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Filmar As Sensações UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOSOFIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM FILOSOFIA Luiz Roberto Takayama Filmar as sensações: Cinema e pintura na obra de Robert Bresson São Paulo 2012 Luiz Roberto Takayama Filmar as sensações: Cinema e pintura na obra de Robert Bresson Tese apresentada ao programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia do Departamento de Filosofia da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção do título de Doutor em Filosofia sob a orientação do Prof. Dr. Luiz Fernando B. Franklin de Matos. São Paulo 2012 Ao pequeno Hiro, grande herói, dedico esse trabalho. “Tão longe que se vá, tão alto que se suba, é preciso começar por um simples passo.” Shitao. Agradecimentos À CAPES, pela bolsa concedida. À Marie, Maria Helena, Geni e a todo o pessoal da secretaria, pela eficiência e por todo o apoio. Aos professores Ricardo Fabbrini e Vladimir Safatle, pela participação na banca de qualificação. Ao professor Franklin de Matos, meu orientador e mestre de todas as horas. A Jorge Luiz M. Villela, pelo incentivo constante e pelo abstract. A José Henrique N. Macedo, aquele que ama o cinema. Ao Dr. Ricardo Zanetti e equipe, a quem devo a vida de minha esposa e de meu filho. Aos meus familiares, por tudo e sempre. RESUMO TAKAYAMA, L. R. Filmar as sensações: cinema e pintura na obra de Robert Bresson. 2012. 186 f. Tese (Doutorado) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas. Departamento de Filosofia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2012. É sabido que antes de se consagrar ao cinema Robert Bresson se dedicou à pintura. Mas é talvez ainda mais significativo o fato de continuar a se definir como pintor, mesmo após ter trocado definitivamente o pincel pela câmera. No entanto, contrariando, a partir disso, uma expectativa natural, não é tarefa fácil identificar referências pictóricas em seus filmes. Donde a suspeita de que as relações entre a pintura e o “cinematógrafo” de Bresson não sejam assim tão evidentes, devendo, portanto, ser procuradas noutra parte. Tal é a hipótese de que partimos. Propõe-se estudar aqui a obra teórica e cinematográfica de Bresson segundo a relação problemática que ela entretém com a pintura. Procuraremos mostrar que essa relação pode ser entendida através de uma “lógica da sensação”, tal como Deleuze a encontra em ato na pintura de Bacon e de Cézanne, e que acreditamos também vigorar no cinematógrafo de Bresson. Ora, a essa lógica corresponde uma síntese temporal marcada por três momentos: um primeiro tempo pré-pictural, no qual se trava um combate contra os clichês mentais que cobrem a tela antes mesmo de se começar a pintar; um segundo tempo caracterizado pelo diagrama através do qual a representação é submetida a uma “catástrofe”; por fim, a expressão do fato pictural, ou seja, a sensação. É principalmente pela estética de Henri Maldiney, tal como ele soube extraí-la das análises de Erwin Strauss sobre o sentir, que buscaremos compreender como a sensação se encontra no centro das preocupações do pintor Bresson. Palavras-chave: Robert Bresson, cinema, pintura, sensação, estética do cinema. ABSTRACT TAKAYAMA, L. R. Filming sensations: cinema and painting in the work of Robert Bresson. 2012. 186 f. Thesis (Doctoral) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas. Departamento de Filosofia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2008. It is well known that before devoting himself to cinema, Robert Bresson was dedicated to painting. The fact he continued to define himself as a painter, even after he had definitively exchanged the brush for the camera is perhaps even more significant. However, contradicting a natural expectation from this fact, it is not an easy task to identify pictorial references in his movies. From there arises the suspicion that relationships between painting and Bresson’s cinématographe are not that evident, and therefore, should be sought elsewhere. Such is hypothesis that we set out on. We hereby propose that the theoretical and cinematographic work of Bresson be studied herein according to the problematic relationship it maintains with painting. We will try to show that this relationship may be understood by means of a “logic of sensation”, such as Deleuze finds in action within the paintings of Bacon and Cézanne, and that we believe is also present in Bresson’s cinématographe. Well, this logic corresponds to a temporal synthesis marked by three moments: a first pre- pictorial time, in which there is a struggle against mental clichés which cover the canvas even before one starts painting; a second time characterized by the diagram by means of which the representation is submitted to a catastrophe; and at last, the expression of the pictorial fact, that is, the sensation. It is mainly by the aesthetics of Henri Maldiney, just as how he knew to extract it from analyses of Erwin Strauss on feeling, that we will seek to understand how sensation is found as the major concern of the painter Bresson. Key Words: Robert Bresson, cinema, painting, sensation, aesthetics of cinema. SUMÁRIO Introdução ............................................................................. 9 O cinematógrafo entre o cinema e o teatro .............................. 16 Os modelos e suas vozes ....................................................... 52 Bresson pintor: a luta contra os clichês .................................... 89 Filmar as sensações ............................................................. 119 Conclusão ........................................................................... 160 Referências bibliográficas ...................................................... 163 Filmografia de Robert Bresson ............................................... 181 Filmes e programas de TV sobre Bresson ................................ 184 Videos sobre Bresson ........................................................... 185 Introdução De volta à sua casa após ter assistido a uma encenação de Hamlet no teatro, a jovem esposa de Une femme douce se apressa em consultar o livro de Shakespeare. Ela lê em voz alta um trecho da peça que, como suspeitava, havia sido negligenciado no espetáculo que acabara de presenciar. Trata-se de uma passagem na qual o príncipe Hamlet instrui alguns atores sobre a maneira como gostaria de ver interpretado seu texto: sem afetação na pronúncia, evitando-se as gesticulações, usando sempre de moderação. Que seja essa igualmente a atitude que Bresson preconizava sem cessar a seus intérpretes, não é mera coincidência. Nem tampouco ironia, o fato de prescrever sua célebre receita anti-teatral para o cinema através justamente de um dos expoentes da dramaturgia. Se Hamlet se via obrigado a fazer aquelas exigências aos atores é porque a peça que havia escolhido a dedo para ser encenada na corte lhe servia menos como entretenimento do que como um meio de revelação da verdade. É bem provável que Shakespeare, pela boca de um de seus mais ilustres personagens, tenha formulado aqui o que via como sendo o requisito básico para que sua arte atingisse o fim nobre que lhe destinava. Bresson mostra-se, de sua parte, um discípulo atento ao procurar dar voz, através de sua femme douce, ao que concebia como condição de possibilidade da arte cinematográfica e de sua verdade: a recusa de integrar qualquer forma de interpretação teatral. Grande parte de suas reflexões se consagra, com efeito, a explicitar e desenvolver essa tomada de posição. Elas se encontram expostas nas Notas sobre o cinematógrafo, livro publicado em 1977 e que reúne, divididas em duas partes, suas anotações colhidas entre os anos 1950 e 1958, estas as mais numerosas, e aquelas que vão de 1960 a 1974. Apresentado na forma de aforismos, muito mais que um texto de 9 teoria ou de crítica de cinema, trata-se de uma verdadeira ars poetica ao tratar das condições de possibilidade de uma arte cinematográfica, sem por isso deixar de ser, como nota Le Clézio, o diário de bordo de uma aventura pessoal e solitária. Salta aos olhos, ao longo de suas páginas, a vigência de um confronto declarado e acirrado contra a incorporação das formas teatrais pelo “cinema” tradicional, denunciado de maneira impiedosa por Bresson como “teatro fotografado”, mera reprodução sem nenhum valor artístico. Em contraposição, faz questão de frisar a diferença daquilo que busca realizar, definindo sua arte como uma espécie de escrita feita de imagens e de sons, onde a “expressão” se dá pela relação dessas imagens e desses sons e não pelo que representam e significam em si mesmos. A adoção do termo cinematógrafo ao invés do usual cinema em referência ao que fazia e a recusa categórica do emprego de atores, profissionais ou não, em seus filmes, dão já uma ideia da distância que desejava manter tanto do teatro quanto da chamada sétima arte. Se a medida dessa distância coincide de fato com aquela que ele julgava existir, trata-se de algo, a nosso ver, passível de discussão. De todo modo, essa recusa irremissível da interpretação teatral encontra sua manifestação mais clara nos modelos, verdadeiros autômatos assim batizados por Bresson a fim de realçar sua diferença radical em relação aos atores, herança bastarda e indesejada vinda do teatro. À tão criticada “inexpressividade” dos choros, dos rostos e dos gestos dos tais modelos bressonianos, vem se somar suas “monótonas” e não menos inexpressivas “vozes brancas”. Uma estética da expressão obtida à custa da “inexpressividade” dos modelos e da “insignificância” das imagens, paradoxo de base do cinematógrafo.
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