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Transit Oriented Development Based on Bus Rapid Transit Supported by Public Private Partnership: Lesson from Curitiba and Bogota for Jakarta

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Transit Oriented Development Based on Bus Rapid Transit Supported by Public Private Partnership: Lesson from Curitiba and Bogota for Jakarta Master Thesis Transit Oriented Development Based on Bus Rapid Transit Supported by Public Private Partnership: Lesson from Curitiba and Bogota for Jakarta Andri Dirgantara 1579711 DD ITB-RUG 2005 0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people contributed in this thesis until it can be finished. I thank all the contributors for their support. Special thanks to Mr. Linden as my first supervisor who supervises me until I can finished it with full attention and give me significant input, encourage advice, significant comment to make my thesis in the right track. For Mr. Tommy Firman and Mr. Widiarto as second supervisor who help me with their advice to the content of my thesis. Thanks also for all of my lecturers in RUG and ITB who give me valuable knowledge which have significant background for doing this thesis, for the faculty members who support me with the administration, my classmates and my colleagues (Indonesia and Dutch) for the conducive circumstances and interesting discussion which I cannot mention one by one. Finally special thanks for my lovely wife, Lisa and my little ‘champ’, Fidelio, who always give me spirit and support when I studying in Bandung and Groningen so I can finished this program. Andri Dirgantara Groningen, August 2006 1 Abstract Every big city all around the world faces the traffic congestion problem. Facing urban congestion can not only be done by transportations side but also must consider the land use with its trip generation. The strong linkage between urban mobility and land use make the Transit Oriented Development (TOD) as an advance concept to integrate both to shaping urban growth and effective urban transportation. TOD concept use public transport or Transit system as based for urban transportation system and urban growth management. The choice of transit mode is depend on the city characteristics. Besides it advantage of low development cost, flexibility and high possibility to be self finance operated (without subsidy), the BRT system have advantages related to the TOD concept which have higher impact to the city land use growth rather than rail system because bus system can have shorter distance between one station to the other rather than rail system. The main handicap especially for developing countries to integrated develop TOD based on BRT is limited government capital to implement the concept. Public private partnership (PPP) can be used as one solution to support that concept implementation. Because governments focus to all of the capital for the nation’s transit systems but do not focus on real estate and settlement development, most of all TOD require the public/private partnerships scheme. The PPP is one of the critical aspects in BRT and became one of the characteristic of BRT system. The PPP is required in order to achieve self-finance and free subsidy operation. Jakarta has been started implemented BRT since 2004, and have positive impact to the dependency to the private car usage and give citizen better public transportation service. To improve the performance of their BRT and integrated them with TOD, Jakarta can learn from Curitiba and Bogota. The implementation of TOD and BRT in Curitiba and Bogota is two of the best TOD and BRT implementation in the world which a lot of countries around the world used their implementation to be adopted. The similarity of Curitiba and Bogota with Jakarta as fast growth city in developing country give many advantages to be used as lesson learn cases. There area several important aspects that elaborated in this study related to the TOD based on BRT supported by PPP such as: integration transit with urban spatial planning (which consist of busway integration in Master plan, metropolitan issue, involvement non public sector); BRT implementation (which consist of extension coverage area, institutional and BRT organization, feeder system, pedestrian facility, and parking facility; Public Private Partnership and the role of Government. From elaborating three cities, it can be concluded that the key factors in integrating TOD based on BRT supported by PPP are: the first, strong political will and leadership, the second; supported by comprehensive master plan, the third; supported by good institutional frame work and coordination, the fourth; involving related stakeholders, the last; supported by good partnership between public and private sector which encourage private business to participated more. 2 LIST OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... 1 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. 2 LIST OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................. 3 LIST OF FIGURE........................................................................................................................................ 5 LIST OF TABLE.......................................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N ............................................................................................................................. 7 1.1. BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 RESEARCH MOTIVATIONS..................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 10 1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................................... 10 1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................ 10 1.5.1 Data and Information................................................................................................................. 10 1.5.2 Research Framework ................................................................................................................. 12 1.6. THE REPORT STRUCTURE .................................................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL REVIEW....................................................................................................................... 15 2.1 THE CONCEPT OF TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT (TOD)............................................................ 15 2.2 THE BRT AS PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ............................................................................................. 17 2.2.1 The Emerging of BRT System (historical review) ...................................................................... 17 2.2.2 BRT Comparison with other Types of Urban Public Transportation ........................................ 18 2.1.3 Elements of BRT......................................................................................................................... 21 2.3 PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN TOD AND BRT SYSTEM ............................................................... 23 2.3.1 The concept and principles of PPP........................................................................................... 24 2.3.2 PPP in TOD ............................................................................................................................... 26 2.3.3 PPP in BRT System.................................................................................................................... 27 2.3.4 The concept of integration Land-use and Transit (TOD) in BRT System .................................. 28 2.4 THE ISSUE OF EXTENSION IN IMPLEMENTATION INTEGRATED TOD AND BRT USING PPP SCHEME AND THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT ..................................................................................................................... 29 2.4.1. The extension of BRT system and the roles of PPP................................................................... 29 2.4.2 The Role of Government ............................................................................................................ 31 2.5 CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 3 THE INTEGRATION OF TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENTS AND BUS RAPID TRANSIT SUPPORTED BY PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN CURITIBA AND BOGOTA................................................................................................................. 34 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA AND HISTORICAL ASPECTS................................................................. 34 3.2 CURITIBA AND BOGOTA TRANSIT INTEGRATION WITH URBAN SPATIAL PLANNING ........................... 37 3.2.1 Busway Integration in Curitiba and Bogota Master Plan.......................................................... 37 3.2.2 Metropolitan Coordination Issues ............................................................................................. 41 3.2.3 Involvement non public sector in Urban Planning .................................................................... 42 3.3 CURITIBA AND BOGOTA BRT ............................................................................................................
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