML -!--t E-1 m >l m 58 SM, SC, SM-SC, GC rapid neutral NIA “ery low

>l m >l m 46 SM, ML, ML-CL, SM-SC,CL

Fiat crcek L-1 m >1 m 58 SP-SM, SM, SP, SC, 20-35* - - rapid + SM-SC Fle.el Cte& >1 m >l m 25 SP-SM, SM, SP slightly NIA “ery low acid

>l m 3C- 100 cm 30 * SM, SC, SM-SC, 50*65* - - modaae* moderate NIA low - ML-CL, ML, CL alkaline vay low 2 Frisken >l m <30 cm 30 SM, SC, SM-SC, N/A lOO* lCO* a5-95* 50-65* - - L=vcry rapid neutral - NIA vcry low ML-CL, ML, CL mildly alkaline + Gisbome >l m >l m 43 SM, SP-SM, SP, <5* 75* 60* 20-30* <10* - modcratc mildly to wcakly low GW. GM, GC moderately saline alkaline

Glimpse >h >2m 30 SP-SM, SM, SP, <10* - 78 92.6 2.2 rapid mildly NIA “ay low l- t GM, GC alkaline Table 25 (cont’d). Estimated Soi1Properties Signifïcant to Engineering soi1 Depth TO: % % c3 in Passing Sieve Available Association Coarse T Plastic Water and Seasonal Fractior No. 4 No. 10 Limit Storage Reaction Salinity %~~ Componenl Bedrock Htgh Watex z-3in. 4lmm 2.0 mm Capaaty Potential’

Glossey >l m 2-1 m SM, SC, SM-SC, <10* 00* rapid* NIA ow-very ML-CL, SP-SM, OW SP, GM, GC

Godey >l m >l m SM, SC, SM-SC, <10* 60* 50* rapid nildly NIA ML, SP-SM, SP, ~lkaline, rery low SC, GM, GC, GP, Wlkly GW :alcareeou 5

Gorge ‘2rc.d >l m >l m SP, GW, SP-SM, <10* c-30* 50* very rapid ‘erY NIA SM, GM, GC ;trongly ‘ay 10-a icid

Gwenn >2 m >2m <50 SM, SM-SC,. ML, <10* 70* 50, rapid* nedium 1NIA CL, ML-CLISP, SM, Icid OW-“ety SM-SP, SC, GM, GC OW

Holden k-1 m >l m <50* SM, SC, SM-SC, <5* 70* 60* rapid* wtral 1NIA ML-CL, ML, CLISP-SM, SM, SP, OW-“C.l-y SM-SC, GM, GC ow lnkoiko >l m 21 m 112 SP-SM, SM, SP, ao* <40* <30* tiongly 1NIA GM, GC wid

[nkitsaph ~-1 m >1 m 72 SP-SM, SM, SP, ao* <40* <30* 5-15* - :trongly IlNIA my low GM, GC vcid lzman Creek >2m a2m ‘” clO* <40* 5-15* - moderate to Ae 11.1 nedium 1NIA ‘ery low modaately Bm 10.0 Icid rapid ck 9.6 cm Kha Lake, cl m NIA do* GM, GC, SP, GW, Kanaka, cl m NIA 51 SP-SM, SM, Klowa NIA do* ML-CL, ML, CL Ireek, cl m <10* rapid :trongly 1VIA Kumkan,

Lac du Bois >1 m >l m 50 CL-ML, CL, CH, Ml NIA 100, 100* 95-100* 85-95* moderately Ap 24.6 moderab? I’ weaklv low to very slow Bmjk 25.1 alkaline, low (X21.6 WeaklY catcareous modaate g Table 25 (cont’d). Estimated Soi1Properties Signifkant to Engineering

Soi1 Depth TO: % ~3 in Passing Sieve Available Association %ii Liquid Plastic Water SlUblk- Seasonal Surface Na40 Na200 Limit Limit Permeablility’ Storage Reacüon Salinity Co~knt Bedrock 1IIigh Wate (cm) 0.42 tmn 0.074 mm Capaaty POZZaf

Laluwissen ML-CL, ML, CL, NIA moderately - moderately N/A moderate CH, MH slow* 10 stmgly alkalioe

Lundbom >2 m >2 m 180 modcrately - mildly NIA moderate SIOW alkaline, WCAlkly i- calcarwus

>l m 23 ML-CL, ML, CL, 40-o* _ _ modaate nwtral NIA IOW

>1 m ML-CL, CL, ML

>l m 63 ML-CL, ML, CL <2* 12.71 9 - - moderate - neutral NIA low

Meander >l m >l m 60-80* 4@60* - - modaateto - modaate Weakly low MAS,6 c50 cm modaately to strongly saline* rapid* calcareous

MCQU&ll >l m >l m ML-CL, CL, ML, Q* 6040* 40-60* - - modaately - modaately NIA modaate MQ5.6 <50 cm SM, SC, SM-SC rapid alkalinc, WCSklY --l- calcarwus Medicine >l m z-1 m 57 ML-CL, CL, ML, <2* 80* 80* 60-80* 40-60* - - modaate to Ah1 22.0 mildly weakly IOW MC5,6 <50 cm SM, SC, SM-SC modexately Bmk 14.7 alkaline, saline t rapid CKS 15.1 weakly to modaately l- calcarwus >l m <50* ML-CL, CL, ML <6* ZO-30f - - - moderately - ncutral NIA low rapid*

Miooie >l m >l m 37 ML-CL, CL, ML 6* 20.57 - 29.8 18.7 modaatc nwual NIA IOW MN5.6 ~50 cm PI = 11.1** + Mossey >l m >l m 24 ML-CL, CL, ML Q* 65-75 * 50-60* - - moderate to Ah 18.9 moderately N/A IOW MS5,6 40 cm moderately Bm 18.7 alkaline slow Ck 15.6

Scuitto >l m >l m <30* SM, SC, SM-SC, NIA 85-95* w75* - - moderately - mildly - low to vety ML-CL, ML, CL rapid alkaline IOW Table 25 (cont’d). Estimated Soi1Properties Significant to Engineering

Soi1 Depth TO: Classification % % <3 in Passlng Sieve Avallable Association F;:E Coarse Liquld Plastic Water Shrlnk- and Seasonal Surface Unilled Fy3ctt No. 4 No. 10 No. 40 NO. 200 Limlt Limlt Permeablllity’ Storage Reaction Salmity Swell Comportent Bedrock High Water (cm) (texture) . 47 mm 2.0 mm 0.42 mm 0.074 mm Capactty Potential:

Shumway >l m >l m 58 SM, SC, SM-SC, N/A 100, 1001 6@70* 3c-40* - - modaately - mildly NIA low ML, CL, ML-CL rapid alkaline soues >l m >l m 40 SM, SC, SM-SC, ML <5* 65* 65, 20-45* <5* - - rapid* moderately NIA low w ver] alkaline 1OW

Spius Creek >l m >1 m 13 ML-CL, ML,CL <5* 89 78 22 17 37 22.4 moderately - mildly N/A low SP5,6 40 cm 40 PI = rapid alkaline 15,’

Timbm >l m >l m 46 ML-CL, ML, CL, <2* 80* 80* 65-80* Z-65* - - moderately - mildly - moderate TH5,6 40 em CH, MH rapid modaately alkaline

Trachyte >1 m >1 m 49 ML-CL, ML, CL, c2* 80* SO* 60-80* 40-a* _ _ moderately Ah1 35.9 modaately weakly moderate TH5,6 ~50 cm CKm rapid w Ah2 20.6 alkaline, saline moderate Bm 15.3 moderately Ck 12.4 calcareous

Tranquille >l m >1 m 30 ML-CL, ML,CL, <5* ~60’ <60* 45-6O* 25-45* - - modaate Ah 14.8 strongly weakly moderate TQ5.6 <50 cm CH, MH Bm 20.3 alkalioe, saline Ck 15.8 moderately calcareous

Trapp Lake >l m >l m <30* ML-CL, ML, CL, <2* 80’ 80* 60-80* 40-60* - - modaately - mildly weakly moderate TP5,6 40 cm CH, MH rapid alkaline saline*

Truda Mtn. z-1 m >l m 112 ML-CL, ML, CL <5* 50* 40* lO-20* 5-15* - - moderate neutral w N/A Iow TU5,6 60 cm <50 mildly alkaline ru11ec >l m >l m 30 ML-CL, ML, CL, a* 80* 80* 60-80* 40-60* - - modaately similar to moderately weakly modaate TR5,6 c50 cm =,h,fH slow to Trachyte alkaline, saline moderate moderately calcareous lbkwa >l m >l m 81 ML-CL, ML,CL 6 50 36 12 9 23.4 17.9 moderatele - neotral NIA IOW IW5,6 <50 cm <50 PI = rapid 5.5** * PLB, These specific properties are estimates based on flield observation. ** PI = Plasticity Index

1. Penneability: The permeability estimate refers W the soil solum overlying unwealhered OT unaltaed parent material. Lacustrine aod till soi1 parent materials are usually compact and are less Pmimable thanthe Upper soil. L. Shrink-Swell Potentiak This column is derived from soil texture aud/or me Unified soi1 groupings. More specifically it is and estimate of me presence (absence) of expanding clay minerais. SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA 5.5 Selected Interpretations of Soils Based on Engineering Properties Table 26 provides a number of interpretations for engineering use of soils including the degree and kind of limitations for: septic tank absorption fields, sewage lagoons, shallow excavations, sanitary landfill, and local roads and streets. Soi1 associations are also rated for suitability as a source of road fill, sand and gravel, topsoil, pond reservoir areas, drainage for crops and pasture, irrigation, and potential frost action. Soils (materials) were grouped according to similar textural properties, and depth to bedrock. It should be noted that Table 26 is intended for generally locating areas in the Ashcroft map area which warrant further detailed study. This table is not meant as a substitute to on site inspection for proposed projects. The procedure for developing the interpretations is described in detail in Guide for Znterpreting Engineering Uses of Soils, U.S.D.A., Soi1 Conservation Service, 1971. A more recent publication, Maynard (1979), is recommended for persons interested in urban suitability of various types of materials. A simplifïed description of the various interpretations and factors considered follows. (a) Septic Tank Absorption Fields The criteria used for rating soils as slight, moderate, or severe for use as absorption fields are based on the ability of the soi1 to absorb effluent. The parametersconsidemd include: permeability class, hydraulic conductivity, percolation rate, depth to water table, flooding, slope, depth to bedrock, stoniness, and rockiness. Contamination hazard may exist if water supplies, streams, ponds, lakes or water courses are nearby and receive seepagefrom the absorption field. This is particularly important in areas of coarse-textured soils, active seepage zones and locations where silty (lacustrine) soils subject to piping occur. (b) Sewage Lagoons Soi1 suitability for sewage lagoons is determined by considering the suitability of the material for both the floor of the lagoon and the enclosing embankment. Soi1 requirements for floors of lagoons are: (1) slow rate of seepage;(2) even surface of low gradient and low relief; and (3) little or no organic matter. The presence of organic matter in the surface soi1 horizon was not considered as a limitation since this horizon is usually removed during construction, and perhaps, used as topsoil. (c) Shallow Excavation Shallow excavations are trenches or other excavations up to 2 metres in depth. Items affecting use include: soi1 drainage class, depths to seasonalhigh water table, flooding, slope, texture of soil, depth to bedrock, and stoninessand rockiness classes. (d) Sanitary Landfill The landfills cari be area-type or trench-type; the interpretations given in Table 26 bave general application to both types. It should be noted that this interpretation is 182 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA intended for generally locating suitable sites within the map area which warrant further detailed study, particularly with respect to the depth of suitable material. Soil suitability for sanitary landfills is determined by considering the following parameters: depth to seasonal high watertable, soi1 drainage class, flooding, permeability, slope, soi1 texture, depth to bedrock, and stoniness and rockiness classes. (e) Local Roads and Streets These suitability ratings consider the use of soils (materials) for construction of local roads and streets that have all-weather surfacing. Soi1 parameters used to determine the suitability include: soi1 drainage class, flooding, slope, depth to bedrock, Unified texture group, shrink-swell potential, susceptibility to frost action, and stoniness and rockiness classes. (f) Road Fil1 The ratings of good, fair and poor reflect how well a soil performs after it is removed from its original location and is placed in a road embankment elsewhere. The rating is given to the whole soil, from the surface to a depth of up to 2 metres, based on the assumption that soi1 horizons Will be mixed in loading, dumping and spreading. Parameters used to determine soi1 (material) suitability include: Unified texture group, shrink-swell potential, susceptibility to frost action, slope, stoniness and rockiness classes, and soi1 drainage class. Soils which have less than 1 m depth of material which is considered good for road fil1 have been given a rating of poor, due to lack of volume caused by the proximity of the underlying bedrock. (g) Sand (and Gravel) Sources The ratings provide a guide for locating probable sources of sand or grave1 in suffi- tient quantities for excavation and use. It does not provide an assessment of the quality of the aggregate. Suitability ratings of soils as sources of sand and grave1 are based on the Unified texture groups. Groupings of soi1 associations in Table 26 (Column 1) is based on landform, therefore generally ensuring an adequate deposit of mater&. (h) Topsoil Topsoil is generally applied to caver barren surfaces SOthat vegetation cari be established. A soi1 rated as a good source of topsoil has physical, chemical, and biological characteristics favourable for establishment and growth of adapted plants. It is also a soi1 that is reclaimable after the uppermost soi1 is stripped away. Parameters used to rate soils for suitability for topsoil include: moist consistence, texture, thickness of material, coarse fragment content, presence of soluble salts, stoniness class, slope, and soi1 drainage class. (i) Pond Reservoir Areas Of primary concern are soi1 properties that affect seepage. Features and qualities affecting use are: permeability, depth to water table, depth to bedrock, and slope.

183 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

(i) Drainage for Crops and Pastures Factors affecting suitability of soils for drainage are those that affect installation and performance of surface and subsurface drainage systems. These include: permeability, texture and structure, depth to bedrock, depth to water table, slope, stability of ditch banks, flooding or ponding, salinity and alkalinity, and availability of outlets. Most soils in the map area are well drained and do not require artificial drainage for most trop production. (k) Irrigation Factors affecting the suitability of soils for irrigation include: available water storage capacity, depth of soil rooting zone, slope, rate of water intake (infiltration rate), need for drainage (depth to water table), salinity and alkalinity, stoniness, hazard of soil blowing, presence of restrictive layers, permeability below the surface layer, and hazard of water erosion. (1) Potential Frost Action Three classes of potential frost action are used: low, moderate, and high, and are based on pedological texture and/or the Unified Soi1 Classification system.

184 Table 26. Selected Interpretations for Soils of the Ashcroft Map Area, based on Engineering Properties

Groups of Soil T Degree and Kind of Limitation for: Suilabifily as Source of: SO~I Featnres AfTectina: Assoctaüons or Selected Septic Tank t pond Drainage for Sewage Sballow Sanitary Local Road5 Road Fik Sand and Top Soit Rcscrvoir Irrigation potential Frosl Components AbgeTdy Rxcavations Landîill Gravel T Lqoons Ilr Streets areas %Z”Kd Action

Abbott, Ashton, ;light: rapid :evere: rapid ;eve*e; :cvete: rapid noderate to ‘air: fair WOr: nsuited: 101 required stoniness, OW Andrew, Aylmer, xrmeability xrmeability, itoniness xrmeability severe: xoniness ;toniness: apid variable slopes, :oarse Xoniness :20 cm in ~emteability low available iaglnents hickness water storage rapacity, rapid infiltration ---- Blustery, Canant, noderatc if ievere: içverc: dope: C”CC ievere: sloper ‘air: slopes Blustery: NO*: nsuited: ton-arable stoniness, ow Cavanaugh, ;lope is <15%; ,lopcs >7%; .15%; :ome >15% 15.25% unsulted: ,toniness; apid excessive Chasm, Crown ;evere if slopc cepage jeepage, eXl”rC; Canant, :20 em in ermeability; slopes, low Mountain, s >15% itoniness, ;lopçs >25% >OOr: Clappf3W11, hiChCSS; lopes available water Clapperton, Caim :rockiness) ;lopes Chataway, .lopes >15% storage Mm., Carson, QS% Cavanaugh, capacity, Clemson, Chasm, essentially Chataway, Crown Mm., non-arable Calling, Cochiwa, Cairn Mm., CWIIOW, Carson, Cedarbench ClCIIlSOn, Calling, Curnow: pool Coch&a, Cedarbench: fair

Ccmmonage, ;light if slope nodaate: ;light :light ;light ‘air: sihy unsuited to lot required shallow soifs, ligh Comtney, :8%; moderate nodaate to exwe Pa>r modaate Carabine, Cache f slope >8- 159 apid svailable water Creek >ermeability stotage capacitj md 0zasional ,teep slopes

BL5,6, CA5,6, ;evere: shahow :evere: ievere: :evere: ievere: :evere: unsuited Ion-arable bedrock @ <50 OW CG5,6, CM5,6, o bedrock (<5( zdrdrock at ,edrock @ xdrock @ xdroek @ xdrock @ sm; essentially CN5,6, CP5,6, :m) 50 cm 50 cm :50 cm 50 cm 50 cm non-arable CR5,6, CS5,6, CW5,6, CW5,6, CY5,6

Kerr, Soues, Kha ;evere: bedrock :evere: ;evere: noderatc to ievere: ,evere: unsuited ton-arable bedrock @

Dominic, Fiat noderate to evere: noderate IO evere: noderate: WOr: pcor: vell to noderate to tigh to moderat Creek, Fleet :evere: luctuating ;evere: xcasional luctuating Worly (unsuited Cor mperfectly low available Creek, Shumway, lucmating vatenable luctuating looding, Matertable, Irained. gravel) Irained water storage Scuino ratertable and md seasonal vatenable; htctuating looding. xpacity; rapid easonal looding. ;easonal vatenable. 0 modetate rate looding. locding. Jf infïlttation. E Table 26 (cont’d). SelectedInterpretations for Soils of the Ashcroft Map Area, basedon EngineeringProperties

7 -r Croups of Soü Daree and Kind of Limilation for: T Suilability as Source oî: Soi1 Features Affect@: Assocraüons or Pond Drainage for Sekted Seplic Tank ,ocal Roads Road Fill Sand and Top Soü Irrigation Potential Frost Components Ab;i&ton Sewage Shallow t Reservoir Crops and Lagoons Excavations & Streets Grave1 areeas Pasture Action

Frances, Frisken S$“CPC: sevcre: SCVeE: SWCTC: C”erC: pOOr: OOr: )OOC unsuited: nigh watertable moderate ligh fluchlaling fluctuating fluctuating 3ccasional looding, PrlY msuited for alinity; watertable, AWSC; watcrtable and watenable watertable; flooding; luctuating drained EWCI) looding; flooding rcquira. flooding and flooding flooding fluctuaLing iatenablc luctuating drainage: watetiblc vatertable salin@ and alkaiinity

Sdey, Gorge slight: rapid severe: rapic I severe: SCYCTC 1odaaLe to fair to mer: unsuited: rapid 10 well low AWSC; OW Zreek, Gisborne, penncability permeabiliQ ‘9 stoniness. i0aT.W evere: pcor: toniness, rapid drained. susceptibility to Yimpse, Gwenn, coarse Lexture. toniness. stoniness 2OClll permeability soi1 blowing; Zossey, Holden, texture. hickaess. rapid, Mtoiko, Inkitsaph infiltration. Lzman creck - Lac du Bois, SCVCKZ severe: slight: except rnoderate: evere: fine poor: fine nsuiLed êir: 20-40 unsuited: well drained high AWSC, ligh >undbcm, modaately (piping) near bluffs or fine texture Xture texture :III susceptibility shallow soils; Laluwissen slow at base of bickness; Lo piping erosion hazard, pameability slopes 1.15% slope soi1 and slope pipnglslumping stability hazard.

Meander, moderate: slightz 4% slight: O-8% slight: ~15% evcre: slope! pwr: fine .nsuited ce Table 2 1 gcd well drained high to Ligh Medicine, Maidec O-1.5% slopes slopes slopes slopes ‘ri%, frost texture, e22 modaatc except in are-as modaatc Mellin, McKnighL moderate: ction slopes pumeability, where seepage AWSC, McL.aren, Minnie, severe: > 15% modaate: moderate: slopes >25% pcor: slopes OCCWS. variable ticQucen, slopes (compact 2-74 slopes 8-15% slopes 15-25% >15% topography, Mossey, Spius horizon at sotne St‘XD Lreek, Tullee, de@ 7% scvere: > 15% severc: dopes, e&ion rrachyte, Timber. slopes slopes slopcs >25% hazard, l?rapp Lake, (genaally good hnquille. soils). Bowmtm, runkwa, Truda Mtn., Saatin

MAS.6, MC5,6, severe: shallow severe: severe: SCVCKX C”CtC poor: nsuiud msuitcd unsuited: non-arable bedrwk at

188 References SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA References

Agriculture Canada. 1971. Roundup of Rangeland Fertilization Research in B.C., Al- berta, and Oregon. Kamloops, B.C. Aylesworth, J.M, 1975. On the Grigin of Small Moraines of Upper Hat Creek Valley. Ph.D. Thesis. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.c. Annas, R.M., R. Coupe, J. Pinkerton, A. Vyse, J. Hilton, and M. Beets. 1979. Biogeoclimatic Zones and Subzones of the Cariboo Forest Region, Ministry of For- ests, British Columbia Government. 103~~. Armstrong, J.E., D. R. Crandell, D. J. Easterbrook and J. B. Noble. 1965. Late Pleistocene Stratigraphy and Chronology in Southwestern British Columibia and Western Washington; Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., V. 76, 321-330 Assessment andPlanning Division, Climatology Unit. 198 1. Climatic Capability Classifi- cation for Agriculture in British Columbia. Technical Paper 4. British Columbia Ministry of Environment. Victoria, British Columbia. 23 pp. Balf, M. 1969. Kamloops. A History of the District up to 1914. Kamloops Museum. Bedwany, A. 1972. (Persona1communication.) Proposed Soi1 and Landscape Parame- ters and Limits to be Considered in Evaluating Water Erosion Potential of Minera1 Soils. Bovis, M. J. 1980. The Character and Extent of Earthflow-Type Mass Movement, Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada. International Geographical Union Symposium on Field Experiments in Geomorphology, Kyoto, Japan. Brayshaw, T. C. 1955. An Ecological Classification of the Ponderosa pine stands in the. South-Western interior of British Columbia. Ph.D. Thesis. University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Brayshaw, T. C. 1970. The Dry Forests of Southern British Columbia. Syesis, 3: 17-43. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Inventory Division. Ashcroft Mapsheet 92 1; (A compilation of forest caver maps and inventory data from P.S.Y.U.‘s occuring within mapsheet area). British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority, 1981. Hat Creek Project. Environmental Impact S tatement. British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Meteorological Unit, 1980. Maps of: Freeze Free Period, Growing Degree Days and Climate Capability for Agriculture, Scale of 1: 100 000 for the Ashcroft Map Area. Available from MAPS-B.C., Victoria. British Columbia Land Inventory. 1972. Climate Capability Classification for Agricul- ture. Climatology Report No. 1. pp. 11. British Columbia Land Inventory (B.C.L.I.). Department of Agriculture, Parliament Buildings, Victoria. British Columbia Ministry of Mines and Petroleum Resources. 1981. Minerai Deposit- Land Use Map. Compiled by J. Forester.

191 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA References (Cont’d) Buchanan, R,, and J. Evans. 1977. Landforms and Observed Hazard Mapping, South Thompson Valley, British Columbia. Geotechnical and Materials Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Highways and Public Works, Victoria. pp. 18. Burroughs, E. R. Jr., Chalfant, G. R. and Townsend, M. A. 1976. Slope Stability in Road Construction; Bureau of Land Management, Oregon State Office. Canada Dept. of Agriculture. 1971. Soils Map of Part of the Kamloops Research Station. 150 000 scale map. Canada Dept. of Agriculture. 1972. Glossary of Terms in Soi1 Science, Publication No. 1459. Ottawa. Canada Dept. of Agriculture. 1974 revised. The System of Soi1 Classification for Canada; Publication 1455. Ottawa. 255 pp. Canada Land Inventory. 1969. Land Capability for Wildlife-Waterfowl; Ashcroft, 92 1; by E. W. Taylor and J.F. Carreiro, (a 1:250 000 scale map). Canada Land Inventory. 1969. Soi1 Capability for Agriculture. Report No. 2. Department of Regional and Economie Expansion. 8 pp. Canada Land Inventory. 1970. Land Capability for Wildlife-Ungulates; Ashcroft, 92 1; by L. W. Tremblay, (a 1:250 000 scale map). Canada Land Inventory. 1970. Objectives, Scope and Qrganization. Dept. of Regional Economie Expansion, Report 1. Ottawa. 61 pp. Canada Land Inventory. 1971. Land Capability for Recreation, Ashcroft, 92 1; by D. R. Benn, W, C. Yeomans and Associates, (a 1:250 000 scale map). Canada Soi1 Survey Committee. 1978. The Canadian System of Soi1 Classification. Research Branch Canada Dept. of Agriculture, Publication 1646. Ottawa. 164 pp. Cariboo Land Capability Analysis Committee, 1972. Moran Dam Environmental Analysis, Intersector Special Study Committee, British Columbia Land Inventory, Victoria, B.C. 58 pp. Clague, J. 1981. Late Quaternary Geology and Geochronology of British Columbia. Geo- logical Survey of Canada, Paper 80-35. Ottawa. 41 pp. Climate Division, Resource Analysis Branch. 1978. Climate Capability for Agriculture in British Columbia. British Columbia Ministry of Environment. Technical Paper 1. Victoria. 23 pp. Climate Division, ResourceAnalysis Branch. 1979. Agriculture Land Capability in British Columbia. Ministry of Environment, Province of British Columbia, Resource Data 1. Victoria. 43 pp. Cockfïeld, W. E. 1948. Geology and Minera1 Deposits of Nicola Map-Area, British Co- lumbia. Mines and Geology Branch, Canada Department of Mines and Resources; Memoir 249, No. 2485. Ottawa. Cruden, D. M., and S. G. Evans. 1979. Landslides in the Kamloops Group in South Central British Columbia.In: GeologicalSurvey of CanadaReport of Activities. Ottawa.

192 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

References (Cont’d) Demarchi, D., and A. Harcombe. 1982. .Forage Capability Classification for British Columbia, a Biophysical Approach. Assessment and Planning Division Technical Paper 9. Terrestrial Studies Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Victoria. 50 pp. Dormarr, J.F., and L.E. Lutick. 1976. A Biosequence of the Rough Fescue Prairie-Poplar Transition in South Western Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. Vol. 3, p. 457-47 1. Duff, W. 1964. The Indian History of British Columbia, Vol. 1. Memoir No. 5. Provincial Museum of British Columbia. Victoria. 116 pp. Duffel, S., and McTaggart, K. C. 1952. Ashcroft Map-Area, British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 262, No. 2501. Ottawa. Environment and Land Use Committee Secretariat. 1978. Terrain Classification System. Province of British Columbia, Victoria. 59 pp. Environment Canada, Atmosphere Environment Services. 1976. Canadian Normal Precip- itation (1941-70), Vol. 2 SI, 1975. Degree Days (1941-70) by D. Aston, 1978. Frost Data (1941-70) by G. M. Hemmerick and G. R. Kendell. Ottawa. Fairbridge, R. 1968. The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology. Encyclopedia of Eartb Sciences, Vol. III. Reinhold Book Corp. 1295 pp. Farley, A. 1969. Atlas of British Columbia; People, Environment and Resource Use. University of British Columbia Press. Vancouver. Fenger, M. 1982. Poster Session: Characteristics and Distribution of Chemozemic Soils in the Ashcroft Map Area. In: A.C. Nicholson, et. al. 1982. Fulton, R. J. 1965. Silt Deposition in Late Glacial Lakes of Southem British Columbia. Am. J. Sci. 263: 553-570. Fulton, R. J. 1967. Deglaciation Studies in the Kamloops Region, An Area of Moderate Relief, British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada. Bulletin 154. Ottawa. 36 pp. Fulton, R. J. 1969. Glacial Lake History, Southem Interior Plateau, British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada. Paper 69-37. Ottawa. 14 pp. Fulton, R. J. 1975. Quatemary Geology and Geomorphology, Nicola-Vernon Area, British Columbia (82 L, W 1/2 and 92 1, E 1/2); Geological Survey of Canada. Memoir 380. Ottawa. 50 pp. Green, A., and A.L. van Ryswyk. 1982. Chemozems, Their Characterization and Distribution. In: Nicholsen et al. 1982. 95-112 pp. Gough, N. A. 1988. Soils of Bonaparte River - Canim Lake Map Area. Soi1 Survey Report No. 24. British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and Ministry of Environment and Parks. Victoria, British Columbia. Harris, L. 1977. Half way to the Goldfield: A History of Lillooet. Published by Douglas and McIntyre. 102 pp.

193 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA References (Cont’d) Hebda, R. J. 1982. Postglacial History of Grasslands of Southem British Columbia and Adjacent Regions. In: Nicholsen et. al. 1982. 157-160 pp. Herring, L. 1977. Studies of Advance Subalpine Fir in the Kamloops Forest District. Min- istry of Fore~ts,Province of British Columbia. ResearchNote No. 80. Victoria. 23 pp. Holland, Stuart S. 1964. Landforms of British Columbia - A Physiographic Outline. British Columbia Department of Mines and Petroleum Resources. Bulletin No. 48. Victoria. Jackoy, A. G. 1981. Soils of Three Grassland - Forest Ecotones North of Kamloops, British Columbia. M.Sc.A. Thesis. University of British Columbia. Jenny, H. 1941. Factors of Soi1 Formation. McGraw-Hill, New York. 281 pp. Jenny, H. 1980. The Soi1 Resource, Origin and Behavior. Springer-Verlag. 377 pp. Kenk, E. 1979. Recommended Logging Systems Based on Soi1 Information. Working Report. Terrestrial Studies Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Kelowna. Kenk, E. 1983. Land Capability Classification for Agriculture in British Columbia. Manual 1. British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Kelowna. 62 pp. Kilcher, M. R., S. Smoliak, W. A. Hubbard, A. Johnson,A. T. H. Gross and E. V. McCurdy. 1965. Effects of Inorganic Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Selected Sites of Native Grassland in Western Canada. Can. J. of Plant Sci. Vol. 45, p. 229-237. Kowall, R. C. 1971. Methodology: Land Capability for Forestry in British Columbia. C.L.I. Soils Division, B.C.D.A., Kelowna, British Columbia. 15 p. Kowall, R. C. 1980. Soils and Terrain of the Seymour Arm Area (N.T.S. Map 82M). Resource Analysis Bratich, British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Report No. 16. Kelowna. 115 pp. Krajina, V. J. 1969. Ecology of Western North America. Vol. 2, Number 1. Dept. of Botany, University of British Columbia. Vancouver. Krajina, V. J. (undated map, approx. 1975). Biogeoclimatic Zones of British Columbia. Published by B.C. Ecological Reserves Committee. Lacate, D. S. 1969. Guidelines for Biophysical Land Classification. Dept. of Fisheries and Forestry, Canadian Forestry Service, Publication No. 1264, Ottawa. 61 pp. Lea, E.C., 1984. Explanatory Legend for the Dewdrop-Tranquille River. Surveys and Resource Mapping Branch. B.C. Ministry of Environment Working Report 4. Kelowna. 42pp. Lea, E. C., T. Vold and R. Williams. 1985. Dewdrop - Tranquille River Wildlife Habitat Study. Volume 2: Biophysical Inventory. Surveys and Resource Mapping Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Kelowna, British Columbia. Technical Report No. 14.233 pp.

194 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

References (Cont’d) Lea, E. C. (In preparation.) Explanatory Legend for Vegetation Maps of the Kamloops Lake Biophysical Study Area. Wildlife Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Victoria, British Columbia. Lord, T. M., and A. J. Green. 1974. Soils of the Tulameen Area of British Columbia. Report No. 13, British Columbia Soi1 Survey. Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture. Ottawa. 163 pp. Lord, T. M., and A. McLean. 1969. Aerial Photo Interpretation on British Columbia Rangelands. J. Range Manage. 22:3-g. Lutz, J. S. 1980. Interlude or Industry? Ranching in British Columbia, 1859-1885. British Columbia Historical News. Vol. 13:2- 11. Marsh, B. (Unpublished.) Kamloops Climatological Network, 1973-75. Air Studies Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Environment. Victoria. Mathews, W. H. editor, 1968. Guide book for Geological Field Trips in Southwestem British Columbia. Report No. 6. Dept. of Geology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Mathews, W. H., and G. E. Rouse. 1963. Late Tertiary Volcanic Rocks and Plant Bearing Deposits in British Columbia, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., Vol. 64, 381-390 pp. Maynard, D. 1979. Terrain Capability for Residential Settlements: Background Report. Working Report, Terrestrial Studies Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Environment. Victoria. 152 pp. McCormack, R. J. 1967. Land Capability Classification for Forestry. Canada Land Inven- tory Report No. 4. Dept. of the Environment. Ottawa. 72 pp. McLean, A. 1980. A Range Management Handbook for British Columbia, Agriculture Canada Research Station, Kamloops, British Columbia. 104 pp. McLean, A., and L. Marchand. 1968. Grassland Ranges in the Southem Interior of Brit- ish Columbia. Canada Department of Agriculture. Publication 1319. Kamloops. McLean, A., W. L. Pringle and T. G. Willis. 1961. Reseeding Grassland Ranges in the Interior of British Columbia. Research Branch, Canada Dept. of Agriculture, Publi- cation 1108. Ottawa. 12 pp. McLean, A., E. R. Smith, and W. L. Pringle. 1964. Handbook on Grazing Values of Range Plants of British Columbia. Canada Department of Agriculture Research Station, Kamloops, 41 pp. McLean, A., and E. W. Tisdale. 1960. Chemical Composition of Native Forage Plants in British Columbia in Relation to Grazing Practices. Can. J. of Plant Sci. 40:405-423. McLean, A., and E. W. Tisdale. 1972. Recovery Rate of Depleted Range Sites Under Protection from Grazing. J. of Range Management, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 178-184. McMillan, W. J. 1978. Preliminary Geological Map of Guichon Creek Batholith, British Columbia. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Preliminary Map 30. Victoria.

195 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA References (Cont’d) Miltimore. 1972. Interactions between Cattle and Wild Ungulates in Southem British Columbia. Kamloops Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Kamloops. 84 pp. Ministry of Forests. 1980. Forest and Range Resource Analysis Technical Report. Vol. 1 and 2. Province of British Columbia. Victoria. 802 pp. Mitchell, W. R., and R. E. Green. 1981. Identification and Interpretation of Ecosystems of the Western KamIoops Forest Region. Vol. 1, Very Dry Climatic Region; Vol. II, Dry and Subcontinental Climate Regions. British Columbia Ministry of Forests. Kaniloops. Nicholson, A., A. McLean and T. Baker. 1982. Grassland Ecology and Classification Symposium Proceedings. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Kamloops, British Columbia. 352 pp. Parsons, D. C., L. M. Lavkulich and A. L. van Ryswyk. 1971. Soils Properties Affecting the Vegetative Composition of Agropyron Communities at Kamloops, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Soi1 Science 51:269-276. Pettapiece, W. W. 1969. The Forest-grassland Transition. 103-114 pp. In: Pedology and Quatemary Research. Editor S. Pollack. University of Alberta, Edmonton. 218 pp. Preto, V. A. 1969. Geology of the Nicola Group between Merritt and Princeton, British Columbia. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Bulletin 69. Victoria. 90 pp. Pringle, W. L., and A. McLean. 1962. Seeding Forest Ranges in the Dry Interior of British Columbia. Kamloops. Research Station, Canada Dept. of Agriculture, Publication 1147. Kamloops. 11 pp. Raymond, S. 1980. Kamloops; An Anglers Study of the Kamloops Trout. Frank Amato, Portland, Oregon. 241 pp. Resource Analysis Branch, 1978. Climatic Capability for Agriculture in British Columbia. RAB Technical Paper 1. B.C. Ministry of Environment. Victoria. 23pp. Reid, A. L. 1974. Land Use Conflicts of the Thompson River Valleys Surrounding Kamloops. B.Sc.A. Thesis, Department of Soi1 Science, University of British Columbia. Vancouver. Rickert, D. A., G. L. Beach, J. E. Jackson, D. Anderson, H. H. Hazen and E. Suwign. 1978. Oregon’s Procedure for Assessing the Impacts of Land Management Activities on Erosion Related Nonpoint Source Problems. Oregon 208 Nonpoint Source Assessment Project. Roddick, J. A., J. E. Muller and A. V. Okulitch. 1979. Fraser River Sheet 92. Geological Survey of Canada. Map 1386 A. Ottawa. Rother, E. W. 1977. Soi1 Resource Inventory, Okanagan National Forest. Region Six, Forest Service, U.S.Department of Agriculture. Rowe, J. S. 1972. Forest Regions of Canada. Canadian Forestry Service, Department of Environment. Publication, No. 1300. Ottawa.

196 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA References (Cont’d) Runka, G. G. 1973. Methodology: Land Capability for Agriculture, B.C. Land Inventory. Soils Division. British Columbia Department of Agriculture, Kelowna, British Columbia. 25 pp. Ryder, J. M. 1971. The Stratigraphy and Morphology of Paraglacial Alluvial Fans in South-Central British Columbia. Can. J. Earth Sci. Vol. 8 No. 2, 279-298 pp. Ryder, J. M. 1976. Terrain Inventory and Quatemary Geology, Ashcroft, British Columbia (92 1 NW). Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 74-49. Ottawa. 17 pp. Ryder, J. M. 1981. Terrain Inventory and Quatemary Geology, Lytton, British Columbia (92 1 SW); Geological Survey of Canada. Paper 79-25. Ottawa. 20 pp. Ryder, J. M. 1981. Stein River Basin: Terrain Conditions and Interpretations for Forest Engineering. Working Report and Maps, Terrestrial Studies Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Environment. Victoria. 63 pp. Ryder, J. M. 1982. Surficial Geology of the Grassland Areas of British Columbia and Adjacent Regions. In: Nicholson, A.C., A. McLean, and T. E. Baker, 1982. Grass- land Ecology and Classification Symposium Proceedings. B.C. Ministry of Forests. 63-94 pp. Schau, M. P. 1968. Geology of the Upper Triassic Nicola Group in South Central British Columbia. Ph.D. Thesis, University of British Columbia. Vancouver. Soi1 Research Institute. 1973. Revised System of Soi1 Classification for Canada - A Provisional Collection of Officia1 and Tentative Definitions for Use by Canadian Pedologists. Agriculture Canada. Ottawa. Spilsbury, R. H., and E. W. Tisdale. 1944. Soi1 - Plant Relationships and Vertical Zonation in the Southem Interior of British Columbia. Sci. Agr. 24:395-436. Sprout, P N., and C. C. Kelley. 1963. Soi1 Survey of the Ashcroft - Savona Area, Thompson River Valley, British Columbia. Interim Report, British Columbia Dept. of Agriculture. Kelowna, British Columbia. 99 pp. Strang, R. M. 1980. Ecology and Management of the Grassland and Forested Rangelands of Interior of British Columbia, An Annota& Bibliography, revised edition. Ministry of Forests, Province of British Columbia. Victoria. 129 pp. Teversham, J. M. 1973. Vegetation Responseto Fluvial Activity on the Lillooet River Flood- plain. M.A. Thesis. Dept. of Geography,Univ. of British Columbia. Vancouver, 151 pp. Tisdale, E. W. 1947. The Grasslandsof the Southem Interior of British Columbia. Ecology 28 (4): 346-382. Tisdale, E. W. 1948. An Ecological Study of Montane Forest Vegetation in Southem Interior of British Columbia. Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. of Minn. Unpublished. 122 pp. Tisdale, E. W., and A. McLean. 1957. The Douglas-fir Zone of Southern Interior British Columbia. Ecol. Mono. 27:247-266. Tisdale, E. W., A. McLean and S. E. Clark. 1954. Range Resourcesand Their Management in British Columbia. J. of Range Management. 7(1):305.

197 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA References (Cont’d) United StatesDepartment of Agriculture (LJSDA). 1971. Guide for Interpreting Engineering Uses of Soils. Soi1 Conservation Service. van Barneveld, J. 1976. Vegetation: Inventory, Availability and Interpretation, pp. 83-101, in Proceedings Natural Resource Inventory sponsored by: Centre for Continuing Education, University of British Columbia and the Association of British Columbia Professional Foresters. 199 pp. van Barneveld, J., and A. Harcombe. 1976. Biophysical Forest Regions and Sections - A Classification. Unpublished. British Columbia Ministry of Environment. Victoria. van Ryswyk, A. L. 1971. Radio Carbon Date for a Cryoturbated Alpine Regosol in South- Central British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Soi1 Science. Vol. 5 1. 513-515 pp. van Ryswyk, A, L., 1979. Genesis and Classification of Modal Subalpine and Alpine Soi1 Pedons of South-Central British Columbia, Canada. Arctic and Alpine Research. Vol. 11. No. 1. 53-67 pp. van Ryswyk, A. L., A. McLean and L. S. Marchand. 1966. The Climate, Natural Vegetation and Soils of Some Grasslands at Different Elevations in British Columbia. Can. Plant. Sci. Vol, 46: 35-50. van Ryswyk, A. L., and A. B. Dawson. 1957. Soils of the Tranquille Sanatorium Farm. Revised draft. British Columbia Dept. of Agriculture, Soi1 Survey Branch. Kelowna, British Columbia. pp. 35. Valentine, K. W. G., and A. Schori, 1980. Soils of the Lac La Hache - Clinton Area, British Columbia. Report No. 25, British Columbia Soi1 Survey. ResearchBranch, Agriculture Canada. Ottawa. 118 pp. Vandine, D. F. 1980. Engineering Geology and Geotechnical Study of Drynock Landslide, British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 79-3 1. 34 pp. Vold, T. 1977. Biophysical Soi1 Resources and Land Evaluation of the Northeast Coal Study Area, 1976-1977. Volumes 1 and 2. Terrestrial Studies Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Environment. Victoria. Wade, M. S. 1979. The Cariboo Road. The Haunted Bookshop. Victoria, B.C. 264 pp. Walmsley, M., and J. van Barneveld. 1977. Biophysical Land Classification Techniques: The Application of Ecological Classification to Forest Land in British Columbia, p. 41-120. In: Proceedings: Ecological Classification of Forest Land in Canada and Northwestem U.S.A. Sponsoredby FoxestEcology Working Group of the Canadian Institute of Forestry and the Centre for Continuing Education, University of British Columbia. Vancouver pp. 395. Watson, E. K., and A. L. van Ryswyk. 1980. Remote Sensing: An Application to Range Inventory in British Columbia. Agriculture Canada. Vol. 25, No. 4. 15-19 pp. Watson, E. K. 1977. A Remote Sensing Based Multilevel Rangeland Classification for the Lac-du-Bois Rangelands, Kamloops, British Columbia, unpublished Masters Thesis, Dept. of Soi1 Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver pp.85.

198 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

References (Cont’d) Weir, Thomas R. 1955. Ranching in the Southern Interior Plateau of British Columbia, Memoir 4, Geographical Branch, Mines and Technical Surveys, Ottawa. pp. 124. Willms, W., A. McLean, R. Tucker and R. Ritchey. 1979. Interactions between Mule Deer and Cattle on Big Sagebrush Range in British Columbia. J. of Range Management; Vol. 32, No. 4., p. 299-304. Wilhns, W., and A. McLean. 1978. Spring Forage Selection by Tame Mule Deer on Big Sage- brush Range, British Columbia. J. of Range Management; Vol. 31, No. 3., p. 192-199. Willms, W., A. McLean and R. Ritchey. 1976. Feeding Habits of Mule Deer on Fall, Winter, and Spring Ranges Near Kamloops, British Columbia. Can. J. or Animal Sci. 5653 l-542. Willms, W., A. W. Bailey, A. McLean and R. Tucker. 1980. The Effects of Full Grazing or Buming of Bluebunch Wheatgrass Range on Forage Selection by Deer and Cattle in Spring. Can. J. Animal Sci. 60:113-122. Willms, W., A. W. Bailey and A. McLean. 1980. Effect of Buming or Clipiing Agropyron Spicatum in the Autumn on the Foraging Behaviour of Mule Deer and Cattle. J. of Applied Ecology 17:69-84. Williams, R. (Persona1communication). Climate Summary for 92 1 Study Area. Climate maps and data available from: MAPS-B.C., Surveys and Resource Mapping Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Crown Lands, Parliament Buildings, Victoria, British Columbia. VSV-1X4. Williams, R. (Unpublished). Lillooet Climatology Network, 1973-75. Air Studies Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Environment. Victoria. Whitford, H. N., and R. D. Craig. 1918. Forest of British Columbia. Canada Commission on Forests. Ottawa. 409 pp. Wooliams, N. G. 1979. Cattle Ranch: The story of the Douglas Lake Ranch. pp. 118.

199 Plate7. Westof Kamloopsto Savonna The grasslands north of Brocklehurst occur on soils of the Godey, McKnight and Aylmer associations, mostly derived from fluvioglacial, moraine, and ablation moraine parent materials. Brocklehurst is situated on coarse textured, fluvial deposits on which the Flat Creek soi1 association has developed. The soils developed on the light-toned, silty lacustrine deposits south of the Thompson River belong to the Lundbom association. Lying above the Lundbom association are the Brown Chernozem soils of the Tranquille association which have developed on morainal materials. B.C. Photo 356:81. 200 Appendix A Previous Soil Surveys SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Previous Soi1 Surveys Within the Ashcroft Map Area

At the request of the Comptroller of Water Rights a soi1 survey was made of arable land along a portion of the Thompson River (Sprout and Kelly, 1963). Soils series were mapped at a detailed scale 1:15,840 (4 inchmile). The area surveyed covered 5,130 acres west of Savonna along the Thompson Valley to Basque and along the Bonaparte and Deadman rivers. Twenty-three series were defined, described and rated for irrigation and area summaries given. Soi1 series are much more detailed than soi1 associations and it is strongly recommended that the more detatiled survey (Sprout and Kelley, 1963) be used for land evaluation and management decisions in the area covered by this survey. Table 27 shows the soi1 association names into which the more detailed series best seem to fit. This table was compiled by comparison of mapping in the same areas for this survey and the earlier survey. The emphasis has not been on correlation between the 1963 and 1973 classification systems; the emphasis has been on what map units have been used in the same areas for each survey. Another soils map was prepared by Canada Department of Agriculture (1971) entitled Preliminary Soils Map for the part of the Kamloops Research Station at a scale of 1;50 OOO.Thearea covered by this map is west of the North Thompson River to the eastern end of Kamloops Lake extending north to 120”15 N latitude. Ten major map units were defined. This soi1 map and legend are not generally available and the work has been superceded by this soi1 survey report.

203 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Table 27. Correlation between Soi1Associations of this Report and Soi1Series in Sprout and Kelley, 1963.

Sprout and Kelley, 1963

Map Soil Series Soil Classification Symbol Name

Carabine (Orthic Brown) BN Bonaparte Rego Brown CH Chrome Mull Regosol

cc Cache Creek (Calcareous Rego Brown) BN Bonaparte Rego Brown CT Cheetsum Rego Brown MT Minaberriat Saline Gleysol TL Taweel Rego Brown IT Tremont Saline Meadow

CT Courtney (Orthic Brown) BS Barnes Mull Regosol SE Semlin Orthic Brown TL Taweel Rego Brown TS Tsotin Mull Regosol

Frances (Gleyed Cumulic Regosol) AY Anglesey Rego Brown CH Chrome Mull Regosol CR Carquille Gleyed Mull Regosol

FR Frisken (Gleyed Saline Regosol) BN Bonaparte Rego Brown CR Carquille Gleyed Mull Regosol TL Taweel Mull Regosol

GD Godey (Orthic Brown) AY Anglesey Rego Brown Orthic Brown Orthic Brown WA Walhachin Orthic Brown

LM Lundbom (Orthic Brown) MA McAbee Orthic Brown VS Venables Calcareous Meadow

No equivalent soil association as no associations were defined as having developed on aeolian materials. L

204 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA A.2 Soi1 Surveys in Areas Adjacent to the Ashcroft Map Area Figure28 showsthe areasadjacent to the Ashcroftmap area that havebeen surveyed for soils and landforms. Some of thesereports contain additional information on soil associationsdescribed within this report (Valentine, 1980; Gough, 1988; Kowall, 1980). Within Chapter Four, the soi1associations which have been describedand mappedoutside the Ashcroft map area are referencedto the appropriatereport by a superscript.

MAPSHEET #920 MAPSHEET #92P W1/2. ; MAPSHEET #92P E1/2. MAPSHEET #82M. Soils of the Taseko Soi/s of the Lac La , Soils of the Bonaparte Soi1 and Terrain of the Lakes Area. Hache - Clinton Area. River - Ganim Lake Seymour Arm Area. K. Valentine, W. Watt & 1 Map Area K. Valentine. R.C. Kowall. A. Bedway. 1987 1980. ’ N. Gough. 1980. I 1988.

MAPSHEET #82L. MAPSHEET #92J Soi/s of the Vernon Map not surveyed :50 000 scale al-ul Area. :lOO 000 scale aaps R.C. Kowall. (maps only)

MAPSHEET #92G MAPSHEET 92H/NW MAPSHEET 92H/NE MAPSHEET #82E. not surveyed not surveyed Soifs of the Tulameen Sols of the Penticton ’ Area of British Columbia. Map Area. ’ T. Lord and A. Green. R.C. Kowall. 1 1974. (maps only)

Figure 28. Soils - landform maps and reports for areasadjacent to the Ashcroft map area. 205 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

The map unit boundaries along the eastem edge of the survey area correspond to those within the Vernon map area (82 L). Soi1 association symbols along the southem part do not necessarily correspond. The approximate equivalent soi1 associations between these two areas are: Ashcroft, 92 1 - Vernon, 82 L Gorge Creek (GG) - equivalent to Henning (HE) Chataway (CY) - equivalent to Bankier (BA) Mellin (ME) - equivalent to Grant (GR)

The map unit boundaries along the northeastem edge of the survey area correspond to those within the Bonaparte River-Canim Lake map area (92 P/E 1/2). Some of . the map unit symbols do not correspond along this boundary and it is recommended that if working in areas along this boundary the soils legend for each area be consulted separately to determine the soils. The map unit boundaries along the northwestem edge of the survey area generally correspond to those map units shown for the Lac La Hache-Clinton Area (92 P W 1/2). The soi1 associations are generally mapped the same but the components are defined differently. It is recommended that if working in an area along this boundary the soils legends and reports for each area be consulted separatelyto determine the soils. The soi1 catenas and series mapped and defîned by Lord and Green, 1974 were not incorporated within the Ashcroft soils report. The report (Lord and Green, 1974) is somewhat more general, and should be consulted especially along the area where the two surveys adjoin each other (west from Pennask Lake along the 50th parallel). Table 28 gives the approximate equivalents between soi1 units mapped within the Tulameen survey and the Ashcroft map area. The table has been compiled by matching units and boundaries along the boundary of the survey areas.

206 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Table 28. Correlation between TulameenSoils Map and Report (Lord and Green, 1974) and Soils Mapped in the Ashcroft Map Area

Tulameen Ashcroft - soils mapped at a more general scale (1:126 720) - soils mapped on 1:70 000 photographs and - fewer map symbol complexes presented at both 150 000 and 1 :lOO 000 - soil mapped at a catena level scales. - series within catenas defined - more delineations and complex map symbols - soils mapped at soil association level - series not defined

Map Map Unit Map Soil Association Symbol Name Soil Classification Symbol Name Soil Classification

Bd Brenda Orthic Dark Gray TH Trachyte Orthic Black Chernozem Chemozem

Bt Britton Orthic Gray Luvisol TW Tunkwa Otthic Gray Luvisol CM Chasm Degraded Eutric Brunisol

Cn Connaly Orthic Gray Luvisol AB Abbott Orthic Dystric Brunisol CG Cavanaugh Degraded Eutric Brunisol

Fa Fairweather Eluviated Black Chernozem TE Tullee Orthic Black Chernozem TH Trachyte Orthic Black Chernozem

Ho Howarth Orthic Dark Gray LS Laluwissen Orthic Dark Brown Chernozem Chernozem

Md Midday Orthic Gray Luvisol CO Commonage Orthic Dystric Brunisol GY Glossey Degraded Eutric Brunisol

Mz Mazama Degraded Dystric Brunisol AB Abbott Orthic Dystric Brunisol GG Gorge Creek Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzc

Wi Wilbert Degraded Dystric Brunisol CP Clapperton Orthic Dystric Brunisol

Cy Coley Terric Mesisol FR Frisken Gleyed Saline Regosol

Et Etches Terric Mesisol 0 Oregon Jack Typic Mesisol

Tr Trehearne Degraded Eutric Brunisol GN Gisborne Degraded Eutric Brunisol

207 Plate 8. Southof Kamloops Kamloops has expanded considerably since this 1947 aerial photograph was taken. Much of the expansion has been to the south and west on amas of the Godey soi1 association. These soils, developed in fluvioglacial mater&, are coarse textured, rapidly drained and have shallow Eutric Brunisol soi1 profiles. They are situated above the Lundlom soils which have developed on silty, erodible lacustrine deposits. Most of the grasslands between Kamloops and Knutsford are the Dark Brown Chemozem soils of the Trapp Lake and McQueen associations. The soils developed on the drumlinized moraine south of Knutsford are Black Chemozems and belong to the Tullee and Mossey soi1 associations. B.C. Photo 359:72.

208 Appendix .B List of Soil Profile Descriptions and Analyses For Soil Associations Sampled in the Ashcroft Map Area SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Table 29. List of Sampled Soi1Associations Number of Profile Description Soi1 Name** Profiles in Appendix C Profile* Soi1 Classification (1973)

1 4bbott 1 X Modal Orthic Dystric Brunisol 1 \bbott 1 Variant Brunisolic Gray Luvisol 1 4ylmer 1 Modal Orthic Black Chernozem ( :ache Creek 1 Modal Calcareous Rego Brown Chernozem ( Carabine 1 Variant Carbonated Orthic Dark Brown Chernozem ( >arabine 1 Modal Orthic Brown Chernozem ( :arson 1 Modal Degraded Eutric Brunisol ( ;avanaugh 2 X Modal Degraded Eutric Brunisol ( :edarbench 1 Modal Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol ( :hasm 1 X Modal Degraded Eutric Brunisol ( Iemson 1 X Modal Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol ( Zommonage 1 Modal Orthic Dark Brown Chernozem ( >onant 1 Modal Degraded Eutric Brunisol ( >ourtney 1 Modal Orthic Brown Chernozem ( :ourtney 2 Variant Calcareous Brown Chernozem ( Brown Mountain 1 Modal Calcareous Dark Brown Chernozem ( ;urnow 1 Modal Degraded Eutric Brunisol 1Iominic 1 Variant Carbonated Orthic Dark Brown Chernozem f ?at Creek 1 Variant Orthic Dark Brown Chernozem f -leet Creek 1 Modal Degraded Eutric Brunisol f +isken 1 Modal Gleyed Saline Regosol ( Sisborne 1 X Modal Degraded Eutric Brunisol ( Slimpse 2 Modal Orthic Dark Brown Chernozem ( Slimpse 1 Variant Orthic Black Chernozem ( Sodey 3 X Modal Orthic Brown Chernozem ( 3orge Creek 1 Modal Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol I nkitsaph 1 Modal Degraded Dystric Brunisol I nkoiko 1 Modal Degraded Dystric Brunisol I zman Creek 1 Variant Degraded Dystric Brunisol I zman Creek 1 Modal Degraded Eutric Brunisol l

l l Modal: The soi1 profile which is described represents the central concept of the soil association, and usually is the most commonly occurring soil within the association. Variant: The profile varies from the central concept of the association i.e., not modal. l l . The profile descriptions and analyses are stored in the B.C. Soil Information System. v fr 05% ’ Os* QqQUQY .^ from Guichon Valley to Stump Lake Much of thc central portion of the Ashcroft map arca is composcd of alternating areas of dccp and shallow morainal deposits. Soils devcloped from medium textured moraine have Gray Luvisol profiles and bclong 10 thc extensive Tunkwa association. Soils developed from somcwhar coarser Lcxtured moraine havc Eutric Brunisol soi1 development and belong to tbe Timber association. B. C. photo 651:39.

214 Appendix C Selected Soil Profile Descriptions and Analyses for some of the more Extensive Soil Associations in the Ashcroft Map Area SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Selected Soi1 Profile Descriptions and Analyses for some of the more Extensive Soi1 Associations in the Ashcroft Map Area The Soi1profile descriptionsand analyses are also stored in the British ColumbiaSoil Information System(BCSIS) and are availableon request.This data systemis describedin SondheimM., and K. Suttie. 1983. User Manual for the British Columbia Soi1 Information System. (BCSIS- Volume 1). B.C. Ministry of Forests.91 pp.

Abbott Soi1 Association Location Classification Site Parent Material & Landform

Latitude (N): 50 25 00 Orthic Dystric Brunisol (1973) % Slope: 5.0 Textural Modifier: bouldery Longitude (W): 1205500 Type: complex Genetic Modifier: ;?;!y (M): 1360 Status: modal soi1 Glass: undulating Genetic Material ablation 92 17 Aspect (‘) 72 moraine Drainage: well fandform: rolling plain Permeability: Infiltration: “i! Stoniness: excessive

Profile Description

Colour Crushed Texture Structure Consistence Roots J-V Moist

LFH 2-o 2%

Bm o-25 Gradual, Sand, Ver-y Gravelly Single grain Loose Plentiful Smooth

BC 25-43 Gradual, Loamy Sand, Single grain Loose . PlenCful Smooth Very Gravelly

C 43-70 Loamy Sand, Single grain Loose Few Very Gravelty

Physical and Chemical Data

Horizon Depth Organic Nitrogen Ca Carb. Exchangable Cations (me/lOOg) Cation (cm) Carbon % Equiv. Exchange % Capacity % Ca Mg Na K

KH o-252-o 4.56.0 3.95.2 53.44.25 1.38.Ol 4.102.99 1 .Ol.82 .24 .18.08 4.66.0

BC 2543 6.1 5.2 .16 .02 3.07 65 :FE .42 11.3 C 43-70 6.0 5.2 .90 .06

Coarse Fragments Elect. Cond. Pl S Mn Total Grave1 Cobble (hfMHOS/Cm) PPm. wm. wm. %Vol % Kind % Kind

LFH 24.5 88.4

E 18.610.6 20.16.4 1.0 8: zi 1’ ii 1 C 175.1 4.8 2:: 80 50 1 30 1 ‘1 - Rounded

217 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Cavanaugh Soi1 Association Location Classification Site Parent Material & Landform

Latitude (N): 5041 00 Degraded Eutric Brunisol (1973) % Slope: 15.0 Textural Modifier: gravelly Longitude (W): 121 51 00 b=t (‘1 72 Genetic Material: colluvial Precisjon (sec): Statu~: modal soi1 Microtopcgraphy: slightfy landform: fan ~lev”n (M): 3: mounded Rooting Depth: 1oocm 92112 hi,e: mpid Stoniness: excessive G+age: absent medium Flced Hazard: no hazard Permeability: rapid Infiltration: rapid

Profile Description

Colour Horizon Depth Horizon Crushed Texture Structure Roots (CM) Boundary Dry Moist

L 8-O Abrupt, Smooih

Ae o-2 Clear, 2.5\15.0/2.0 lO.OYR3.0/2.0 Loamy Sand, Single grain Very Few, Micro, Horizontal Smooth Gravelly

Bml 2-8 Clear, lO.OYR5.0/2.0 lO.OYR3.0/2.0 Loamy Sand, Fine, Subangular Blocky Very Few, Coarse, Wavy Gravelly Horizontal, In Ped

Bm2 8-30 Clear, 2.5\15.0/2.0 2.5\14.0/2.0 Loamy Sand, Fine, Subangular Blocky Very Few, Fine, Smooth Gravelly Horizontal, In Ped

CCk 50-66 Gradual, 2.5\16.0/2.0 2.5Y4.Ol2.0 Sand, Gravelly Single grain Very Few, Micro, Vertical Smooth

Ckl 66-100 Diffuse, 2.5\/6.0/2.0 2.5\(4.0/2.0 Sand, Gravelfy Single grain Very Few, Micro, Veritcal Smooth

Ck2’ 100-120 2.5\(6.0/2.0 2.5\13.0/2.0 Sand, Gravelly

1. Weak lime cementation, continuous

Physical and Chemical Data

Horizon Depth Organic Nitrogen Ca Carb. Exchangable Cations (me/lOOg) Cation (cm) Carbon % Equiv. Exchange CaClZ) % Capacity % Ca 1 Mg 1 Na 1 K

231 2-8o-2 6.76.4 5.9 2.311.77 .08.12 11.869.46 2.662.61 .03 1.211.48 14.714.1

Bm2 8-30 7.3 S:i 1.37 12.50 2.15 .05 .39 12.9 Cck 30-66 7.9 7.5 .56 :E 2237 1.21 .06 .19 7.0 Ckl 66-100 8.0 7.5 54 .04 3.7 22.40 1.20 .08 .i8 3.7 Ck2 100-120 8.2 7.6 3.5

Pyrophosphate Coarse Fragments Horizon Extractable Elect. Cond. Pl S Mn Fe% Al% Total Grave1 Cobble (MMHOS/Cm) wm- mm. wm. %Vol % Kind % Kind

B,l 0.1 0.1 33.463.1 0.81.5 30 z5 1’ l 5 1 23.6 0.9 30 25 1 5 5.0 1 Ckl 5.1 24 ii 25 1 : 1 Ck2 5.5 30 25 1 5 1 ‘1 - Rounded 218 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Chasm Soi1 Association Location Classification Site Parent Material & Landform

Latitude (N): 50 43 00 Degraded Eutric Brunisol (1973) % Slope: 70.0 Textural Modifier: gravelly Longitude (W): 1205500 Staius: modal soi1 Type: simple Genetic Material colluvial Precision (sec): 60 Aspect (‘1: 30 Landform: fan Elevation (M): Micotopography: level Permeability: moderately N.T.S.: 92:: ;:;;y well rapid Seepage: absent very slow Intïltration: rapid Flood Hazard: no hazard Stoniness: very stony

Profile Description

Colour Horizon Depth Horizon Crushed Texture Structure Roots (CM) Boundary Dry Moist

LF 4-o Abrupt, lO.OYR3.0/2.0 lO.OYR2.0/2.0 Smooth

Ae O-1 Abrupt, 10.0YR4.0/3.0 10.0YR3.0/1 .o Loamy sand, Single grain Few, Micro, Random, In Pet Smooth Gravelly

Bml I-17 Diffuse, 7.5YR4.014.0 7.5YR3.012.0 Loamy Sand, Single grain Few, Micro, Random, In Pet Smooth Gravelly

Bm2 17-44 Diffuse, 2.5Y5.Ol4.0 lO.OYR4.013.0 Loamy Sand, Single grain Few, Fine, Random, In Psd Smooth Gravelly

Bm3 44-59 Diffuse, 2.5\15.0/4.0 lO.OYR4.0/3.0 Sand, Gravelly Single grain Plentiful, Fine, Random, smooth In Ped

C 59-90 lO.OYR5.0/4.0 lO.OYR3.0/4.0 Sandy loam, Single grain Plentiful, Medium, Random, Gravelly In Ped

Profile very friable throughout

Physical and Chemical Data

Horizon Depth Organic Nitrogen Ca Carb. Exchangable Cations (me/lOOg) Cation (cm) (OZM Carbon % Equiv. Exchange CaC12) % Capacity % Ca Mg Na K

ii: 4-oO-l 5.56.5 5.06.0 60.533.54 1.50.21 20.67 3.81 .05 .26 25.8 Bml l-17 6.4 5.8 1.63 .lO 17.56 3.60 .15 .37 19.5 Bm2 17-44 7.0 6.4 .59 .03 11.61 2.57 .16 .17 12.2 Bm3 44-59 7.2 6.6 .67 .03 13.09 3:;: .16 .21 14.1 C 59-90 7.4 6.7 15.80 - .l7 .25 17.6

LF Ae 93.1 5.4 Bml 0.1 !:1 6.3 1.3 Bm2 0.1 5.6 0.9 Bm3 0.1 0.1 4.6 I c 5.1 65 40 1 20 2 5 * l ‘1 - Rounded 2 - Subrounded

219 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Clemson Soi1 Association Location Classification Site Parent Material & Landform

Latitude (N): 50 59 00 Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol (1973) % Slope: 40.0 Textural Modifier: sandy Longitude(W): 1214200 Type simple Genetic Material colluvial Precision (sec): Status: modal soi1 Glass: Landform: Manket Elevation (M): 5ii Aspect (‘1 2u Seepage: present Microtopography: level Bedrock Flood Hazard; no hazard Permeability: moderately Drainage: well drained rapid Type: sedimentary Runoff: medium Infiltration: rapid calcareous Stoniness: moderate limestone

Rotlie Description

Colour Horizon Depth Horizon Crushed Texture Structure Roots (CM) Boundary Dry Moist

LF 6-O Clear, Smooth

Ah o-9 Clear, 5.OYR3.0/2.0 5.OYR2.5/1 .O Weak, fine Abundant, Medium, Smooth subangular Blocky Random, Ex Ped

Ae 9-12 Clear, Wavy Sand Single grain Abundant, Medium, Random, Ex Ped

Bf 12-22 Clear, Wavy lO.OYR4.0/4.0 5.OYR4.013.0 Loamy sand Single grain Adundant, Medium, Random, Ex Ped

Bm 22-34 Clear, Wavy 2.5YR6.0/4.0 lO.OYR3.0/3.0 Sand Single grain Plentiful, Medium, Random, Ex Ped c 34-70 2.5YR5.0/2.0 2.5YR3.012.0 Coarse Sand, Single grain Few, Fine, Ex Ped Gravelly

Consistence of Ah is ver-y friable, rest of profile is loose

Physical and Chemicai Data

Horizon Depth Organic Nitrogen Ca Carb. Exchangable Cations (me/lOOg) Cation (cm) Carbon % Equiv. Exchange CaC12) % % Capacity Ca Mg Na K

” 6-Oo-9 5.85.3 4.65.3 45.286.07 .88.17

If 12-229-l 2 5.05.2 4.34.6 1.961.81 .12.13 4.244.53 1.60.99 .08.09 .43.52 13.517.2 Bm 22-34 5.1 4.3 .62 .07 2.54 .89 .09 .30 9.7 C 34-70 5.5 4.7 .31 .05 3.85 .76 .06 .43 7.6

Coarse Fragments Pl S Mn Total Grave1 Cobble wm. wm. wm. %Vol % Kind % Kind

236.961.4 0.80.2 i5 i6 z

19.7 0.3 ii? 1520 ; l 2. - Subrounded 220 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Gisborne Soi1 Association Location Classifkation site Parent Material & Landform

Latitude (N): 50 33 00 Degraded Eutric Brunisol (1973) % Slope: 10.0 Textural Modifier: sandy Longitude (W): 121 07 09 Status: modal soi1 Type: simple Genetic Material colluviaf Precisjon (sec): 60 Aspct (‘): 210 Landform: blanket ;,$on (M): 1272 h,e: rapid 92111 vety slow Ser&ge: absent Perme&ility: ragd Flwd Hazard: no hazard Infiltration: rapid

Profile Description

Colour Horizon Depth Horizon Crushed Texture Structure Roots (CM) Boundary Dry Moist

LH 2-o Abrupt, Smooth

Ae o-15 Abrupt, Sand, Gravelly Single-grain Ptenlifut Smooth

Em 1543 Graduai, Coarse Sand, Single-grain Few Smooth Gravelly

C 43-75 Coarse Sand, Single-grain Very Few Gravelly

Profile very friable throughout

Physical and Chemical Data horizon Depth Organic Nitrogen Ca Carb. Exchangable Cations (me/lOOg) Cation (cm) (OPOYM Carbon % Equiv. Exchange CaC12) % Capacity % Ca Mg Na K

LH 2-o 5.2 4.8 25.57 1.37 Ae o-15 6.9 6.4 1.04 .06 6.47 1.79 :i .73 8.8 Bm 15-43 6.8 6.3 .38 .03 3.95 1.66 .48 6.3 C 43- 6.7 6.3 .42 .02 3.94 3.06 04 .45 6.3

F’yrophosphate Coarse Fragments Extractable Pl S Mn Fe% Al% Total Grave1 Cobble Stone L-- PPm. PPm- mm. %Vol % Kind % Kind % Kind 44.1 109.1 31.5 LeH 54.6 12.5 2.2 1’ Bm c 42.936.6 12.212.7 1.3.8 iz35 830 1 ;

‘1 - Ftounded

221 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Godey Soi1 Association Location Classification Site Parent Material & Landform

Latitude (N): 50 47 30 Orthic Brown (1971) % Slope: 00.0 Textural Modifier: sandy Longitude (W): 121 0500 Status: modal soi1 Class: nearfy level Genetic Material glaciofluvial Elevation (M): 378 h?=t (‘1 ooo fandform: terraced N.T.S.: 92 I 14 Drainage: rapid Rooting Depth: 26 cm Permeability: Seepage: absent Infiltration: Flood hezard: no hazard Stoniness: moderate

Profile Description

Colour Horizon Depth Horixon Crushed Texture Structure Roots (CM) Boundary Dry Moist

Ah o-15 CIW, 10.OYR5.0/3.0 iO.OYR4.012.0 Sandy loam Very Weak, Coarse, Plenbful. Very Fine, Smooth Subangular Blocky Horizontal, In Ped

Bm 15-26 Clear, 10.OYR5.0/3.0 iO.OYR3.0/3.0 Sand, Gravelly Single grain Plentiful, Fine, Vertical, Smooth Ex Ped

Ck 26-60 Sand, Gravelfy Single grain Few, Micro, Vertical, Ex Ped

Physical and Chemical Data

Horizon Depth Organic Nitrogen Ca Carb. Exchangable Cations (me/lOOg) Cation (cm) (O!ZM Carbon % Equiv. Exchange CaClZ) % % - Capacity Ca Mg Na K

Ah o-1 5 7.5 6.9 :b4 .05 :; 13.00 4.50 .15 .50 6.7 15-26 7.5 7.1 .07 14.19 3.65 .18 .12 26-60 8.2 7.6 .31 .04 4.9 19.81 2.26 .18 .08

Pyrophosphate Coarse Fragments Extractable Horizon Elect. Cond. Pl S Mn Total Grave1 Cobble Fe% Al% (MMHOSICm) pw wm. wm. %Vol % Kind % Kind

12.2 2.7 i% 0.1 0.1 10.8 1.6 45 45 1’ Ck 7.1 8.9 50 25 1 25 1

l 1 ‘1 - Rounded SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Kanaka Soi1 Association Location Classification Site Parent Material & Landform

Latitude(N): 50 01 05 Degraded Dystric Brunisol (1973) % Slope: 52.0 Textural Modifier: sandy Longitude (W): 1212906 Status: modal soi1 Type: simple Genetic Material colluvial Precision (sec): Phase: moderately rocky Aspect (‘) 225 Landform: veneer Elevation (M): 3: Drainage: well Stoniness: excessive Runoff: medium Seepage: absent Permeability: rapid Flood Hazard: no hazard Infiltration: very rapid

Profile Description

Colour Horizon Crushed Texture Structure Roots Boundary I Dry Moist Ah O-8 Clear, 7.5YR4.0i2.0 5.OYR3.0/1 .o Sandy loam, Fine, Subangular Blocky Abundant, Medium, Smooth Gravelly Random, Ex Ped

Ae 8-20 Clear, lO.OYR4.0/4.0 7.5YR3.012.0 Sand loam, Fine, Subangular Blocky Plentiful, Medium, Smooth Gravelly Random, Ex Ped

Bml 20-38 Clear, Wavy lO.OYR6.0/4.0 lO.OYR4.0/4.0 Loamy Sand, Fine to Medium, Plentiful, Medium, Gravelly Subangular Blocky Random, Ex Ped

Bm2 38-61 Clear, lO.OYR6.0/4.0 lO.OYR5.0/4.0 Loamy Sand, Very Single grain Plentiful, Medium, Smooth Gravelly Random, Ex Ped

C 61-75 Abrupt 2.5Y6.0/4.0 lO.OYR4.0/4.0 Sand, Single grain Plentiful, Medium, Very Gravelly Random, Ex Ped

R 75+

Physical and Chemical Data

Horizon Depth Organic Nitrogen Ca Carb. Exchangable Cations (me/lOOg) Cation (cm) Carbon % Equiv. Excbange CaC12) % % Capacity Ca Mg Na K

Ah O-8 6.4 5.8 7.78 22.00 2.33 .08 .65 33.8 Ae 8-20 5.9 5.3 3.11 .18 7.17 :E .06 .37 17.0 Bml 20-38 5.9 5.3 1.16 .08 3.44 :: .30 9.4 Bm2 38-61 5.8 5.2 .63 .05 4.25 .66 .29 8.8 C 61-75 5.7 5.1

Pyrophosphate Coarse Fragments Extractable Horizon Elect. Cond. Pl S Mn Total Grave1 Cobble Fe% Al% (MMHOSICm) iv. wm. wm. %Vol % Kind % Kind

213.4 129.7 0:: 1: ; 92.0 0.4 20 2 24.4 1.0 19.1 ii 2 I l 2 - Subrounded

223 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Lundbom Soil Association Location Classitïcation Site Parent Material & Landform

Latitude (N): 50 41 00 Orhtic Brown (1973) % Slope: 2.0 Textural Modifier: silty Longitude (W): 1201700 Status: modal soi1 Type: simple Genetic Material lacustrine Pretision (sec): Aspect (7 0 Landform: terraced Elevation (M): 5;: Micrctopography: moderately Rooting Depth: 54cnl N.T.S.: 92 I 9 mounded Drainage: well Seepage: absent Runoff: medium Flccd Hazard: no hazard Permeability: moderately slow Infiltration: medium

Profile Description

Colour Horizon Depth Horizon Crushed Texture Structure Roots (CM) Boundary Dry Moist

Ah O-6 Clear, Silt loam Very Fine, Granular Plentifu~uo,Fine. Smooth

Bm 6-l 8 Abrupt, Silt loam Very Fine, Granular Plentiful, Very Fine, Smooth Random

CC3 18-54 Clear, Silt loam Very Fine Granular, Pseudo Ver-y Few, Fine, Random Smooth

Csk 54 2.5Y6.0/2.0 2.5Y4.Ol2.0 Silt Very Weak, Very Fine, Very Few, Fine, Random Platy, Pseudo

Physical and Chemical Data

Horixon Depth Organic Nitrogen Ca Carb. Exchangable Cations (me/lOOg) Cation (cm) Carbon % Equiv. Exchange % Capacity % Ca Mg Na K

Ah O-6 6.9 F:i 1.71 10.45 4.53 .09 1.45 14.5 Bm 6-18 7.8 .79 19.72 4.74 .13 .26 14.6

csk 18-5454 8.58.0 7.8 .49.19 3.67:: 23.9739.35 6.628.62 2.96.69 1.5333 10.211.3

Pyrophosphate Coarse Fragments Extractable Horizon Elect. Cond. PI S Mn - Total Grave1 Cobhle Fe% Al% (hlMHOS/Cm) wm. wm. wm. %Vol % Kind % Kind

Ah .43 17.4 1.9 E3 .72.89 3.60.0 6.81.2

Csk 6.1 598.2

224 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

- Maiden Soi1 Association Location Classification Site Parent Material & Landform

Latitude (N): 504530 Degraded Eutric Brunisol (1973) % Slope: 12.0 Textural Modifier: sihy Longitude(W): 1203900 Type: complex Genetic Material morainal Precislon (sec): Status: modal soi1 f+Pct (‘1 180 Landform: blanket ;le;lgon (M): 97: p$y: well 92113 rapid Stoniness: slight Séepage: absent Permeability: moderate Flood Hazard: no hasard Infiltration: medium

Profile Description

Colour Horizon Depth Horizon Crushed Texture Structure Consistence Roots (CM) Boundary Dry Moist

LF 2-o Abrupt, Smooth

Ae O-8 Abrupt, Sandy loam Platy Soft Abundant Smooth

Bm 8-23 Abrupt, Silty clay loam Subengular Blocky Slightty Hard Few Smooth

Ckl 23-71 Gradual, lO.OYR6.0/3.0 lO.OYR5.0130 Silt loam, Gravelly Subay;;d;locky, Hard Few Smooth

Ck2 71-l 00 Silt loam, Gravelly Subar$$ud%cky, Hard Very Few

Physical and Chemical Data

Horizon Depth Organic Nitrogen Ca Carb. Exchangable Cations (me/lOOg) Cation (cm) (O$:M Carbon % Equiv. Exchange CaCi2) % % Capacity Ca Mg Na K

LH 2-o 6.1 5.3 34.02 1.18 Ae O-8 6.6 6.1 3.18 .20 17.54 7.06 .08 1.54 29.2

z 23-718-23 6.6a.0 6.37.3 1.451.89 .09.13 25.1120.03 14.958.56 .26.73 1.07.75 27.822.5 CM 71-l 00 8.3 7.3

Pyrophosphate Coarse Fragments Extractable S Mn Fe% Al% Total Grave1 Cobble wm- iv- %Vol % Kind % Kind

35.8 67.6 14.6 .72 46.0 9.7 1.6 5 5 1’ .65 66.8 11.6 .3 g 1 .84 2.9 32.1 :5 1 .75 6.8 45.4 :2 25 25 1

l l - Rounded

225 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

McKnight Soi1 Association Location Classification Site Parent Material & Landform / Latitude (N): 50 44 05 Orthic Brown (1973) % Slope: 2.0 Textural Modifier: silty Longitude(W): 121 18 05 Type: complex Geneiic Material morainal Precision (sec): Status: modal soi1 Glass: undulatina _ Landform: blanket Nle;l;tmn (M): 4: Av=t (‘1 360 92111 Drainage: well Stoniness: slightly Seepage: absent Runoff: medium Flood Hazard: no hazard Permeabfiity: moderately rapid medium

Profile Description

Colour Horizon Depth Horizon Crushed Texture Structure Consistence Roots (CM) Boundary Dry Moist

Ah O-10 Graduai, Loam Friable Abundant Smooth

Bm 1O-28 Abrupt, Loam Weak, Fine to Friable Few Smcoth Medium, Subangular Blocky

28-58 Graduai, Loam Moderate, Medium Very Hard Very Few Smooth to Coarse, Subangu- lar Blocky, Pseudo

Csk 58-75 Loam Moderate, Medium Very Hard Very Few to Coarse, Subangu- lar Blocky, Pseudo

Physical and Chemical Data

Horizon Depth Organic Nitrogen Ca Carb. Exchangable Cations (me/lOOg) Cation (cm) Carbon % Eouiv. Exchanee CaClz) % s Capacicy Ca 1 Mg 1 Na 1 K

Ah O-l 0 7.4 6.5 2.69 .12 8.94 3.22 .05 .61 16.0 Bm 10-28 7.8 6.7 1.69 .13 10.80 4.48 .07 .27 15.0 IfCk 2858 7.9 7.2 1.25 .08 23.81 6.48 .14 .17 8.3 IfCsk 58-75 7.9 7.2 .74 .05 48.91 10.66 1.23 .36 10.3

Horizon Pyrophosphate Elect. Cond. Coarse Fragments Extraetable (MMHOS/Cm) pL S Mn Fe% Al% Total Grave1 Cobble (twm) (wm) (ivm) %Vol % Kind % Kind

Ah .41 16.6 8.6 5 %k 3.11.82 4.8 9.9 15 15 1.4 40.3 2.3 15 1; IfCsk 5.57 7.2 94.8 .l 15 15

226 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

McLaren Soi1 Association 1 Location Classification Site Parent Material & Landform Latitude (NJ: 50 40 00 Orthic Gray Luvisol(l973) % Slope: 40.0 Textural Modifier: silty Longitude (W): 121 28 00 Stalus: modal soi1 Type: simple Genetic Material morainal Precision (sec): Glass: very sieeply Landform: blan ket Elevation (M): 14500 ;;;iw N.T.S.: 92111 Aspect (‘) Stoniness: moderate Seepage: present Drainage: well Flood Hazard: no hezard Runoff: medium Permeability: moderate Infiltration: medium

Profile Description

Colour Horizon Depth Horizon Crushed Texture Structure Consistence Roots (CM) Boundary Dry Moist

LH 2-o Abrupt, 10.OYR2.0/2.0 10.OYR2.0/2.0 Smooth

Ae o-1 a Abrupt, 10.OYR5.0/3.0 5.OYR3.0/3.0 Loam Moderate, Fine 10 Soft Abundant Smooth Medium. Platy

Bt 18-43 Gradual, lO.OYR4.0/3.0 5.OYR3.0/3.0 Sandy loam Strong, Coarse Sub Hard Plentiful Smooth 10 Loam angular Blocky

BC 43-63 Abrupt, lO.OYR5.0/2.0 lO.OYR3.0/4.0 Sandy loam Moderate, Coarse Hard Plentiful Smooth Subangular Blocky

63-l 04 Graduai, lO.OYR6.0/3.0 lO.OYR4.0/2.0 Sandy loam Medium, Coarse Hard Few Smooth Subar$s;ul;;locky

Ck 104120 lO.OYR6.0/3.0 7.5YR4.012.0 Sandy loam Moderate, Coarse, Hard Very Few Subang;$d%cky,

Physical and Chemical Data

Exchangable Cations Horizon Depth pH pH Organic Nitrogen (me/1 Wz) C. E. C. Elect. Cond. Pl S Mn (cm) (H20) CaCl2 Carbon % Ca Mg Na K (mshn) wm- wm. pm.

LH 2-o 6.5 32.46 1.31 18.8 54.7 B 18-43O-18 6.66.5 5.96.1 2.261.64 .lO.16 13.3217.42 2.142.86 1.02.17 1.021.22 25.116.0 .45 25.426.6 9.6 12:: 12.2 8.9 Ea 63-10443-63 7.07.7 6.57.1 1.90 .13 17.42 2.74 .05 .62 19.7 :”.49 33.45.9 13.99.3 35.9 8.8 Ck 104-120 7.7 7.1 .35 1.8 16.2 2.1

Horizon Part. Sire Analy. (% Passing) Coarse Fragments 1 in. 3i.iin. 3isin. #4 #lO #20 ##40 #60 #140 #200 Total Grave1 Cobble I l % % % % % % % % % % %Vol % Kind % Kind

.- 97.12 93.32 84.39 74.36 56.11 24.89 12.71 11.49 9.70 9.39 20 ;5 1 1 ci7 ‘1 - Rounded

227 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

McQueen Soil Association Location Classification Site Parent Material & Landform

Latitude (N): 50 42 05 Orthic Dark Brown (1973) % Slope: 5.0 Textural Modifier: silty Longitude (W): 121 22 05 Tw: simple Genetic Material morainal Precision (sec): Status: modal soi1 Afwct (‘1 23 Landiorm: blanket Elevation (M): 62 Drainage: well Stoniness: slightly N.T.S.: 92111 Runoff: medium Permeability: moderately rapid Infiltration: medium

Profile Description

Colour Horizon Depth Horizon Crushed Texture Structure Consistence Roots (CM) Boundary Dry Moist

Ah O-13 Abrupt, Fine sandy loam Platy Friable Abundant Smooth

Bm 13-30 Abrupt, Loam Subangular Blocky Slightly Hard Plentiful Smooth

30-63 Abrupi, Loam Hard Few Smooth

Ck 63iO Loam Hard FeW

l I

Physical and Chemical Data

Horizon Depth Organic Nitrogen Ca Carb. Exchangable Cations (me/lOOg) Cation (cm) Carbon % Equiv. Exchange CaC12) % % Capacity Ca Mg Na K

Ah o-13 6.7 6.2 6.45 .20 7.65 5.52 .09 1.05 16.4

23 30-6313-30 6.27.6 8.07.2 4.03.73 .12.07 30.264.72 10.219.51 1.7339 1.25.22 17.16.4 Ck 6340 7.9 7.9

Horizon Pyrophosphate Elect. Cond. Coarse Fragments Extractable (MMHOSKm) pL S Mn Fe% Al% Total Grave1 Cobble (wm) (wd (wm) %Vol % Kind % Kind

Ah 29.0 10.8 2.4 5 z 1’

FE 4.5 63.710.5 1.61.0 10 )1 Ck 26 16.4 1.2 10 5 1 5 1 I l ‘1 - Rounded

228 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Mossey Soi1 Association Location Classification Site Parent Material & Landform

Latitude (N): 50 38 00 Orthic Black (1973) % Slope: 2.0 Textural Modifier: silty Longitude (W): 1201230 Type: compfex Genetic Material: morainal Precision (sec): Status: modal soit Aspect (‘1 270 Landform: blanket Elevation (M): 9m ;?$y: well Stoniness: slightly N.T.% 92 I 9 slow Seepage: absent Permeability: moderately Flood Hazard: no hazard mpid Infiltration: rmedium

Profile Description

Colour Horizon Depth Horizon Crushed Texture Structure Consistence Roots (CM) Boundary Dry Moist

Ah O-18 Clear 2.5YR3.0/2.0 Loam Granular Soft Abundant

Bml 18-30 Gradua1 10.OYR4.0/3.0 Loam Granular Soft Abundant

Bm2 30-50 Gradua1 10.OYR4.0/4.0 Silt loam Subangular Blocky Slightly Hard Few

Btj 50-76 Abrupt 10.OYR4.0/4.0 Silt loam Angular Blocky Few

CC2 76-119 lO.OYR3.0/4.0 Silt loam Subangular Blocky

Physical and Chemical Data

Horizon Depth Organic Nitrogen Ca Carb. Exchangable Cations (me/lOOg) Cation (cm) Carbon % Equiv. Exchange % % Capacity Ca Mg Na K

Ah O-l 8 6.3 5.9 4.51 .31 15.15 3.07 .05 1.28 20.2 Bml 18-30 6.8 6.2 1.05 .lO 10.74 2.79 .06 .86 14.2 Bm2 30-50 7.1 6.3 .77 .06 9.22 2.84 .lO .74 14.3 Btj 50-76 7.4 6.7 .70 .05 10.39 3.06 .13 .48 14.1 CCa 76-119 8.2 7.4

Horizon Coarse Fragments Extraetable P2 Mn Grave1 Cobble (wm) (wm) 22: % Kind % Kind

21 .o 58.0 11.3 0.9 Bml 33.7 62.9 8.4 1.3. Bm2 42.5 132.4 9.8 0.8 Btj 49.9 203.5 8.5 0.7 CG3 16.9 61.8 7.0 0.5

229 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Timber Soi1 Association

Location Classification Site Parent Material & Landform

Latitude (N): 50 39 00 Degraded Eutric Brunisol (1973) % Slope: 7.0 Textural Modifier: silty Longitude(W): 1293300 Type: simple Genetic Material morainal Precision (sec): Status: modal soi1 Av,=t (‘1 270 Landform: veneer . Elevaiion (M): 9:: ;;;;y: well Stoniness: slightly N.T.% 92110 medium seepage: absent Permeability: moderately Flood Hazard: no hazard rapid Infiltration: medium

Profile Description

Colour Horizon Depth Horizon Crushed Texture Structure Consistence Roots (CM) Boundary Dry Moist

L 1-O Abrupt, Smooth

Ae o-5 Gradual, lO.OYR5.5/5.0 lO.OYR5.0/2.0 Sandy loam, Moderate, Fine to Firable Plentiful Smooth Gravefly Medium, Platy

Bml 5-l 1 Graduaf, 10.OYR5.0/3.0 lO.OYR4.0/3.0 Loam, Gravelly Very Weak, Medium Slightly Sticky, Plentiful Smooth to Coarse, Prismatic FriaMe, Slightly Hard

Bm2 11-18 Abrupt, 10.OYR5.0/3.0 lO.OYR4.5/4.0 Loam, Gravelfy Very Weak, Medrum Slightly Sticky, Plentiful Smooth io Coarse, Prismatic Friable, Slightly Hard

Ckl 18-34 Gradual, lO.OYR6.0/2.5 lO.OYR5.0/3.0 Silty day loam, Moderate to Strong, Slightly :%;y, Very Few Smooth Gravelly Subarjr;~d~locky,

Ck2 34-60 lO.OYR6.0/2.0 lO.OYR4.0/4.0 Silty day loam, Moderate to Strong, Slightly ;S;ky, Very Very Few Gravelly Subanj;~d~locky,

Physical and Chemical Data

Horizon Depth Organic Nitrogen Ca Carb. Exchangable Cations (meI10Og) Cation (4 (Ii;) (O$:M Carbon % Equiv. Exchange CaCI2) % % Capacity Ca Mg Na K

1-o 5.9 5.4 26.68 .70 ke O-5 6.6 6.0 2.38 .09 15.02 5.07 .13 .74 21 .l Bml 5-l 1 6.7 6.2 2.95 .05 19.06 8.25 .07 .86 27.1 Bm2 11-18 7.3 6.6 .91 .03 29.80 7.77 .06 .57 21.3 Ckl 18-34 8.2 7.1 1.02 .02 23.68 4.34 .08 .30 13.4 CM 34-60 8.4 7.4

Horizon Pyrophosphate Elect. Cond. Coarse Fragments Extractable (MMHOSICm) pt S Mn Fe% Al% Total Grave1 Stone (wm) (wm) (wm) %Vol % Kind % Kind

82.4 81.5 50.9 Le Bml .53.37 48.860.6 10.59.0 29.41.3 35 zz Bm2 .65 87.0 10.4 .7 35 25 Ckl Ck2 .47.49 2.23.1 17.918.2 66:: 35 E

230 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Trachyte Soi1 Association Location Classification Site Parent Material & Landform

Latitude (N): 50 04 00 Orthic Black (1973) % Slope: 4.0 Textural Modifier: silty Longitude(W): 1202600 Type: simple Genetic Material morainal Precision (sec): Status: modal soi1 h=t (‘1 0 Landform: blanket Elevation (M): ll!“o ;~g3e: well Stoniness: slightly N.T.% 92 I 1 medium Seepage: absent moderately Flood Hazard: no hazard rapid Infiltration: medium

Profile Description

Colour Horizon Depth Horizon Crushed Texture Structure Consistence Roots (cm) Boundary Dry Moist

Ah o-25 Abrupt, 7.5YR3.0/2.0 1 O.OYR2.011 .O Silt loam Moderate, Medium. Soft Abundant Smooth Granular

Bm 25-46 Abrupt, tO.OYR5.0/3.0 lO.OYR3.013.0 Silt loam, Gravelly Moderate, Coarse, Slig htly Hard Plentiful Smooth Subangular Blocky

CCa 46-71 Abrupt, lO.OYR6.0/3.0 lO.OYR5.0/3.0 Silt loam, Gravelly Strong, Coarse, Very Hard Very Few Smooth Subangular Blocky

Csk 71-l 00 lO.OYR5.0/4.0 2.5Y4.012.0 Silt loam, Gravelly Strong, Coarse, Very Hard Very Few Subanj;Ed:locky,

Physical and Chemical Data

Horizon Depth Organic Nitrogen Ca Carb. Exchangable Cations (me/lOOg) Cation (cm) Carbon % Kquiv. Exchange 96 % Capacity Ca Mg Na K

Ah o-25 6.2 5.9 5.68 .29 10.49 6.32 .33 1.14 21.6 Bm 25-46 7.6 6.8 1.05 .05 9.51 2.13 15.2 CCa 46-71 8.3 7.4 2.70 .04 4290 9.49 3.39 :” 10.9 Csk 71-100 7.9 7.3 22.98 8.56 3.38 34 10.3

Elect. Cond. Coarse Fragments (MMHOSICm) p1 S Mn Total Grave1 Cobble (wm) (wm) (iv) %Vol 96 Kind % Kind

Ah .42 20.3 15.2 2.42 16.3 82.5 1; 23 8.41 Fi:4 .4 30 Csk a.27 3 30

231 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Tullee Soi1 Association

Location Classification Site Parent Material & Landform

Latitude (N): 50 02 00 Orthic Dark Brown (1973) % Slope: 6.0 Textural Modifier: silty Longitude(W): 1202400 Status: variant soi1 Type: complex Genetic Material: moramal Elevation (M): 1067 (Saline) b-=ct (‘1 126 Landform: plain N.T.S.: 92 I 1 Profile Site: lower slope Stoniness: slightly Drainage: well Runoff: slow Permeability: moderale Infiltration: rapid

Profile Description

Colour Horiu>n Depth Horizon Crushed Texture Structure Roots (cm) Boundary Dry Moist

Ah O-12 Gradual, lO.OYFt4.0/2.0 lO.OYR3.0/2.0 Loam Very Weak, hledium to Coarse, Abundant, Micro, Smooth Subangular Blocky Random, In Ped

Ab 12-20 Clear, lO.OYR4.0/2.0 iO.OYR3.012.0 Loam Weak, Medium to Coarse, Plentiful, M$roroRandom, Smooth Subangular Blocky

Bm 20-48 Clear, lO.OYR5.0/2.0 lO.OYR4.0/2.0 Siilt loam Moderate to Strong, Fine to Few, Micro, Random, In Pet Smooth Medium, Subangular Blocky

Csca 48-65 Clear, 2.5\16.5/2.0 2.5\15.0/2.0 Silt loam Moderate to Strong, Coarse, Very Few. Micro, Smooth Subangular Blocky, Pseudo Random, In Ped

Csk 65100 lO.OYR6.5/1 .O 2.5Y4.5l2.0 Silt loam Moderate to Strong, Fine Subangular Blccky, Pseudo

Physical and Chemical Data

Horizon Depth Organic Nitrogen Ca Carb. Exchangable Cations (me/lOOg) Cation (cm) (if& fO$:M Carbon % Equiv. Exchange CaCI2) % % Capacity Ca Mg Na K

Ah O-12 6.9 6.2 2.23 .16 8.25 5.70 .47 1.27 15.2 AB 12-20 6.8 6.2 1.21 .09 5.71 6.79 1.22 .98 15.1

&a 48-6520-48 8.57.3 8.57.1 .82.22 .07.02 8.2 30.545.56 11.509.04 6.056.41 .44.90 13.08.6 Csk 65-l 00 8.3 8.0 3.9

Horizon Elect. Cond. Moisture Status Coarse Fragments (mSlcm) Pl S 910 93 15 Total Grave1 Cobble BAR. BAR. BAR. (tvm) b-v) %Vol % Kind % Kind

1 Ah .65 15.8 2.0 42.5 24.9 10.2 AB 1.86 10.2 10.6 31.8 21.8 9.7 : : 1’ Bm 9.1 91.9 25.9 19.2 7.2 1 csce 13.23 4.6 735.2 27.4 20.8 7.0 15 13 2 1 Csk 8.14 3.5 21.2 16.3 5.7 2 2 1 I *l - rounded

232 SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA

Tunkwa Soi1 Association Classification Site Parent Material & Landform

Latitude (N): 50 37 00 Orhtic Gray Luvisol (1973) % Slope: 15.0 Textural Modiiier: silty Longitude (W): 1203500 Status: modal soil Type: simple Genetic Material morainal Precision (sec): Asqect (7 0 Landform: blanket Elevation (M): 12500 ;;;;y: well N.T.S.: 92110 rapfd Stoniness: slighily Seepage: absent Permeability: moderately Flood Hazard: no hazard rapid infiltration: medium

Profile Description

Colour Horizon Depth Horizon Crushed Texture Structure Consistence Roots (CM) Boundary Dry Moist

LH 1-O Abrupt, lO.OYR3.012.0 1O.OYR2.OIl .O Smooth

Ae O-6 Gradual, 2.5Y6.012.0 iO.OYR4.012.0 Sandy loam, Very Weak, Vety Loose Abundant Smooth Gravelly Fine, Platy

AB 6-14 Abrupt, 2.5Y5.0/4.0 2.5\/4.0/2.0 Loam, Gravelly Weak, Fine, Slightly Hard Abundant Smooth ’ Subangular Blocky

Bt 14-24 Graduai, 2.5\/7.0/4.0 2.5Y4.Ol2.0 Silt loam, Gravelly Moderate, Medium, Hard Plentiful Smooth Subangular Blocky

BC 24-32 Abrupt, 2.5Y6.0/2.0 2.5Y3.012.0 Loam, Gravelly Moderate, Fine to Hard Plentiful Smooth Medium, Subangular Blocky Ckl 32-54 Graduai, 2.5Y7.0/4.0 2.5\14.0/2.0 Loam, Gravelly Moderate, Fine, Hard Few Smooth Subangular Blockey

CIL2 54-75 2.5Y6.0/2.0 lO.OYR4.0/3.0 Loam, Gravelly Moderate, Fine, Few Subangular Blocky

Physical and Chemical Data

Horizon Depth Organic Nitrogen Ca Carb. Exchangable Cations (me/lOOg) Cation (4 (O$:M Carbon % Equiv. Exchange CaCl2) % % Capacity Ca Mg Na K

LF 1-o 5.9 5.3 35.7 .93

AB 6-14O-6 5.96.1 5.85.6 3.11.4 .09.06 9.6 2.0 .06 24 13.8 14-24 7.4 6.6 9.5 1.2 .22 .74 11.6 24-32 7.8 6.9 :W 13.0 3.6 .13 .51 17.1 Ckl 32-54 7.9 7.1 Ck2 54-75 7.8 7.2

Elect. Cond. Coarse Fragments (MMHOSICm) pu s Mn Total Grave1 Cobble bpmf (rwm) hvm) %Vol % Kind % Kind I I

LF 43.1 45.6 .44 101.4 .7 Aeg .39 79.1 .6

Bc .38.46 49.537.9 :; Ckl .61 2.2 .6 CkZ .83 1.9

Vem A. Burkhardt 233 Queen’s Primer for Btitish Columbia0 Victoria. 1992