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Exhibition Catalogue “The Iron Pulpit”: Missionary Printing Presses in British Columbia The University of British Columbia Library Rare Books and Special Collections September 4 to October 31, 2012 Acknowledgements This project would not have been possible without the support and assistance of many people. This exhibition grows out of the 2009/2010 UBC Green College lecture series, “Peoples and the Book: The History of the Bible in BC.” Thank you to Ralph Stanton (Head, UBC Rare Books and Special Collections) for initiating this exhibition and Mark Vessey (Principal, UBC Green College) for early support and input into conceptualization. At UBC Rare Books and Special Collections, Katherine Kalsbeek has been most gracious and helpful in supervising the project in its later stages. Many others at UBC Library have likewise been of great assistance. Thanks, in particular, to the friendly and helpful staff at Rare Books, to Alvan Bregman for tips on exhibition layout and document preservation, to Rudi Traichel for research on maps, and Jessica Woolman and Glenn Drexhage for their catalogue design and production. At Xwi7xwa Library, thanks to Ann Doyle for her input and support. Krista Bergstrom from the UBC Museum of Anthropology shared documentation files on the Raley press. We are also immensely grateful to UBC professors Margery Fee (English) and Robert A.J. McDonald (History) and University of Toronto professor Pamela Klassen (Religious Studies) for their feedback on the exhibition catalogue. Further thanks, too, to Pamela Klassen for sharing a written copy of her insightful “Protestant Potlatch” lecture. This project has benefited from the help of many people beyond UBC. At the Royal British Columbia Museum, Robert Griffin and Lorne Hammond provided “backstage” access to the Demers printing press; staff at the BC Archives arranged access to original copies of Le Courrier. Carey Pallister and Mickey King from the Sisters of St. Ann Archives in Victoria generously allowed access and reproduction of materials relating to the Demers press. Michael Lapierre provided access to the Catholic Diocese of Victoria Archives. Wendy Nichols and Jillian Poverchook at the Museum of Vancouver assisted with the record and photograph of the Raley press. This exhibition has been greatly amplified by materials from the private collections of Glenn Woodsworth and John Keenlyside. Thank you very much for sharing. Final and special thanks are due to Stephen Lunsford, whose decades-long research on this subject gave initial impetus to this project and who has generously and enthusiastically supported our research in a number of different ways. Alicia Fahey (PhD Student, Department of English, UBC) Chelsea Horton (PhD Candidate, Department of History, UBC) © Alicia Fahey and Chelsea Horton 2012 Vancouver: University of British Columbia Library Beginnings This exhibition begins with the story of a small iron printing press. This was the first press to arrive in the future province of British Columbia and was brought to Victoria in the 1850s by Roman Catholic Bishop, Modeste Demers.1 The actual date of arrival is contested; most indicate the press arrived in 1856, others suggest it was earlier.2 The press was reportedly given to Demers in France in 1851 by a French Catholic missionary society and is said to have been over a century old by the time it arrived in the fur trade settlement of Victoria, located on 1 Iterations of this story, not always consistent, include, in chronological order: J. Forsyth, “Pioneer Press of British Columbia,” First Annual Report and Proceedings: British Columbia Historical Association (1923), 22-28; Douglas C. McMurtrie, The First Printing in British Columbia (Chicago: privately printed, 1929), 5-22; Ægidius Fauteux, The Introduction of Printing into Canada (Montreal: Rollan Paper Company, 1957 [1929]), 151-162; J.N.J. Brown, “The First Printing Press Introduced Into B.C.: Interesting Reminiscences of Early Journalism in the Days of Pioneer Newspapers,” The Bulletin (22 March 1929), The Sisters of St. Ann Archives, Victoria, B.C. (SSA Archives), S-35-52- File 2, “Printing Press”; “Catholic Bishop, French Count, First Publishers,” The Nanaimo Free Press (1934), Catholic Diocese of Victoria Archives (CDVA), Modeste Demers, Box 1, “First Printing Press 1852”; George Bartley, “British Columbia Before Confederation,” Official Souvenir, 85th Convention of Typographers Union (Vancouver August 1941), SSA Archives, “Printing Press”; Eileen Archer, “First Bishop of Diocese Brought First Press to B.C.,” The Torch [Victoria, BC] XV, no.1 (February 1955), 7, SSA Archives, “Printing Press”; Basil Stuart-Stubbs, “British Columbia’s Peripatetic Press,” British Columbia Library Quarterly 22, no. 1 (July 1958), 25-30; The Daily Colonist (Wed 16 July 1958), SSA Archives, “Printing Press”; John Clyde Oswald, Printing in the Americas (Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press, 1965), 522-524; Cecil Clark, “Old Press Printed First Colonist…and Turned out a Great Deal of B.C.’s Newspaper History,” The Daily Colonist (Sunday 27 Feb 1966), 12-13, SSA Archives, “Printing Press”; Eric Haworth, Imprint of a Nation (Toronto: Baxter Publishing, 1969), 189-195; H. Pearson Gundy, Canada, The Spread of Printing, Western Hemisphere (Amsterdam: Van Gendt; New York: Abner Schram, 1972), 72-74; Leigh Gordon, “The Little Press that Changed B.C.,” The Magazine (Sunday 14 August 198[3?]), 10, SSA Archives, “Printing Press”; Cecil Clark, “First Colonist Press Had Colorful History,” The Daily Colonist (Sunday 3 Sept 1978), 3, SSA Archives, “Printing Press”; Wilfred P. Schoenberg, S.J., Jesuit Mission Presses in the Pacific Northwest: A History and Bibliography of Imprints, 1876-1899, Plus Other Early Catholic Presses and a Critical Study of the Lapwai Press, 1839-1849 (Fairfield, WA: Ye Galleon Press, 1994), 81-84; “Printing the Paper: Colonist’s First Press was Already Ancient,” Times Colonist (2 Jan 2008), CDVA, “First Printing Press 1852.” 2 For descriptions of the press arriving in 1856 see, for example, McMurtrie, The First Printing in British Columbia. 5; Fauteux, The Introduction of Printing into Canada, 151-152; Gundy, Canada, 72; Clark, “First Colonist Press Had Colorful History,” 3. For earlier arrival dates see “Death of the Right Reverend Modeste De Mers [sic], Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Vancouver Island,” The Daily Standard (Sat 29 July 1871), 3, BC Archives, Modeste Demers Vertical File; Stuart-Stubbs, “British Columbia’s Peripatetic Press,” 25. Jeremiah Saunders notes that Stuart-Stubbs, who described the press arriving in 1852, later published a correction, but Saunders was unable to locate it: “The Fraser River Gold Rush of 1858 and the Victoria Newspaper Boom: An Account of Bishop Demers’ Printing Press with the Victoria Gazette and the British Colonist,” paper prepared for UBC Rare Books and Special Collections, available online at http://www.library.ubc.ca/spcoll/exhibitions.html (accessed 7 August 2012). 1 Exhibition_Catalogue_final.pdf 2 12-08-28 9:21 AM the traditional territory of the Lekwungen people. The specific route it travelled, like much of its history, is a matter of speculation.3 Though the press was intended for missionary printing, its life story reveals that it was put to many unexpected uses. There is an indication that Demers printed materials including prayers and visiting cards on the press prior to 1858, when news of gold on the Fraser River sparked significant migration to Victoria, substantially shifting the small colonial town’s composition and character.4 At this point Demers evidently loaned or rented his press out to several different people, who used it to print a handful of short-lived newspapers (Vancouver Island Gazette, Le Courrier de la Nouvelle Calédonie, and News Letter), as well as one of the first books in what became, in 1871, the Canadian province of British Columbia (Alfred Waddington’s The Fraser Mines Vindicated, or, the History of Four Months).5 The press may also have been used to print government proclamations.6 In December 1858, the press was sold to journalist-cum-politician Amor De Cosmos and used to print the 3 On the press arriving in 1851 see, for example, Archer, “First Bishop of Diocese Brought First Press to B.C.,” 7. While most indicate that the press travelled directly from France, other (Catholic) sources suggest it made its way north via a California mission. On this second stance see Archer, “First Bishop,” 7; Sister Mary Margaret Down, A Century of Service, 1858-1958: A History of the Sisters of St. Ann and their Contribution to Education in British Columbia, the Yukon and Alaska (Victoria: The Sisters of St. Ann, 1966), 70-71; Schoenberg, Jesuit Mission Presses, 81. Schoenberg also repeats the frequent description of the press being over one hundred years old upon arrival in Victoria. 4 “Death of the Right Reverend Modeste De Mers.” Demers makes no mention of printing activity in letters home to his family in Quebec, which are fairly perfunctory and irregular: Modeste Demers, “Letters to his Relatives, 1839-1866,” Translation by Mrs. Vera Drury, BC Archives, E/B/D39D. Likewise, “Resume des Lettres de Mgr. Modeste Demers, Eveque de Vancouver,” CDVA, Modeste Demers, Box 1, “Archival Info From Quebec,” makes no mention of printing. Further original research is needed to determine the scope of Demers’ potential printing activity. 5 This is well detailed in Stuart-Stubbs, “British Columbia’s Peripatetic Press”; Saunders, “The Fraser River Gold Rush.” Waddington’s The Fraser Mines narrowly missed out on becoming the first book printed in British Columbia when the text described in shorthand as Cameron’s Rules of Practice was published roughly a fortnight earlier. Stuart- Stubbs, “British Columbia’s Peripatetic Press,” 26-28. For bibliographic details on The Fraser Mines and Rules of Practice see Glennis Zilm, “Early B.C. Books: An Overview of Trade Book Publishing in British Columbia in the 1800s with Checklists and Selected Bibliography Related to British Columbiana” (M.A.
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