Eyewitness Titanic

Eyewitness

Eyewitness Titanic

001_ew_titanic.inddUS_001_ew_titanic.indd 1 1 29/8/0811/9/08 14:45:3911:04:46 Stateroom luggage label

Crow’s nest telephone key

Model of the Titanic

Gilt light fixture

002-003_ew_titanic.inddUS_002-003_ew_titanic.indd 2 2 29/8/0811/9/08 14:45:4411:54:36 Eyewitness First-class bathtub faucets Titanic Bell from crow’s nest

Written by SIMON ADAMS

Life ring

Morse-code transmitter Signaling lamp

DK Publishing

002-003_ew_titanic.inddUS_002-003_ew_titanic.indd 3 3 29/8/0811/9/08 14:45:4611:54:40 LONDON, NEW YORK, Compass head MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI Logometer

Project editor Melanie Halton Art editor Mark Regardsoe Porthole Designer Polly Appleton Senior managing editor Linda Martin Senior managing art editor Julia Harris Production Kate Oliver Picture researcher Claire Taylor DTP Designer Andrew O’Brien

R E Consultants Ted Turner, Simon Adams Editorial Kitty Blount, Sarah Phillips, Jayne Miller Design Andrew Nash, Edward Kinsey Managing editor Camilla Hallinan Managing art editors Jane Thomas, Owen Peyton Jones Memorial badge Art director Martin Wilson Associate publisher Andrew Macintyre Production editors Jenny Jacoby, Siu Yin Ho, Laragh Kedwell Production controllers Jen Lockwood, Pip Tinsley Picture research Bridget Tilly, Deborah Pownall, Myriam Megharbi U.S. editorial Elizabeth Hester, Beth Sutinis U.S. design and DTP Dirk Kaufman, Milos Orlovic U.S. production Chris Avgherinos

This Eyewitness ® Guide has been conceived by Dorling Kindersley Limited and Editions Gallimard First published in the United States in 1999 This revised edition published in 2004, 2009 by DK Publishing, 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York, 10014

09 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ED773 – 02/09

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-7566-5036-0 (HC); 978-0-7566-0733-3 (ALB)

Color reproduction by Colourscan, Singapore Printed by Toppan Co., (Shenzen) Ltd., China

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Captain Smith Compass stand

004-005_ew_titanic.inddUS_004-005_ew_titanic.indd 4 4 10/11/0829/8/08 11:05:2914:11:50 Contents

6 Overseas travel 8 Building the Titanic White Star Line 10 playing cards Fast and “unsinkable”? 12 42 RMS Titanic Racing to the rescue 16 44 Fine fixtures Awaiting news 18 46 Captain and crew Lost and found 20 48 Predicting the tragedy Lessons learned 22 50 Maiden voyage End of an era 24 52 First-class travel Search and discovery 26 54 Second-class travel Pieces of the puzzle 28 56 Third-class travel Never-ending story 30 58 Atlantic crossing Did you know? 32 60 A deadly collision Timeline 34 62 To the lifeboats Find out more 36 64 Slowly sinking Glossary 38 70 The final moments Index 40 72 Heroes and heroines Acknowledgments

004-005_ew_titanic.inddUS_004-005_ew_titanic.indd 5 5 29/8/0811/9/08 14:46:0111:05:39 Overseas travel

I    , ships took weeks, if not months, to travel between continents, and passengers were as likely to die from disease as they were to be RED STAR LINE One of the many lines that ran steamships shipwrecked or drowned. The across the Atlantic, the Red Star Line of development of large, fast, and relatively Belgium was bought by John Pierpont Morgan in 1902 and became part of the safe steamships during the mid-1800s International Mercantile Marine Company, Statue of transformed travel by sea, allowing people which also owned the White Star Line, soon Liberty to build the Titanic. overlooks to cross the ocean faster and more cheaply New York Harbor than ever before. Shipyards built bigger and faster passenger ships—now called liners, after the shipping lines they were built for—and furnished them in great luxury to attract high-paying, first-class passengers. It was into this competitive world that the Titanic was launched. LIBERTY BECKONS For many steerage (third-class) passengers on board the North Atlantic liners, theirs was a SIRIUS one-way journey, away from The first steamship to cross the Atlantic entirely Mast to take sails Hull measured the poverty and oppression of under steam power was the Sirius, a 783-ton if engine failed 207 ft (63 m) Europe to start a new life in the (711-metric ton) paddle steamer built in Glasgow, “New World”—the Americas. Scotland, in 1836. The Sirius left London on March Between 1900 and 1914, 28, 1838, for Queenstown, Ireland, where it took more than 12 million people on 40 passengers and 503 tons (457 metric tons) immigrated in this way. By 1914, of coal. It arrived in New York on April 22 after one-third of the United States’ an eventful 18-day crossing, during which total population of 92 million the crew was forced to burn cabin was made up of immigrants. furniture and the emergency mast when the ship ran short of coal.

Six masts carried 58,501 sq ft (5,435 sq m) of sail Paddle wheels driven by steam engine

GREAT EASTERN Five times larger than any existing ship, the Great Eastern was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–1859), the greatest engineer of his time. Carrying 13,440 tons (12,193 metric tons) of coal, the ship could take 4,000 passengers all the way to Australia without refueling. But passengers refused to travel in such a large vessel and, in 1863, three years after its maiden voyage, the Great Eastern became a cable- laying ship.

Great Eastern was 682 ft (208 m) long, 118 ft (36 m) wide, and weighed 21,186 Each paddle wheel was tons (19,220 metric tons) 57 ft (17.5 m) in diameter

006-007_ew_titanic.inddUS_006-007_ew_titanic.indd 6 6 29/8/081/9/08 11:37:2011:06:04 70,000-hp turbines sent out exhaust fumes First-class First-class lounge Bridge through three funnels promenade and music room decks Veranda café

Second-class lounge

Observation room MAURETANIA The Mauretania was Along with its sister ship, the Lusitania, the Mauretania was the pride of the 748 ft (228 m) long and Cunard Line (below left). The Mauretania was equipped with four giant weighed 35,000 tons steam turbines, a revolutionary new engine capable of generating (32,000 metric tons) 75 percent more power than the equivalent engine used in the Titanic. As a result, on its maiden voyage in 1907, the Mauretania set a new speed record for crossing the Atlantic—four days and 19 hours, at an average speed of 27.4 knots (31.5 mph/50.7 kph)—a record unchallenged until 1929.

THE WHITE STAR LINE Founded in 1871 by Liverpool Ornate shipowner Thomas Ismay, the marble White Star Line grew from a pillars bankrupt fleet of clipper ships operating between Britain and Australia. The Belfast shipyard Harland and Wolff won the contract to build every new White Star ship.

THE CUNARD LINE Samuel Cunard ran a successful shipping business in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in Canada, with his brother Joseph before establishing a shipping line to carry mail from England to Canada in 1839. The Cunard Line soon established itself as the major North Atlantic shipping line, and a direct rival to White Star.

“Everything has been done in regard to the

furniture and fittings to LUXURY LINERS SHIPPING TYCOON No expense was spared in decorating the Atlantic liners. For The US banker, industrialist, make the first-class first-class passengers, the public rooms and staterooms steel magnate, and railroad (cabins) were furnished in a variety of styles drawn from owner John Pierpont Morgan accommodation more history, often emulating great country houses in their lavish was one of the richest men of use of hardwoods, marble, and gilt. For second-class his era. In 1902 he bought up a than equal to that passengers, the rooms were more than adequately furnished, number of European shipping provided in the finest while many third-class passengers encountered good lines to create a vast and sanitation and table linen for the first time in their lives. prosperous shipping firm— hotels on shore.” the International Mercantile Marine Company—that EXTRACT FROM THE SHIPBUILDER dominated shipping across the North Atlantic Ocean.

006-007_ew_titanic.inddUS_006-007_ew_titanic.indd 7 7 29/8/081/9/08 11:37:2211:06:18 Building the Titanic

E     , the White Star Line had ordered its new ships from the shipyard of Harland and Wolff in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The design and construction skills of the yard were outstanding, and the workforce took great pride in the many famous ships they built. Construction of the Titanic began on March 31, 1909, and work progressed at a furious speed from then on. Every day, the yard reverberated to the sound of heavy THRIVING WORKFORCE The usual workforce of Harland and Wolff, which machinery and incessant hammering. First the keel plates numbered about 6,000 people, more than doubled were positioned. Then, once the framework was in place, in size to cope with the construction and fitting out of both the Titanic and its sister ship, the Olympic. the beams and deck plates were installed and the steel The shipbuilder was the biggest single employer in hull plates, some of them 30 ft (9 m) long, were fixed Belfast, and its workforce lived in the maze of together by more than 3 million rivets. By May 1911, narrow streets surrounding the dockyard. less than two years after work began, the Titanic was ready to be launched.

SHIPPING ENTREPRENEUR Lord William Pirrie, chairman of the Belfast shipyard Harland and Wolff, had worked for the company since 1862. In 1907, Lord Pirrie and Bruce Ismay, chairman of the White Star Line, devised a plan to build three magnificent liners. With the emphasis on luxury and safety, the liners were to transform transatlantic travel.

“a waste of money… she’s too big… she’ll bump into summat… no ship’s unsinkable…”

SIR J. BISSET

UNDER CONSTRUCTION The first of the new White Star liners to be built was the Olympic (far right), with the Titanic (left) following a few months later. The liners were so big that special slipways had to be built to accommodate them. Above the slipways was a vast gantry carrying a central revolving crane and 16 movable cranes.

008-009_ew_titanic.inddUS_008-009_ew_titanic.indd 8 8 29/8/081/9/08 11:39:3711:07:44 Anchor weighed 17 tons IN DRY DOCK (15.75 metric tons) After its launch on May 31, 1911, the Titanic was pulled by tugs into the dry dock, where work began on equipping the empty hull. Engines, boilers, and other pieces of machinery were installed; cabins, staterooms, and dining areas were built and equipped to accommodate passengers. On February 3, 1912, the Titanic was moved to the dry dock (below), where propellers were added and a final coat of paint was applied.

GIANT ANCHOR The Titanic’s enormous central anchor was the biggest of the ship’s three anchors. It took a team of 20 horses to haul the heavy load to the shipyard, ready for installation on the forecastle (bow) deck. The two side anchors were half the weight of the central anchor. The side anchors were raised and lowered by 107 tons (97.5 metric tons) of cable.

The central propeller shaft awaits the addition of its huge bronze propeller

DRIVING FORCE Three massive turbine shafts connected the engines to the propellers at the rear of the ship. Two of these shafts drove the outer propellers, which each consisted of three bronze blades bolted into a steel hub. The central shaft (above) drove the forward-only, four-bladed propeller.

CAST IN BRONZE The two outer propellers each measured 23 ft 5 in (7 m) in diameter, while the smaller, central propeller was 16 ft 5 in (5 m). Because its blades were made of bronze, the starboard, or right, propeller (above) remained well-preserved on the seabed after the ship sank.

008-009_ew_titanic.inddUS_008-009_ew_titanic.indd 9 9 29/8/081/9/08 11:39:3911:08:09 Fast and “unsinkable”? Massive A-frame supports engine D  , the Titanic’s designers never claimed the ship was unsinkable or exceptionally fast. The ship was designed for luxury and comfort rather than speed, and was actually about 4 knots (4 mph/7 kph) slower than its Cunard rivals. The Titanic’s builders, Harland and Wolff, claimed that the ship’s system of watertight bulkheads “made the vessel virtually unsinkable.” The word “virtually” was soon forgotten, however, as the sheer size and solidity of the Titanic, together with its grandeur and opulence, encouraged most people to believe that the ship truly was unsinkable.

MIGHTY ENGINES The Titanic was driven by two massive reciprocating steam engines, which powered the ship’s two outer propellers. At more than 30 ft (9 m) tall, the reciprocating engines were the largest ever to have been built at that time. Steam from these two monsters passed into a 470-ton (427-metric ton), low-pressure turbine engine and traveled along the turbine shaft, providing the power to drive the forward-only center propeller.

Shipyard worker dwarfed by Some boilers colossal engine weighed more than 100 tons

GIANT BOILERS Down in the depths of the ship’s hull, 29 boilers, containing 159 furnaces, powered the engines. Together, the furnaces consumed 728 tons (660 metric tons)of coal a day and produced 46,000 horsepower, driving the ship at a top speed of about 23 knots (26 mph/42 kph). LETTING OFF STEAM Here, the boilers are Each reciprocating engine had four huge cylinders seen lined up in through which steam passed to drive the propeller shafts. Harland and Wolff’s So well built were the engines that some of the cylinders boiler shop prior survived, almost intact, long after the ship sank. to installation.

010-011_ew_titanic.inddUS_010-011_ew_titanic.indd 10 10 29/8/081/9/08 11:37:3211:33:47 WATERTIGHT DOORS 33-ft (10-m) gaping hole in Arizona’s crumpled bow The supposedly watertight bulkheads (wall-like partitions) were, in fact, pierced by a series of doors. All of these doors were watertight, but only 12, at the very bottom of the ship, could be closed electrically from the bridge. The rest, about 30, had to be closed by hand. After the collision, a few of these manually operated doors were closed, some were left open, and others were reopened to make it easier to set up water pumps.

SURVIVING THE ICE Several ships have proved it is possible to survive an iceberg collision. In 1879, Arizona —the largest liner Watertight doors of its day—hit an iceberg head-on off the coast of drop into place to Newfoundland. The impact shattered the Arizona’s bow, seal bulkheads but the forward bulkhead held, enabling the ship to limp backward to Newfoundland without casualties.

“I cannot imagine any condition which would cause The Titanic’s 15 bulkheads (vertical partitions) THE BULKHEADS a ship to founder. separated its hull into compartments In order to strengthen the hull and increase its safety, the I cannot conceive Titanic had 15 watertight bulkheads that divided the ship of any vital into 16 compartments. Should a disaster happening collision occur, the theory was that the ship would still float with to this vessel.” two compartments flooded, or even with all four of the smaller CAPTAIN SMITH bow compartments flooded. However, the bulkheads only reached 10 ft (3 m) above the waterline, allowing water to slop over from one compartment to another, thereby defeating the purpose of the bulkheads.

LAUNCH TIME The Titanic was launched, with little fanfare or ceremony at 12:14 p.m. on May 31, 1911. Lubricated with 6,724 lb (3,050 kg) of soft soap, 33,598 lb (15,240 kg) of tallow (animal fat), and 11,199 lb (5,080 kg) of tallow PRIVILEGED SPECTATORS mixed with oil, the ship took Most people viewed the launch of 62 seconds to slide into the water. the Titanic from the banks and Once afloat, tugs maneuvered it quays of the Lagan River, Belfast, toward its fitting-out berth, just as but the lucky few with tickets they had done with the Olympic observed the proceedings (left) some seven months earlier. from within the dock. As one worker remarked, “They just builds ’er and shoves ’er in.”

010-011_ew_titanic.inddUS_010-011_ew_titanic.indd 11 11 29/8/081/9/08 11:37:3411:34:00 RMS Titanic Ensign of the White Star Line A   its slightly older sister ship, the RMS Olympic—the only difference was that the forward A deck promenades on the Titanic were Wireless antenna strung between enclosed to better protect passengers two masts from the weather—the Titanic was truly vast. The ship could carry up to 3,547 passengers and crew. Its gross registered tonnage (GRT) was 51,057 tons (46,053 metric tons), a measure not of weight but of volume. Fully laden, the Titanic topped 73,924 tons (67,063 metric tons). It was the heaviest ship afloat at that time, and the style and luxury of its fixtures meant that it was also the finest. Its title of RMS—Royal Mail Ship— was highly suitable for such a regal ship. Backstay to hold up rear mast

BIG SHIP The sheer scale of the Titanic remains impressive to Rear mast this day, but so too does the design. The hull was sleek and sheer, its superstructure dominated by the four huge funnels. The two masts were a relic from the days of sail and were used only as flagpoles for the ensigns and supports for the wireless antenna. Second-class Aft deck for use enclosed Docking bridge for by third-class promenade passengers Blue Ensign use by crew when ship docking in port Poop deck for use by of the Royal third-class passengers Naval Reserve

Third-class cabins in noisy rear of ship

Cast-steel rudder

Central, ahead-only, four-bladed propeller made of bronze Three-bladed side Double-bottomed hull propeller of bronze

012-013_ew_titanic.inddUS_012-013_ew_titanic.indd 12 12 29/8/081/9/08 11:37:4011:33:12 HOW LONG? BREATH OF FRESH AIR If you placed 22 double-decker The boat decks provided buses end to end on the deck plenty of space for passengers of the Titanic, they would to stretch their legs and enjoy stretch from the ensign mast the sea air. Deckchairs—shown at the stern to the forestay here stacked up ready for fitting at the bow—a total of use—were available for those 883 ft (269 m). wishing to sit and relax, although the lifeboats hanging from their davits restricted the view of the sea.

“Perhaps the most striking features… are the four giant funnels—huge tawny brown and black capped elliptical cylinders of steel which tower 175 ft (53 m) from the keel plate, dominating the other shipping in the port, and dwarfing into insignificance the sheds on the quayside.”

EXTRACT FROM THE SOUTHAMPTON PICTORIAL

Rear ventilation funnel

First-class Glass dome covering staterooms first-class stairway leading down to first-class smoking room and cafés A deck open promenade for first-class passengers Second-class entrance to boat deck

13 Continued on next page

012-013_ew_titanic.inddUS_012-013_ew_titanic.indd 13 13 29/8/081/9/08 11:37:4211:33:26 Continued from previous page

PORTHOLES The sides of the ship were lined with On the bridge portholes from the first-class suites on The nerve center of the Titanic was the bridge, which was C deck down to the third-class situated at the front of the boat deck. From this viewpoint berths on the lower deck. The portholes allowed light and fresh the captain and his senior officers commanded the ship, air into the cabins. At night, cabin surveying the sea in front of them and issuing orders to lights shone out through the the engine room. Although the ship was steered from the portholes, sparkling along the wheelhouse, the captain had a small auxiliary wheel on length of the dark hull. the bridge that he could use in case of emergencies.

“Like the Olympic, yes, but so much more elaborate. Take the dining saloon—Olympic

Forward grand didn’t even have a carpet, but staircase leading down to first-class theTitanic—ah, you sank in it One of four dining room collapsible up to your knees.” lifeboats

BAKER REGINALD BURGESS Gymnasium for first-class passengers A deck Officers’ enclosed quarters on the promenade boat deck for first-class passengers Lifeboat hanging on its davits Compass platform (steel arms for for navigation launching)

014-015_ew_titanic.inddUS_014-015_ew_titanic.indd 14 14 29/8/081/9/08 11:37:4811:32:36 DECKS This cross-section of the hull gives a good idea of the boxlike shape and construction of the ship. The distance from the boat deck, down past decks A to F, to the lower deck at the waterline was 75 ft (23 m). Beneath the waterline was the orlop deck, on which stood the engines and boilers that drove the ship. Boat deck Promenade deck (A deck) B deck

C deck

D deck E deck Bridge wing cab F deck Foremast Lower deck

Waterline Orlop deck The bridge

Forestay to hold up foremast

Crow’s nest

Anchor crane Wheelhouse

Forward well deck

Forecastle deck

Keel

014-015_ew_titanic.inddUS_014-015_ew_titanic.indd 15 15 29/8/081/9/08 11:37:5011:32:51 Fine fixtures

I    in Belfast, Northern Ireland, the Titanic was transformed from WASHED UP an empty hull into a fully equipped Some of the thousands of white dishes on board ship survived the floating palace in little more than eight crash, remaining in neat rows just as they were originally stacked. An months. No expense was spared in army of crew members filled these making the Titanic the most luxurious dishes with food and served meals liner afloat. Close attention was paid to to the passengers. every single detail—from the design of the PROUD TO SUPPLY large public rooms and open decks to the The Titanic was so prestigious that suppliers were proud to individual light fixtures and faucets in the announce they supplied the ship cabins. Everything on board was bought with certain goods. The message in this advertisement was clear: brand-new or specially made for the ship; Gold-plated and you too can share in some of the crystal light Titanic’s luxury, even if you and everything was designed to make the fixtures lit up each cannot afford to sail on it. passengers comfortable and to entertain landing of the them during the voyage. grand staircase Painter adds highlights to features on a Rails of wrought decorative column iron and gilt bronze

FINISHING TOUCHES Some indication of the care and attention to detail taken in equipping the Titanic can be seen Ornate columns in this photograph of plasterers of polished oak and decorators at work on its sister ship, the Olympic. Period detail was lovingly recreated by expert craftsmen in the many first-class rooms and cabins. Late 17th-century-style cherub lamp support

GRAND STAIRCASE Leading from the first-class dining room on D deck up to the first-class promenade deck, the grand staircase was one of the most stunning features on board. The staircase was lit from above by natural light through a wrought iron and glass dome and illuminated at night by gold-plated crystal lights. First-class passengers, dressed in all their finery, swept down the staircase on their way to dinner.

016-017_ew_titanic.inddUS_016-017_ew_titanic.indd 16 16 29/8/081/9/08 11:37:5611:31:52 ON TAP Every cabin or suite had running water, a luxury few First-class bath of the third-class passengers faucets recovered would have enjoyed at home. from the Titanic However, there were only two wreck site bathtubs for the 700 third- class passengers. Located at the very back of D deck, it was a long walk for those sleeping in the bow.

READING ROOM The white-paneled reading ON THE VERANDA room was a favorite retreat One of the most popular rooms on board, for women, who were especially among the younger passengers, was forbidden to join the men the veranda café. The café was light and airy with in the smoking room. With white wicker furniture, a checkered floor, and ivy its comfortable chairs and growing up trellises on the walls. plentiful space, the reading room was the ideal place to write a letter or read a book, a selection of which was available from the ship’s large library.

Clock surrounded by two figures Gilt light fixture symbolizing crumpled in wreck Honor and Glory crowning Time LIGHT FANTASTIC The light fixtures in the first-class lounge matched the Louis XVI style of the room. Elsewhere, crystal chandeliers and ceiling lights glittered over the assembled passengers.

UPLIFTING Located just forward of the grand staircase, three elevators took first-class passengers from the promenade deck down five decks to their cabins, passing the staterooms, the dining room, and other cabins on their way. The elevators were magnificently decorated and well-disguised behind classical pillars. One elevator near the stern of the ship served second-class passengers.

016-017_ew_titanic.inddUS_016-017_ew_titanic.indd 17 17 29/8/081/9/08 11:37:5811:32:12 Captain and crew

H   was a vast army of workers, whose job it was to keep the passengers fed and well looked after, and the ship cleaned, properly equipped, and efficiently powered. Chefs, bakers, butchers, scullions (kitchen workers), mailroom staff, barbers, engineers, firemen, stokers, trimmers (luggage THE STOKERS loaders), and many others slaved away on the lower decks. Working in shifts, the 289 firemen and stokers shoveled coal into the Up on the public decks, stewards, pursers, waiters, and other boilers to keep the engines uniformed crew tended to passengers’ needs. In total, there working at full speed. Many of the workers sang as they worked to were 898 crew members, including the captain and his keep their spirits up. senior officers, who were responsible for every aspect of life aboard the ship.

Chief Purser Second Officer Third Officer Fourth Officer Fifth Officer Herbert McElroy Charles Lightoller Herbert Pitman Joseph Boxhall Harold Lowe

THE POWER HOUSES Located deep in the bowels of the ship, the boiler rooms were hot, noisy, and dirty. A team of 28 engineers ensured that all ran smoothly; for if the boilers ran out of coal or stopped working, the ship would grind to a halt.

Sixth Officer James Moody

THE OFFICERS The captain and his officers are seen Chief Officer Captain First Officer here on board the Titanic prior to its Henry Wilde Edward Smith William Murdoch maiden voyage. The captain wore naval medals won during the Boer War (1899–1902). Stripes on the sleeves of officers’ uniforms show an individual’s rank—the more stripes, the more senior the officer.

Loading mail sacks onto the Titanic

MAIL SHIP SAM COLLINS While on board the Carpathia, fireman Sam The Titanic had a contract with the Collins (above) befriended the young Frankie British Royal Mail to carry mail across Goldsmith, whose father went down with the the Atlantic. The mail was stored in the Titanic. Frankie had been fascinated by the hold with the first-class luggage and firemen on the Titanic and had watched them sorted in a room next to the squash at work in the engine rooms. court. The five clerks working in the hold were among the first to notice water pouring in through the hull.

018-019_ew_titanic.inddUS_018-019_ew_titanic.indd 18 18 29/8/081/9/08 11:38:0511:31:19 Pocket watch RECOVERED LIFE stopped at 2:16 a.m.; First-class steward Edmond J. Stone was the ship finally sank responsible for staterooms E1 to E42. His body at 2:20 a.m. was one of the first to be recovered by the Mackay-Bennett, and he was buried at sea. Stone’s personal effects Rusty (left), which were penknives returned to his widow, included part of a letter from the P&O Steam Navigation Company dated February 2, 1912. Stone was evidently trying to gain employment with one of AT YOUR SERVICE White Star’s main rivals. The first-class à la carte restaurant was Propelling pencil run by Monsieur Gatti, the owner of an exclusive French restaurant in London. Gatti’s team of 55 cooks and waiters were “The night before sailing I asked my wife to put all French or Italian and, since they were not employed by White Star, had no my white star in my cap, and while she was status on board the Titanic. The restaurant staff suffered greatly when the ship went doing it the star fell all to pieces. With a down; only one survived. look of dismay, she said, I don’t like this.” Annie Robinson STEWARD ARTHUR LEWIS Some of the surviving Violet Jessop stewardesses pictured on their arrival in Plymouth, England.

THE STEWARDESSES Out of a crew of 898, there were only 18 stewardesses. Despite the mix of sexes among the passengers, the old superstition about women at sea—and the social attitudes toward women at that time—dictated White Star Lines’ employment policies. But the “women and children first into the lifeboats” rule ensured that 17 of the stewardesses survived the disaster.

Souvenir pennants

Children’s SHOP AND SHAVE toys hang Two barber shops—one from the in first class, the other ceiling in second—offered men a daily hot lather and shave. The shops also ON RECORD sold toys, postcards, Fireman William Nutbeam was and other souvenirs of one of only 35 out of the 167 firemen to Reclining the voyage, such as survive the voyage. His Continuous Certificate chair paperweights and of Discharge (logbook) is marked “vessel lost” commemorative plates. against the Titanic entry. Other entries in the book include the Olympic and the Oceanic.

018-019_ew_titanic.inddUS_018-019_ew_titanic.indd 19 19 29/8/081/9/08 11:38:0611:31:32 Predicting the tragedy

T     relating to the Titanic. Some are so bizarre that few people believe them. Others are tales of prediction and foreboding that uncannily described the real-life events of the Titanic disaster. Two authors came close to describing the events of that fateful night, some 20 years before they actually occurred. A number of people had recurring dreams of the forthcoming disaster, and a dying girl in Scotland related the events of the night just hours before they unfolded. Numerous people had such strong premonitions of disaster that they refused to board the Titanic. For all those people who deliberately avoided traveling on the ship, however, some were simply very lucky and failed to board on time.

COLLISION VISIONS New York lawyer Isaac Frauenthal had a dream before boarding the Titanic. “It seemed to me that I was on a big steamship that suddenly crashed into something and began to go down.” He had the dream again when on board the Titanic, and so was alert to the danger when he first heard about the iceberg collision. Unlike other passengers, Frauenthal needed no encouragement to board a lifeboat.

Collision occurred below the waterline, some 85 ft (26 m) from the stern

VISION OF DEATH English journalist and spiritualist William T. Stead wrote the novel From The Old World To The New in 1892. In it a William ship strikes an iceberg in the North T. Stead Atlantic and sinks. Survivors are rescued by a ship captained by an E. J. Smith. Twenty years later Stead sailed on the Titanic, captained A BAD OMEN by E. J. Smith An ominous warning of the forthcoming tragedy occurred and lost his life. on September 20, 1911, when the Titanic’s sister ship, the Olympic, collided with the warship HMS Hawke. Both ships were badly damaged, and the Olympic, under Edward J. Smith, soon to captain the Titanic, was found to be at fault.

020-021_ew_titanic.inddUS_020-021_ew_titanic.indd 20 20 29/8/081/9/08 11:38:1311:30:49 “That ship is going to sink before it reaches America.”

MRS. BLANCHE MARSHALL

JESSIE’S DREAM On the night of April 14, 1912, a young Scottish girl, Jessie, Ceramic figurine coated was being comforted as she lay dying. In her delirious state with turquoise glaze Jessie had a vision of a ship sinking in the Atlantic. She saw (around 700 ) many people drowning and “someone called Wally… playing a fiddle.” Within hours of her death, the Titanic slowly sank as Wally Hartley and the rest of the band continued to play. LUCK OF THE PHARAOHS As first-class passenger Molly Brown left her cabin, she grabbed the Reverend J. Stuart Holden’s Egyptian statuette that FUTILITY unused Titanic ticket she carried with her In 1898, a retired merchant navy officer, for good luck. It Morgan Robertson, wrote a novel called stayed with her until Futility or The Wreck of the Titan. The book’s she was rescued by description of a ship attempting to cross the Carpathia, when the Atlantic in record time, hitting an she presented it to iceberg, and sinking with the loss of Captain Rostron as a almost all of its passengers due to a thank-you present. shortage of lifeboats, predicts the fate of the Titanic almost faultlessly. LUCKY ESCAPE Among the 55 passengers who canceled their bookings at the last moment was John Pierpont Morgan, owner of the White Star Line and hence of the Titanic itself. Steel baron Henry Frick and railroad owner George Vanderbilt, both from the United States, were two others who decided not to sail. Reverend J. Stuart Holden of London escaped the disaster because his wife became ill.

HISTORY REPEATS In April 1935, the Titanian, a tramp steamer carrying coal from Newcastle, England, to Canada, encountered an iceberg in the same area as the MISSING THE BOAT Titanic had done 23 years earlier. Crew member Many crew members were recruited by word of mouth in Interior of the William Reeves had a premonition seconds before the pubs of Southampton, England. Twenty-two recruits Belvedere Arms, the iceberg came into view and yelled “Danger failed to board the ship in time, notably the three Slade one of the many pubs ahead!” to the navigator, who quickly reversed the brothers, who were prevented from reaching the ship by in Southampton engines and brought the ship to a halt. Reeves was a long goods train passing through the docks. One recruit where people were even born on April 15, 1912—the same date on reached the quayside and then, filled with a sense of recruited for work on which the Titanic sank. foreboding, decided against boarding the ship. board the Titanic

020-021_ew_titanic.inddUS_020-021_ew_titanic.indd 21 21 29/8/081/9/08 11:38:1511:31:01 Maiden voyage

T      —its maiden voyage—is always an important occasion, and the Titanic’s was no exception. The ship arrived in Southampton, England, on April 3, 1912, after an overnight voyage from Belfast, Northern Ireland. For the next week, the dockside bustled with activity as the crew was enlisted, and the mountain of supplies SOUTH WESTERN HOTEL needed for the voyage was loaded on board. At last, A number of the wealthier passengers spent the night before the voyage in the South Western Hotel, Southampton, the great day arrived, and on the morning of April 10, overlooking Titanic’s dock. Among those who enjoyed the 1914, passengers boarded hotel’s luxury was Bruce Ismay, chairman of the White Star Line, and his family. the ship. At noon, the ship slipped its SEA TRIAL The first voyage of the moorings and Titanic was a short series of began to pick up sea trials in Belfast Lough, on April 2, 1912. During speed. The maiden the trials the engines were tested, the ship was voyage had begun. maneuvered at different speeds, and an emergency stop was conducted, bringing the ship to a halt in about half a mile (1 km) High-quality luggage after traveling at 20 knots Strong locks to keep was an essential fashion (22 mph/37 kph). The contents secure accessory among ship left that evening during voyage wealthy passengers. for Southampton and began its maiden voyage eight days later. ALL ABOARD On the morning of the Titanic‘s departure, crowds gathered to wave goodbye to friends and relatives. Cries of, “Good luck Titanic,“ resounded as the ship slipped its moorings and set off on its first, and final, journey.

Rear funnel was for show White Star Line’s Southampton pier only, so it never actually teems with life on the morning before belched out smoke the Titanic departs

Tugs escort the Titanic out of its dock to begin sea trials

022-023_ew_titanic.inddUS_022-023_ew_titanic.indd 22 22 29/8/081/9/08 12:02:5811:30:19 CHANNEL HOPPING The Titanic’s route took the ship across the English Channel to Queenstown Cherbourg, France, where more ATLANTIC passengers boarded. During OCEAN Southampton the night, the ship recrossed  Cherbourg the Channel to Queenstown (now Cobh), New York Titanic Ireland. On the afternoon of wreck site April 11, the Titanic finally left Europe behind and set off across the North Atlantic for New York.

“The ship is so big FAREWELL TO EUROPE The New York narrowly escapes The Titanic made a brief stop at Queenstown, crashing into the Titanic that I have not yet Ireland, anchoring offshore to pick up seven second-class and 113 steerage (third-class) found my way about. passengers and more bags of mail. Many of the steerage passengers were leaving Ireland I hope I shan’t get to start a new life in the United States. lost on board before I arrive in New York!”

A PASSENGER

A NEAR MISS As tugs maneuvered the Titanic out of its dock, the ship began to pick up speed as it passed the moored New York. Wash from the Titanic’s engines caused the New York to break free of its moorings and swing out in front of the Titanic. Quick action by the tugs averted a collision, but it was an ominous start to the maiden voyage.

022-023_ew_titanic.inddUS_022-023_ew_titanic.indd 23 23 10/11/081/9/08 12:02:0014:12:21 First-class travel

W     four decks reserved for their use only, the 329 first-class passengers sailed in lavish comfort. The luxury they enjoyed on land was duplicated on board, with each AT THEIR SERVICE stateroom, cabin, public lounge, and dining Other than elegant THE ASTORS plates, the first-class With a personal wealth estimated at $87 room furnished to the highest and most diners had use of 1,500 million (£18 million) in 1912, Colonel opulent standards. A vast workforce of champagne glasses, John Jacob Astor IV was the wealthiest 400 asparagus tongs, 100 passenger on board. Recently divorced, personal servants, stewards, bakers, cooks, pairs of grape scissors, the 46-year-old was returning to New and waiters catered to the passengers’ 1,000 finger bowls, and York with his 18-year-old second wife, 300 sets of nutcrackers. Madeleine, after their honeymoon in every whim. When not resting in their Egypt and Paris. Also traveling with them was their Airedale dog, Kitty. cabins, first-class travelers had the use of a gymnasium, a squash court, a swimming pool, a Turkish bath, a library, and a range of dining rooms, bars, and restaurants, as well as unlimited access to fresh air on the top decks.

À LA CARTE This menu for the last luncheon served on board the Titanic shows the generous choice of dishes on offer. The first-class dining room had seating for more than 550 people, and recessed bays allowed small parties to dine in privacy.

DINNER AND DANCE The seven-course evening meal was the social highlight of the day. Starched white Women wore their finest new gowns from Paris; the men wore evening linen napkins Tables decorated suits. After the meal, the more energetic passengers took to the dance and tablecloths with fresh flowers floor, although dancing was not allowed on Sundays. Other men retired and baskets of fruit to the smoking rooms and women to the various lounges. Passengers who had overindulged could retire to the comfort of their cabins.

024-025_ew_titanic.inddUS_024-025_ew_titanic.indd 24 24 10/11/0829/8/08 11:29:3714:12:46 LUGGAGE LABELS Every item of luggage was carefully labeled, either for delivery to the cabin or to be stored in the hold until disembarkation. The correct sorting of luggage was particularly important among first-class passengers since they often carried large quantities of belongings. Mrs. Charlotte Cardoza and her son, for example, traveled with 14 Writing trunks, four suitcases, three desk crates, and a medicine chest. IN STATE The first-class staterooms (private cabins) were lavishly decorated and very spacious, particularly the two promenade suites on B deck. At a cost of $4,246 (£870) in 1912, the occupants of these staterooms had the use of a sitting room, two bedrooms, two dressing rooms, and a private bathroom, as well as a private deck for enjoying the sea air.

French Empire-style chairs and table “My pretty little cabin with its electric heater and pink curtains delighted me… its beautiful lace quilt, and pink cushions, and photographs all round… it all looked so homey.”

LADY DUFF GORDON

The mechanical camel was especially popular

KEEP FIT The gymnasium—situated off the boat deck on the starboard (right) side of the ship—was fully equipped with rowing and cycling machines, weights, and other equipment to keep the first-class passengers in good shape.

Silver service TURKISH DELIGHT provided by A Moorish fantasy of enameled tiles, gilded decorations, waiters and shaded bronze lamps, the Turkish baths contained hot, temperate, and cool rooms, a shampooing room, and a massage couch, as well as a plunge pool in which to cool off. The baths, like the gymnasium, had separate sessions for men and women.

024-025_ew_titanic.inddUS_024-025_ew_titanic.indd 25 25 29/8/081/9/08 11:42:0211:29:52 Second-class travel

O   , second class was anything but second rate, for the facilities far surpassed those of first-class facilities in most rival liners. The dining room was paneled in oak and provided a four-course dinner followed by nuts, fruit, cheese, cookies, and coffee. When not dining, passengers could make use of the DINING IN STYLE This dinner plate—one of sycamore-paneled library, a range of bars and lounges, and, for 12,000 carried by the men, the barber’s shop. The cabins were comfortable and compact, Titanic—from the second- class service demonstrates and the open decks provided space for recreation and relaxation. the strict class structure on For second-class passengers, life on board was first rate. board. Each class ate from a different style of plate.

A NERVOUS PASSENGER? Many passengers took the opportunity of the brief stop at Queenstown, on April 11, to mail letters to friends and relatives, telling them about life on board. Perhaps the writer of this letter was a nervous passenger since they report, “we have been having very rough weather,” although the overnight passage across the Channel was, in fact, very calm.

FATHER AND DAUGHTER Alongside the rich and famous were many passengers whose lives would ordinarily have been remembered only by family and friends. Second-class passengers Robert Phillips and his Passengers daughter, Alice, embarked at Southampton: Alice survived, her dwarfed by father died, but their photographs ensure their immortality huge funnels as two people caught up in an extraordinary event.

ON DECK The boat deck had plenty of space for passengers to take a stroll or relax in deckchairs; children could run around and play games. A safer Traveling ship would have had less room, rug to keep however, since much of the deck out the cold space would have been filled with extra lifeboats.

026-027_ew_titanic.inddUS_026-027_ew_titanic.indd 26 26 29/8/081/9/08 11:42:0911:29:06 IN THE HOLD Those passengers heading for a new life in the Americas did not need all of their luggage during the voyage and so stored most of it in the hold. Second-class passengers may not have had as much luggage as those in first class, but they would all have traveled with evening wear for dinner and other special events.

Second-class label for luggage to be stored in the hold

THE HART FAMILY Benjamin Hart, a builder from Essex, England, was immigrating to Winnipeg, Canada, with his wife, Esther, and his seven-year-old daughter, Eva. Esther thought the idea of the Titanic being “unsinkable” was “flying in the face of God,” and tried to persuade her husband to change ships. Convinced that disaster would overcome them all, she slept during the day and kept watch at night. Eva and her mother survived the tragedy, but, sadly, her father was lost.

“No effort had been spared to give even second-cabin passengers… the best dinner that money could buy.”

A PASSENGER

BUNKED UP Although not as luxurious as first-class accommodation, the 207 second-class cabins were more than comfortable. Basin for Located on D, E, F, and G decks, the cabins were equipped washing with mahogany furniture and slept two to four and shaving passengers in single beds or bunks.

White Star Line Wooden seat playing cards

GAMES OF RISK Iron legs IN A SPIN Playing cards was an In the dining room, passengers sat on ideal way to while swivel chairs attached to the floor, a away the time during a style of seating common in first-class long voyage. But those dining rooms aboard most other who chose to gamble liners of the time. Although the took a risk; professional food was prepared in the same cardsharps, traveling under galley as the first-class meals, assumed names, hoped to the second-class menu was collect big winnings from simpler, but no less filling. unsuspecting players.

026-027_ew_titanic.inddUS_026-027_ew_titanic.indd 27 27 29/8/081/9/08 11:42:1111:29:20 Third-class travel

M      1,324 passengers on the Titanic—710 in all—were traveling steerage (third class). This truly international collection of people came from all over Europe and were on their way to start a new life in America. More than 100 of the third-class passengers were Irish and had left their troubled island from the emigrants’ traditional departure point of Queenstown. Many had never been to sea before, few had any belongings, and all were leaving Europe

DURABLE MATCHES with mixed feelings—regret for the homes and loved ones they Using every excuse to promote its were leaving behind, and nervous anticipation for the new name, the White Star Line sold boxes of matches bearing the world that awaited them. On board, 220 cabins housed company logo. This box was families, while single people were separated: women in cabins recovered—unusable, but still recognizable—from the seabed. at the rear, men in a large dormitory in the bow.

“We were emigrants, my parents had a public house in London… we were going to Kansas, my father was going to buy a tobacconist’s shop.”

MILLVINA DEAN

THE GENERAL ROOMS Paneled with pine and furnished with sturdy benches, tables, and chairs, Durable benches the general room—the third-class equivalent of a lounge—and the of slatted teak smoking room were the only public rooms available to third-class passengers. Here they chatted, read, played games, and smoked. In the evenings they entertained themselves with singing and dancing.

Leather satchel recovered from the wreck site and restored

LIFE IN A BAG Unlike those in first and second class, most passengers in third class traveled light, having only a few valuables and personal belongings.

028-029_ew_titanic.inddUS_028-029_ew_titanic.indd 28 28 29/8/081/9/08 11:42:1711:28:29 OPEN DECK Buffeted by the wind and blasted by smoke from the ship’s funnels, the rear decks allocated to third-class passengers nevertheless provided a welcome respite from the crowded cabins and SHIFT WORK dining rooms below. In order to feed everyone in the dining room, which As the Titanic left had space for only 473 people, third-class Queenstown on April 11, passengers ate in shifts. They were each given a Eugene Daly stood on ticket indicating which sitting they were to attend. the rear deck and played Passengers who missed their sitting went hungry. Erin’s Lament on his Irish bagpipes, a poignant farewell to his homeland.

INSPECTION CARD Each emigrant was issued with a green inspection card stating place of departure (Southampton, Cherbourg, or Queenstown) and the holder’s last country of residence. This simple document was designed Dining to help the immigration saloon authorities in New York. Thomas Theobald’s inspection card (left) shows that he was transferred from the Adriatic to the Titanic—a move that cost him his life. Four-berth cabin

THE GOODWIN FAMILY Like many other large families, Frederick and Augusta Goodwin and their six children, including baby Sidney (not shown here), were emigrating from London to America. The Goodwins reached the boat deck too late to board a lifeboat, and all were lost.

TWO MONTHS TO PAY This advertisement for the voyage that never happened— the return of the Titanic to England—gives a good idea as to the cost of a third-class ticket. At $36.25 (£7.46), the price was equivalent to about two months’ wages for most third- class passengers.

028-029_ew_titanic.inddUS_028-029_ew_titanic.indd 29 29 29/8/081/9/08 11:42:1911:28:44 Atlantic crossing

A    across the North Atlantic on Sunday April 14, 1912, it picked up a series of messages from other ships in the area, warning about ice. Captain Smith was firm in his belief that his ship was in no danger and was urged on by Bruce Ismay, the ship’s owner, to prove the vessel’s speed and reliability by getting to New York earlier than expected. “Full TITANIC ILLUMINATIONS At night, the Titanic shone from end to end as speed ahead,” remained the instruction, and although cabin lights burned and upper decks were lit up the captain steered the ship 16 miles (25.7 km) to the south for those wishing to walk in the night air. before turning toward New York, no other notice was taken of Two clocks to show the time at the the increasingly detailed reports about the ice ahead. ship’s location and at its destination WIRELESS ROOM The use of wireless on board ship was still a novelty at the time of the Titanic’s maiden voyage. Radio operators spent their time dealing with personal messages and did not need to be on 24-hour duty. Until the Titanic disaster, few people realized the importance of radio as a form of emergency communication.

Battery charging panel

Magnetic detector, or “Maggie” 10” spark transmitter

Headphones for hearing incoming messages

Morse-code keys for sending messages

Telegraph message pad

Transmitter Fleming Marconi Multiple Wireless tuning coil valve tuner telegraph tuner for operator’s codes book receiving logbook Morse-code signals

MARCONI WIRELESS OPERATORS The Titanic’s two wireless operators, Jack Phillips and Harold Bride (left), were employed by Marconi rather TO FRIENDS AND FAMILY than the White Star Line. Second Wireless Operator Although the majority of passengers communicated with Bride was only 22 years old and had worked for Marconi friends and family by sending letters and postcards, many for less than a year. He was paid about $25 (£12.50) wealthy passengers took advantage of the Titanic’s ship- a month to work the night shift while his to-shore telegraph to transmit personal messages. The senior colleague, Phillips, rested. workload was so heavy that First Wireless Operator Phillips interrupted the final ice warning from the Californian in order to continue transmitting.

030-032_ew_titanic.inddUS_030-032_ew_titanic.indd 30 30 29/8/081/9/08 11:42:2511:27:47 “Captain, Titanic— Westbound steamers report bergs, growlers, and field ice in 42ºN from 49º to 51ºW, April 12.”

TELEGRAPH FROM CAPTAIN BARR OF THE CARONIA

Only 10 percent of an iceberg is visible above WARNING MESSAGE the water level As the Titanic steamed westward toward the ice, it received nine messages—by telegraph and signal lamp—warning of the danger ahead. Although not all of these ice warnings reached the bridge, the message from the German steamer Amerika (above), sent about four hours before the Titanic hit the iceberg, was passed to Captain Smith in person.

165 ft BRUCE ISMAY (50 m) Beneath the sea’s surface, As chairman of the White Star an iceberg is bulky, with Line, Bruce Ismay was in the odd many sharp edges capable Icebergs can tower position of being a passenger on of puncturing a ship’s hull above the sea like board a ship he owned. It was 325 ft Ismay’s influence that caused (100 m) mountains, or lie flat on the water Captain Smith to accelerate like frozen fields through the icefield rather than slow down or stop for the night. 500 ft (150 m)

JOURNEY OF AN ICEBERG The icebergs of the North Atlantic begin life in the glaciers of the polar icecap and are carried south by the icy currents of the Labrador Sea, between HIDDEN DANGER Canada and Greenland. Except It is difficult to gauge the real size of an during a few short summer iceberg because 90 percent of its bulk is months, icebergs are found hidden beneath the sea. Icebergs are well to the south of formed when chunks of freshwater ice Newfoundland, Canada. break away from glaciers and float into Some are so large that they the sea. There, the chunks are broken survive at sea for several up by ocean tides, currents, and waves. years before melting Icebergs can be up to 150 miles in warmer waters. (240 km) long and 70 miles (110 km) wide, although smaller “growlers” and floating drift ice are also common.

030-032_ew_titanic.inddUS_030-032_ew_titanic.indd 31 31 29/8/081/9/08 11:42:2711:28:09 Warning bell is 17 in (43 cm) in Mast light A deadly collision diameter indicated the ship’s direction T    , , was clear and bitterly cold of travel on the North Atlantic Ocean. There was no Moon, but the cloudless sky was full of stars. The sea was glassy calm, giving no indication of the danger lurking ahead. As a routine precaution, the lookout men up in the crow’s nest were warned to watch out for icebergs. Because it was such a clear night everyone thought there would be plenty of EMERGENCY BELL time to avoid any obstacles in the sea. But large ships at full As the iceberg loomed into view, Fleet struck the speed do not turn quickly or easily, and when lookout crow’s-nest bell three Fredrick Fleet spotted an iceberg, times—the accepted signal for danger at about 11:40 p.m., it was too late ahead. At the to avoid a collision. The same time, he telephoned the Titanic struck bridge to tell the iceberg. them what he saw.

CROW’SNEST KEYS Not all the crew who sailed the Titanic down from Belfast were hired for the ship’s maiden voyage. David Blair was one of the unlucky ones, and in his rush FRED FLEET to pack and leave the ship, he came ashore Frederick Fleet, one of six with the keys to the crow’s nest telephone lookouts on board the in his pocket. Titanic, was on watch in the crow’s nest, high up on the foremast. At about 11:40 p.m. he saw what he thought was a small iceberg, directly ahead. As the ship Hatch through approached, he realized that the iceberg which lookouts was considerably bigger than he originally entered and left thought. Quickly, he hit the warning bell. the crow’s nest

On board, few of the passengers felt anything more than a slight judder

FALLEN FOREMAST Although severely damaged, the crow’s nest is clearly visible on the fallen foremast. From this vantage point, two lookouts kept watch around the clock for icebergs, ships, and other hazards.

032-033_ew_titanic.inddUS_032-033_ew_titanic.indd 32 32 29/8/081/9/08 11:42:3411:27:18 Open section of bridge Covered wheelhouse from which Murdoch in center of bridge observed the iceberg, seconds after the warning from the lookout

“It was as though we went over about a thousand marbles.”

MRS. STUART J. WHITE, PASSENGER

ON THE BRIDGE Although the bridge is the command headquarters of a ship, only four officers were on the Titanic’s bridge at the moment of impact. One other officer had just gone into the officers’ quarters, and Captain Smith was in his cabin, next to the wheelhouse. As three of these six officers subsequently lost their lives in FIRST OFFICER MURDOCH the tragedy, it remains unclear exactly William Murdoch was in charge what happened in the vital seconds of the bridge at the time of the before and after the collision. impact. He ordered the change of direction and closed the watertight doors. Later Murdoch TOWER OF ICE was told to call all the passengers The Titanic struck the iceberg a glancing up on deck ready for evacuation blow on the starboard (right) side of its hull into the lifeboats. and the damage appeared only slight. According to eyewitness accounts, the iceberg towered up to 100 ft (30 m) over the deck, but did little damage to the upper decks. However, below the waterline, and out of sight of the crew on the bridge, the iceberg punched a series of gashes and holes along 250 ft (76 m) of the hull.

AT THE WHEEL Quartermaster Robert Hichens was at the wheel when the collision Wheel was linked occurred. First Officer Murdoch to the steering ordered him to turn the wheel hard mechanism in to starboard (right), swinging the bow the stern above to the port (left) of the iceberg. That the rudder was all Hichens had time to do.

032-033_ew_titanic.inddUS_032-033_ew_titanic.indd 33 33 29/8/081/9/08 11:42:3611:27:32 To the lifeboats

A : ..,    the collision, Captain Smith realized the extent of the damage to the Titanic and gave the order to uncover the lifeboats and prepare to abandon ship. For the next two hours, total confusion reigned; there had been no lifeboat drill since leaving Southampton, and neither

passengers nor crew knew where to go or what WOMEN AND CHILDREN FIRST? to do in the circumstances. Many felt it was The rule on board the Titanic—and on all other ships at that time—was to save women and children first. But some men did safer to remain on deck than to be lowered escape, many more from the starboard- (right-) side lifeboats into the freezing Atlantic than from the port- (left-) side ones. In many lifeboats, “first come, first saved” was the rule. aboard a lifeboat. Tragically, not one “As I was put into the boat, he (Mr. officer realized that the lifeboats could be Daniel Marvin) cried to me, ‘It’s all right, lowered fully laden. little girl. You go. I will stay.’ As our boat Had they done so, a shoved off he threw me a kiss, and that total of 1,178 people was the last I saw of him.” could have been saved, rather TITANIC HONEYMOONER MRS. DANIEL MARVIN than 706.

THOMAS ANDREWS Within minutes of the Titanic striking the BUOYANCY AID iceberg, Thomas Andrews—managing Life jackets were stowed director of Harland Wolff and builder of in every cabin aboard the the ship—toured below the decks with Titanic, and there was one Captain Smith. Andrews calculated that for each passenger and the ship had two hours, at most, before it crew member. Some sank. Later, however, he failed to point out people, however, chose not that the new davits (lowering devices) to wear one or did not were strong enough to launch the manage to find one in lifeboats fully laden. time. The life jackets were buoyant enough to keep a fully clothed person afloat, but they were very bulky to wear and offered little protection against the extreme cold.

Cork floats covered with thick canvas

IN DISTRESS As the lifeboats filled up, the two radio operators—Jack Phillips and Harold Bride—tirelessly sent out distress messages stating that the Titanic was sinking and asking for help. Among those ships that picked up the Titanic’s pleas for assistance were the Olympic, the Baltic, and the Carpathia.

034-035_ew_titanic.inddUS_034-035_ew_titanic.indd 34 34 29/8/081/9/08 11:42:4311:26:42 THE COLLAPSIBLES One by one Two collapsible lifeboats were stored, flat and One by one the lifeboats were lowered from the Titanic, upturned, on deck, and the other two were starting with number 7 (see below) at 12:45 a.m., and stowed on the roof of the officers’ quarters. The collapsibles had finishing with collapsible D at 2:05 a.m.; the last two flat, double-bottomed collapsibles floated away from the ship as it sank. The floors and low total capacity of all 20 boats was 1,178; the figures below canvas-topped show that about 862 people managed to get into a lifeboat. sides, which However, according to the US Senate report, the total could be pulled up to a height number of people saved was only 706, which suggests that of 3 ft (1 m) some people exaggerated the numbers in each boat to avoid and fixed into accusations that they deliberately left people to drown. position.

Lifeboat 12 (1:25 a.m.) Lifeboat 10 (1:20 a.m.) Lifeboat 4 (1:55 a.m.) Lifeboat 2 (1:45 a.m.) Capacity: 65 Capacity: 65 Capacity: 65 Capacity: 40 40 women and children, 2 crew 48 women and children, 35 women and children, 21 women, 1 man, 4 crew 2 men, 5 crew 1 man, 4 crew Collapsible D (2:05 a.m.) Lifeboat 14 (1:30 a.m.) Lifeboat 6 (12:55 a.m.) Capacity: 47 Capacity: 65 Capacity: 65 40 women and children, 53 women, 2 men, 8 crew 26 women, 2 crew 3 men, 3 crew

Lifeboat 16 (1:40 a.m.) Lifeboat 8 (1:10 a.m.) Collapsible B (2:20 a.m.) Capacity: 65 Capacity: 65 Capacity: 47 49 women, 1 man, 6 crew 28 women, 4 crew Floated upside down with about 30 men clinging to it

Lifeboat 15 (1:35 a.m.) Lifeboat 7 (12:45 a.m.) Collapsible A (2:20 a.m.) Capacity: 65 Capacity: 47 57 passengers, 13 crew Capacity: 65 8 women, 10 men, 3 crew Floated off as the ship sank 1 woman, 10 men, 5 crew Lifeboat 11 (1:25 a.m.) Lifeboat 13 (1:35 a.m.) Capacity: 65 Capacity: 65 Collapsible C (1:40 a.m.) 60 women and children, Lifeboat 5 (12:55 a.m.) Capacity: 47 55 women and children, 1 man, 9 crew Capacity: 65 4 men, 5 crew 31 women and children, 41 passengers, 1 crew 6 men, 6 crew Lifeboat 9 (1:20 a.m.) Capacity: 65 Lifeboat 1 (1:10 a.m.) 42 women, 6 men, Capacity: 40 8 crew Lifeboat 3 (1:05 a.m.) 2 women, 3 men, 7 crew Capacity: 65 25 women and children, Sir Cosmo and 10 men, 15 crew Lady Duff Gordon

SELFHELP Some of the people who failed to board a lifeboat tried to build their own rafts out of deckchairs or other buoyant items. Those unlucky enough to be flung into the sea tried desperately to scramble onto floating wreckage in the hope of surviving until rescued.

NEAR COLLISION Lifeboats 13 and 15 were lowered almost simultaneously. Number 13 EMPTY VESSEL reached the water first, but drifted into With only 12 people on board, lifeboat number 1 the path of number 15. Luckily, the was the most underfilled boat to be lowered. The shouts of the passengers in number 13 occupants included Sir Cosmo and Lady Duff alerted those on deck. Crew members Gordon. Some people believed they had used their quickly suspended boat 15 in midair wealth to secure their own lifeboat and crew. until 13 floated away.

034-035_ew_titanic.inddUS_034-035_ew_titanic.indd 35 35 29/8/081/9/08 11:42:4511:26:53 Slowly sinking Signaling lamp

SIGNALING Shortly before the first A    down the side of the rocket signal was fired, ship, a flurry of activity took place on deck. both Captain Smith and Fourth Officer Boxhall The radio operators sent out distress signals. spotted the lights of a nearby Officers on the bridge flashed messages by ship. Boxhall attempted to attract the ship’s attention by Morse signal lamp and fired rockets high into flashing the CQD (“come quick, danger”) distress signal. But the the night sky to attract the attention of any passing ship did not respond and passing ships. Yet, despite all these actions, it its lights soon faded from view. For many years the ship was was hard for many people to believe that this believed to have been the vast liner was capable of sinking. Some, such Californian, but more recent evidence suggests that it as Benjamin Guggenheim (below), reconciled may have been a ship themselves to their fate, but most believed illegally hunting seals. that help would arrive long before the ship sank. Rocket signals explode in the sky

LIGHTING UP THE SKY In order to attract any nearby ships, Fourth Officer Boxhall fired the first of about eight powerful rocket signals at 12:45 a.m. Each signal—sent up at five-minute intervals— was launched from the bridge and soared 800 ft (240 m) into the air before exploding into a shower of light. There was no set procedure for the firing of distress signals, but it was internationally agreed that the regularity of the rockets would distinguish them from a firework display.

A GENTLEMAN Once the last lifeboat had departed, millionaire Benjamin Guggenheim realized that he A panic-stricken passenger slides was not going to be saved and down a rope into an already returned to his cabin. There, he overcrowded lifeboat in the film and his valet (personal attendant) A Night To Remember (1958) dressed in evening suits and returned to the top deck. “We’ve dressed in our best and are prepared to go down like gentlemen,” Guggenheim was heard to say before he was lost with the Titanic.

DESPERATE MEASURES As the final lifeboats were lowered, a number of people tried to jump ship by sliding down the ropes or leaping from the lower decks. Others jumped into the water, hoping to scramble aboard later. A few lucky people managed to stow away in a lifeboat on deck and were only detected once afloat.

036-037_ew_titanic.inddUS_036-037_ew_titanic.indd 36 36 29/8/081/9/08 12:06:4011:26:06 CQD = SOS The first radio distress signal was CQD. In 1906, the International Radio Telegraphic Convention in Berlin, Germany, created the SOS signal, chosen because the three letters were simple to transmit by Morse code. In 1908, SOS became the official distress signal, but, until the Titanic disaster, most Marconi operators continued to use the old signal. JACK PHILLIPS The first distress signals that Key is pressed wireless operator Jack Phillips to tap out sent out were the CQD signals. messages in After a while, his assistant Morse code suggested he try using the new SOS signal. At 12:45 a.m. Phillips sent the first SOS signal ever to be transmitted from a ship in danger. Final radio message sent by the Titanic

Morse code Morse code COMMUNICATING IN CODE SOS CQD Morse code was invented in 1838 by Samuel Morse and was one of the best methods of signaling at sea until the arrival of the radiotelephone. Each letter of a word is represented as a series of short or long radio signals or flashes of light.

Lights still “It’s the new call, and illuminate the Titanic to draw it might be your last the attention of any passing ships chance to send it.”

JUNIOR WIRELESS OPERATOR, HAROLD BRIDE, TO JACK PHILLIPS

Stern rises high out of the water

036-037_ew_titanic.inddUS_036-037_ew_titanic.indd 37 37 29/8/081/9/08 12:06:4211:26:26 The final moments

A    lower and lower into the water, those left on board when the last of the lifeboats had departed were either gripped by a sense of panic or resigned to their fate. Some tried to make rafts out of deck chairs and other items of furniture, while others prayed for rescue and comforted their loved ones. The

noise on board soon became deafening as the contents AGAINST THE TIDE of the ship broke free of their fixtures and Kate Winslet and At about 2:15 a.m., water crashed Leonardo DiCaprio through the glass dome and poured crashed forward. As the ship run for their lives in down the grand staircase, sweeping plunged deeper into the sea, the 1997 film Titanic aside those fleeing to the top deck in search of safety. the stern rose up in the air, causing a tidal wave of passengers to fall off the deck, some into the Titanic’s stern rose wreckage, others into the icy sea. up vertically for Out on the ocean, those lucky about 30 seconds before disappearing survivors in the lifeboats averted their beneath the sea eyes as the Titanic met its horrific end.

Funnels and other equipment on deck broke free and crashed beneath the waves

IN TIME OF NEED One of the second-class passengers was Father Thomas Byles, a Roman Catholic priest. As the ship sank, he heard confessions and led prayers at the stern end of the boat deck. Like many of his flock, he lost his life.

LAST MOMENTS At 2:18 a.m. the Titanic’s lights finally went out as the boilers were completely submerged. The ship was almost vertical, its bow diving down toward the seabed, its stern rising up into the night sky. At this point, the ship snapped between the back two funnels, causing the stern section to break free and right itself briefly before it too began to sink. At 2:20 a.m. the Titanic finally slipped from view.

038-039_ew_titanic.inddUS_038-039_ew_titanic.indd 38 38 29/8/081/9/08 11:42:5911:25:30 Officer Lightoller fires warning shots into the panicking crowd in the film A Night To Remember

PANIC STATIONS ALL ALONE In case of serious disturbances on board, pistols were kept in Adrift among the icebergs, the passengers on board a safe for use by senior officers. During the launching of the the lifeboats must have felt very vulnerable and lifeboats, gunshots were fired into the air to prevent panicking alone. With no lights visible from passing ships, crowds from swamping the boats. Intriguingly, there are also many survivors took turns at rowing to keep their reports that an officer actually shot two men dead, and then spirits up and to keep their blood circulating. turned the gun on himself, although the evidence for this remains unverified.

Propeller and rudder high “Not until the last five minutes up in the air did the awful realization come that the end was at hand. The lights became dim and went out, but we could see. Slowly, ever so slowly, the surface of the water seemed to come up toward us.”

ROBERT DANIEL, PASSENGER

BLASTED TO SAFETY First-class passenger Colonel Archibald Gracie was swept off the deck as the ship plummeted beneath the sea. At first he was dragged under by the suction of the sinking ship; Lifeboats rowed clear of but then, suddenly, he was blown clear by a gust of air the sinking ship to keep escaping from a ventilation shaft and managed to clamber from being dragged down on board the upturned collapsible lifeboat B. by the ship’s suction

038-039_ew_titanic.inddUS_038-039_ew_titanic.indd 39 39 29/8/081/9/08 11:43:0111:25:43 Heroes and heroines

T    circumstances that all the passengers and crew faced brought forward some remarkable acts of heroism and self-sacrifice. Women such as Molly Brown and the Countess of Rothes were used to having everything done for them. But they

forgot any idea of social rank and worked COUNTESS OF ROTHES the oars on the lifeboats, proving In lifeboat number 8, the Countess of Rothes took themselves to be more than a match her turn at the oars before handling the tiller for for any of the men on board. Others, such as most of the night. In Isidor and Ida Straus, both in their sixties, gratitude for her hard work that night, the crew chose to stay together on the ship. Down in member in charge of the the boiler rooms, the firemen and stokers boat, Thomas Jones, later presented her with the worked until the end to keep the lights lifeboat number plate burning to attract any passing ships. Up on mounted on a plaque. deck, the two wireless operators sent out emergency signals for as long as possible. And all the time the band played on.

“When I saw the way she was carrying herself and THE UNSINKABLE MOLLY BROWN heard the quiet determined US millionairess Molly Brown was one of 26 women on board lifeboat way she spoke to the number 6. In charge was Quartermaster Hichens, who others, I knew she was refused to order the women to row; so Molly Brown took command. more of a man than She threatened to throw Hichens overboard and rowed furiously any we had on board.” toward the rescue ship. Mrs. Brown’s heroic determination THOMAS JONES OF LIFEBOAT 8 PRAISES THE COUNTESS OF ROTHES earned her the title of “the unsinkable Molly Brown.” Names of 38 engineers lost with the Titanic

IN MEMORIAM The town most affected by the disaster was Southampton, England, where most of the crew lived. On April 22, 1914, a monument to the ship’s engineers (right) was unveiled in the city’s East Park. More than 100,000 people attended the unveiling. A year later, a smaller memorial to the steward was unveiled on Southampton Common; this memorial was later moved to a local church.

040-041_ew_titanic.inddUS_040-041_ew_titanic.indd 40 40 29/8/081/9/08 11:43:0711:24:51 AND THE BAND PLAYED ON Captain Smith is The Titanic had two bands—a string shown here quintet, led by violinist Wally swimming toward Hartley, that played for first-class crowded collapsible passengers, and a string and piano lifeboat B trio that played outside the à la carte restaurant. After the collision, the musicians assembled in the first-class lounge and played a selection of ragtimes and other songs to keep passengers’ spirits up. They played on until the very end, going down with their ship. There is still debate over the final piece the band played—either the hymn Nearer, My God, To Thee or the slow waltz Songe d’Automne.

CAPTAIN SMITH The last minutes of Captain Smith’s life are largely uncertain because he went down with his ship. Several survivors claimed that he swam close to the upturned collapsible lifeboat B but turned away when he realized how overcrowded its hull was. Others alleged that he handed over a baby that he had rescued from the sea, Extract from the hymn although there is no proof that this story is true. Nearer, My God, To Thee, believed to be the final piece of music played aboard the Titanic TOGETHER FOREVER Wealthy passenger Isidor Straus was the founder of the world-famous Macy’s department store in New York. Because of his age, he was offered the chance to board a lifeboat, but turned it down. His wife, Ida, refused to leave the ship without him, saying, “I will not be separated from my husband. As we have lived, so we will die together.” Both went down with the ship.

Engineer at work

040-041_ew_titanic.inddUS_040-041_ew_titanic.indd 41 41 29/8/081/9/08 11:43:0911:25:09 Racing to the rescue

A : ..    on board the 15,192-ton (13,782-metric ton) RMS Carpathia picked up a distress message from the Titanic. The ship, en route from New York to the

ROWING TO SAFETY Mediterranean, turned around immediately and traveled, The icefield surrounding the as fast as possible, 58 miles (93 km) northwest to the survivors meant that it was too dangerous for the Carpathia to distressed liner. Captain Rostron prepared his ship to move in close to the lifeboats. The exhausted survivors, receive survivors, although he had no idea how therefore, had to row toward many to expect. Doctors on board the Carpathia the stationary ship. It took the Carpathia four hours to rescue were put on standby, steward and cooks prepared all of the survivors because accommodation and food, and rockets were the lifeboats were scattered over a 4-mile (6.4-km) area. fired every 15 minutes to signal the ship’s approach. Rostron’s immediate concern, however, was ice, for the same RUTH BECKER Second-class passenger Ruth Becker iceberg that had sunk the Titanic was only 12 years old when she found herself could easily sink his ship, too. separated from her mother and her younger brother and sister. But she displayed remarkable bravery when aboard lifeboat 13 by helping to distribute blankets and by talking, through an interpreter, to a distraught German mother who had been separated from her child. Both the Beckers and the German family Masthead lights told were reunited on survivors that help board the Carpathia. was on its way

Smoke spewed from Carpathia’s funnel as IN SIGHT the ship raced to rescue LOOKING FOR SURVIVORS Titanic’s survivors At 4:00 a.m., the Carpathia reached the Titanic’s last reported Only one of the lifeboats— position and cut its engines. In number 14, commanded by the gloom, a green light flickered Fifth Officer Lowe (above)— from lifeboat number 2, where went back to look for survivors. Fourth Officer Boxhall was in His boat pulled four people charge. Once on board the from the sea. All the other Carpathia, he confirmed the boats rowed away from the worst to Captain Rostron, scene because most of the Survivors who then faced the grim occupants feared being sucked burned paper task of organizing the down by the sinking ship or and waved rescue operation. swamped by those fighting for their hands their lives in the sea. Only 12 to attract people in total were picked up, attention despite most lifeboats having Lifeboats hidden room for many more. among the floating ice

042-043_ew_titanic.inddUS_042-043_ew_titanic.indd 42 42 29/8/081/9/08 11:43:1611:24:19 SAFE AT LAST The first survivor, Elizabeth Allen, clambered up a rope ladder to board the Carpathia at 4:10 a.m., just under two hours after the Titanic sank. Some survivors Survivors were well enough to climb rope ladders, others await their had to be winched to safety in a boatswain’s chair turn to (wooden seat suspended from two ropes). A few board the young children were scooped up in mail sacks. Carpathia

Gangway door open to receive survivors

ELECTRIC SPARK At the time of the Titanic tragedy, 42-year-old Captain Arthur Rostron of the Carpathia was very experienced, having been at sea since the age of 13. He was renowned for his quick decision-making and energetic leadership. Out of respect for his abilities, his Cunard shipmates nicknamed him the “electric spark.”

THANK YOU “After we were picked up on the Survivors of the disaster joined together to buy a Carpathia my mother came to me, ‘cos silver cup for Captain Rostron and 320 medals every time a lifeboat came I went to for his crew. The reverse side of each medal bore see if my father was on it… he wasn’t, the crew member’s name and the inscription: so my mother turned round and said, “Presented to the captain, officers, and crew of RMS ’You’ve lost your father, you won’t see Carpathia, in recognition of gallant and heroic services, your father anymore… he’s gone.’” from the survivors of the SS

EDITH HAISMAN Titanic, April 15th 1912”.

Blankets to keep the survivors warm

ALL HANDS ON DECK As the survivors clambered on board the Carpathia, they were met by passengers and crew offering blankets, a nip of brandy, and hot food and drinks. Some survivors were taken to Medal shows the cabins, others huddled on the deck and tried to come to terms with the ordeal they had Carpathia sailing just endured. Everyone noticed how silent the ship was despite all the activity on board. through ice

042-043_ew_titanic.inddUS_042-043_ew_titanic.indd 43 43 29/8/081/9/08 11:43:1711:24:32 Awaiting news

A    in New York picked up the Titanic’s faint distress signals in the early hours of Monday April 15. The signals were also detected in Newfoundland, Canada. The word was out that the Titanic was in trouble,

THE WORST CONFIRMED but other messages during the day appeared to contradict Captain Rostron waited until all this fact. It was not until 6:16 p.m. New York time that the survivors were safely on board the Carpathia before broadcasting any Olympic, the Titanic’s sister ship, confirmed that the Titanic messages. Wireless contact was had sunk. Two hours later, the rescue ship, Carpathia, broke initially restricted to sending a list of survivors and their messages: its radio silence and announced it was requests from the press for information were ignored. Finally, bringing survivors into New York. at 8:20 p.m. on Monday evening, the captain sent a brief telegram confirming the worst to Associated Press in New York.

WAITING FOR NEWS As news filtered through on Monday, crowds of concerned relatives and bystanders formed outside the White Star offices in New York, London (right), and Southampton. Detailed information was hard to come by, and it took some days before the first, incomplete list of survivors was posted up in New York.

For Hascoe, read C. H. Pascoe

For Ross, read H. Ross, cook

READ ALL ABOUT IT The cries of newspaper boys shouting out the headlines brought home to many people the scale of MISTAKEN IDENTITIES the disaster. In the absence On Wednesday, a list of of firm news from the saved crew members was posted White Star Line or from up outside the White Star offices in the rescue ship, Carpathia, Southampton, where 699 of the 898 crew worried relatives read the lived. In the confusion, names were spelled newspapers closely, incorrerctly and initials left off, raising some searching for any scrap of relatives’ hopes unnecessarily. Sheets of corrected information that might tell names slowly appeared, finally confirming who them about their loved ones. had survived and who had been lost.

044-045_ew_titanic.inddUS_044-045_ew_titanic.indd 44 44 29/8/081/9/08 11:43:2411:23:49 Monday’s New York “I have read the papers trying Evening Sun reported that all passengers to get some hope, but all fail were safe now. I shall pray for the body. He was so good to me.”

TITANIC SURVIVOR WRITES ABOUT HER HUSBAND

Tuesday morning’s Chicago Daily Tribune confirms the full extent of the horror, although many details are still missing

Although news of the disaster spread rapidly around the world, it did not always make front page news

AROUND THE WORLD The Titanic disaster dominated the world’s newspapers for days, although many of the early stories were vague and often GOOD NEWS, BAD NEWS contradictory. Most papers erred on the side of caution, not Many women in Southampton lost a number of male believing that such a disaster could have occurred. They even relatives in the disaster. Mrs. Rosina Hurst (seen on printed as fact rumors that the Titanic was being towed to the left) lost her father-in-law, although her husband, Halifax, Nova Scotia, and that all its passengers were safe. fireman Walter Hurst, survived. Sharing the news with her is her aunt, also in mourning clothes.

044-045_ew_titanic.inddUS_044-045_ew_titanic.indd 45 45 29/8/081/9/08 11:43:2511:24:01 Mrs. Goldsmith, pictured shortly Lost and found after the disaster, wearing two wedding rings H   lost their lives in the Titanic disaster will never be known for sure, since the total number of passengers and crew on board has never been officially established. The US Senate investigation put the total losses at 1,517 (shown in the table below), while the British enquiry calculated 1,490. Some authorities put the losses as high as 1,635. But whatever the figures, the human tragedy of lives lost and families torn apart makes each survivor’s story all the more poignant. Whether rich or poor, famous or unknown, every

one of the 705 survivors had a remarkable tale to tell. RING TWICE As Mrs. Goldsmith stepped into the lifeboat with her son, Frankie, family Honeymooners friend Thomas Theobald slipped off his Mr. and Mrs. Harder wedding ring and asked her to pass it HORRIFIC HONEYMOONS on to his wife. Mr. Theobald died; Mrs. Eight newlywed couples chose to take their Goldsmith was photographed by the honeymoon on the Titanic’s maiden voyage, Detroit News on April 26 still wearing although only two couples lived to tell the two rings. the tale. Here Mr. and Mrs. George Harder rest on Carpathia’s boat deck, sharing the horrors of BABY MILLVINA the night before with Mrs. Aged only seven weeks at the time of Hays, a fellow survivor. the disaster, Millvina Dean was the youngest survivor of the Titanic disaster. Her mother, Ettie, and brother, Bert, also survived; her father perished. In later life, Survivor Mrs. Clara Millvina opened the Hays, who lost her exhibition of Titanic husband, Charles artefacts held in Hays, president of Greenwich, Canada’s Grand England, in 1994. Trunk Railroad

FIRST CLASS Michel, aged 3 One-hundred-and-forty-five women 199 UNDER COVER and children survived, ten women Second-class passenger Louis and one child died. Of the men, 54 Hoffmann gave the impression he 130 survived and 119 died. In total, 60 per- was taking his recently orphaned cent of first-class passengers survived. children to start a new life in the United States. In reality, “Louis Hoffmann” was SECOND CLASS Michel Navratil, who 119 One-hundred-and-four women had separated from his and children survived, 24 died. Of wife and abducted his the men, only 15 survived and 142 166 sons. The boys survived died. In total, 42 percent of second- the disaster and were class passengers survived. eventually reunited with their mother. THIRD CLASS One-hundred-and-five women 174 Edmond, aged 2 and children survived, 119 died. Of the men, only 69 survived and 417 died. In total, 25 percent of 536 Table showing how third-class passengers survived. the numbers of people lost and Saved saved varied greatly CREW among the three Twenty women survived, three 213 Lost classes and crew. died. Of the men, 193 survived and 682 died. In total, 24 percent of the crew survived. 685

046-047_ew_titanic.inddUS_046-047_ew_titanic.indd 46 46 29/8/081/9/08 11:43:3211:23:19 REST IN PEACE LIMPING HOME On Saturday, April 20, On arrival in New York, Harold less than one week Bride’s feet were so frostbitten that after the disaster, he had to be carried ashore. Canon Kenneth Hind One of the heroes of the conducted a funeral disaster, Bride had kept service on board the sending distress signals Mackay-Bennett. until minutes before Twenty-four people, the Titanic sank. He too disfigured to be then resumed identified, were sewn duties on into weighted sacks and board the given a dignified burial Carpathia. at sea. Further services were held over the next month as more victims were found.

Hat removed out of respect for the dead

Harold Bride’s ankles were badly injured during the escape, and his feet were frostbitten by the icy sea

WRITING HOME Many survivors wrote long and detailed letters to friends or family recounting their ordeal. Mary Hewlett, a second-class passenger who was in lifeboat number 13, wrote, “I had some long letters I had written to my girls… and I gave them to be burned, sheet by sheet, as signals. The dawn came at about 4:30 a.m. and then we saw dozens of icebergs and the new Moon in a pink haze—it was a most wonderful sight and soon after that, at about 5 o’clock, we saw the mast lights of the Carpathia on the horizon.”

Body is pulled from the sea into Mackay-Bennett’s rowboat AT GOD’S SERVICE The Reverend John Harper was on his GATHERING THE DEAD way from London to hold a series of The gruesome task of Baptist revival meetings at the Moody collecting bodies from Church in Chicago, the sea was conducted where he had by ships from Halifax, preached the Nova Scotia. The previous winter. Mackay-Bennett carried Harper’s two traveling tons of ice to preserve companions—his the bodies, more than young daughter, 100 coffins, and 40 Nina, and a embalmers. Over the relative, Jessie course of six weeks, 328 Leitch—both bodies were found; 119 survived, but of these were buried at he went sea and the rest returned down with to Halifax, either for the ship. burial or to be claimed by relatives.

046-047_ew_titanic.inddUS_046-047_ew_titanic.indd 47 47 29/8/081/9/08 11:43:3411:23:32 Lessons learned

F     , the first official inquiry into the disaster, chaired by Senator William Life buoy Alden Smith, opened in New York and lasted for 17 days. The 82 witnesses called to the stand included: White Star chairman, Bruce Ismay; Guglielmo Marconi; lookout Frederick Fleet; and Captain Lord of the Californian. Two weeks later, the British inquiry Titanic survivors line up began under Lord Mersey, a to receive shipwreck pay former High Court judge. Although both inquiries covered much the same ground, their main difference was motive: the US inquiry was conducted by politicians looking for someone to blame, while the British inquiry was conducted by lawyers and technical experts trying to establish the facts to ensure there was no repetition of the disaster. Both inquiries made much the same recommendations, calling for ships to be safer and built to higher standards, to make effective use of radio, and to carry sufficient lifeboats for everyone on board.

THE FORGOTTEN CREW Under the White Star Line’s conditions of service, the Titanic’s crew ceased to be paid at 2:20 a.m. on April 15, the WHO WAS TO BLAME? moment the ship sank. Those who appeared before the US The US inquiry had no doubt that Captain Smith was to blame for the inquiry received some expenses, but most were shipped tragedy because of his “indifference to danger” and his “overconfidence directly home by White Star with little or no financial aid. and neglect.” The hearing also blamed Captain Lord of the Californian, Many of the surviving crew had to rely on charity or for failing to come to the rescue, and the British Board of Trade for not emergency shipwreck payments from the Sailors’ and updating its lifeboat regulations and for its poor inspection standards Firemen’s Union until they could find another job. during the ship’s construction. In comparison, the British inquiry agreed that the Titanic was traveling too fast but did not find Captain Smith negligent, nor did it criticize the Board of Trade. Scale model of Presiding judge, the Titanic Witness Sir Cosmo Lord Mersey Duff Gordon gives The British evidence in the stand Titanic inquiry in progress

048-049_ew_titanic.inddUS_048-049_ew_titanic.indd 48 48 29/8/081/9/08 11:45:0712:28:18 ICE PATROL One of the lasting results of the collision was the agreement, in 1914, by 16 North Atlantic nations to establish the International Ice Patrol to look out for icebergs in the North Atlantic shipping lanes. Today, the patrol uses ships and airplanes equipped with radar, underwater sonar equipment, and the latest forecasting technology to log all icebergs and report their existence to every ship in the area. Many lives have been saved as a result of this patrol.

Lifeboats hang beneath the promenade decks of this modern Guglielmo Marconi, liner, allowing passengers a inventor of wireless clear view across the sea telegraphy

MORE LIFEBOATS The main recommendation of both inquiries was that every ship be equipped with enough lifeboats to accommodate every passenger and crew member, and that regular lifeboat drills be held. For existing ships, this meant placing more lifeboats on deck, reducing the space available for passengers to walk on the upper decks and restricting their view of the sea. Modern ships are designed to overcome these problems.

ON AIR Both inquiries recommended that every ship be equipped with a radio and that radio contact be maintained 24 hours a day. The inquiries also advised that ship radios should adhere LAST OF THE LINE to international regulations. Previously a novelty enjoyed by Although the Titanic proved that watertight bulkheads could not prevent a wealthy passengers only, radio contact now became a major ship from sinking, the designers of the Italian luxury transatlantic liner Andrea navigational and safety aid at sea. Doria claimed their ship was unsinkable. But after a collision with the Stockholm, in 1956, the ship sank when only one of its 11 compartments flooded. The reason was that the ship was light on fuel and ballast (heavy It took several hours for the Andrea Doria material used to stabilize ships) and was floating high in the water. As the to plunge 240 ft (73 m) beneath the sea bulkhead filled with water, the ship keeled to one side, and water poured in above the watertight compartments.

048-049_ew_titanic.inddUS_048-049_ew_titanic.indd 49 49 29/8/081/9/08 11:45:0812:28:26 End of an era

W    , it was to be the second in a trio of luxury liners intended to dominate the world of transatlantic travel. Only one of the three—the Olympic—lived up to White Star Line’s dream. The Titanic sank on its maiden voyage. The Britannic was only ever used for military service, and its entire working life was less than one year. The Olympic was the exception. After the Titanic tragedy, the Olympic NOT SO GIGANTIC was equipped with extra safety precautions and cruised the North The third of the great White Star Liners was originally to Atlantic for more than 20 years as both a civilian and a military ship. In be called Gigantic, but it was 1934, the White Star Line merged with renamed Britannic to avoid comparisons with the Titanic. its old rival, Cunard, and within a year With the recent tragedy in the Olympic sailed its final voyage. mind, the Britannic was equipped with a double- The dream was over. skinned hull, bulkheads up to B deck, and giant davits (lowering devices) capable of launching enough lifeboats for everyone on board.

TROOP SHIP Deck lined with In the first few months of World sufficient lifeboats War I, the Olympic continued to to carry all take passengers across the passengers and Atlantic and even rescued the crew members crew of a British battleship that had struck a mine off the coast of Ireland. In September 1915, the Olympic was commissioned as a naval transport ship and, over a three-year period, ferried 119,000 troops and civilians. The survivor of three submarine attacks, the ship earned itself the nickname “Old Reliable.”

“Dazzle” paint camouflage to confuse enemy submarines

Friends and relatives wave to passengers aboard the Olympic as it departs from New York

THE BOOM YEARS After a postwar refit, the Olympic returned to civilian service in July 1920. For the next 15 years the ship made hundreds of voyages across the Atlantic and carried many thousands of passengers. The ship had only one major accident when, on May 15, 1934, it struck a lightship in heavy fog. Seven of the lightship’s 11 crew members were killed. By 1935, the Olympic had become dated and, in March of that year, made its final voyage before it was sold, stripped of its fixtures, and scrapped.

050-051_ew_titanic.inddUS_050-051_ew_titanic.indd 50 50 29/8/081/9/08 11:45:1411:22:11 IN SERVICE World War I broke out only six months after the Britannic’s launch on February 26, 1914. The Volunteer ship was hurriedly nurse’s transformed into a fully uniform equipped hospital ship with dormitories and operating rooms on each deck and entered war service in December 1915.

Red crosses painted on the side of the hull indicate that the Britannic is a hospital ship

NURSE JESSOP Massive hole Most of those who lost their lives on ripped out of the Britannic were actually afloat in the Britannic’s lifeboats, but were killed by the port side rotating propellers when an attempt was made to restart the engines. One of the lucky survivors was Nurse Violet Jessop (above), who had already escaped death as a stewardess aboard the Titanic.

TO THE SEABED On November 21, 1916, the Britannic was steaming northward through the Kea Channel, southeast of Athens, on her way to pick up wounded Allied soldiers on the Isle of Lemnos. A sudden explosion ripped the ship open and sank it within an hour. No one knows what caused the explosion, but it is likely that the ship struck a mine.

French walnut paneling from the first-class à la carte restaurant of the RMS Olympic

AFTERLIFE Many of the carved wooden panels and other fixtures from the Olympic were removed from the ship before it was scrapped and stored in a barn in northern England. Rediscovered 56 years later, the fixtures were offered for sale and now furnish the interiors of hotels, factories, and private homes across England.

050-051_ew_titanic.inddUS_050-051_ew_titanic.indd 51 51 29/8/081/9/08 11:45:1611:22:25 The shallow Grand Banks of Newfoundland Seabed of thick mud Search and discovery lie just to the north of strewn with boulders the wreck and small rocks F    , the ship searching for the wreck of the Titanic, the night of August 31, 1985, promised to be as uneventful as any other. For two futile months, the uncrewed submersible Argo had scoured the murky depths of the North Atlantic Ocean. Then, just after midnight on September 1, small pieces of metal began to show up on the ship’s monitors. At first the team saw only the RESTING PLACE The Titanic was located at 41°43’N, 49°56’W, 480 miles wreckage of a boiler, but it was instantly (770 km) southeast of Newfoundland, Canada. The recognizable as one of the Titanic’s. The wreck lies on the gently sloping seabed overlooking a small canyon, which scientists named the Titanic camera followed a trail of objects until, Canyon in 1980. suddenly, the huge black shadow of the ship’s hull came into view. 1,600 ft (500m) Seventy-three years after its tragic loss, the Titanic had been found.

3,300 ft Model of the 1,000 (m) bow section of the Titanic wreck

Bow and stern sections cut almost clean apart

6,500 ft (2,000 m)

THE WRECK The bow and stern sections of the ship lie 1,970 ft (600 m) apart on the seabed, facing in opposite directions. Both are upright, the bow section having plowed 65 9,800 ft ft (20 m) into the mud. (3,000 m) Despite the impact, the bow section is remarkably intact.

HOSTILE WATERS The Titanic lies in 12,470 ft (3,800 m) of water. At this depth, there is no light and the temperature is no GIGANTIC BOILERS RUSTY BOW more than 36°F (2°C). As the ship sank, most of the 29 vast boilers broke Over the years, layers and layers of rust have No plants grow at this away and crashed around inside the hull. Only five, covered a fitting on the bow of the Titanic, depth, and few fish can however, broke completely free of the ship and were making it appear like a figurehead. In reality, survive the intense later found in the field of debris. The remaining 24 the fitting was to secure the forestay (support) pressure and cold. boilers are probably still within the bow section. that held up the foremast. 13,000 ft (4,000 m) 52

052-053_ew_titanic.inddUS_052-053_ew_titanic.indd 52 52 29/8/081/9/08 11:45:2311:21:40 Powerful spotlights illuminate the wreck

PICKING UP THE PIECES In July 1987, a team of French scientists sailed to the UNDERWATER site of the Titanic to carry out more thorough EXPLORER investigations. The expedition worked from the Nautile, the submersible surface ship Nadir (above), and a crew of three used in the 1987 Titanic explored the seabed in the submersible Nautile expedition, measured only Robotic arm for Crew sit inside a (right). Using the submersible’s mechanical arms, 27 ft (8 m) in length. Its picking up objects titanium sphere the crew scooped 1,800 objects from the seabed. three-person crew—pilot, co-pilot, and observer – took 90 minutes to reach ALL ABOARD the seabed and could stay Life on board Nautile was cramped down for up to eight and hot. The three-person crew lay hours before they had to on their sides, looking out on the return to the surface. wreck through the small portholes. Lights illuminated the scene outside; video cameras Portholes are filled with recorded it for extra-thick, curved posterity. Plexiglas®, which becomes flat during the dive due to the water pressure

Foremast lies Anchor crane still stands collapsed over upright at the bow; behind the deck it are the two massive anchor chains

Titanic’s starboard anchor can still be seen in its original position

TOPPLED TELEGRAPH PEEPING INTO THE PAST This telegraph was among the many items Among the many items picked up from the wreck by the Nautile’s arms have photographed by Argo. Originally mounted on the 1987 expedition was one of the ship’s many portholes. several attachments—a docking bridge at the stern of the ship, the telegraph Porcelain plates, cutlery, light fixtures, an empty safe, a sucker, a gripper, and a was used to communicate with the engine room statue of a cherub from the grand staircase—even a shovel—for gathering when maneuvering the ship in and out of port. chamber pot—were all scooped up from the seafloor. objects from the seabed

052-053_ew_titanic.inddUS_052-053_ew_titanic.indd 53 53 29/8/081/9/08 11:45:2511:21:55 Pieces of the puzzle

T     wreck and the salvage of artifacts from the seabed have solved some, but not all, of the unanswered questions that surround the fatal voyage. We now know that the hull broke up as it sank, and that the steel used in its construction was not

COALS FROM THE SEABED strong enough to withstand the cold waters of the Among the items raised from North Atlantic. We also know that the ship sank the seabed are numerous pieces of coal that spilled out of the some 13 miles (21 km) away from the position bunkers when the ship sank. estimated at the time of the disaster. This casts Of all the rescued artifacts, individual lumps of coal are the doubt on various accounts of which ships were in only ones to have been sold. the area and able to come to the rescue. The story The money raised helps to fund further salvage efforts. of the Titanic still excites controversy, almost 100 years after the event. Many people think that Steel fitting, weighing two tonnes (2.2 recovering items from the wreck site is like robbing tons) is recovered from the wreck site a grave, and that the Titanic should be left in peace. Others want to raise as much of the ship and its contents as possible in order to put them on A NEW DIRECTION The ship’s compass (above) display. Whatever the final outcome, one thing stood on a wooden stand, is sure: the controversy will continue. a large proportion of which was eaten away by teredos (marine worms). Painstaking Concretion of conservation has restored spoons and china the stand to something from the Titanic of its former stature. wreck site METAL FATIGUE Objects are Investigation of the steel washed in fresh used in the hull revealed water to remove that the plates and rivets harmful mud became brittle when and salt exposed to low water temperatures. On the night of the disaster, the water temperature was about 31°F (–0.2°C). In addition, the steel had a high sulfur content, which made it more liable to fracture, and the FUSED AS ONE rivets used were low grade, The corrosive effect of the making them liable to seawater on metal produces splinter. This explains why rust that cements objects the iceberg caused such into unlikely combinations serious damage to the hull. called concretions. Here, spoons and a lump of china have become firmly joined. TREASURE TROVE Many of the artifacts To separate such artifacts, retrieved from the seabed conservators use were stored in laboratories electrolysis—passing in France. There they were electricity through metal kept in stable conditions objects in a chemical bath— and used to help scientists to slow further corrosion and study the corrosive effects of soften the concretion. seawater. Most of the objects have now been restored, although this was a slow and painstaking process. A collection of well-preserved spoons recovered from the seabed

054-055_ew_titanic.inddUS_054-055_ew_titanic.indd 54 54 29/8/081/9/08 11:45:3211:21:01 What happened? Although some eyewitnesses stated that the ship broke in two before it sank, there has always been some doubt about this, as other witnesses STAGE 1 claimed that the ship went down in As the “watertight” compartments one piece. The discovery of the wreck filled with water one by one, the STAGE 3 in two pieces, some 1,970 ft (600 m) bow slowly sank, pulling the stern The keel could stand apart on the seabed, confirms that the of the ship upward and out of the the strain no more and hull did indeed break up. water. The angle of the ship began fractured between the third and fourth to put great strain on the keel. funnels. This caused the stern section to right itself and float upright in the water for a few minutes.

STAGE 2 The weight of water inside the hull finally pulled the bow SLICED BY ICE underwater. By now the It was long believed that the iceberg sliced stern was right up in the air, causing STAGE 4 into the Titanic like a can opener, causing one funnels, deck equipment, engines, The bow plummeted forward and continuous gash along the hull. The fact that boilers, and all the internal fittings to downward to the ocean floor. As it did the hull is now buried in up to 55 ft (17 m) of break loose and crash forward. so, it broke free of the stern section, which mud made it impossible, until recently, to floated by itself momentarily before it study the damage. Recent sonar too sank below the waves. Debris was images, however, show that the scattered over a wide area of seabed. iceberg actually made six narrow incisions in the ship’s hull.

HANDCLEAN ONLY The only way to remove the dirt from sea-damaged clothes and Clothes dusted to restore them to their former glory remove specks of is by hand. With careful brushing dust and debris and the use of sensitive cleaning agents and preserving chemicals, the effects of almost 100 years under the sea can slowly be reversed.

Items of clothing GOOD AS NEW after restoration Many items of clothing from the wreck are remarkably well preserved, having survived wrapped up in trunks and suitcases, or folded neatly in drawers. Clothes recovered include a pair of gloves, a neatly pressed shirt, and a steward’s jacket.

Rubber gloves protect hands against the harmful effects of chemicals

054-055_ew_titanic.inddUS_054-055_ew_titanic.indd 55 55 29/8/081/9/08 11:45:3411:21:15 Never-ending story

T     . Its first life was as an ill-fated ship that floated for less than a year. Its second life began the moment the ship struck the iceberg and, almost 100 years later, shows no sign of ending. With countless films, books, musicals, songs, computer games, and websites to its name, the Titanic is now more famous than ever. Phrases associated with the ship— “tip of the iceberg,” “rearranging the deckchairs on the Titanic,” “and the band played on”—have all entered the English language, and there can be few people who do not have some knowledge of this fascinating story. Even those who have no interest in ships or the sea have been touched by the tragic tale of the Titanic and A DROP IN THE OCEAN the shocking waste of lives. The Titanic may lie rusting at the One of the less successful attempts to film the Titanic story was Raise the bottom of the Atlantic, but interest in the ship—and the Titanic (1980). The film cost many millions to produce and made so little magical era it was a part of—lives on. money that the film’s producer, Lord Grade, remarked, “It would have been Memorial edition of the Daily Mirror, cheaper to lower the Atlantic.” Daily Graphic, April 20, 1912 16 April 1912 Supplement to the Sphere Magazine, April 27, 1912

Sheet music for The Wreck of the Titanic, written by Haydon Augarde

The Deathless Story of the Titanic, issued by Sheet music for IN PRINT Lloyds Weekly News, 1912 The Ship That Within days of the disaster, Will Never newspapers were producing Return, written by memorial editions packed with SILENT STAR F. V. St. Clair photographs and artistic One of the few survivors of the reconstructions of the final Titanic to prosper from the tragedy tragic hours of the Titanic. was the actress Dorothy Gibson, who Songwriters produced mournful was traveling first-class and escaped in songs, postcard companies one of the lifeboats. One month after the printed memorial cards with ship sank, she co-wrote and starred in pictures of the ship and its a silent movie, Saved from the Titanic captain, and publishers produced and went on to have a successful film hastily written books. career. The film was the first of many about the ship.

056-057_ew_titanic.inddUS_056-057_ew_titanic.indd 56 56 29/8/081/9/08 11:45:4111:20:30 Kenneth More as Second Officer Lightoller

A NIGHT TO REMEMBER The publication, in 1955, of Walter Lord’s authoritative book A Night To Remember sparked renewed interest in the Titanic. Lord’s interviews with more than 60 survivors brought to life the final hours of those 3D RECONSTRUCTION on board the liner. The The appeal of the Titanic continues into book was televised in 1956 the computer age. Safe in your own and, in 1958, was turned home, you can wander around the ship, into a successful explore the public rooms and cabins, documentary-style film stand on the deck, and relive the final starring Kenneth More. moments on a 3-D video game.

TITANIC MUSICALS The sinking of the Titanic may seem an unlikely subject for a musical, but the larger-than-life character of Molly Brown (p. 40) provided the perfect excuse. The Unsinkable Molly Brown opened on Broadway, New York, in 1960 and was a great success. Another musical, Titanic (above), staged in 1997 to mark the 85th anniversary of the disaster, highlighted the great divide between the wealthy passengers in first class and the poor immigrants in third class.

Kate Winslet and Leonardo DiCaprio star in the film Titanic (1997)

THE BIG TIME RAISE THE TITANIC? Interest in the Titanic reached huge proportions with the release Ever since the ship sank in 1912, plans have been put forward to raise the ship off of the film Titanic in 1997. Directed by James Cameron and the seabed. Relatives of some of the wealthy deceased considered salvaging the ship starring Kate Winslet and Leonardo DiCaprio, the film won within days of its sinking. Others proposed attaching magnets or bags of helium to 11 Oscars, including best picture and best director. Within two the ship’s hull. There was even a scheme to fill the ship with ping-pong balls! As years, it had taken $1,826 million at the box office, making it one the debate over whether to raise the Titanic or leave it in peace continues, of the most successful films of all time. the rusting wreck continues to disintegrate.

056-057_ew_titanic.inddUS_056-057_ew_titanic.indd 57 57 29/8/081/9/08 11:45:4311:20:43 Did you know? AMAZING FACTS

hours. He was not able to climb onto the You can smell icebergs before you upturned collapsible lifeboat B but see them! The minerals in the ice eventually survivors managed to give off a distinctive smell as the icebergs pull him into lifeboat 12. drift southward and melt.

Tins of crackers and water were There were only two bathtubs for stowed away in the lifeboats, but the more than 700 third-class passengers. survivors did not know they were there and most did not discover them.

There were at least nine dogs on board as well as two roosters and two hens. Two of the dogs survived.

Harland and Loading coal at the docks Wolff workmen tightening bolts The Titanic was carrying 6,598 tons (5,986 metric tons) of coal to New York.

Chief Baker Charles Joughin had an amazing escape. He was standing on the stern when it slowly sank into the water and was able to step into the water without even getting his hair wet. He survived in the freezing water for two

The Harland and Wolff shipyard There was a small hole in the bottom employed over 15,000 workmen to of each lifeboat, to ensure that water build the Olympic and the Titanic. They did not collect in the boat worked five and a half days a week and, while it was on deck. aside from Christmas and Easter, had lifeboat 5 had reached only a week ’s vacation a year. the water before its hole was blocked. The cheapest third-class fare on the Titanic was £7 15 shillings, including Steam from meals. This was about $40 in 1912, or about the Titanic’s $300 today. The most expensive tickets boilers powered the of all were for the promenade suites electricity generator, on B deck and cost £870—about and about 200 miles $50,000 today. (322 km) of electric cable connected it to the The Titanic was lights, machinery, and transporting heating systems. Engineers goods across the in the boiler rooms succeeded Atlantic. Twelve cases in keeping the lights working on of ostrich plumes were the Titanic until two minutes among the cargo. before it sank. Ostrich feather Doctors wanted to amputate There was a 50-phone Richard Norris Williams’ legs switchboard on the Titanic. when he was rescued from the Titanic, but The crew was able to talk to each other, and he refused to allow it. He recovered fully some of the first-class rooms had phones, and went on to win tennis but it was not possible to Richard Norris tournaments. He was an Olympic speak to people on land. Williams gold medalist in 1924. The original plans allowed room A daily for 64 lifeboats. However, the newspaper, called owners and builders of the Titanic the Atlantic Daily reduced the number to 16 in order to Bulletin, was provide more space for passengers on produced on the boat deck. They added four lifeboats board the Titanic. with collapsible sides.

058-059_ew_titanic.inddUS_058-059_ew_titanic.indd 58 58 29/8/081/9/08 12:14:3011:19:24 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Why were third-class passengers Qgiven a medical check upon boarding?

Most of the third-class passengers Awere immigrating and underwent a medical check to make sure they were healthy enough to enter the United States. QWhat are growlers? Slabs of ice that have broken away Afrom icebergs or the ice pack are known as growlers. They are often dark in color with little showing above the water line.

What were the Titanic’s two masts Qused for?

A derrick (simple crane) on the Aforemast lifted cars and other heavy goods in and out of the forehold. A ladder inside the foremast led up to the crow’s nest. Wires stretched between the two masts were an important part of the wireless communication system.

How many lifeboats are there on Qships today? There is no smoke from the fourth funnel Modern cruise ships have enough Record Breakers Alifeboats for 25 percent more people What happened to sick than they should have on board. Qpeople on the Titanic? In 1912, the Titanic was the largest When they found the Titanic’s A small hospital with two ship ever built. Its length of (882 ft 9 in) Qhull, what did explorers see Adoctors looked after those (269 m) and width of 92 ft 6 in (28 m) on the foremast? who were unwell. were the same as the Olympic, but the Titanic was slightly heavier. The foremast had collapsed across Why did the Titanic have Athe deck and the crow’s nest could Qfour funnels? At its launch it was claimed that the still be seen. Titanic was the largest man-made The Titanic’s owners object that had been moved. Athought that four funnels would look more impressive To build the Olympic and the Titanic, The bow of than three. The dummy funnel Harland and Wolff constructed a huge the Titanic served as a ventilator. metal framework, called a gantry. It was on the the largest gantry in the world. seabed Why didn’t the lookouts Quse binoculars? The two parlor suites with private promenade decks on B deck were the Lookouts Frederick Fleet most beautifully decorated staterooms Aand Reginald Lee thought on any ocean liner. the binoculars had been left behind in Southampton.

Why was the QTitanic’s maiden voyage delayed from March 20, 1912, to April 10, 1912?

When the Olympic Acollided with HMS Hawke in September 1911, the Harland and Wolff workers had to stop work on the Titanic to repair the 40-foot A contemporary postcard comparing the (12-meter) hole in Titanic to the world’s tallest buildings Olympic’s side.

058-059_ew_titanic.inddUS_058-059_ew_titanic.indd 59 59 29/8/081/9/08 12:14:3111:20:10 Timeline

T      and her tragic loss is a story that has fascinated thousands of people over the last century. This timeline sets out the key points, from the transatlantic liner’s conception as an idea, through its design, construction, and launch to the fatal collision with the iceberg, the sinking, and finally, many decades later, the discovery of the wreck. The story continues today, with more trips down to the wreck and the raising and restoration of further Titanic items. The construction of the Titanic

• M ,  Fitting out is 9:30—11:30 a.m. Passengers board. complete and the Titanic is ready to sail. At 12:00 noon Titanic finally sets sail for France, but is slightly delayed by the near • A ,  Tugs pull the collision with the New York. Titanic out to sea for her sea trials. 6:35 p.m. Titanic drops anchor in 8:00 p.m. The Titanic leaves Belfast for Cherbourg harbor. Two small White Southampton. Star steamships bring passengers, luggage ,and mail out to the Titanic. • A ,  Shortly before 8:10 p.m. Titanic sets off for Ireland. midnight the Titanic arrives in Southampton having traveled • T, A  570 miles (917 km). 11:30 a.m. Titanic arrives at Queenstown and anchors •A –,  2 miles (3 km) off shore. Last-minute painting and the 1:30 p.m. Titanic leaves fitting of furniture and carpets; Queenstown and sets the hiring of the seamen, sail for New York. firemen, and stewards; loading coal into the bunkers, cargo • F, A  into the holds, and provisions Titanic receives wireless Two of the Titanic’s huge propellers for the journey. messages of congratulations on the maiden voyage, and • A ,  Flags and also warning that there is ice • S  Lord Pirrie, chairman pennants adorn the ship in the sea lanes. Captain Third-class of Harland and Wolff Shipbuilders, and to salute the people of Smith steers farther south. daily menu Bruce Ismay, director of the White Star Southampton and mark Line, decide to build three huge, Good Friday. • S, A  luxurious liners called Olympic, Titanic, 11:00 p.m. The wireless machine and Britannic. • W, A ,  stops working. Jack Phillips and his 6:00 a.m. Crew boards Titanic. assistant Harold Bride work all night • M ,  Construction of 6:30 a.m. Thomas Andrews arrives. and repair it by 5:00 a.m. the Titanic begins. 7:30 a.m. Captain Smith boards. 9:30 a.m. Bruce Ismay arrives. He will • M ,  Titanic is launched, stay in one of the parlor suites Titanic leaves Queenstown watched by more than 100,000 people. with a private promenade deck. (now known as Cobh)

060-061_ew_titanic.inddUS_060-061_ew_titanic.indd 60 60 29/8/081/9/08 11:50:2111:18:12 • S, A  12:05 a.m. Captain Smith orders the 9:00 a.m. Titanic receives an ice warning lifeboats to be uncovered. from the Caronia. Captain Smith sends it to 12:10 a.m. Captain Smith asks Jack the officers on the bridge. Phillips to send out a call for help. He uses 11:40 a.m. Dutch liner Noordam reports that the Morse code distress signal, “CQD.” there is a lot of ice. Later he uses the new international 1:42 p.m. White Star Liner Baltic warns of call, “SOS.” The Olympic, Frankfurt, icebergs and field ice. Captain Smith shows and Carpathia reply. this warning to Bruce Ismay. 12:25 a.m. Carpathia sets off to the 1:45 p.m. German liner Amerika reports two rescue, but is 58 miles (93 km) away. large icebergs. This message fails to reach 12:45 a.m. The first lifeboat is lowered. Captain Smith. 12:45 a.m. The first distress flare is fired. About 1:00 a.m. First news reaches the US that the Titanic has struck an iceberg. Survivors reach the Carpathia 2:05 a.m. The last lifeboat is lowered. 2:17 a.m. The bow plunges under the • J ,  water. World Premiere of the film A Night To 2:18 a.m. The Titanic breaks into two. Remember. The bow section sinks. 2:20 a.m. Two of the collapsible lifeboats •  wash overboard, one half-flooded, Opening of the musical The Unsinkable the other upside down. Molly Brown. 2:20 a.m. The stern sinks. Harold Bride at work in the radio room 4:10 a.m. Survivors from the first lifeboat • J , J , board Carpathia. J  7:30 p.m. Harold Bride overhears an ice 8.10 a.m. Survivors from the last lifeboat American Jack Grimm leads three warning from the Californian and sends it to board Carpathia. attempts to find the wreck. the bridge. The ice is approximately 50 miles 12:00 a.m. Reports reach New York (80 km) ahead. that the Titanic is still afloat and all • S ,  9:30 p.m. Second Officer Lightoller are safe. Robert Ballard’s French/ instructs the lookouts to “keep a sharp 6:16 p.m. Captain Haddock of the American expedition with lookout for ice.” Olympic, the Titanic’s sister ship, search ship Knorr and 9:30 p.m. The steamer Mesaba warns of confirms that the Titanic has sunk. uncrewed submersible Argo pack ice and large icebergs. Jack Phillips is discovers the wreck of busy sending passengers’ messages and • T, A  the Titanic. Carpathia sends a list of survivors, • J  which is posted Robert Ballard returns and outside the photographs the wreck in a New York tiny submarine called Alvin. Times office. • J  A salvaging expedition, with search ship Nadir and crewed submersible Nautile starts lifting objects from the wreck. The Titanic’s Further expeditions in 1993 propellers rise Newspaper and 1994 raise more than out of the water headlines about 5,000 objects. the disaster •  A Soviet/Canadian expedition films the wreck for a documentary called Titanica. Lifeboats row away as the stern sinks • D ,  does not send the warning to the bridge. • W, A  The film Titanic opens in the US. 10:55 p.m. Jack Phillips, exhausted, cuts off The Mackay-Bennett, a small steamer the Californian’s ice warning. chartered by the White Star Line, leaves • A  11:40 p.m. Lookout Frederick Fleet sees Halifax. It searches the area for nine days Premiere of the film Ghosts of the Abyss. the iceberg. First Officer Murdoch orders and finds 306 bodies. Later steamers find the engine room to stop the engines and another 22 bodies. put them in reverse, tells Quartermaster Robert Hichens, who is at the wheel, to • T, A  turn “hard a’starboard” (sharp left) and Carpathia reaches New York with closes the doors between the watertight 705 survivors. compartments. 11:40 p.m. The Titanic hits the iceberg, • A —M  only 37 seconds after Fleet’s warning. Inquiry into the disaster by the 11:41 p.m. Captain Smith instructs Fourth US Senate. Officer Boxhall to inspect the ship for damage. • M —J  11:50 p.m. Thomas Andrews inspects the British Board of Trade Inquiry into damaged areas. the disaster. • M, A  • M  12:00 midnight Thomas Andrews tells Dorothy Gibson, one of the survivors, Captain Smith the ship will sink within an writes and stars in a silent movie hour and a half. Saved from the Titanic. The crewed submersible Nautile

060-061_ew_titanic.inddUS_060-061_ew_titanic.indd 61 61 10/11/0829/8/08 11:18:3514:13:24 Find out more

I      has captured your imagination, there are many ways to find out more. You can visit one of the memorials to the Titanic and her crew. There are a number of permanent exhibitions about the Titanic and frequent special exhibitions, which often show objects that have been raised from the wreck. By looking at the plans OLYMPIC STORY or making a model, The sister ships Titanic and Olympic were so you will learn a great similar that by finding deal, while watching out more about the Olympic, you will learn one of the films a great deal about about the Titanic the design and style of the will bring the Titanic. liner’s tragic last journey to life.

THE GRAND STAIRCASE There are a number of permanent exhibitions about the Titanic, but you will also find that there are excellent temporary exhibitions to attend. Organizers do all they can to recreate the atmosphere on board the luxurious liner and to give an idea of the different experiences of first-class, second-class, and third-class passengers. The ornate grand staircase, under an elaborate glass dome, was one of the most striking parts of the Titanic’s first-class accommodations.

USEFUL WEBSITES

• To find out about the Titanic Historical Society, see: www. titanichistoricalsociety.org/index.asp • For all kinds of information about the Titanic, go to: www.titanic-titanic.com • To find out about individual passengers and crew members, see: www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/ • For a transcript of the US Senate and British Board of Trade inquiry, go to: www.titanicinquiry.org/ • For information about Molly Brown, and the Molly Brown House Museum in the US, see: http://mollybrown.org • To visit an online community dedicated to sharing facts and images relating to the Titanic, go to: www.titanic.com

The Belfast Titanic memorial was unveiled on June 26, 1920

REMEMBERING THE DEAD There are many memorials in different parts of the world dedicated to people or groups of people lost on the Titanic. In Southampton, England, there are separate memorials to the engineers, firemen, musicians, and postmen who worked on the Titanic. In Belfast, Northern Ireland, there is a memorial dedicated to the 22 men from Ulster who died in the disaster.

062-063_ew_titanic.inddUS_062-063_ew_titanic.indd 62 62 29/8/081/9/08 11:53:3411:17:04 A TITANIC MODEL Constructing a model of the Titanic will help Places to visit you understand its incredible size. You will find out about the boat deck and exactly THE MARINER’S MUSEUM, where all the lifeboats were kept. You NEWPORT NEWS, VIRGINIA will also understand how frightening it was for the people in the first The displays of oceangoing commercial lifeboats as they were lowered steamships, in the Great Hall of Steam Gallery, about 60 ft(18 m) from the boat include an exhibition on the Titanic. deck down to the water. THE MARITIME MUSEUM, FALL RIVER, MASSACHUSETTS The museum’s collection includes photographs, the account of a Titanic survivor, a video of the Deck plans for the underwater discovery, and the certerpiece, a White Star Line 28-foot (8.5 meter) model of the RMS Titanic. Triple-Screw Royal Mail Steamship Titanic THE TITANIC MEMORIAL LIGHTHOUSE, NEW YORK, NEW YORK The lighthouse stands 60 feet (18.3 m) tall at the entrance of the South Street Seaport in Manhattan. It holds a light that stands as a tribute to the people who died on the Titanic. The Memorial Light originally stood at the old Seaman’s Church Insitute, where it signaled to ships in the harbor. The memorial has been a fixture at the Seaport since 1976.

MARITIME MUSEUM OF THE ATLANTIC, HALIFAX, CANADA The exhibition explores the response of Halifax to the sinking of the Titanic. It features PLANS FOR THE DECKS artifacts pulled from the water within weeks of If you study the detailed plans for each deck This part of the the tragedy, including a deck chair, part of the of the Titanic you can discover interesting liner was below grand staircase, and some carved oak paneling. details such as where the vegetables were the water line The exhibition traces the creation of this kept, which deck housed the squash luxurious “floating palace.” courts, and where to find the passage known as “Scotland Road.” THE TITANIC MUSEUM, INDIAN GHOSTS OF THE ABYSS ORCHARD, MASSACHUSETTS If you want to find out more about the Titanic wreck, you need to see Edward S. Kamuda founded this private the 2003 film Ghosts of the Abyss, museum in 1963 for the survivors of the ship. by James Cameron, director of It contains a unique collection of personal Titanic. Using digital 3-D items from survivors, such as letters, postcards, technology it takes you on an inspection cards, and menus. It sells models amazing expedition down to the of the Titanic, posters, and photographs. seabed for a trip around the wreck. To find out more about the passengers and crew and to see fantastic recreations of the Titanic’s interior, watch the films A Night To Remember (1958) and Titanic (1997).

Medal given to the crew of the Carpathia

SALVAGE EXPEDITIONS Over the years since the Titanic was found, salvagers have raised thousands of objects from the wreck and the debris field. Here a robotic arm is lifting a mast-head lamp. Many of the items raised and conserved, such as pieces of White Star china, a piccolo in its case, or a silver matchbox, later feature in touring exhibitions. It is worth seeking out these collections in order to build up a more complete picture of life on board the Titanic.

062-063_ew_titanic.inddUS_062-063_ew_titanic.indd 63 63 29/8/081/9/08 11:53:3511:17:32 Glossary

AFT Toward or at the rear of a ship. CROW’S NEST A lookout platform high on a ship’s mast. On the Titanic AFT DECK An open deck toward the crow’s-nest was 90 ft (27 m) above the back of the ship for use by the water. third-class passengers. DAVIT One of a pair of c BEDROOM STEWARD(ESS) ranelike devices equipped with A person who serves tea, makes pulleys and ropes and used to beds, and cleans staterooms lower lifeboats. and lounges. DRY DOCK A dock that can be BERTH A bed or bunk in a cabin. pumped dry for work on the bottom of a ship. BOAT DECK The deck on which The 1958 film A Night To Remember the lifeboats are stored. ENGINEER A person who helps run the engines and GANGWAY A passageway into a ship. BOILER A closed container that machines. heats water to supply steam or heat. GENERAL ROOM A public room like a ENSIGN A flag lounge for the third-class passengers. BOW The front part of the ship. distinguishing a country or company. GRAND STAIRCASE The staircase BRIDGE The control center connecting the first-class dining room with of the ship. FIREMAN A person the first-class promenade deck. who loads coal into BULKHEAD The cross-wall A. M. Carlisle, designer of the Titanic, the ship’s boilers. GREASER A person who attends to a ship’s in the hold of a ship that can at the British investigation engines. create a watertight compartment. FITTING OUT Installing the decks, CABIN An office or living room on a ship. machinery, and other equipment inside CLIPPER SHIP A fast sailing ship. the empty hull.

COLLAPSIBLE A lifeboat with canvas sides FUNNEL A tall chimney that collapse for easy storage. There were four through which smoke from collapsible lifeboats on the Titanic. the engines can escape.

CQD An international Morse code distress FURNACES An enclosed call that was later replaced by SOS. chamber in which coal burns to produce heat. There were CREW The people who run a ship. There 159 furnaces in 29 boilers on were 898 on the Titanic’s crew list: 875 the Titanic. A washbasin raised from men and 23 women. the wreck GALLEY STAFF The people who work in the ship’s kitchen. GROSS REGISTERED TONNAGE (GRT) A reconstruction of the first-class The total internal volume of a ship. veranda café on the Titanic HOLD The space in a ship below decks for storing cargo.

HULL The main body of a ship.

ICE FIELD A large area of ice in the ocean.

INSPECTION CARD Carried by immigrants, the inspection card states the person’s name, former country of residence, port of departure, and vessel for the journey.

KEEL The bottom structure that runs the length of a ship in the very center and to which the frames fasten.

LINER A large passenger ship that sails fixed routes (“lines”).

LOOKOUTS The Titanic had six lookouts. Working in pairs they kept watch for other ships or obstacles ahead from the crow’s nest on the foremast.

064-065_ew_titanic.inddUS_064-065_ew_titanic.indd 64 64 29/8/081/9/08 11:54:1811:15:53 LOWER DECK This is the deck above the SEA TRIALS Tests conducted at sea on a new orlop deck. On the Titanic it was just above ship to make sure the engines and steering the waterline. are working well.

MAIDEN VOYAGE A ship’s first journey. SHIPPING LINE A company that owns and runs passenger or freight ships. MORSE CODE A telegraph code used to send messages. A system of dots and SISTER SHIP One that is the same class dashes represents letters and numbers. and belongs to the same line.

MUSICIANS There were eight SMOKING ROOM A room where men musicians working on the Titanic. A could smoke; the Titanic had three. quintet held concerts for the first- class passengers, while a trio SOS Morse code distress call. The played in the reception room by Titanic was one of the first ships to the à la carte restaurant. use this code. The earlier distress call was CQD. ORLOP DECK The lowest deck. STARBOARD The right-hand side of a ship. PASSAGEWAY A walkway between cabins or other rooms. STATEROOM A first-class private cabin. POOP DECK A raised deck at the stern of a ship. STEAM TURBINE A machine that takes the energy of steam PORT The left-hand side of a ship. and turns it into the movement One of Titanic’s lifeboats of a bladed propeller. PORTHOLE A small, usually TRIMMER A person who wheels coal to round, window in the side of a STEERAGE The cheapest the boilers and ensures that the remaining ship. There were about 2,000 accommodation on a passenger ship. fuel is evenly distributed so that the portholes and windows on ship is balanced. the Titanic. STERN The rear part of a ship. A doll rescued TURKISH BATH A steam bath, for the use PROMENADE DECK An upper deck from the Titanic STEWARD(ESS) A person who sets of first-class passengers. that was sometimes enclosed, where the tables, serves food, and clears tables people could take a walk. in the dining rooms. WHEELHOUSE The enclosed structure on the bridge of a ship where officers steer PROPELLERS Three large propellers, STOKER A person who looks after the the vessel. driven by the engine, moved the Titanic furnaces on a steamship. through the water. WIRELESS OPERATORS The two people, SUBMERSIBLE A submarine designed employed by Marconi, who sent Morse QUARTERMASTER A junior officer with and equipped to carry out work deep on code telegraph messages. particular responsibility for navigation. the seabed. The Titanic’s bow on the seabed QUOITS A game that involved tossing rings at a stake on the deck.

RIVETS A short metal pin used to fasten things together.

READING ROOM A spacious, quiet room used by women in particular for reading and writing.

RECIPROCATING STEAM ENGINE A steam engine in which a piston moves backward and forward inside a cylinder.

ROYAL MAIL SHIP (RMS) A ship with a contract to carry mail from one place to another. The Titanic was carrying 3,364 sacks of mail.

RUDDER A vertical fin at the back of a ship, used for steering. The Titanic’s rudder was taller than a five-story building.

SALOON A large, public room on a ship. The first-class dining room was also called the dining saloon and was the largest room on the Titanic. It could seat 550 people.

SEAMAN A person who helps with the day-to-day running of a ship.

064-065_ew_titanic.inddUS_064-065_ew_titanic.indd 65 65 29/8/081/9/08 11:54:1911:16:22 066-067_ew_titanic.inddUS_066-067_ew_titanic.indd 66 66 29/8/081/9/08 11:56:4011:14:44 Looking shipshape: model of the Titanic

066-067_ew_titanic.inddUS_066-067_ew_titanic.indd 67 67 29/8/081/9/08 11:56:4111:15:03 1 149026 2:30 W2k-4 Titles: E/W Titanic (ED773) 068 21/08/08 K53 Size: 216 x 280 (Bleed5mm) 000 202

068-069_ew_titanic.inddUS_068-069_ew_titanic.indd 68 68 21/8/081/9/08 12:42:37 11:55:12 PM 1 149026 2:30 W2k-4 Titles: E/W Titanic (ED773) 069 21/08/08 K53 Size: 216 x 280 (Bleed5mm) 000 202

Lifeboats are launched— from the 1997 film Titanic

068-069_ew_titanic.inddUS_068-069_ew_titanic.indd 69 69 21/8/081/9/08 12:42:45 11:55:14 PM Index

A C E H A deck, 13–14 cabins, 7, 16, 17, 26, 27, electrolysis, 54 Harder, Mr. & Mrs. aft deck, 12 28 emigrants, 6, 23, 28, 29 George, 46 Allen, Elizabeth, 43 Californian, 30, 36, 48, engines, 7, 10 Harland & Wolff, 7, 8–9, Alvin, 61 61 10, 34, 59 Amerika, 31, 61 Cameron, James, 57, 63 Harper, Rev. John 47 anchor crane, 15, 53 captain, 14, 18 F Hart family, 27 anchors, 9, 53 Cardoza, Mrs. Charlotte, films, 36, 38, 39, 56–57, Hartley, Wally, 21, 41 Andrea Doria, 49 25 61 Hawke, HMS, 20 Andrews, Thomas, 34 Carpathia, RMS, 18, 21, firemen, 18, 19 Hays, Mrs Clara, 46 Argo, submersible, 34, 42–43, 44, 61 first-class travel, 7, Hewlett, Mary, 47 52–53 Cherbourg, 23, 60 13–14, 16, 24–25 Hichens, Robert, Arizona, 11 clothing, 24, 55 survivors, 46 Quartermaster, 33, 40 Astor, John Jacob IV, 24 coal, 54, 58 fixtures, 16–17, 51 Hoffmann, Louis, 46 Astor, Madeleine, 24 Collins, Sam, 18 Fleet, Frederick, 32 Hind, Canon Kenneth, communications, 30 forecastle deck, 15 47 B compass, 54 forward well deck, 15 hold, 27 concretions, 54 Frauenthal, Isaac, 20 Holden, Rev. J. Stuart, 21 Ballard, Robert, 61 crew, 14, 18–19, 21, 22, Frick, Henry, 21 hull, 12–15, 50, 54, 55 Baltic, 34, 61 24 funeral service, 47 Hurst family, 45 bands, 21, 40, 41 survivors, 44, 46, 48 funnels, 12, 13–14, 22, barber shops, 19, 26 crow’s nest, 15, 32, 59 59 I Becker, Ruth, 42 Cunard, Samuel, 7 Belfast, 8, 11, 16, 22 Cunard Line, 7, 50 Ice Patrol, 49 Blair, David, 32 G icebergs, 20, 21, 31, 49, boat deck, 13, 14, 26 D gantries, 8, 59 58 boiler rooms, 18, 40 Gatti, Monsieur, 19 collisions, 11, 32–33 boilers, 10, 18, 52 Daly, Eugene, 29 general rooms, 28 inspection cards, 29 books, 20, 21, 56, 57 davits, 34, 50 Gibson, Dorothy, 56, 61 Ismay, Bruce, 8, 22, 30, bow, 52 Dean, Millvina, 46 Goldsmith, Frankie, 18, 31 Boxhall, Joseph, Fourth death toll, 46 46 Ismay, Thomas, 7 Officer, 18, 36, 42 deckchairs, 13, 26, 35, 38 Goldsmith, Mrs., 46 Bride, Harold, 30, 34, 47, decks, 15 Goodwin family, 29 60, 61 DiCaprio, Leonardo, 38, J Gracie, Col. Archibald, Jessop, Nurse Violet, 51 bridge, 14, 15, 33 57 39 Britannic, 50–51 dining rooms and Jones, Thomas, 40 grand staircase, 16–17, Joughin, Charles, 58 Brown, Molly, 21, 40, 57 saloons, 24, 26, 27, 29 38, 62 Brunel, Isambard distress signals, 34, 36, Great Eastern, 6 Kingdom, 6 37, 40 growlers, 59 K bulkheads, 10, 11, 49, 50 doors, watertight, 11 Guggenheim, Benjamin, burial at sea, 47 dormitories, 28 36 Knorr, 52 Byles, Father Thomas, dry dock, 9 gymnasium, 14, 24, 25 38 Duff Gordon, Sir Cosmo and Lady, 35, 48 L launch, 11 libraries, 24, 26

070-072_ew_titanic.inddUS_070-072_ew_titanic.indd 70 70 29/8/0811/9/08 14:45:5111:13:20 lifeboat stations, 35 Newfoundland, 11, 31, rafts, 35, 38 stewardesses, 19 lifeboats, 14, 26, 58, 59 44, 52 reading room, 17 stewards, 18, 19, 40 at sea, 39, 40 newspapers, 44–45, 56 rear decks, 29 stokers, 18 collapsible, 35 Night To Remember, A, 36, Red Star Line, 6 Stone, Edmond J, 19 inquiry 39, 57 Reeves, William, 21 Straus, Isidor and Ida, recommendations, 49 Noordam, 61 restaurant, à la carte, 19, 40, 41 lowering of, 34–35, 36 Norris Williams, 51 submersibles, 52 rescue 42, 43 Richard, 58 restoration, 54–55 survivors, 40, 41–42, 46, life jackets, 34 Nutbeam, William, 19 Robertson, Morgan, 21 47, 61 lighting, 16, 17, 30, 37, rocket signals, 36, 42 swimming pool, 24 40 Rostron, Captain Arthur, liners, 6, 7, 50 O 21, 42, 43, 44 T U lookouts, 32, 59 officers, 14, 18 Rothes, Countess of, 40 tableware, 24, 54 Lord, Captain, 48 official inquiries, 48–49 route, 23 telegraph, 30, 53 lounge, first-class, 17 Olympic, RMS, 8, 11, 12, rudder, 12 Theobald, Thomas, 29, Lowe, Harold, Fifth 16, 34, 44, 50, 51, 61, 46 Officer, 18, 42 62 S third class, see steerage collision, 20 ticket prices, 29, 58 M orlop deck, 15 salvage, 53–55, 57 Titanian, 21 satchel, 28 Mackay-Bennett, 19, 47, Titanic expedition, sea trial, 22 52–53, 61, 63 61 P second-class travel, 7, 12 maiden voyage, 22–23 Titanic, films, 38, 56, 57, paddle steamers, 6 13, 26–27 61, 63 mail ships, 12, 18 Phillips, Jack, 30, 34, 37, survivors, 46 Marconi, Guglielmo, 49 tonnage, 12 60, 61 shipyards, 7, 8–9 troop ships, 50 masts, 12, 15, 32, 53 Phillips, Robert and Sirius, 6 matches, 28 tugs, 22, 23 Alice, 26 signaling lamp, 36 Turkish baths, 24, 25 Mauretania, 7 Pirrie, Lord William, 8, sister ships, 50, 51 medals, 43 60 size memorials, 40–41, 56, poop deck, 12 length, 13 V 62 portholes, 14, 53 tonnage, 12 Vanderbilt, George, 21 menus, 24, 26, 27 premonitions of disaster, Slade brothers, 21 veranda café, 17 Mersey, Lord, 48 20–21 slipways, 8 video games, 57 Mesaba, 61 promenade deck, 12 Smith, Captain Edward, metal fatigue, 54 propellers, 9, 12 18,30, 31, 33, 34, 36, More, Kenneth, 57 public rooms, 16–17, 41, 48, 60, 61 W X Y Z wheel, 33 Morgan, John Pierpont, 24–25, 28 Smith, Senator William, wheelhouse, 14, 15, 33 6, 7, 21 48 White Star Line, 6, 7, 8, Morse code, 37 SOS signal, 37 Q 22, 44, 48, 50 Murdoch, William, First South Western Hotel, 22 Winslet, Kate, 38, 57 Officer, 18, 33 Queenstown, 23, 26, 28, Southampton, 21, 22, 40, wireless room, 30 musicals, 57, 61 60 44, 45, 60 World War I, 50–51 speed, 7, 10 wreck, 52–55 N R staterooms, 7, 13, 25 Stead, William T., 20 Nadir, 53, 61 radar, 49 steam engines, 7, 10 Nautile, submersible, 53, radio, ship’s, 30, 38, 49 steamships, 6 61 distress calls, 34, 36 steerage, 6, 12, 17, 23, New York, 23 37, 40, 44 28–29, survivors, 46

070-072_ew_titanic.inddUS_070-072_ew_titanic.indd 71 71 29/8/0811/9/08 14:45:5211:13:37 Acknowledgments Dorling Kindersley would like 57bl; RMS Titanic / Arenok 56cl. courtesy of the Maritime Becker Blanchard 44cl; Goldsmith to thank: Corbis UK Ltd: 9br, 11br, 18tr, Museum of the Atlantic, 31tr; Ken Marschall 53c. Richard Chasemore for Titanic 25tr, 34bl, 38l, 39tc, 47c, 48br, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada: Courtesy of © “Titanic Survivor” illustration (pp. 12–16) 51tr, 52-53, 54bl, 54br, 57tl, 12bl, 37bc. Mary Evans Picture by Violet Jessop edited by John Illustrators: John Woodcock, 62cl; Bettmann 11tr, 64bl, 67tr; Library: 6bl, 9bc, 15tr, 23tl, 24- Maxtone-Graham – Sheridan Hans Jenssen Bettmann / UPI 42tl, 58bl; The 25, 25cl, 26-27, 26tl, 26tc, 27cr, House Inc. – 1997: 53tr. Indexer: Chris Bernstein Mariners Museum, Virginia 17tr, 32bl, 34-35, 37tr, 41tr, 42tr, 42, Topham Picturepoint: 18tr, 20bl, Researcher: Robert Graham 65cl; Christie’s Images 64tl; 44r, 45bl, 48cl, 49tl, 49tr. 22bl, 29tr, 33tr, 35tc, 36tl, 39tl, Editorial assistance: Carey Scott Hulton-Deutsch Collection 64tr; National Maritime Museum, 46c, 49br; Buena Vista Pictures Polak Matthew 65bl; Rien / London: 5bl, 9tr, 13tr, 20cr, 21bl, 65cb; PressNet 62c; UPPA Ltd For this edition, the publisher Sygma 67br; Geray Sweeney 64bl; 23br, 29cl, 35br, 39cr, 50tl, 54-55. 63br, 66cr. Vintage Magazine would also like to thank: Lisa Ralph White 61br, 62tr, 65b. © National Museums and Company Ltd: 31cr. Stock for editorial assistance; Cyberflix: 20tl, 21tr, 59tr. DK Galleries of Northern Ireland, Louis Vuitton, Paris: 24cl. David Ekholm-JAlbum, Sunita Images: Judith Miller and Ulster Folk and Transport Stuart Williamson: 53tl, 59br. Gahir, Susan Reuben, Susan St Cobwebs of Southampton 70tr; Museum: 13bl. National Louis, Lisa Stock, & Bulent Yusuf Southampton City Cultural Museums and Galleries on Wall chart for the clip art; Sue Nicholson & Services 65clb. E.T. Archive: Merseyside: 4, 23c, 65tc. DK Images: National Maritime Edward Kinsey for the wall chart; Denis Cochrane Collection 6cr, Onslow’s Titanic Picture Museums Liverpool (Merseyside Monica Byles & Stewart J Wild for 48tl. Frank Spooner Pictures: Library: 7, 14tl, 19cl, 21br, 21tl, Maritime Museum) c; Rough proofreading; Margaret Parrish & 36bl, 55br; Jahiel/ Liaison/ 27br, 28b, 29bl, 30cl, 32br, 49cr. Guides cl (Titanic interior); John Searcy for Americanization. Gamma, 26tr, 55bl, 56bc; Liaison/ The Picture Desk: The Art Getty Images: Topical Press Gamma 40t. Getty Images: Merie Archive / Ocean Memorabilia Agency / Hulton Archive bl; Wallace / AFP 68-69. Harland & Collection 63cl, 63tl, 65tr, 66-67 PA Photos: Ralph White / AP br. Picture credits: Wolff Photographic Collection: bckgrd. Popperfoto:18-19, 30tl, The publisher would like to thank 10-11, 11cr, 11tl, 12tr, 12br, 13tl, 51b; Onslow’s 28r, 58r. Quadrant Jacket the following for their kind 22br, 29br. Hulton Getty: 13br, Picture Library: Mike Nicholson Front: Bettmann/Corbis, b; The permission to reproduce their 18bl, 28cl, 28c, 35tr, 38bl, 41tl, 51cr. Rex Features: 10tr, 34tl, Titanic Sinking on 15th April photographs: 43tr, 45tr, 46br, 49bl, 50r, 51l. 34tr, 36br, 40l, 59bl; Charles 1912, 1991, by Harley Crossley/ Illustrated London News Picture Sachs 19tr; Nils Jorgansen 6cl, Private Collection/www. (Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; Library: 37br, 50b. The Irish 16t; Sipa 44tl; Sipa (Cork bridgeman.co.uk, tc; Mary Evans c-center; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) Picture Library: © Father S. J. Examiner) 31tl, Peter Brooker Picture Library, tr. Back: The Art Brown Collection 20br. 64tr, 64-65 bckgrd, 66bl. Ronald Archive: Ocean Memorabilia Alamy Images: Dinodia Photo John Frost Newspapers: 47bl, Grant Archive: 58tl, 59tl. Collection, bc; DK Picture Library 62-63 bckgrd; Popperfoto 47tr. Kobal Collection: 20th C. Science & Society Picture Library:Southampton City 67tl. AKG London: 19br, 23 tr, Fox / Paramount 32tl; Merie W. Library: 8b, 8cr. Southampton Cultural Services, br; Corbis: 37bl, 40- 41, 44b. Howard Wallace 24c. Courtesy of James City Cultural Services: 21c, 23bl, Ralph White, tr; Katz/FSP, cr; Rex Barlow: 53br. Bridgeman Art & Felicia Kreuzer: 32cl. Stanley 47br, 63tr, 63c, 66tc. Still Features, l; Stanley Lehrer, cbl. Library, London / New York: © Lehrer: 20cr, 23cr, 45br. Paul Pictures: B & C Alexander 22cl; Harley Crossley 38-39; V & A Louden-Brown Collection: 10l, Vincent Bretagnolle 33b. All other images Museum, London 8tr. British 27tr, 52cl. Joe Low: 24tl, 42-43. Sygma / RMS Titanic Inc.: 55tl, © Dorling Kindersley Sailors’ Society: 4r, 34c. Joan Marcus: 59tr. Courtesy of 55cra, Bourseiller 28tl; Sotheby’s For further information see: Christie’s Images Ltd 1999: 43tl. The Mariner’s Museum, 48cr. The Titanic Historical www.dkimages.com Colorific: 19tl, 57cr; P. Landmann Newport News VA: 36tr, 38tr, Society Collection: 4tr, 26bl, / Arenok 4br, 5tr, 5br, 5tl, 6br, 6tl, 43cr, 45tl. Photographed by 27tl, 30-31b, 31cl, 33tl, 41cr, 46tl, 6tr, 19cr, 29tl, 30bl, 56br, 56tr, Learning Resources Technology, 48tr, 52tr; Courtesy Mrs Ruth

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