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Eugene De Mazenod — 1782-1808 3 I

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A History o f the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate A sincere thanks to Father Felix Vallèe, Provincial, who greatly assisted the composition of this book and authorized its publication; to Father Fernand Jetté, Superior General, for the priceless and constant encouragement he gave me. My gratitude also extends to Fathers Gaston Carrière, André Dorval and Jean-Paul Demers who reviewed the text, as well as to all those who gave me their fraternal collaboration. DONAT LEVASSEUR, O.M.I. Translated by John Rheidt, O.M.I. and Aloysius Kedl, O.M.I. A History of the Missionary Oblates Mary Immaculate Toward a Synthesis I 1815-1898 ROME GENERAL HOUSE 1985 Table of Contents Table o f Contents ............................................................................ VII Presentation ................................................................................................. XV Introduction ........................................................ XVII Bibliography .................................................... XIX Part One — The Beginnings - 1815-1841 Chapter 1 — The Lord’s Elect: Eugene de Mazenod — 1782-1808 3 I. Family Origins: 3. — A true native of Provence: 3. II. Exile: 5. — Nice and Turin: 5. — Venice; Don Bartolo Zinelli: 5. — Naples: 8. — Palermo: his personality revealed: 9. — End of Exile: 10. III. Return to France: 11. — Disappointment and boredom: 11. — Fortune eludes him: 12. — A broken home: 13. — Nothing satisfies him: 14. — Return to Sicily is impossible: 15. IV. Priestly Vocation: 16. — The Lord’s call: 16. — A profound conver­ sion: 17. — Committed to the apostolate as a layman: 18. — “I will be a priest.”: 19. Chapter 2 — Completely and Solely in thé Service of the Church: Eugene de Mazenod— 1808-1815 21 I. In the Major Seminary of Paris — 1808-1812: 21. — The seminar­ ian’s life: 21. — Priest in a persecuted and neglected Church: 22. — Captivated by Christ the Saviour: 24. — Father Emery’s collaborator: 25. — Works of zeal: 27. — Ordination to the priesthood: 27. — Director at the Major Seminary: 28. II. Activities at Aix — 1812-1815: 29. — Ministry at Aix: 29. — The Christian Youth Association: 30. — Choice in favour of the poor: 31. — Ardent defender of the Church: 33. — His project of a Society of missionaries for Provence: 35. Chapter 3 — The Society of the Missionaries of Provence, 1815-1825 ........................... .......................... 39 /. The Foundation — 1815-1816: 39. — The intervention of Providence: 39. Purchase of the former Carmelite monastery in Aix: 40. — Foundation of the Society: 41. — Its first members: 42. — Setbacks: 44. — Gathering in community: 45. — The very first community: 49. IL The Society's First Developments, 1816-1825: 51. Conflict with the parish priests in Aix: 51. — Measures to assure the future: 52. — Con­ fronting the failure of these measures: 53. — An establishment at Laus: 54. — The First Rules and the First Vows: 55. — The Society’s expan­ sion: 57. — An internal crisis: 58. — Peace and unity: 60. — The Society in December 1825: 61. Chapter 4 — The Oblate Missionaries of Mary Immaculate, 1825-1840 . ................... 63 I. The Papal Approval of 1826: 63. — Advantages and apprehensions: 63. — Revision of the Rules: 64. — The Founder’s hesitations: 65. — The name Oblates of Mary Immaculate: 66. — Audience of December 20, 1825: 67. — Approval of the Rules: 68. — Promulgation of the Rules:?!. II. The Congregation’s Growth: 1825-1840: 71. — The major seminary of Marseilles: 12. — The major seminary of Ajaccio: 74. — A Marian consecration and mission: 75. — The first Marian shrines: 77. — Keen desire for foreign missions: 77. — The Oblates refused in Algeria: 77. — The desire for foreign missions approved by the General Chapter: 79. — Proposed foundation for America: 79. III. The State of the Congregation in 1840: 80. — Personnel: 80. — Houses: 81. — Works: 82. — The need to expand: 82. Chapter 5 —- Missionaries to the Poor— 1815-1840 ...... 85 I. The Ministry o f the Missions: 85. — An adaptation of a traditional formula: 8 6 .— Innovations: 87. — The missions from 1815 to 1823: 89. — Partial and complete successes: 90. — The mission at Marseilles: 92. — The mission at Aix: 94. — New missionary fields, from 1823 to 1840: 96. — Switzerland: 96. — Corsica: 97. — In France: 98. — An apostolic field to be enlarged: 98. II. Other Ministries: 99. — Churches and shrines: 99. — Receiving priests and seminarians: 101. — Works in the cities of Aix and Mar­ seilles: 101. Part Two — Ait Era of Foundations — 1841-1861 Chapter 6 — Expansion in France and Implantation in England 1841-1861 ................................................................. 107 I. Expansion in France - New Establishments: 107. — Five houses of missionaries: 108. — Six Marian shrines: 109. — The milieux that were evangelized: 111. — Three major seminaries: 111. — The scholasticate of Montolivet, a house in Paris: 112. — In the already existing works: 113. — Dismissal from Notre-Dame du Laus: 114. — Full novitiates: 115.—Two new Provinces established: 116. II. Implantation in England: II8. — The first steps: 118. — A founda­ tion at Penzance: 119. — The foundations fròm 1845 to 1849: 121. — Bishop de Mazenod’s visit in 1850: 122. — Financial crisis: 123. — Sta­ bilization 1850-1861: 124: — Three foundations in England: 124. — IX Three foundations in Ireland: 125. — Two foundations in Scotland: 126. — Bishop de Mazenod’s visit in 1857: 127. — Apostolato among the poor: 127. Personnel, houses: 128. Chapter 7 — Implantation in America, 1841-1861 ................... 131 I. In Eastern Canada: 131. — The appeal of Bishop Bourget: 131. — Foundation: 133. — First activities, Longueuil, Montreal: 134. — Bytown, Indian missions, lumber camps: 136. — Diocese of Bytown: 137. — In the diocese of Quebec, Indian missions, St-Alexis, Quebec: 138. — Missions and foundations in the United States: 140. — Pro­ vince, personnel: 141. II. In the Canadian West and North: 143. — Missionaries sent: 143. — Among the Saulteaux: 144. — Among the Montagnais and the Cree, in the Far North: 145. — In the West: 146. — Results of these first labours: 147. — The Vicariate in 1861: 148. III. In Oregon and in British Columbia: 150. — Foundation: 150. — In Oregon: 151. — In British Columbia; 153. — The mission in 1861: 154. IV. In Texas: 154. — Foundation at Brownsville: 154, — The founda­ tion taken up again: 156. — Galveston, Brownsville, the ranchos, in Mexico: 156. — Trials, personnel: 158. Chapter 8 — In Asia and in Africa — The General Government 1841-1861 .......................................................................... 159 I. Ceylon: 159. — In “one of the most beautiful missions”: 159. — A situation of conflict, an unforeseen orientation: 160. — Father Semeria, Vicar Apostolic: 162. — In the Vicariate of Colombo: 164. — Beyond intrigue: 165. The state of the mission in 1861: 166. II. Algeria: 166. — In a desired mission: 166. — Why it was relin­ quished: 167. III. Natal: 169. — An unexpected request from the Holy See: 169, — Foundation, first ministry: 171, — Lack of success among the Zulu; St, Michael, Our Lady of Seven Sorrows: 173, — An element of hope: Basutoland: 175. — The state of the mission in 1861: 176, IV. The General Government: 176, — Concern for the foreign missions: 176, — 1850 General Chapter: provinces, changes to the Rules: 177, — Affiliation of the Holy Family of Bordeaux: 178, — Bishop de Mazenod, Superior General: 179, V. The Congregation in 1861; 180, — Personnel, works: 180. Part Three Taking Root and Growing: 1861-1898 Chapter 9 — In Europe: 1861-1898 ................... 185 I. The General Government: 185. — Joseph Fabre, Superior General: 185. — Louis Souiller, Superior General: 187. — Painful conflict with Bishop Cruice: 187. — Family bonds: 190. — A procurator to the Holy See: 192. — Seholastieates; 192. —• The Holy Family of Bordeaux; 193. II. The Provinces o f France: 194. — Zeal for parish missions: 194, —- The shrines of Tours and Pontmain: 195. — The work of Montmartre: 195. — Trials of 1871 and 1880; 199, — New foundations; 200, — Some personalities: 202, — State of the two Provinces: 203. III. The Anglo-Irish Province: 205. — New works: 205. — Foundation in Australia: 207. — Apostolic activities: 208. — The Province in 1898: 208. IV. Origins o f the Province o f Germany: 209. — Foundation: 209. — The young Province: 210. Chapter 10 — In Eastern Canada and in the United States 1861- 1898 . 211 I. The Province of Canada: 211. — The Indian missions: to Labrador and to Chimo: 212. — From Temiscaming to James Bay: 214. — The St.-Maurice and other missions: 215. — The ministry of the mission­ aries: 216. — Among the pioneers: Maniwaki, Temiscaming, Mattawa: 217. — Montreal, a centre for preaching: 219. — Saint-Sauveur in Quebec: 221. — Ottawa: parishes, the University: 221. — Hull: Notre- Dame de Grace: 222. — Lowell: centre for Franco-American works: 223. — Among the English-speaking people: 224. — Houses of forma­ tion: 225. — Fathers Antoine and Lefebvre: 225. — State of the Pro­ vince in 1898: 228. II. The Missions o f Texas and the Province o f the United States: 228. — Trials coming from the outside: 228. — Refusal of apostolic vicar­ iates: 229. — An internal crisis: 230. — A Province in the United States: 231. — Works of the new Province: 234. Chapter 11 — In the Canadian West and North — 1861-1898 235 I. The Vicariate o f St. Boniface: 235. — Divisions of the vicariate: 235. — The mission of St-Laurent: 237. — The mission at Fort Alexander: 239. — The mission of Qu’Appelle:
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  • WAKEFIELD COVERED BRIDGE a Brief History Quick Facts

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    WAKEFIELD COVERED BRIDGE A Brief History Quick Facts - The Gatineau River has always been an important transportation route. It was very well known to the Indigenous peoples of the area as long as 4000 years ago. - Philemon Wright's settlement of Hull in 1800 began to extend to the north and by the 1830s the settlement of Wakefield was growing on the banks of the Gatineau River close to its junction with the La Peche river. - As more people settled on the land and commerce began to increase, local people began to operate ferry-scows at different points up and down the river. In the winter, people and communities were linked by ice bridges and ice roads marked out on the ice. - Between 1910-20, the province wanted to encourage more settlement and development, so they were financing the construction of roads and simple wooden bridges. - The first bridge over the Gatineau River was built in 1907 at Grand-Remous and by 1915 Wakefield had its very own covered bridge. The bridge was named after the Member of the Legislative Assembly at the time, Ferdinand-Ambroise Gendron. - Road traffic increased very quickly around the end of the Second World War (1939-1945) and heavier vehicles began to take their toll on the bridge and height restriction bars were installed. 17 WAKEFIELD COVERED BRIDGE A Brief History Quick Facts - Transport Quebec decided that the weight limit for the bridge should be set at 7 tons, which meant that an empty bus could cross the bridge but its passengers would have to walk.
  • 3.3 River Morphology

    3.3 River Morphology

    NATURAL HERITAGE 159 3.3 River Morphology The Ottawa River environment changes constantly. Rivers can be divided into three zones: the headwater stream zone, middle‐order zone and lowland zone. The Ottawa River displays characteristics of each of these zones. Along its path, the river alternates between rapids, lakes, shallow bays, and quiet stretches. More than 80 tributaries contribute their water to the river’s force. As a tributary itself, the Ottawa River meets the St. Lawrence River at its southern end. The numerous dams along the Ottawa River affect the duration, frequency, timing and rate of the natural water flow. 3.3.1 Channel Pattern Because water will always travel in the path of least resistance, a river’s channel pattern, or map view, is a response to the physiographic features of the area. The channel pattern of a river can take many forms. Kellerhals et al (1976) suggest classifying channel patterns into six categories: straight, sinuous, irregular (wandering), irregular meanders, regular meanders, and tortuous meanders. Overall, the Ottawa River is a constrained, straight river that has been highly altered. The river is said to be constrained because it exists within a valley, although a flood plain exists on the Ontario shore of the river and on parts of the Quebec shore. For the most part there is a main river channel lacking the sinuosity generally observed in unconstrained rivers. Figure 3.25 Main River Channel of the Ottawa Source: Christian Voilemont NATURAL HERITAGE 160 Figure 3.26 Ottawa River Watershed Source : Jan Aylsworth 3.3.2 Landforms and Depositional Forms Material that is transported down a river can be deposited temporarily and then reactivated as the channel shifts, creating transient landforms.