SECTION 3 New Ideas in a Getting Started 5SE THE Interactive Reader and Study Guide TO FAMILIARIZE STUDENTS WITH THE SECTION New Society CONTENT BEFORE Y OU R EAD Take notes Interactive Reader and Study Guide, on the new Section 3 MAIN I DEA READING F OCUS KEY T ERMS AND P EOPLE ideas of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution 1. What new ideas about laissez-faire Name ______Class ______Date ______inspired new ideas about economics developed during Adam Smith The Industrial Revolution Section 3 economics and affected the Industrial Revolution? Thomas Malthus New Ideas society in many ways. entrepreneur MAIN IDEA 2. What competing economic The Industrial Revolution inspired new ideas about economics and affected society in many ways. ideas arose as a result? Andrew Carnegie socialism Key Terms and People 3. How did the Industrial laissez-faire the idea that governments should not interfere in business Karl Marx Adam Smith the leading advocate of laissez-faire economics Revolution affect society? Thomas Malthus thinker whose beliefs about poverty were used to justify low wages communism entrepreneur someone who starts a business Andrew Carnegie industrialist who led the expansion of the American steel industry standard of living socialism the theory that society, not individuals, should own all property and industry Karl Marx German thinker who put forth a radical view of socialism communism a system in which the government controls the economy standard of living level of material comfort experienced by a group of people What marvels of industry were grandeur does not consist in one thing, but in the unique Taking Notes all As you read the summary, use the chart below to show results of the displayed in a glass palace? In assemblage of things.” Brontë was impressed by the Industrial Revolution. Add ovals as needed. 1851 the Great Exhibition in London wide range of exhibits, including “great compartments drew residents and visitors to a huge glass and iron build- filled with railway engines and boilers, with mill machin- ing called the Crystal Palace. Inside the marvelous structure ery in full work . . .” All these remarkable exhibits showed were nearly 14,000 exhibits, many of which displayed the accomplishments of the Industrial Revolution. People industrial products and processes. English writer Charlotte came from far away to gawk at those achievements. In fact, Brontë was dazzled by the exhibition: “It is a wonderful some 6 million visitors from across Europe and elsewhere place—vast, strange, new, and impossible to describe. Its attended the exhibition.
Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Modern Era Chapter 7 83 Interactive Reader and Study Guide A P ALACE FOR New Ideas about Economics During the late 1700s and early 1800s indus- Academic Vocabulary INDUSTRY trialization was changing not just products and work, but also how people thought about Review with students the high-use academic economics. One change was that mercantilism term in this section. was giving way to capitalism and competition. stance attitude or position (p. 648)250) Capitalism and Competition Under the CRF: Vocabulary Builder: Section 3 old mercantile system, governments restricted trade to protect their own industries from for- Taking Notes eign competition. Then, starting in the late 1700s, some people said that governments new ideas about economics; entrepreneurs should not interfere in business. This idea is built fortunes; new industries developed; called laissez-faire (lehz-ay- FEHR ) economics, lives of women changed; migration of job from a French phrase meaning “free to do.” seekers from countryside to city; cities became crowded and dangerous; pollution of air and water; population grew rapidly; Visitors crowded into the Crystal Palace standard of living in industrialized countries to view the displays. improved; Great Britain, France, and Germany emerged as global leaders; United 248 Dickinsons’ Pictures of Great Exhibition, 1851 States benefited from industrialization Teach the Main Idea At Level go.hrw.com Online Resources Results of the Industrial Revolution KEYWORD: SHL IND 1. Teach !SK STUDENTS THE 2EADING &OCUS 3. Review !S YOU REVIEW THE SECTION HAVE ACTIVITY: Historic Origins of Socialism and Capitalism QUESTIONS TO TEACH THIS SECTION STUDENTS EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENT POLITICAL 2. Apply (AVE STUDENTS CREATE TWO 7EB AND ECONOMIC IDEAS THAT CAME OUT OF THE DIAGRAMS FOR THE SECTION ONE THAT SHOWS )NDUSTRIAL 2EVOLUTION THE KEY PEOPLE AND THEIR IDEAS AND THE 4. Practice/Homework (AVE STUDENTS OTHER THAT SHOWS THE COSTS AND BENElTS OF WRITE A ONE PAGE ESSAY ON THE POSITIVE AND INDUSTRIALIZATION NEGATIVE RESULTS OF THE )NDUSTRIAL 2EVOLUTION Visual-Spatial, Verbal-Linguistic Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 37: Writing Assignments
248 CHAPTER 7 Adam Smith became the leading advocate of PRIMARY SOURCES laissez-faire economics. In 1776 he published The Wealth of Nations , in which he analyzed the A View of Andrew Carnegie definition and creation of wealth. Smith wrote that markets free from government interfer- Andrew Carnegie, who took the steel industry to new heights, ence benefited all. Such an economic system gave away some $350 million to fund various charities. This Reading Focus free from regulation is called a market econ- cartoon from Punch, a satirical British magazine, shows Carn- omy. Also in a market economy, businesses can egie giving $2 million to Scottish universities. The original What new ideas about economics title is “The MacMillion.” compete freely against each other for trade. The developed during the Industrial British government agreed with Smith’s ideas Carnegie’s clothing and ended most regulations by the 1840s. Revolution? laissez-faire economics, is a combination The Wealth of Nations, Smith influenced Thomas Malthus , who was of the traditional increased role concerned about population growth caused by Scottish kilt and of entrepreneur the development of industry. Malthus wrote the American flag. that the population would always grow faster New Ideas about Economics than food production. Therefore, he concluded, poverty and misery would never go away. Pop- Describe 7HAT IS The Wealth of ulation growth, Malthus said, was slowed only 1901 29, May Nations ABOUT analyzes wealth and by war, disease, famine, and decreased repro- Punch, how it is created; states that markets duction. Because many people agreed that these problems were unavoidable, Malthus’ free from regulation would benefit all ideas were used to justify low wages and laws The mortarboards, which Make Inferences (OW WERE that limited charity to the poor. are the headgear for In time, Malthus was proved wrong. The college graduates, are -ALTHUSS IDEAS USED TO JUSTIFY LOW labeled with the names of disasters he predicted did not happen, but the WAGES Poverty would never go away, Scottish universities. population did grow. Still, the ideas of Smith so there was no reason to combat it and Malthus affected attitudes. As Smith pre- with higher wages. dicted, industrialization succeeded and spread. Industrial capitalism emerged as the main eco- Make Generalizations (OW DID nomic pattern in the Western world. INDUSTRIALISTS AND ENTREPRENEURS BECOME New Roles for Business Leaders In- EXTREMELY POWERFUL took away influ- dustrialization also changed the roles that ence of landowners, pooled money to business leaders played in public life. Before create corporations, used tough business the Industrial Revolution, people who owned Skills FOCUS READING LIKE A HISTORIAN practices, acquired enormous wealth land controlled the wealth and power. But by the mid-1800s, the leaders of industry began 1. Analyze What might Carnegie’s clothing have taking away the landowners’ influence. Some meant to people at the time? industrialists became extremely wealthy, and 2. Evaluate How do you think the artist felt about their new wealth bought them political power. Carnegie’s donation? Explain your answer. The Industrial Revolution also highlighted See Skills Handbook , p. H25 Primary Source the role of the entrepreneur , someone who starts a new business. Among the entrepre- h5PON THE SACREDNESS OF PROPERTY neurs were financiers, bankers, and investors few people could imagine. In the late 1800s, CIVILIZATION ITSELF DEPENDSTHE RIGHT who pooled their money to create large cor- their stories helped make them famous. OF THE LABORER TO HIS HUNDRED DOLLARS IN porations. As demand increased for capital to Andrew Carnegie , who was born in Scotland, THE SAVINGS BANK AND EQUALLY THE LEGAL build factories, banking and finance became was an example of “rags to riches” success. His more important occupations. Some industri- father, a weaver, was driven out of work by the RIGHT OF THE MILLIONAIRE TO HIS MILLIONSv alists made fortunes simply by buying and textile mills. The family moved to America, and !NDREW #ARNEGIE h7EALTHv selling companies for a profit. Carnegie started working in a mill at age 12. FROM THE North American Review A few industrialists, mainly in the United With hard work, creativity, intelligence, and States, built some of the largest corporate tough business practices, he led the expansion *UNE empires ever seen—and acquired wealth that of the American steel industry. Primary Source THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 249 h)N A SENSE THE THEORY OF THE #OMMUNISTS MAY BE SUMMED UP IN A SINGLE SENTENCE !BOLITION OF Below Level Differentiating Instruction PRIVATE PROPERTYv Learners Having Difficulty +ARL -ARX AND &RIEDRICH %NGELS 1. $RAW THE GRAPHIC ORGANIZER FOR STUDENTS TO 2. /RGANIZE STUDENTS INTO MIXED ABILITY PAIRS The Communist Manifesto SEE /MIT THE ITALICIZED ANSWERS (AVE PAIRS COPY AND COMPLETE THE GRAPHIC ORGANIZER Visual-Spatial New Industrialists Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 13: Who were What did they What did they Graphic Organizers they? do (positive)? do (negative)? Answers Carnegie, built large drove com- Rockefeller, businesses, petitors out Reading Like a Historian 1. His Vanderbilt gave to charity of business, traditional Scottish clothing indicates he was pro Scottish. 2. possible answer— did not allow thought Carnegie was too generous unions because artist shows him throwing money 249 PRIMARY SOURCES Like Malthus, Ricardo predicted a rise in population. According to Ricardo, what encourages The Iron Law of Wages population growth? Reading Focus The ideas of Adam Smith and Thomas Mal- to command a greater proportion of the neces- thus had many admirers. Among them was saries and enjoyments of life, and therefore to David Ricardo (1772–1823), an English rear a healthy and numerous family. When, how- What competing economic ideas arose banker. In an 1817 work, Ricardo argued ever, by the encouragement which high wages as a result? socialism, communism that natural economic forces would keep give to the increase of population, the number of wages low—so low that workers barely had labourers is increased, wages again fall to their Competing Economic enough to survive. Ricardo’s theory came to natural price, and indeed from a reaction some- be called The Iron Law of Wages, indicating times fall below it.” Views that the “law” was real and unchangeable. —David Ricardo, On Wages, 1817 The theory was popular with factory owners, Contrast (OW IS SOCIALISM DIFFERENT since it justified their paying low wages to Skills FROM CAPITALISM Under capitalism, their employees. FOCUS READING LIKE A HISTORIAN individuals own property and control “It is when the market price of labour exceeds its 1. Sequence According to Ricardo, what is the industry, whereas under socialism, the natural price that the condition of the labourer is sequence of the rise and fall of wages? government or society does. flourishing and happy, that he has it in his power 2. Draw Conclusions Do you think Ricardo felt some sympathy with workers? Why or why not? Interpret (OW WERE 2OBERT /WENS See Skills Handbook , p. H25 IDEAS APPLIED IN .EW ,ANARK em- phasis on good of all, good work- ing conditions, nonprofit stores, free schooling, strict rules Other industrialists achieved similar feats. people. He thought that for the good of all, soci- Examples include Cornelius Vanderbilt in rail- ety or the government, instead of individuals, Predict 7HAT FACTORS MIGHT HAVE roads and John D. Rockefeller in oil. These men should own property and control industry—a LED TO THE FAILURE OF .EW (ARMONY built giant corporations that drove out their theory called socialism . The theory was a clear possible answer—economic failure, competitors. They were both admired for their contrast to capitalism. contributions to human progress and criticized To demonstrate his ideas, Owen built a conflicts within community for their treatment of workers. For example, mill complex at New Lanark, Scotland, that they were generally against their employees’ gained widespread praise as a model industrial joining labor unions. Although some, like town. The workers there enjoyed good work- Andrew Carnegie, gave generously to char- ing conditions, shopped at nonprofit stores, ity, people who disapproved of their methods lived in decent houses, and could earn sick pay. Info to Know sometimes called them “robber barons.” Because he felt that education improved char- acter, Owen even provided free schooling for Robert Owen 2OBERT /WEN BEGAN HIS Summarize What were some the workers’ children. He also imposed strict CAREER AS AN ENTREPRENEUR IN THE TEXTILE IN of the new ideas about economics? rules on workers’ personal lives, including cur- DUSTRY 7HEN HE PURCHASED .EW ,ANARK fews and bathing requirements. Owen brought his ideas to the United States ONE OF HIS lRST ACTIONS WAS TO SET UP A Competing Economic Views in 1825, when he founded a community called SCHOOL NEARBY (E STOPPED EMPLOYING Not everyone agreed that laissez-faire capital- New Harmony in Indiana. New Harmony was CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF TEN AND SENT ism was a good thing. Some thinkers blamed to be a utopia, an ideal community where pov- THEM TO SCHOOL INSTEAD &EARING A LOSS capitalism for bad working conditions and big erty and other evils of society did not exist. The ACADEMIC gaps between the rich and poor. They took a belief that such communities can solve society’s OF MONEY /WENS PARTNERS PROTESTED VOCABULARY different stance on economic sytems. Two of problems is called utopianism. )N RESPONSE /WEN BORROWED MONEY stance attitude or these men were Robert Owen and Karl Marx. The efforts of Owen and other people who TO BUY OUT HIS PARTNERS SHARES OF THE position believed in socialism led to a movement called Robert Owen In contrast to the gloomy BUSINESS social democracy. Those who advocated social views of Thomas Malthus, Robert Owen had a democracy wanted to move from capitalism to more hopeful view of how industry might affect socialism by democratic means.
250 CHAPTER 7
Skills Focus: Drawing Conclusions Above Level Reading Skill Economic Issues of the Industrial Revolution Answers Background: %XPLAIN TO STUDENTS THAT FOR COUN 1. /RGANIZE STUDENTS INTO SMALL GROUPS Primary Sources 1. high wages cause TRIES TO DETERMINE WHETHER THEIR ECONOMICS WILL BE 2. (AVE GROUPS DISCUSS WHY THESE VARIOUS population to increase, laborers increase, BASED ON FREE ENTERPRISE OR ON SOCIALISM THEY MUST ECONOMIC ISSUES AROSE DURING THE )NDUSTRIAL wages fall; 2. possible answer—Yes, he DECIDE WHAT GOODS WILL BE PRODUCED HOW GOODS 2EVOLUTION AND WHY DIFFERENT METHODS OF writes about the workers’ happiness, WILL BE PRODUCED AND FOR WHOM /THER ECONOMIC VALUE DETERMINATION EMERGED health, and “enjoyments of life.” FACTORS AROSE DURING THE )NDUSTRIAL 2EVOLUTION SUCH 3. 'UIDE STUDENTS IN A CLASS DISCUSSION ABOUT EACH Reading Check mercantilism gave AS MONETARY SYSTEMS AND MEASURES OF WEALTH AND GROUPS CONCLUSIONS Interpersonal, Verbal- way to capitalism and competition, VALUE DETERMINATION WHICH TODAY INCLUDE SUCH Linguistic laissez-faire economics and The Wealth INDICATORS AS #0) AND '.0 of Nations allowed for increased role of Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubrics 11: entrepeneur Discussions; and 14: Group Activity 250 Karl Marx A more radical view of socialism Effects on Home Life When work was was put forth by two Germans, Friedrich Engels done in the home, women often worked along- and Karl Marx . They declared that as capital- side their husbands. Then when industry drew ism grew, more and more workers would sink workers away from home, women were usually into poverty. In time they would rebel, seize the ones who stayed home to care for children. control of the “means of production”—such as The worlds of work and home began to sepa- Reading Focus factories and farms—and govern themselves. rate. Women and men were seen as occupying Capitalism would collapse. Workers would “separate spheres”—the woman in the home Competing Economic Views establish a society based on cooperation and and the man in the workplace to support the equal distribution of wealth. Such a revolution home and family. Summarize 7HAT DID -ARX AND was inevitable, the authors claimed. %NGELS THINK WOULD HAPPEN TO THE In time, Marx would be better known than CAPITALIST SYSTEM More workers would Engels. In 1867 Marx produced the first vol- EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION sink into poverty; workers would ume of Das Kapital. In this three-part work, he put forth his arguments against capitalism. ON WOMEN rebel, take over means of production, One of its evils, Marx said, was how capitalism Women Who Went from Cottage and then govern themselves. disrupts the relationship between labor and Industries to Factory Work profit. He thought there should be a direct con- Elaborate 7HY DID -ARX SUPPORT W nection between one’s work and one’s pay. For Earned low wages in low-skill jobs THE IDEA OF A COMMAND ECONOMY W Separated from their families example, he thought it was not fair that one W No real improvement in their status possible answer—thought government worker could toil all day at back-breaking labor should control economy and make very little money while another per- Other Working-Class Women son got rich doing nothing more than sitting in W Found jobs as cooks, maids, and an office speculating on future markets. child-care workers because more Marx thought that socialism could help families could afford to hire them rid the world of these injustices. However, he W Found some new educational believed that the transition to socialism would and cultural opportunities in cities Reading Focus W not happen quickly because many people, espe- Overall improvement for many women cially the wealthier classes, would not see any Middle-Class Women How did the Industrial Revolution affect benefit for themselves. For that reason, he W Freed from chores because many could society? growth of new industries, thought the workers would have to control the afford to hire domestic help working class women in factories and government. Because the government would W Began to attend college and get jobs as other jobs, migration of job-seekers to then control the economy, a command economy teachers and nurses would result. The system in which the govern- W Those who did work often criticized by cities, pollution, some countries became ment owns almost all the means of produc- people who said that they should not work powerful, increased standard of living tion and controls economic planning is called outside the home by Valentine Valentine by communism . Years later, some governments W Most affected by idea of separate spheres 1800s Prinsep, Effects on Society would adopt communism and use it to violate
basic human rights and freedom of choice. Tea, for Time Explain (OW DID INDUSTRIALIZATION AFFECT HOME LIFE separate spheres— Infer Why did capitalism pro- voke strong response from the socialists? women stayed home, men worked in factories; women expected to teach Effects on Society morals at home The rise of new economic ideas was among the Make Inferences 7HY DO YOU countless effects of the Industrial Revolution. THINK WOMEN WHO WENT FROM COTTAGE Other effects were felt in small and large ways, INDUSTRIES TO FACTORY WORK HAD NO from how families lived to how countries dealt IMPROVEMENT IN THEIR STATUS possible with each other. For example, the shift away by Silvestro Legato, 1868 Legato, Silvestro by from cottage industries affected home life and answer—were still performing low- the roles of women in society. skilled work The Terrace, The Quick Facts Transparency: Effects of Industrialization on Women THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 251
Skills Focus: Making Oral Presentations At Level Reading Like a Historian Skill Women of Different Social Classes 1. /RGANIZE A TALK SHOW ABOUT THE SOCIAL CHANGED HER LIFE !S THE GUESTS RESPOND DIFFERENCES AMONG WOMEN DURING THE )NDUSTRIAL HAVE AUDIENCE MEMBERS JOT DOWN ONE OR TWO 2EVOLUTION (AVE A NUMBER OF VOLUNTEERS QUESTIONS TO ASK A SPECIlC GUEST REPRESENT WOMEN FROM DIFFERENT SOCIAL CLASSES IN 3. %NCOURAGE THE GUESTS TO ENGAGE WITH EACH A TALK SHOW FORMAT 3ELECT ONE STUDENT TO SERVE OTHER AND THEN ENCOURAGE THE HOST TO INTERJECT AS THE SHOW HOST AND MODERATOR (AVE STUDENTS OCCASIONALLY PREPARE THEIR ROLES BEFOREHAND 4HE REST OF THE Answers 4. !LLOW THE AUDIENCE MEMBERS TO ASK THEIR CLASS WILL SERVE AS THE SHOW AUDIENCE Reading Check Socialists blamed QUESTIONS Kinesthetic, Verbal-Linguistic 2. "EGIN THE TALK SHOW (AVE THE HOST ASK EACH capitalism for harsh working conditions, Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 14: GUEST TO EXPLAIN HOW INDUSTRIALIZATION HAS polluted cities, and the big gaps between Group Activity rich and poor. 251 Interactive ¡/
INDUSTRIALIZED 4U1FUFSTCVSH EUROPE, 1900 48&%&/
/038": 4UPDLIPMN 3BJMSPBE Reading Focus *OEVTUSJBMJ[FEBSFB Coal mines helped make ¡& ¡ Although some countries, such the Ruhr area of Germany ¡& as Sweden, did not develop one of the world’s largest Effects on Society industry early, their natural industrial regions. (MBTHPX resources fed the factories of Recall (OW DID INDUSTRAILIZATION other countries.#BMUJD For example, 4FB #FMGBTU /FXDBTUMF Sweden had major iron deposits. 3644*" POSITIVELY AFFECT 'REAT "RITAIN &RANCE %&/."3, *3&-"/% 6/*5&% /PSUI %VCMJO AND 'ERMANY became leaders in ,*/(%0. 4FB %BO[JH .BODIFTUFS global economy; mass produced ships -JWFSQPPM )BNCVSH & 7J MCF TUV 3 MB #JSNJOHIBN and weapons /&5)&3-"/%4 3 8BSTBX "NTUFSEBN #FSMJO 0EFS3 -POEPO Elaborate (OW MIGHT INDUSTRIALIZATION -PE[ ¡/ (&3."/: 3 LEAD TO CULTURAL CLASHES AND DISCRIMINA #SVTTFMT I JO F #&-(*6. TION possible answer—limited number 3 Great Britain’s industrial 4 F JO 'SBOLGVSU strength brought with it F of jobs, housing, waves of immigrants 3 wealth and power. 1BSJT %B OV looking for work CF JWFS -PJS 3 F Map Transparency: Industrialized 3 .VOJDI "6453*" Europe, 1900 )6/("3: '3"/$& 48*5;&3-"/% CRF: History and Geography: The First -ZPO .JMBO Modern Railroad While much of central and western Europe became heavily
'MPSFODF industrialized, most of southern & CS Europe lagged behind. P .BSTFJMMF 3 41"*/ .FEJUFSSBOFBO *5"-: Interactive Map: Industrialized Europe, 4FB .JMFT 1900 3PNF #BSDFMPOB ,JMPNFUFST "[JNVUIBMFRVBMBSFBQSPKFDUJPO go.hrw.com /BQMFT GEOGRAPHY Interactive Map SKILLS 2ECENT 3CHOLARSHIP INTERPRETING MAPS Keyword: SHL IND 1. Regions What areas were heavily industrialized by 1900? -ANY MALE WRITERS WHO LIVED 2. Human-Environment Interaction Some areas were heavily THROUGH THE )NDUSTRIAL 2EVOLU industrialized but did not have major cities. What do you think explains that situation? TION EXPRESSED A LONGING FOR AN IDEALIZED PAST !CCORDING TO 3USAN :LOTNICK PROFESSOR The idea of separate spheres had another not afford for the wife to stay home. However, OF %NGLISH AT 6ASSAR #OLLEGE effect. Although so many people enjoyed what belief in the home as society’s moral center was "RITISH WOMEN WRITERS HAD the new industrialized economy provided, in equally powerful among lower-class families. A VERY DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE general they saw the business world as with- Effects on Countries On a scale much )N HER BOOK Women, Writing, out moral controls. Women were expected to provide moral guidance in the home. larger than the family home, industrializa- and the Industrial Revolution, Middle-class families were more affected tion also affected entire countries. For some :LOTNICK ARGUES THAT WRITERS by this division between home and work than nations, industry brought with it great power. LIKE %LIZABETH 'ASKELL AND were lower-class families. Poorer families that For example, Great Britain, France, and Ger- many became leaders in the global economy. #HARLOTTE "RONTÑ WERE MORE depended on two incomes to survive could WILLING TO ACCEPT INDUSTRIALISM 252 CHAPTER 7 AND FORESAW THE POSSIBILITY OF IMPROVEMENT IN THE CHANGES THAT IT BROUGHT Skills Focus: Analyzing Costs and Benefits Above Level Women, Writing and the Industrial Social Studies Skill Revolution, BY 3USAN :LOTNICK 4HE *OHNS (OPKINS 5NIVERSITY Analysis of Industrialization 0RESS 1. /RGANIZE STUDENTS INTO SMALL GROUPS THE FUTURE TO ACHIEVE THE MAXIMUM BENElTS 2. (AVE GROUPS DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS WITH MINIMUM COSTS (OW HAS THE )NDUSTRIAL 2EVOLUTION CHANGED 3. 'UIDE STUDENTS IN A LARGE GROUP DISCUSSION OF EVERYDAY LIFE (OW HAS IT CHANGED THE WAY THESE QUESTIONS Intrapersonal YOU VIEW THE WORLD 7HO HAS IT BENElTED Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 11: MOST AND WHO HAS IT BENElTED LEAST (OW Discussions Answers MIGHT THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION Interpreting Maps 1. Britain, BE DIMINISHED &OR EXAMPLE WHAT COULD BE Belgium, parts of Germany and eastern DONE TO REDUCE POLLUTION THAT CONTINUES TO Europe, northern Italy; 2. industrial area OCCUR (OW MIGHT INDUSTRY BE REFOCUSED IN grew up around a mine or power source 252 Mass production increased their ability to Long-Term Effects on Societies Over- build ships and make weapons. With increased all, industrialized societies saw an increase military strength, some countries were able to in wealth. It is true that much of the wealth conquer and control sources of raw materials flowed into the pockets of a few rich industri- around the world. alists. But manufacturing also created a new Reading Focus The powerful industrial giants could even middle class of clerks, merchants, and manag- control the economy of a place thousands of ers. In general, the standard of living , or level miles away. For example, India had made and of material comfort, for people in industrialized Effects on Society exported cotton cloth for centuries already countries improved. Even many of the poorest when Britain took control of the region. Indian people gradually benefited from labor-saving Identify 7HAT BENElTS DID INDUSTRI textile workshops were not mechanized, how- devices and cheap, machine-made goods. ALIZATION BRING TO SOME NATIONS great ever, so cotton cloth imported from Britain was The Industrial Revolution introduced power, military strength, increase in cheaper. The Indian textile industry could not something new to the middle class: leisure. overall wealth and standard of living, compete and was practically destroyed. People had more time on their hands and more Back on this side of the world, the effect money in their pockets. They could enjoy public leisure time of industrialization on the United States was sports events, a concert in the park, a day at Evaluate 7HICH DO YOU THINK WERE very dramatic. With its huge size, wealth of the beach, or even a vacation. With increased natural resources, and spirit of independence, leisure time, they could become more educated GREATER THE COSTS OR BENElTS OF INDUS the United States industrialized rapidly. Like or participate more deeply in politics. TRIALIZATION possible answers—costs; the major industrial powers of Europe, the You will soon read how industrialization destroyed an older way of life and the United States gained global political power brought big changes to almost all aspects of environment; benefits; brought pros- based on its industrial strength. In addition, daily life—from art to transportation. We are industry helped the country’s population grow still experiencing those changes in our lives perity, wealth, and leisure time quickly. A large number of the new Americans today. The full story of the Industrial Revolu- CRF: Biography: Louis Pasteur had moved from other lands around the world, tion has yet to be written. drawn by jobs in American factories. The immi- CRF: Interdisciplinary Project grants, both skilled and unskilled, contributed Identify Cause and to the nation’s economic success and its cul- Effect What were some of the major effects industri- tural variety. alization had on families and countries?
go.hrw.com SECTION 3 ASSESSMENT Online Quiz Keyword: SHL IND HP Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People Critical Thinking 1. a. Identify What is the connection between Adam Smith 4. Compare and Contrast How did each of the major economic Close and laissez-faire economics? theories propose to change or benefit society? Fill in a table 'UIDE STUDENTS IN A DISCUSSION ABOUT THE b. Draw Conclusions Why do you think some economists like the one below with as many changes as you can. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRI believed that unrestricted capitalism would help all of Theory Proposed Social Change society? ALIZATION Capitalism c. Predict What are some of the groups of people who might have called the big industrialists “robber barons”? Who might Utopianism Review have called them “captains of industry”? Online Quiz, Section 3 2. a. Describe What was the role of Karl Marx and Friedrich Socialism Engels in the development of socialism? Communism Assess b. Analyze How would someone who advocated social democracy have responded to Marx’s prediction? SE Section 3 Assessment 3. a. Recall How did the Industrial Revolution affect the standard of living for people in industrialized countries? Progress Assessment: Section 3 Quiz b. Interpret Why do you think Americans’ spirit of indepen- 5. Description Imagine that you belong to a middle-class Alternative Assessment Handbook dence encouraged the growth of capitalism? family in the late 1800s. Write a conversation that you have with your great-grandfather about the changes that your c. Predict How do you think the idea of separate spheres family has experienced over the years. Reteach/Intervene affected the children of middle-class families? Interactive Reader and Study Guide, THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 253 Section 3 Interactive Skills Tutor CD-ROM Section 3 Assessment Answers
1. a. Smith supported laissez-faire economics in c. possible answers—children’s morals his book, The Wealth of Nations. improved; probably missed their fathers b. saw restrictions as obstacles that prevented 4. Capitalism—increased wealth, fewer govern- the growth of companies ment restrictions; Utopianism—poverty and c. factory workers; business owners, capitalists social evils eliminated; Socialism—societal 2. a. developed communism, a more radical control of property and industry; Communism— approach to socialist ideas workers control government and economy Answers b. possible answer—might agree with Marx 5. Student conversations might include that the because of his socialist views Reading Check families—wealth, middle class can afford new products, enjoy leisure time, better educated; countries— 3. a. increased standard of living leisure time, and live in cities. increased power, wealth, and living b. possible answer—Americans wanted indi- standards; overcrowding of cities, vidual rights and fewer economic restrictions. pollution, rapid population growth 253