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Mémoires 2012 MÉMOIRES DE L’ACADÉMIE D’ORLÉANS AGRICULTURE SCIENCES, BELLES-LETTRES ET ARTS Déclarée d’utilité publique par décret présidentiel du 5 mars 1875 ANNÉE 2012 VIe SÉRIE TOME 22 Volume édité en 2013 5 rue Antoine Petit 45000 ORLÉANS site Internet : http://www.lacado.fr ISSN 0994-6357 L’Académie d’Orléans Agriculture, Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts, héritière des sociétés savantes qui ont existé dans la ville sous l’Ancien Régime, dont l’Académie royale des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts au XVIIIe siècle, a pris en 1996 la suite de la Société d’Agriculture, Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts d’Orléans. En couverture :.Embâcle de glace sur la Loire à Orléans devant le quai Saint Laurent, le 10 mars 2012 (Photo Joseph Picard). 3 Sommaire du Tome 22 Pages Communications Claude-Henry Joubert Chopin-Liszt, accords et désaccords………………………………………. 7 Gérard Lauvergeon Voyage dans l’ancienne Prusse-Orientale, de Klaïpeda-Memel à Kaliningrad-Königsberg …………………………. 19 Pierre Muckensturm L’invention de la liberté politique. de la Constituante aux Radicaux : 1789-1900……………………………. 31 Jean-Pierre Navailles Les Anglais dans la caricature française et vice versa, 1814-1904 .…….. .41 Gérard Hocmard "Le Titanic ne peut pas couler"…………………………………………. 55 Jack Boulas La photographie : l’obsession du premier inventeur et le résultat présent 65 Olivier de Bouillane Le combat d’un romantique : Gustav Mahler (1860 – 1911) …………. 85 de Lacoste André Brack La vie dans l’univers, du rêve à la réalité…………………..…………… 97 Henri Le Borgne La tragique histoire de l’Empereur Xuanzong………………………….. 105 Bernard Pradel La fin de la République Gaullienne (1965-1970) ………………………. 113 Jacques Varet La géothermie en France et en Région Centre ………………………….. 125 Michel Pertué Représentation de l’espace et organisation du territoire en France au XVIIIe siècle …………………………………………………………. 137 Michel Monsigny Impact des nanotechnologies sur l’agriculture et l’alimentation ……….. 155 Marius Ptak Internet et la révolution numérique permanente………………………… 171 J-M. de Widerspach-Thor Le traité de Versailles de juin 1919 ou l’espoir en attendant des jours meilleurs ……………………………. 187 Abstracts in English ………………………………………………………….……………. 201 Dîner-débat Invité : Jean-Paul Pollin La dérive des dettes publiques … en questions …………………………. 211 Varia Gérard Hocmard Pour saluer Charles Dickens ……………………………………… …… 221 Michel Monsigny La médecine personnalisée est en marche (mucoviscidose)..……… ….. 223 Marius Ptak Prix Nobel de physique 2012 ……………………………………… …… 225 Nos confrères publient ………………………………………………………………………… …… 227 Hommages Christian Loddé Me Robert Girault…………………………………………………… …... 231 Joseph Picard Dr Antoine Geisen…………………………………………………… ….. 232 Jean-René Perrin M. Éric Lefebvre………………………………………………….… ….. 233 Assemblée générale du 7 mars 2013 Rapport d’activité …….……….………………………………………………………………… 237 Rapport moral ……………………………………………………………….……………………. 241 Membres de l’Académie…………………………………………………………………….……… 245 Académies et Sociétés correspondantes……………………………………………………….…… 253 Académie d'Orléans Agriculture, Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts VIe Série- Tome 22 - 2012 5 COMMUNICATIONS L’Académie laisse aux auteurs des travaux insérés dans ses Mémoires la responsabilité de leurs opinions. Leurs titres et qualités sont précisés à la rubrique "Membres de l’Académie". Académie d'Orléans Agriculture, Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts VIe Série- Tome 22 - 2012 7 CHOPIN – LISZT1 Accords et désaccords Claude-Henry Joubert RÉSUMÉ On a fêté en 2011, le bicentenaire de la naissance de Franz Liszt. Liszt fut un homme engagé, dans la musique, l’idéal et l’amitié. Cette causerie évoquera tout d’abord Chopin, son séjour parisien, ses relations avec les grands pianistes de l’époque, Kalkbrenner, Hiller, Mendelssohn et Franz Liszt. On rencontrera George Sand, Marie d’Agoult, Eugène Delacroix, Gérard de Nerval, Victor Hugo, les saint- simoniens et même Pierre Leroux, Bakounine et Karl Marx. Et l’on parlera de mazurkas, de nocturnes, de polonaises, de ballades, et surtout de cette amitié tendre et tumultueuse qui lia Liszt et Chopin pendant neuf années. Accords - désaccords, amitié — fâcherie, entraide — rivalité… Mon propos ne sera pas musicologique, simplement respectueusement admiratif et affectueux. Pour y voir clair, j’ai divisé mon intervention en cinq parties : I Chopin et le 11 septembre II Liszt et les épinards (un sujet peu traité) III Chopin et Bakounine. IV Chopin, compositeur antillais ? V Le style de Chopin, "style dont les effets ont été et sont encore déplorables". I.- Chopin et le 11 septembre Chopin est Polonais, mais tellement Français ! Un peu Lorrain ; son père, Nicolas, est né à Marainville, près de Nancy, son grand-père y était charron, comme le fut le père de Joseph Haydn. Mais Frédéric naît près de Varsovie, à Zelazowa Wola, le 22 février 1810 ; dès octobre de la même année, il réside à Varsovie. Bien doué, ce petit Frédéric ! Sa mère lui donne ses premières leçons de piano, puis ses professeurs sont Zywny et surtout Joseph Elsner qui fut directeur du conservatoire de Varsovie. Chopin, à 16 ans, fut son élève de composition : le petit-fils d’un charron prenait des leçons avec le fils d’un menuisier… À 7 ans : première composition, éditée en 1817 : Polonaise en sol mineur. Le petit Chopin, pianiste, se produit en concert, il joue parfois de l’orgue. Mais le 27 mai 1825, à l’École centrale de musique de Varsovie, il donne un récital d’éolopantaléon. Peu avant, toujours en mai 1825, à l’église évangélique, il donnait, en présence du Tsar Alexandre Ier, un concert d’éolomélodicon ! L’éolomélodicon inventé par le professeur Hoffmann est sorti des ateliers du facteur Karol- Fidelis Brunner. C’était une sorte d’orgue dont l’agencement des tuyaux, prolongés par des 1 Séance publique du 19 janvier 2012. Académie d'Orléans Agriculture, Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts VIe Série- Tome 22 - 2012 8 trompes en tôle, multipliait la puissance. "Il rugissait, écrit un auditeur, comme des trompettes, des cors et des trombones réunis." C’est tout Chopin… L’éolopantaléon, de l’ébéniste Josef Dlugosz, était un piano doté de soufflets et de tuyaux. Un critique, dans l’Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung note : "Sous ses doigts, cet instrument qu’il maîtrise vraiment a produit une grande impression". Chopin, à 15 ans, au milieu de tous ces tuyaux, c’est véritablement le premier plombier polonais. Très jeune, Chopin joue en concert. Comme Liszt, il improvise en public, sur des thèmes de Rossini, de Boieldieu, d’Auber, ou sur des thèmes populaires. Il compose ; à 20 ans, à Varsovie, en 1830, il donne ses deux concertos : - en fa mineur, le 17 mars, - en mi mineur, le 22 septembre. Le 2 novembre 1830, il quitte Varsovie pour l’Europe : Dresde, Prague et enfin Vienne. Lorsqu’il monte dans la diligence, ses amis du conservatoire, Joseph Elsner en tête, lui chantent une cantate dont la dernière strophe disait : "Quoique tu quittes notre pays, ton cœur reste parmi nous". C’était prémonitoire : le cœur de Chopin, conservé dans du cognac, repose aujourd’hui dans un des piliers de l’église de la Sainte-Croix à Varsovie (son corps est au cimetière du Père- Lachaise). Il en est de même pour Félix Dupanloup, illustre évêque d’Orléans, dont le corps repose dans la cathédrale d’Orléans et le cœur dans l’église de son village natal, Saint-Félix, en Haute-Savoie. Le 29 novembre 1830, la Pologne se soulève contre la Russie. Les émeutes et la répression — terrible — vont durer jusqu’en octobre 1831, précédant la "russification" de la Pologne. Chopin est désespéré. Dans ses valises il emporte 14 polonaises, 2 concertos, 20 mazurkas, 9 valses, 10 nocturnes et les premières études de l’opus 10 qu’il appelle Exercices (c’est déjà ainsi que Domenico Scarlatti nommait ses célèbres sonates). À Vienne, Chopin vit avec son ami de longue date Titus Woyciechowski., un ami très intime. Certains ont vu de l’homosexualité dans cette relation. Il est vrai que leur correspondance est très charmante : "Titus chéri, je cache tes lettres comme le ruban d’une amante. Écris-moi et nous nous dorloterons de nouveau dans une semaine" etc. Peu importe ! C’est un langage affectueux, mais adolescent. Je ne serais pas étonné que Chopin ait vécu toute sa vie chastement. À Vienne, il se lie avec le grand Czerny et Johann-Nepomuck Hummel (l’un des rares élèves de Mozart). Il travaille à un concerto pour deux pianos qui, hélas, ne nous est pas parvenu. Il est exaspéré par le caractère bourgeois de Vienne. Le 20 juillet 1831, il part pour Munich où il passe tout le mois d’août. Son passeport porte la mention : "se rend à Londres en passant par Paris". Paris doit donc être une étape ; il y arrive le 11 septembre 1831. Il y restera et y mourra le 17 octobre 1849, entre 3 et 4h du matin. Cette vie parisienne, cette vie française, était annoncée. Les origines de Chopin sont lorraines, françaises. Il se nomme Frédéric, François. Son père, professeur de français, lui écrivait toujours dans cette langue. Cette arrivée, le 11 septembre 1831, est donc une date importante. Paris est la capitale européenne des arts. 1830, c’est l’année d’Hernani, de la Symphonie fantastique, 1831 celle de Notre-Dame de Paris. Kalkbrenner vit à Paris, Rossini dirige Les Italiens, l’Orchestre du Conservatoire est dirigé par Habeneck, Feydeau préside aux destinées de l’Opéra-Comique. Frédéric est ravi : "je connais Rossini, Cherubini ; de mon appartement, 27, boulevard Poissonnière, j’ai une vue magnifique qui s’étend de Montmartre au Panthéon" (…) "Je vis très intimement avec Kalkbrenner (…) Il est le seul auquel je ne sois pas digne de dénouer les lacets de ses souliers !" Encore une exagération juvénile… Le 15 janvier 1832, dans les salons de Pleyel, Chopin participe à l’exécution d’une Grande Polonaise précédée d’une Introduction et d’une Marche composée par Mr Kalkbrenner pour six pianos. Les six Académie d'Orléans Agriculture, Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts VIe Série- Tome 22 - 2012 9 pianistes sont Kalkbrenner, Hiller, Osborne, Sowinski, Chopin et Félix Mendelssohn (que Chopin appréciera peu).
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