Spences Bridge Properties
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Chapter 2 The Coyote People Because native life and culture is so important to understanding archaeological re- mains in North America, we shall take a brief look at what traditional life was like in the Lillooet region before examining the archaeological remains from Keatley Creek in detail. There are three native linguistic groups that converge on the site catchment area of Keatley Creek (Figure 2.1). This is the area around the site that would have been regularly used for obtaining food resources. These linguistic groups are the Stl’atl’imx (or St’at’imc; pronounced Shtla-tlye-mkh, also known as the Fraser River Lillooet Indians), the Nlaka7pamux (pronounced N-le-ka’-p-mkh, also known as the Upper Thompson Indians), and the Secwepemc (pronounced Sha-khwep-makh, also known as the Shuswap Indians).1 All three languages are members of the Interior Sal- ish language family, and all three claim to be descended from a coyote ancestor who is the most prominent figure in their oral traditions (Teit, 1917, p. 12). All three groups also have similar material culture. Therefore, archaeologists have not been able to distinguish these groups from each other prehistorically, and we cannot say for certain which of the three languages was spoken by the prehistoric residents of Keatley Creek. However, because there is an unbroken cultural tradition throughout the Salish-speak- ing part of the Plateau, from middle Prehistoric times (ca. 7000 B.P.) until contact with Eurocanadians in the 1800s, it seems almost certain that the residents of Keatley Creek spoke one of the Interior Salish languages. -
CP's North American Rail
2020_CP_NetworkMap_Large_Front_1.6_Final_LowRes.pdf 1 6/5/2020 8:24:47 AM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Lake CP Railway Mileage Between Cities Rail Industry Index Legend Athabasca AGR Alabama & Gulf Coast Railway ETR Essex Terminal Railway MNRR Minnesota Commercial Railway TCWR Twin Cities & Western Railroad CP Average scale y y y a AMTK Amtrak EXO EXO MRL Montana Rail Link Inc TPLC Toronto Port Lands Company t t y i i er e C on C r v APD Albany Port Railroad FEC Florida East Coast Railway NBR Northern & Bergen Railroad TPW Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway t oon y o ork éal t y t r 0 100 200 300 km r er Y a n t APM Montreal Port Authority FLR Fife Lake Railway NBSR New Brunswick Southern Railway TRR Torch River Rail CP trackage, haulage and commercial rights oit ago r k tland c ding on xico w r r r uébec innipeg Fort Nelson é APNC Appanoose County Community Railroad FMR Forty Mile Railroad NCR Nipissing Central Railway UP Union Pacic e ansas hi alga ancou egina as o dmon hunder B o o Q Det E F K M Minneapolis Mon Mont N Alba Buffalo C C P R Saint John S T T V W APR Alberta Prairie Railway Excursions GEXR Goderich-Exeter Railway NECR New England Central Railroad VAEX Vale Railway CP principal shortline connections Albany 689 2622 1092 792 2636 2702 1574 3518 1517 2965 234 147 3528 412 2150 691 2272 1373 552 3253 1792 BCR The British Columbia Railway Company GFR Grand Forks Railway NJT New Jersey Transit Rail Operations VIA Via Rail A BCRY Barrie-Collingwood Railway GJR Guelph Junction Railway NLR Northern Light Rail VTR -
Food Production During the Late
Supervisors: Dr. Nancy J. Turner and Dr. Michael C.R Edgell ABSTRACT This research traces the emergence of wild plant food production during the Late Prehistoric Period (4500 to 200 BP) on the Canadian Plateau. It builds upon ecological-evolutionary perspectives offered by theories of people-plant interactions and models of plant food production. From this, it derives a general model of wild plant food production outlining the components of such systems, the conditions favouring their development, and the consequences and correlates of these activities. This general model is expanded and made specific to the Canadian Plateau through ethnographic, ethnobotanical, ecological and archaeological evidence for root resource use by the Secwepemc (Shuswap) and other Interior Salish peoples. The implications of these findings for reconstructions of Late Prehistoric culture change are discussed. The study has two components. It begins by demonstrating that historically, the Interior Salish peoples were not plant collectors, "adapting to" the environment, but plant food producers who "domesticated" the landscapes of the region. Ethnobotanical evidence indicates the Secwepemc managed, processed and stored a variety of plant resources to increase their productivity and availability. These actions ensured surpluses for ovenvintering, reducing the threat of recurrent seasonal resource stress. Root foods were particulariy important. At least 20 species were regdarly hamested and stored. Practices associated with harvesting were essentially horticultural and acted at the species, population and landscape levels to increase the density and distribution of targeted species. The productivity of root resources was also increased through processing in earth ovens. An experimental reconstruction of an Interior Salish earth oven found pitcooking increased the energy value of balsamroot (Balsarnorhiza sagittata), a former root staple, by 250 percent. -
NEWS: February 20, 2008
NEWS RELEASE February 20, 2008 Trading Symbols: AMM :TSX, AAU : AMEX www.almadenminerals.com 2007 YEAR REVIEW OF ALMADEN’S CANADIAN ACTIVITIES 2007 was a very busy year for Almaden Minerals Ltd. (“Almaden” or “the Company”) with active exploration on multiple projects in Canada. The Company conducted a drill program on its wholly owned Elk Gold project, British Columbia the results from which have already been released (see Almaden news release of January 18, 2008). Also in British Columbia the Company holds six properties in the Spences Bridge Gold belt, British Columbia (the Merit, Brookmere, Ponderosa, Skoonka Creek, Prospect Valley and Nicoamen River projects), an area prospective for epithermal gold-silver deposits identified by Almaden in 2001. Below is a description of the progress achieved on each project in 2007 as well as the present exploration plans. Merit and Brookmere Projects: Drilling planned 2008 Williams Creek Explorations Ltd. (“Williams Creek”; TSX-V: WCX) holds an option to acquire a 60% interest in Almaden’s 100% owned Merit and Brookmere projects on terms whereby Williams Creek can earn an interest in either or both these properties through spending $C4 Million and issuing 1,000,000 shares of Williams Creek to Almaden by 2010. In 2007 Williams Creek conducted prospecting and stream sediment sampling on the Brookmere project and obtained permits for drilling for the Merit Project. Almaden expects Williams Creek to drill the Merit project in the summer of 2008. Ponderosa Project: Drill program completed in 2007 In 2007 Almaden optioned the Ponderosa Project to Strongbow Exploration Inc. (“Strongbow”; TSXV: SBW) whereby Strongbow could earn a 60% interest in the 6,950 ha property. -
Lithic Transport Strategies on the Canadian Plateau
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2010 WHY THE XWISTEN CROSSED THE RIVER: LITHIC TRANSPORT STRATEGIES ON THE CANADIAN PLATEAU Michael Todd Wanzenried The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Wanzenried, Michael Todd, "WHY THE XWISTEN CROSSED THE RIVER: LITHIC TRANSPORT STRATEGIES ON THE CANADIAN PLATEAU" (2010). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 1185. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/1185 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WHY THE XWISTEN CROSSED THE RIVER: LITHIC TRANSPORT STRATEGIES ON THE CANADIAN PLATEAU By Michael Todd Wanzenried B.A. Anthropology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 2003 Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology, Archaeology The University of Montana Missoula, MT May 2010 Approved by: Perry Brown, Associate Provost for Graduate Education Graduate School Dr. Anna Prentiss, Chair Anthropology Dr. John Douglas Anthropology Dr. Casey Charles English Wanzenried, Michael, M.A., May 2010 Anthropology Abstract Title: Lithic Transport Strategies on the Canadian Plateau Chairperson: Dr. Anna Prentiss As has been the case for thousands of years a single kind of stone material, referred to by different researchers as arrowstone, basalt, vitreous trachydacite, and/or dacite, provided the majority (often more than 75%) of many lithic assemblages in the Mid- Fraser region of south-western British Columbia. -
Road Runner & Carrier, Winter 1982, Volume 19, Number 1
ISSN 0382-214 1 PUBLISHED BYTHE BRITISH COLUMBIA MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION AND HIGHWAYS WI TER 1982 VOLUME 19, NUMBER I NEW LILLOOET AIRPORT The "Lillooet Industrial Airport" was officially opened on October the airport and paved the I 200 m runway, taxiway and apron . All 24, 1981 by Yale-Lillooet MLA and Minister of Forests, the Honour other work was contracted out by the village through the Kamloops able Tom Waterland. Mr. Waterland, along with the Honourable office of Associated Engineering Services Limited. Robert McClelland, Minister of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Re sources, arrived in one of the Province's Citation jets to mark the first Airstrip facilities existing in Lillooet at the time of initial applica "official landing" at the new facility . Also in attendance at the tion for funds from the air Transport Assistance Program consisted of opening were Don Kasianchuk, Assistant Deputy Minister Transpor a 610 m airstrip located on private property adjacent to the east bank tation, John Olmstead, Manager Aviation Policy, and Messrs . of the Fraser River. At that time, plans for the construction of a new Antrobus, Creasy and Driscoll of the Air Transport Assistance Fraser River bridge necessitated the relocation of the strip to a new site Program . to make way for the bridge approach. This , as well as the desire to The airport development project was a co-operative effort involv provide better air access and to develop emergency and commercial services, served as the basis for the village's application, support and ing the Ministry's branches of Transportation and Highways combin ing with the Village of Lillooet and the Lillooet Airport Committee. -
Bc26 Report.Pdf
BC Envir&hent SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Report No. 26 British Columbia Soi1 Survey G. Young, M.A. Fenger and H.A. Luttmerding Integrated Management Branch Victoria, British Columbia 1992 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Young, G. (Gavin), 1947- Soils of the Ashcroft map area (MOE technical report, ISSN 0821-0942 ; 23) (British Columbia soi1 survey, ISSN 03755886 ; report no. 26) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-7718-8560-l 1. Soils - British Columbia - Ashcroft Region. 2. Soils - British Columbia - Ashcroft Region - Maps. 1. Fenger, M. A., 1949- . II. Luttmerding, H. A. III. British Columbia. B.C. Environment. IV. Title. V. Series. VI. Series: British Columbia soi1 survey ; report no. 26. 5599.1 .B7Y 68 1992 63 1.4’7’7 1172 C87-092050-2 0 Copyright 1992 B.C. Environment. SOILS OF THE ASHCROFT MAP AREA Acknowledgements Gratitude is expressedto numerous individuals who have contributed to the preparation of this report, particularly to P.N. Sprout, and H.A. Luttmerding who provided soi1 cor-relation services and gave advice for the preparation of the report. Appreciation is also extended to R.J. Williams, who prepared the climate section in the introduction, and to J. van Barneveld, and J. M. Ryder, whose advice regarding forest zonation and surficial geology, respectively, provided the necessary information which helped for-m the basis of the soils report. Thanks are also extended to Dr. A. van Ryswyk, R. Mitchell and Dr. A. McLean in Kamloops for reviewing the report. Thanks is also due to Barb Webb who did the initial Word processing and to Christine Keumper who completed the first draft. -
The Kelowna Courier
Canada A t W ar The Kelowna Courier A Review of Developments on the Home Front Kelowna, Jlritish ('olumhia, Tliursdav, fune 10th, 1943 VOLUM E 39 it«UBe»staRue NUM BER 46 riic UNITED NATIONS FOOD CONFERENCE com Missing pleted its task of writirijj a new world charter based on PEACE LOCAL FLYERS AND PLENTY, and agreed to set up a permanent organization Production Com m ittee Apple Prices Show to plan and co-ordinate global food resources. Juivisaging a ARE NOW ON post-war charter of i)cace, based on abundance and enforced by Form ed H ere To D irect collective security, the conference agreed to establish an interim COASTAL OPS. commission, consisting of one representative, of each of the Large Increase O ver forty-four nations, to draft the constitution of a PERMANENT Em ergency Labor P l a n Flying Officers Embrey and FOOD ORGANIZATION. The interim commission, on which Rennie Still Team Up In Famed Mosquito Pre-war Averages 1 Canada likely will be represented by L.B. PEARSON, Minister- Delegates From Key City Organizations Approve Counsellor at the Canadian Legation at Washington, will meet Action Under Dominion-Provincial Emergency A letter received from Flying in Washington by July 15 to start its work of planning a per Olliccr Bill Embrey discloses Uiut Returns Will Run Thirty-three Per Cent Higher Than Labor Scheme—H. C. S. Collett Appointed As he and his shipmate, Geoll Rennie, manent organization. Meanwhile, the conference drew up a Placement Officer to Work With Selective Service are still teaming up as crew of one Average For Five Pre-War Years—Eight Per MINIMUM DIETARY STANDARD for the world—a simple of the famed Mosquito bombers. -
Climate Change in the Fraser River Watershed: Flow and Temperature
Journal of Hydrology 263 52002) 230±244 www.elsevier.com/locate/jhydrol Climate change in the Fraser River watershed: ¯ow and temperature projections John Morrisona,*, Michael C. Quickb, Michael G.G. Foremanc aVynx Design Inc., Sidney, BC, Canada bDepartment of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada cInstitute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Sidney, BC, Canada Received 1 October 2001; revised 19 February 2002; accepted 22 March 2002 Abstract An analysis of the historic ¯ows and water temperatures of the Fraser River system has detected trends in both the annual ¯ow pro®le and the summer temperatures. This study was undertaken to determine if these trends are likely to continue under the conditions predicted by various global circulation models. To do this, existing ¯ow and temperature models were run with weather data that were derived from actual weather observations, but modi®ed using changes predicted by the global circulation models. The validity of the ¯ow model results is supported by very close agreement with the historical record. The differences between model output and the historical record for mean ¯ow, mean peak ¯ow, mean minimum ¯ow and peak ¯ow day were not statistically signi®cant; furthermore, there was only a 3±4 day shift in the occurrence of cumulative ¯ow milestones. The temperature model's mean water temperature was only 0.2 8C higher than the historical record. For the period 2070±2099, the ¯ow model predicted a modest 5% 5150 m3/s) average ¯ow increase but a decrease in the average peak ¯ow of about 18% 51600 m3/s). -
Determination of Site Use As Inferred from the Lithics Data of the Post
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2004 Determination of Site Use as Inferred From the Lithics Data of the Post Adandonment Occupation of Housepit 7 at the Keatley Creek Site: Comparing Winter Village and Short-term Camp Models AndreÌ? B. Jendresen The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Jendresen, AndreÌ? B., "Determination of Site Use as Inferred From the Lithics Data of the Post Adandonment Occupation of Housepit 7 at the Keatley Creek Site: Comparing Winter Village and Short- term Camp Models" (2004). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 9339. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/9339 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY The University of Montana Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. **Please check "Yes" or "No" and provide signature** Yes, I grant permission No, I do not grant permission Author’s Signature: Date:_ S/tb/oH_____________ Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author’s explicit consent. -
Eocene Paleo-Physiography and Drainage Directions, Southern Interior Plateau, British Columbia1
215 Eocene paleo-physiography and drainage directions, southern Interior Plateau, British Columbia1 Selina Tribe Abstract: A map of reconstructed Eocene physiography and drainage directions is presented for the southern Interior Plateau region, British Columbia south of 53°N. Eocene landforms are inferred from the distribution and depositional paleoenvironment of Eocene rocks and from crosscutting relationships between regional-scale geomorphology and bedrock geology of known age. Eocene drainage directions are inferred from physiography, relief, and base level elevations of the sub-Eocene unconformity and the documented distribution, provenance, and paleocurrents of early Cenozoic fluvial sediments. The Eocene landscape of the southern Interior Plateau resembled its modern counterpart, with highlands, plains, and deeply incised drainages, except regional drainage was to the north. An anabranching valley system trending west and northwest from Quesnel and Shuswap Highlands, across the Cariboo Plateau to the Fraser River valley, contained north-flowing streams from Eocene to early Quaternary time. Other valleys dating back at least to Middle Eocene time include the North Thompson valley south of Clearwater, Thompson valley from Kamloops to Spences Bridge, the valley containing Nicola Lake, Bridge River valley, and Okanagan Lake valley. During the early Cenozoic, highlands existed where the Coast Mountains are today. Southward drainage along the modern Fraser, Chilcotin, and Thompson River valleys was established after the Late Miocene. Résumé : Cet article présente une carte reconstituée de la géographie physique et des directions de drainage, à l’Éocène, pour la région du plateau intérieur de la Colombie-Britannique, au sud du 53e parallèle Nord. Les formes de terrain à l’Éocène sont déduites de la distribution et du paléoenvironnement de déposition des roches de l’Éocène et à partir de relations de recoupement entre la géomorphologie à l’échelle régionale et la géologie du socle, d’âge connu. -
Skwaha Lake Management Plan Final
M ANAGEMENT LAN P November, 1996 Ministry of for Skwaha Lake Environment, Lands and Parks BC Parks Department Ecological Reserve Skwaha Lake Ecological Reserve M ANAGEMENT LAN P Prepared by BC Parks Kamloops Area Pilot Project Team for Thompson River District Kamloops, B.C. Skwaha Lake Ecological Reserve Management Plan Table of Contents Introduction.....................................................................................................................................1 Background Summary ....................................................................................................................1 Role and Long-term Vision..............................................................................................................5 Management Objectives Grazing .................................................................................................................................6 Fencing .................................................................................................................................6 Fire........................................................................................................................................6 Traditional Uses.....................................................................................................................6 Introduced Plant Species........................................................................................................6 Forest Pests and Diseases.......................................................................................................6