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Between Women: Alliances and Divisions in American Indian, Mexican American, and Anglo American Literatures of Protest to Colonialism

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Between Women: Alliances and Divisions in American Indian, Mexican American, and Anglo American Literatures of Protest to Colonialism Between Women: Alliances and Divisions in American Indian, Mexican American, and Anglo American Literatures of Protest to Colonialism Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Burford, Arianne Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 28/09/2021 21:26:28 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195349 1 BETWEEN WOMEN: ALLIANCES AND DIVISIONS IN AMERICAN INDIAN, MEXICAN AMERICAN, AND ANGLO AMERICAN LITERATURES OF PROTEST TO COLONIALISM by Arianne Burford _________________ Copyright © by Arianne Burford 2007 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2007 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Arianne Burford entitled Between Women: Alliances and Divisions in American Indian, Mexican American, and Anglo American Literatures of Protest to Colonialism and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ____________________________________________________________Date: 5/7/07 Daniel Cooper Alarcón ____________________________________________________________Date: 5/7/07 Judy Nolte Temple ___________________________________________________________Date: 5/7/07 Luci Tapahonso Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ____________________________________________________________Date: 11/22/06 Dissertation Director: Daniel Cooper Alarcón 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Arianne Burford 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful for the encouragement and support that I have received from so many people along this journey toward realizing my dream of earning a Ph.d. I would like to thank my dissertation Chair, Dr. Daniel Cooper-Alarcón, for his respect for my work not only as a scholar, but also in terms of my commitment to social justice. His positive feedback on my writing and the time he puts in to helping graduate students get jobs is truly generous. All of my committee members believed that what I have to say is important, and their confidence in my work is something that I look forward to passing along to others. Dr. Judy Nolte Temple provided me valuable feedback on feminisms, asked me good questions along the way, and supported me toward my new position in Women’s Studies. Professor Luci Tapahonso taught me the importance of doing respectful scholarship on literature that inspires me. I treasure the stories we have shared about our dogs. I also want to thank Dr. Susan White for her tremendously brilliant sense of humor and for always having time to close the door and listen. Through these years Dr. Charles Scruggs has always conveyed an undoubting belief in my abilities and success as a teacher. Dr. White and Dr. Scruggs have taught me the pedagogical importance of humor in the classroom, something I will always keep with me. Numerous other people have provided support for me here at the University of Arizona and have been so gracious with their time. I appreciate Marcia Marma’s sense of humor and Chris Kiesel’s hard work—they are women whose work is the glue for the department. Both Dr. Susan Aiken and Dr. Meg Lota Brown provided amazing assistance and respect as graduate directors. Dr. Edgar Dryden has provided support and respect for my work as well. My family and friends have given me the kind of love and courage to have faith in my own voice, to write passionately, and to follow the paths in life that lead to empowerment and strength. Thanks, Mom, for always telling me to follow what inspires me, and that I am a capable woman. Thanks, Dad, for telling me when I was a child that if I wanted to I could become a doctor, and that my own voice is worth finding. My sister, Larissa, continues to respect and value my dreams. Thanks to my aunt and uncle Sharolyn and John for your love and recognition of that which nourishes the spirit. Greg Grewell loved me and shared with me the beauty in the wilderness. Our dog, Garbanzo, was a constant, happy friend and hiking companion. Spring Ulmer has known me and valued the passion and poetics of writing. Thanks too to Leigh Jones—you have shared so much strength on our hikes in the desert. Wendy Burke has offered her kindness. Thanks, Amy Hamilton and Randi Tanglen, for your encouragement on my writing. Debra White-Stanley has offered so much courage and been so generous with her time right up until the end. Thanks also to Rachel Scott for our friendship and long talks about alliances between women. Finally, I want to thank Laura Gronewold—friend, you are an inspiration to me. Thanks Laura and Chad for providing me with a room of one’s own, from which I am writing these very words. 5 DEDICATION To those who have had the courage to voice social protest—past, present, and future. To all women who have survived violence in its numerous forms. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………..11 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………….12 CHAPTER ONE: SARAH WINNEMUCCA’S LIFE AMONG THE PIUTES: TRAVERSING UNEVEN GROUND BETWEEN WOMEN’S RIGHTS, REFORM MOVEMENTS, AND NATIVE PEOPLES’RIGHTS………………………………......28 Historical Contexts for the Production of Life Among the Piutes: Winnemucca as Political Spokesperson……………………………………….34 Alliances between Winnemucca and Mary Mann and Elizabeth Peabody....39 Contexts for Reading Winnemucca’s Portrayal of Alliances Between Women: Abolition, “The Indian Problem,” and “The Woman Question”……………………………………………………………………..…41 The Women’s National Indian Association: Anglo Women as Mediators and Missionaries………………………………………………………………..43 Winnemucca’s Critique of Reform Movements and Women’s Rights: Protesting Racism and Imagining New Directions for Alliances Between Women………………………………………………………………………......48 Alliances Between Women Against Sexual Assault in Life Among the Piutes………………………………………………………………………….....63 Sexual Exploitation and the Exploitation of Labor: Anglo Women’s Complicity in the Political Economy………………………………………......73 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS- Continued The Debate about Winnemucca as Assimilationist: a Call for Further Nuanced Readings…………………………………………………………........80 The Peabody Institute: An Alliance Between Women Against Assimilationist Boarding Schools………………………………………………………………..85 Winnemucca’s Testimony and Recent American Indian Women Activists: Parallels Between the Past and the Present…………………………………...88 Conclusions: or, a Call for Further Parallels Between the Past, Present, and Future and the Decolonizing of Feminisms.……………………………...94 CHAPTER TWO: “I’M AN UMMERIKAN”: WOMEN’S RIGHTS, ALLIANCES BETWEEN WOMEN, AND FISSURES TO COLONIAL DISCOURSES IN HELEN HUNT JACKSON’S RAMONA......…………………………………………………......98 Biographical Background on Jackson and the Production of the Text……106 Coming to Terms with Ramona’s Ideological Limitations………………….108 Nostalgia for the Mission System: The Women’s National Indian Association as Context for Alliances Between Women in Ramona...………112 Moments of Opposition to the Mission System……………………………...117 Jackson’s Critique of Anglo Women’s Complicity: Alliance Building and Women’s Rights…………………………………………………………….....121 Alliances Between Women: Political Power and the Nation-State………..129 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS- Continued Alliances Between Women Against Colonialist Power and Violence Against Women…………………………………………………………….…………...137 Between Three Women is a Man: Mexican American Women as Scapegoats for Anglo Women………………………………………...................................143 Cultural Relevance of Ramona to the Twenty-First Century………………146 Conclusions: Decolonizing Feminisms in the Twenty-First Century…...…152 CHAPTER THREE: “ YOU AIN’T GOING TO SEND MY MOTHER TO CONGRESS”: MARÍA AMPARO RUIZ DE BURTON NEGOTIATES WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND ALLIANCES BETWEEN WOMEN AGAINST VIOLENT WHITE MASCULINITY………………………………………………………………………..159 Mapping the Colonialist Terrain of Ruiz de Burton’s Writing in Chicana and Chicano Literary Studies……………………………………………………..164 Historical Context for the Production of Ruiz de Burton’s Novels…..…….170 The Squatter and the Don and Who Would Have Thought It?: Drawing Connections Between Colonialism and Women’s Rights…………………...171 Divisions Between Women: Anglo Women Profiting at the Expense of Mexican American Women in Who Would Have Thought It?.......................177 Imagining Alliances Between Women Against White Colonial
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