DOCSLIB.ORG

The Nazi New Order the President of the United States of America and the FIRST -"A Peace Whid1 Would Not Be Based Upon the Prime Minister, Mr

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Nazi New Order the President of the United States of America and the FIRST - What Is This War About? ~oint Progratn It: s-e ERMAN :. i eN t" d unon by 8 agree r 1t oOseve (EY CENTE :~~. · dent R prest: . "Minister Univer"iy. of To!edo U b ~:~j and prune h·l\ I I oicd lf-dPnfU ted in part from chure 1 "" 1\· qf,pterature Vtf nston . h nlans {or f, ~WutIf~!f t d Wit r by t e Wo'ft'it"€-itize . ation, Chicago Group, conlras e Or d er 86 East Randolph Street, Chicago, Ill_ . The Naz1· NeW 'Ike Eight Points The Nazi New Order The President of the United States of America and the FIRST -"A peace whid1 would not be based upon the Prime Minister, Mr. Churchill, representing his Majesty's - waving of olive branches and tearful misery­ Government in the United Kingdom, being met together, mongering of pacifist old women, but a peace that would be deem it right to make known certain common principles in the national policies of their respective countries on which guaranteed by the triumphant sword of a people 'endowed they base their hopes for a better future for the world. with a power to master the 'world, and to administer it in the services of a higher civilization." -Their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial Adolf Hillel': "Mein Kampf." FIRST - or other. SECOND- "In this great struggle ... there can be no more -They desire to see no territorial changes that do - consideration of the claims of impotent un­ SECOND - not accord with the freely expressed wishes of qualified and arrogant representatives of other nations." the peoples concerned. Alfred R.osenberg: "Mylhlls des XX Jahrhunderts." THIRD- They respect the right of all peoples to choose the THIRD: :'Not one of t~ese sm,~l\ nations has a right to • form of government under which they will live; tndependent eXIstence. General Haushofer. and they wish to see sovereign rights and self-government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them. FOURTH: "A maximum of economic security. for the Greater German ReIch, and 'a maxImum of FOURTH. T~e~ will e~de~vor, with due respect ~or their - eXlsttng obltgattons, to further the enjoyment consumption for the German people in' order to increase its by all States, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, prosperity. This is the aim which ' European economy must on equal terms, to the tr_ade and to the raw materials of the set before it. " R.eichsminisler Fun~: July 26, 1940. world which are needed for their economic prosperity. FIFTH. "All soil and industrial property of inhabitants - They desir.e to bring about the fullest collabora­ • of non-German origin will be confiscated- without FIFTH• tion between all nations in the economic field- with exception and distributed primarily among worthy members the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social security. of the Party .. , thus a new aristocra~y of ,German masters (Herrenvolk) will be created. This aristocracy will have SIXTH - After the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, slaves assigned to 'it, these slaves to be their property and - they hope to see established a peac(! which will to consist of landless German nations." afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that Reichsminisler Darre: May 1940. all the!' men in all the lands may live out their lives in free­ SIXTH- "It is necessary to think not only in terms of a dom from fear and want. , • National State, but of a World Empire. The posi­ tion of the Poles or the Negroes in the colonies must be SEVENTH -Such a peace should enable all men to traverse , - the high seas and Oceans without hindrance. considered, under criminal law, from the point of view of the supremacy of the German people." EIGHTH- They believe that all of' the nations of the Reichsminisler Frank: Munich, No.,vember 22, 1940. ,- world, ' for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the abandonment of the use of force. Since no SEVENTH: "O.ur Fleet will be developed and enlarged to future peace can be maintained if land, seq or air armaments a sIze befitttng our world power. It will take continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may the protection of German interests in the worI'd into its threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, pending the establishment of-a widpr and permanent system strong hands and will carry the German Bag and the German of general security, that the disarmament of sud1 nations is name, together with the German merchant fleet over the space of the globe. " essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other Admiral Raeder: January 28,1941. practicable measures which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments. ' EIGHTH: "The pacifist-humanitarian idea may indeed ~e- come an excellent one wpen the most supenor FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT. type of manhood will have succeeded in subjugating the WINSTON S. CHURCHILL. world to such an extent that this type is then sole master of th.e earth," August 14, 1941 Adolf Hiller: "Mein Kampf." FROM A FOLDER BY THE COMMITTEE TO DEFEND AMERICA WIN THE WAR wm THE PEACE that the Nazi leaders would becOlJ1e to a demonstration of how much they What Is This War About? rational. know about the details of carrying Harry Scherman Since he himself was behind the forward revolution. NEW conception of the war is scenes h e was quickly able to judge What could impel the responsible spreading in informed circles, how futile this hope of change was. leaders of eighty million people to ~ directly traceable to a single Soon all his instincts rebelled at what such an apparently fantastic adven­ book written by a German, "The Rev­ was personally required of him as a ture as "world revolution"? They are olution of Nihilism." leader of the Party, and he resigned driven by a sense of mission. "The es­ This new interpretation, briefly sum­ from it. This was in 1934. Since then, sence of the German mission today," marized, is that the present situation outside of Germany, he has ~atched, Herr Rauschning says, "is the con­ in Europe is the result of a deliber­ horrified, as his own deepest forebod­ sciousness of being the chosen people ate program for world revolution, ings about his land and people have with a permanent and universal task." Which unexpectedly to its megaloma­ one by one been verified. Finally, he What is this task? "The new German niac plotters, turned into war. wrote this book. will to world hegemony is the definite It is also well to keep in mind a few Two facts about it are well kept resolve to transform the world order facts about the author, in judging in mind as one reads it. First, that it under German leadership." coolly how much weight to give to was written more than a year before Precisely what "transforming the such extraordinary testimony as he the war; this is particularly pertinent world order" would involve, in the presents. What is known on this side in judging how much weight to give sense of attempted economic change, of the Atlantic about Rauschning? Rauschning's testimony, since many of is not certain ; but forcible govern­ his most important predictions coin­ He is a German in his early fifties, mental domina tion of the rest of the cide so remarkably with later events. formerly president of the Danzig Sen­ world by Germany is crystal-clear as Second, that (although it is called in a ate. part of the prograrr•. sub-title "A Warning to the West") it Descended from the German mili­ To any ordinary person this sense was primarily written as a warning to tary caste, and an officer in the Great of national mission is itself incom­ his own countrymen. It was plainly the War (when he was wounded), like prehensible. Herr Rauschning provides impassioned attempt of a patriot to most of his countrymen he was chief­ the key. It arises from the deep be­ awake Germans to a realization of ly preoccupied politically with the in­ lief of thE' Nazis, which seemingly what was going on amongst them. Of iquity of the Versailles Treaty. Noth­ they share with some economic astrol­ course, in this r espect it has been whol­ ing, he was convinced, could go right ogers nearer home, that the British ly futile; it has not been published in in Germany, and therefore in Europe, Empire is in the midst of a great de­ Germany, and certainly will not be until its unjust terms were corrected. cline and fall, like that of Rome. for many a year. Mere ownership of He believed, it appears, in a peaceful it wi,thin German boundaries would "Scarcely any other opinion," he pan-Germanism patterned along Bis­ unquestio.nably now mean death. writes, "is given currency by the Na­ marck's ideas; a sort of informal eco­ tional Socialists with such diligence nomic United States of Europe, in "TomOfWW \\' (" Own tIll' \ Vorld" as their bplief in the doom of the which all were equal as to sovereign­ The main burden of Rauschning's British Empire." This is not some­ ty and a ll were reasonably happy and testimony, as st.ated above, is that thing to come; the dissolution, they acquiescent, with Germany simply the the Nazi leaders, having successfully helieve, is in full process. natural I cad e r hecause of its geo­ gained control over eighty million The granting of full independence graphic position and its acknowledged Germans, are consciously embarked to the British Dominions in 1931 was industrial supremacy.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter 5. Between Gleichschaltung and Revolution
    Chapter 5 BETWEEN GLEICHSCHALTUNG AND REVOLUTION In the summer of 1935, as part of the Germany-wide “Reich Athletic Com- petition,” citizens in the state of Schleswig-Holstein witnessed the following spectacle: On the fi rst Sunday of August propaganda performances and maneuvers took place in a number of cities. Th ey are supposed to reawaken the old mood of the “time of struggle.” In Kiel, SA men drove through the streets in trucks bearing … inscriptions against the Jews … and the Reaction. One [truck] carried a straw puppet hanging on a gallows, accompanied by a placard with the motto: “Th e gallows for Jews and the Reaction, wherever you hide we’ll soon fi nd you.”607 Other trucks bore slogans such as “Whether black or red, death to all enemies,” and “We are fi ghting against Jewry and Rome.”608 Bizarre tableau were enacted in the streets of towns around Germany. “In Schmiedeberg (in Silesia),” reported informants of the Social Democratic exile organization, the Sopade, “something completely out of the ordinary was presented on Sunday, 18 August.” A no- tice appeared in the town paper a week earlier with the announcement: “Reich competition of the SA. On Sunday at 11 a.m. in front of the Rathaus, Sturm 4 R 48 Schmiedeberg passes judgment on a criminal against the state.” On the appointed day, a large crowd gathered to watch the spectacle. Th e Sopade agent gave the setup: “A Nazi newspaper seller has been attacked by a Marxist mob. In the ensuing melee, the Marxists set up a barricade.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Order of Hitler: Virtual History, Fiction and Myth
    DEBATER A EUROPA Periódico do CIEDA e do CEIS20 , em parceria com GPE e a RCE. N.13 julho/dezembro 2015 – Semestral ISSN 1647-6336 Disponível em: http://www.europe-direct-aveiro.aeva.eu/debatereuropa/ The New Order of Hitler: Virtual History, Fiction and Myth Sérgio Neto Researcher of CEIS20, University of Coimbra E-mail: [email protected] Abstract At the intersection of counterfactual Historiography and literary fantasy, the triumph of the Axis powers in World War II has been one of the main issues. The resurgence of a hypothetical IV Reich also results extensive. Similarly, cinema has not failed to go over the old question of “if”. This article intent to analyse some virtual literature and historical works of reference about the New European Order in order to discuss possible inspiration that science awoke this genre and concepts revolving around the revisionism and determinism. Keywords: New European Order; Counterfactuals; Dystopia; Historiography; Fantasy When the German army completed the conquest of Poland in September 1939 the New European Order began to take shape. The euphemistic name of that brutal military occupation was in fact more incisive than the name given to the Japanese occupied areas: Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 1. But, the main issue was if Hitler’s projects achieved in a few years the degree of dehumanization promised by the propaganda with the so called Reich of a Thousand Years. Based on the assumptions outlined by Mein Kampf , as well as the improvisations made during the course of the war, the dreams and fantasies of world domination were analysed not only by the historiography, but widely widespread by the alternate story genre.
    [Show full text]
  • Indictment Presented to the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, 18 October 1945)
    Indictment presented to the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, 18 October 1945) Caption: On 18 October 1945, the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg accuses 24 German political, military and economic leaders of conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity. Source: Indictment presented to the International Military Tribunal sitting at Berlin on 18th October 1945. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, November 1945. 50 p. (Cmd. 6696). p. 2-50. Copyright: Crown copyright is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office and the Queen's Printer for Scotland URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/indictment_presented_to_the_international_military_tribunal_nuremberg_18_october_1945-en- 6b56300d-27a5-4550-8b07-f71e303ba2b1.html Last updated: 03/07/2015 1 / 46 03/07/2015 Indictment presented to the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, 18 October 1945) INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS — AGAINST — HERMANN WILHELM GÖRING, RUDOLF HESS, JOACHIM VON RIBBENTROP, ROBERT LEY, WILHELM KEITEL, ERNST KALTEN BRUNNER, ALFRED ROSENBERG, HANS FRANK, WILHELM FRICK, JULIUS STREICHER, WALTER FUNK, HJALMAR SCHACHT, GUSTAV KRUPP VON BOHLEN UND HALBACH, KARL DÖNITZ, ERICH RAEDER, BALDUR VON SCHIRACH, FRITZ SAUCKEL, ALFRED JODL, MARTIN BORMANN, FRANZ VON PAPEN, ARTUR SEYSS INQUART, ALBERT SPEER, CONSTANTIN VON NEURATH, AND HANS FRITZSCHE,
    [Show full text]
  • Volksgemeinschaft Und Gleichschaltung
    Kalin-Karli R9 Volksgemeinschaft und Gleichschaltung „Volksgemeinschaft“ Alle Deutschen sollten eine verschworene „Volksgemeinschaft“ bilden. Ausnahmen waren ausgestoßene Gruppen, wie z.B. Juden, Sinti und Roma. Somit sollte es eine Gesellschaft ohne Klassenunterschiede geben. „Du bist nichts, dein Volk ist alles“ war das Motto. Das heißt, die Interessen einzelner wurde dem Gemeinwohl untergeordnet. Alle Menschen sollten als „gleich“ angesehen werden. Herkunft, Beruf, Bildung und Vermögen spielten http://www.bildungswerk-bayern.de/politische-bildung keine Rolle mehr. So war aber kein selbstbestimmtes Leben mehr möglich. Denn diese Vorstellung bedeutete mehr Kontrolle und „Gleichschaltung“. Sowohl im Beruf als auch im Privatleben sollte der „Volksgenosse“ sein Leben und Denken nur nach den Vorstellungen und Ideen der Nationalsozialisten richten. Tat er dies nicht, machte er sich verdächtig und wurde von der Gesellschaft ausgeschlossen. Gleichschaltung – alle im gleichen Marschschritt Die Nationalsozialisten sorgten 1933 dafür, dass alle Länder des Deutschen Reiches mit der Zentrale in Berlin „gleichgeschaltet“ wurden. Parteigenossen der NSDAP übernahmen die staatliche Macht. Bürgermeister wurden abgelöst und NS-Gefolgsleute an ihre Stelle gesetzt. Versammlungsverbote und das Verbot politischer Parteien trugen zur Zerstörung der Demokratie bei. Verbot der Gewerkschaften Nach dem „Tag der nationalen Arbeit“ (1. Mai 1933) wurden die freien Gewerkschaften verboten und alle „schaffenden Deutschen der Stirn und der Faust“ in der Deutschen Arbeiterfront
    [Show full text]
  • Sub-National Regionalism and the European Union
    Sub-National Regionalism and the European Union Roman Szul ABSTRACT The article discusses the relationship between sub-national regionalism and the European Union. Specific attention is paid to the influence of EU accession on regionalism and regionalisation in Poland, especially the situation of the Mazovian Region. It is argued that the relationship between sub-national regionalism and the European Union (as a form of European integration) is determined by four factors: firstly, the decrease of the traditional role of nation state after the second world war and redefinition of international (interstate) relations which made more space both for European integration and regionalism; secondly, practical activities of the EU, especially its funds for regional develop- ment, which prompted or encouraged some countries, especially the new members states from central-eastern Europe, to create regions and stimulated regionalism; thirdly, the recent austerity policy prescribed by the EU in some countries, especially in Spain, which stimulates radicalism of regionalist movements (the case of Catalonia); fourthly, the very ex- istence of the EU and the need to negotiate EU membership which discourages those regionalist-nationalist movements which aim to separate their regions from the existing EU member states while remaining in the EU. Introductory comments The purpose of this paper is to analyse relationships between “sub-national” regionalism and the European Union. The adjective “sub-national” is used to distinguish two completely different meanings of the word “regionalism”: one relating to regions understood as parts of the existing nation states1 and the other (supra-national regionalism) relating to regions as parts of the world and consisting of integration of countries belonging to the same world region2.
    [Show full text]
  • Transnational Neo-Nazism in the Usa, United Kingdom and Australia
    TRANSNATIONAL NEO-NAZISM IN THE USA, UNITED KINGDOM AND AUSTRALIA PAUL JACKSON February 2020 JACKSON | PROGRAM ON EXTREMISM About the Program on About the Author Extremism Dr Paul Jackson is a historian of twentieth century and contemporary history, and his main teaching The Program on Extremism at George and research interests focus on understanding the Washington University provides impact of radical and extreme ideologies on wider analysis on issues related to violent and societies. Dr. Jackson’s research currently focuses non-violent extremism. The Program on the dynamics of neo-Nazi, and other, extreme spearheads innovative and thoughtful right ideologies, in Britain and Europe in the post- academic inquiry, producing empirical war period. He is also interested in researching the work that strengthens extremism longer history of radical ideologies and cultures in research as a distinct field of study. The Britain too, especially those linked in some way to Program aims to develop pragmatic the extreme right. policy solutions that resonate with Dr. Jackson’s teaching engages with wider themes policymakers, civic leaders, and the related to the history of fascism, genocide, general public. totalitarian politics and revolutionary ideologies. Dr. Jackson teaches modules on the Holocaust, as well as the history of Communism and fascism. Dr. Jackson regularly writes for the magazine Searchlight on issues related to contemporary extreme right politics. He is a co-editor of the Wiley- Blackwell journal Religion Compass: Modern Ideologies and Faith. Dr. Jackson is also the Editor of the Bloomsbury book series A Modern History of Politics and Violence. The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author, and not necessarily those of the Program on Extremism or the George Washington University.
    [Show full text]
  • Was Hitler a Darwinian?
    Was Hitler a Darwinian? Robert J. Richards The University of Chicago The Darwinian underpinnings of Nazi racial ideology are patently obvious. Hitler's chapter on "Nation and Race" in Mein Kampf discusses the racial struggle for existence in clear Darwinian terms. Richard Weikart, Historian, Cal. State, Stanislaus1 Hamlet: Do you see yonder cloud that's almost in shape of a camel? Shakespeare, Hamlet, III, 2. 1. Introduction . 1 2. The Issues regarding a Supposed Conceptually Causal Connection . 4 3. Darwinian Theory and Racial Hierarchy . 10 4. The Racial Ideology of Gobineau and Chamberlain . 16 5. Chamberlain and Hitler . 27 6. Mein Kampf . 29 7. Struggle for Existence . 37 8. The Political Sources of Hitler’s Anti-Semitism . 41 9. Ethics and Social Darwinism . 44 10. Was the Biological Community under Hitler Darwinian? . 46 11. Conclusion . 52 1. Introduction Several scholars and many religiously conservative thinkers have recently charged that Hitler’s ideas about race and racial struggle derived from the theories of Charles Darwin (1809-1882), either directly or through intermediate sources. So, for example, the historian Richard Weikart, in his book From Darwin to Hitler (2004), maintains: “No matter how crooked the road was from Darwin to Hitler, clearly Darwinism and eugenics smoothed the path for Nazi ideology, especially for the Nazi 1 Richard Weikart, “Was It Immoral for "Expelled" to Connect Darwinism and Nazi Racism?” (http://www.discovery.org/a/5069.) 1 stress on expansion, war, racial struggle, and racial extermination.”2 In a subsequent book, Hitler’s Ethic: The Nazi Pursuit of Evolutionary Progress (2009), Weikart argues that Darwin’s “evolutionary ethics drove him [Hitler] to engage in behavior that the rest of us consider abominable.”3 Other critics have also attempted to forge a strong link between Darwin’s theory and Hitler’s biological notions.
    [Show full text]
  • Hitler's War Aims
    Hitler’s War Aims Gerhard Hirschfeld Between 1939 and 1945, the German Reich dominated large parts of Europe. It has been estimated that by the end of 1941 approximately 180 million non-Germans lived under some form of German occupation. Inevitably, the experience and memory of the war for most Europeans is therefore linked less with military action and events than with Nazi (i.e. National Socialist) rule and the manifold expressions it took: insecurity and unlawfulness, constraints and compulsion, increasing difficult living conditions, coercive measures and arbitrary acts of force, which ultimately could threaten the very existence of peoples. Moreover, for those millions of human beings whose right to existence had been denied for political, social, or for – what the Nazis would term – ‘racial motives’ altogether, the implications and consequences of German conquest and occupation of Europe became even more oppressive and hounding.1 German rule in Europe during the Second World War involved a great variety of policies in all countries under more or less permanent occupation, determined by political, strategically, economical and ideological factors. The apparent ‘lack of administrative unity’ (Hans Umbreit) in German occupied Europe was often lamented but never seriously re-considered.2 The peculiar structure of the German ‘leader-state’ (Fuehrerstaat) and Hitler's obvious indifference in all matters of administration, above, his well known indecisiveness in internal matters of power, made all necessary changes, except those dictated by the war itself, largely obsolete. While in Eastern Europe the central purpose of Germany's conquest was to provide the master race with the required ‘living space’ (Lebensraum) for settlement as well as human and economic resources for total exploitation, the techniques for political rule and economic control appeared less brutal in Western Europe, largely in accordance with Hitler’s racial and ideological views.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is European Integration Really About? a Political Guide for Economists
    NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES WHAT IS EUROPEAN INTEGRATION REALLY ABOUT? A POLITICAL GUIDE FOR ECONOMISTS Enrico Spolaore Working Paper 19122 http://www.nber.org/papers/w19122 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 June 2013 I am grateful to Jeff Frieden, Yannis Ioannides, Deborah Menegotto, Stelios Michalopoulos, Romain Wacziarg, and the editors of the Journal of Economic Perspectives (David Autor, Chang-Tai Hseih, and Tim Taylor) for their detailed comments. I also benefited from helpful feedback and conversations with many people, including Lorenzo Bini-Smaghi, Giancarlo Corsetti, Henrik Enderlein, Kai Konrad, Athanasios Orphanides, Lucas Papademos, and Daniela Schwarzer, and participants in the political economy discussion group at Harvard and a conference at the Condorcet Center for Political Economy in Rennes. Of course I am the only one responsible for all opinions and errors in this paper. The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer- reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2013 by Enrico Spolaore. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. What is European Integration Really About? A Political Guide for Economists Enrico Spolaore NBER Working Paper No. 19122 June 2013 JEL No. F15,F50,F55,H40,H77,N44 ABSTRACT Europe’s monetary union is part of a broader process of integration that started in the aftermath of World War II.
    [Show full text]
  • Dinner at Jefferson's 07Th July 2020 (Or How the US Created the Federal Public Debt)
    POLICY POLICY PAPERPAPER European issues n°566 Dinner at Jefferson's 07th July 2020 (or how the US created the federal public debt) Jean-Guy GIRAUD As negotiations on the European Union's future economic recovery plan continue, many references are being made to Europe's "Hamiltonian moment". For the first time, the European Union could supplement its budgetary resources with funds raised on the capital markets to finance grants and loans to countries affected by the crisis. Jean Guy Giraud returns in this text to the 1790 agreement between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson on public borrowing, which helped transform the United States into a true political federation. The text contains an introductory statement by Alain Lamassoure. Introductory words States acquired a single currency comparable to the euro, a real Central Bank, a standing army embryo and FROM WASHINGTON TO BRUSSELS? a federal budget capable of having a macro-economic effect. In the meantime, the conditions of temperature From day one, the constitutional history of the United and pressure that made it possible to move towards a States of America has fascinated the promoters truly complete federation had been met: a twenty-fold of European unity. From Victor Hugo to Winston increase in population, the conquest of the West, the Churchill, via Altiero Spinelli imprisoned in Ventotene, industrial revolution and the dreadful Civil War, from which the formula of the "United States of Europe" had the American Union never fully recovered. become commonplace long before Robert Schuman's And yet, there are sometimes striking similarities in these founding speech.
    [Show full text]
  • Giuseppe Mazzini's International Political Thought
    Copyrighted Material INTRODUCTION Giuseppe Mazzini’s International Political Thought Giuseppe Mazzini (1805–72) is today largely remembered as the chief inspirer and leading political agitator of the Italian Risorgimento. Yet Mazzini was not merely an Italian patriot, and his influence reached far beyond his native country and his century. In his time, he ranked among the leading European intellectual figures, competing for public atten­ tion with Mikhail Bakunin and Karl Marx, John Stuart Mill and Alexis de Tocqueville. According to his friend Alexander Herzen, the Russian political activist and writer, Mazzini was the “shining star” of the dem­ ocratic revolutions of 1848. In those days Mazzini’s reputation soared so high that even the revolution’s ensuing defeat left most of his Euro­ pean followers with a virtually unshakeable belief in the eventual tri­ umph of their cause.1 Mazzini was an original, if not very systematic, political thinker. He put forward principled arguments in support of various progressive causes, from universal suffrage and social justice to women’s enfran­ chisement. Perhaps most fundamentally, he argued for a reshaping of the European political order on the basis of two seminal principles: de­ mocracy and national self­determination. These claims were extremely radical in his time, when most of continental Europe was still under the rule of hereditary kingships and multinational empires such as the Habs­ burgs and the ottomans. Mazzini worked primarily on people’s minds and opinions, in the belief that radical political change first requires cultural and ideological transformations on which to take root. He was one of the first political agitators and public intellectuals in the contemporary sense of the term: not a solitary thinker or soldier but rather a political leader who sought popular support and participa­ tion.
    [Show full text]
  • Normative Power Europe in a Changing World: a Discussion
    Normative Power Europe in a Changing World: A Discussion André Gerrits (ed.) December 2009 NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS CLINGENDAEL CIP-Data Koninklijke bibliotheek, The Hague Gerrits, André (ed.) Normative Power Europe in a Changing World: A Discussion / A. Gerrits (ed.), L. Aggestam, I. Manners, T. Romanova, A. Toje, Y. Wang – The Hague, Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. Clingendael European Papers No. 5 ISBN 978-90-5031-148-9 Desk top publishing by Cheryna Abdoel Wahid Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael Clingendael European Studies Programme Clingendael 7 2597 VH The Hague Phone number +31(0)70 - 3245384 Telefax +31(0)70 - 3282002 P.O. Box 93080 2509 AB The Hague E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.clingendael.nl The Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael is an independent institute for research, training and public information on international affairs. It publishes the results of its own research projects and the monthly ‘Internationale Spectator’ and offers a broad range of courses and conferences covering a wide variety of international issues. It also maintains a library and documentation centre. © Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holders. Clingendael
    [Show full text]