DOCSLIB.ORG

Del Cholo De Mierda Al Cholo Power. Discriminación, Prototipos Y Cambio Semántico En El Español Del Perú

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Del Cholo De Mierda Al Cholo Power. Discriminación, Prototipos Y Cambio Semántico En El Español Del Perú Université de Montréal Del cholo de mierda al cholo power. Discriminación, prototipos y cambio semántico en el español del Perú par Raphael Vargas Benavente Université de Montréal Département de littératures et de langues du monde Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur en Littérature, option Études hispaniques Décembre, 2016 © Raphael Vargas Benavente, 2016 Sans doute nous berçons-nous du rêve que l’égalité et la fraternité régneront un jour entre les hommes sans que soit compromise leur diversité. Mais, si l’humanité ne se résigne pas à devenir la consommatrice stérile des seules valeurs qu’elle a su créer dans le passé, capable seulement de donner le jour à des ouvrages bâtards, à des inventions grossières et puériles, elle devra réapprendre que toute création véritable implique une certaine surdité à l’appel d’autres valeurs, pouvant aller jusqu’à leur refus sinon même à leur négation. Car on ne peut, à la fois, se fondre dans la jouissance de l’autre, s’identifier à lui, et se maintenir différent. Pleinement réussie, la communication intégrale avec l’autre condamne, à plus ou moins brève échéance, l’originalité de sa et de ma création. Les grandes époques créatrices furent celles ou la communication était devenue suffisante pour que des partenaires éloignés se stimulent, sans être cependant assez fréquente et rapide pour que les obstacles indispensables entre les individus comme entre les groupes s’amenuisent au point que des échanges trop faciles égalisent et confondent leur diversité. Claude Lévi-Strauss (« Race et Culture », 22 mars 1971) 1 Resumen La discriminación es un problema que data de largo en el Perú. No obstante, pocos son los estudios científicos que buscan explicar el problema en detalle. La pablara ‘cholo’ y sus derivados es comúnmente utilizada para ejercer la discriminación en el español del Perú, tanto en Lima como en el resto del país. Sin embargo, y a pesar de la facilidad con la que los peruanos utilizamos el término, numerosas preguntas han quedado hasta hoy sin respuesta clara: ¿cuál es el origen de la palabra?, ¿cuál su real significado?, ¿existen acepciones con valoración semántica positiva (meliorativa) para ‘cholo’?, ¿podremos, de encontrar valoraciones diferentes para ‘cholo’, confirmar la existencia de un cambio semántico? El presente trabajo intentará responder a estas preguntas utilizando un marco teórico proveniente de la lingüística cognitiva, especialmente las teorías de los prototipos, de las metáforas y del cambio semántico. Para ello, un corpus de 86 observaciones ha sido seleccionado de diversas fuentes: notas de prensa con los comentarios de los lectores tomadas de versiones en línea de los medios de prensa peruanos (periodo que va de 2008 a 2016), cultura popular, humor, textos literarios, letras de canciones de la música popular peruana y artículos de opinión. El análisis del corpus nos permitirá construir un modelo que refleje la composición del prototipo de ‘cholo’. En otras palabras, intentaremos reproducir qué es lo que construye, qué rasgos o características atribuye, un hablante peruano en su mente al identificar a un ‘cholo’. Además, la eventual aparición de características diferentes, e incluso opuestas, nos permitirá verificar la existencia de pistas de la ocurrencia de un cambio semántico de la palabra ‘cholo’ y sus derivados. Finalmente, la riqueza del corpus servirá de base para la identificación de otros prototipos de uso corriente en el español del Perú además de ‘cholo’: su opuesto ‘pituco’ y el prototipo más general ‘peruano’. Palabras clave: discriminación, prototipos, cambio semántico, cholo, Perú, pituco, peruano, racismo. 2 Summary Discrimination is a long term problem in Peru. Though, the number of scientific studies trying to explain in detail this subject is not big. The Word ‘cholo’ and its variations is commonly used as a means to discriminate in Peruvian Spanish, in Lima and in the rest of the country. Even though Peruvians use this term with ease, there are a lot of questions that remain unanswered: where does the world ‘cholo’ came from, what is its real meaning, are there any positive semantic values for ‘cholo’, does the finding of these proofs indicate the existence of a semantic variation? This research work will try to answer some of these questions using a theoretic framework from cognitive linguistics, mainly: the prototypes theory, some metaphors theories and the semantic variation theory. Therefore, a corpus composed by 86 observations has been selected from different meaningful sources: pre to ss articles with the readers’ comments obtained from the online versions and selected from 2008 to 2016, opinion articles, humoristic publications, popular music lyrics and Peruvian literature texts. The corpus analysis will allow us to build a model that could represent the prototypical structure of ‘cholo’. In that sense, we will try to reproduce what characteristic does a Peruvian speaker links in his mind when he identifies a ‘cholo’. Furthermore, we will try to identify opposite meanings or characteristics linked to ‘cholo’, which could give us some evidence of the eventual existence of a previous (or under developpement) semantic variation for ‘cholo’. Finally, the variety and richness of the corpus will allow us to identify other prototypes different from ‘cholo’: the opposite ‘pituco’ and ‘peruano’, a more general and vague prototype used in Peruvian Spanish. Keywords: Discrimination, Prototypes, Semantic Change, cholo, Peru, Pituco, Peruvian, Racism. 3 Résumé La discrimination est une problématique qui remonte à loin au Pérou. Cela dit, les études scientifiques qui essayent de l’expliquer en détail ne sont pas nombreuses. Le mot ‘cholo’, ainsi que ses variations, est utilisé souvent pour exercer une discrimination dans l’espagnol du Pérou, que ce soit à Lima ou dans le reste du pays. Nonobstant la facilité avec laquelle un péruvien se sert du mot, il y a plusieurs questions qui ne trouvent pas encore de réponse : quelle est la signification du mot ? Quelle en est la réelle valeur du point de vue sémantique ? Y a-t-il d’autres significations du mot qui comportent des valeurs sémantiques positives ? Dans l’affirmatif, pourrait-on confirmer qu’il y a eu une variation sémantique du mot ‘cholo’ ? Ce travail de recherche aura pour but de chercher les réponses aux questions mentionnées ci-dessus. Pour ce faire, nous ferons appel à quelques théories provenant de la linguistique cognitive, notamment : la théorie sur les prototypes, la théorie des métaphores et la théorie sur la variation linguistique. Ainsi, un corpus de 86 observations a été sélectionné à partir de diverses sources : des nouvelles et des notes d’opinion provenant de la presse péruvienne publiées entre 2008 et 2016, des paroles de chansons populaires, des textes littéraires et des publications de la presse humoristique. L’analyse du corpus nous permettra de construire un modèle qui reflète la structure du prototype de ‘cholo’. Autrement dit, ce modèle trouvera les caractéristiques associées au prototype lorsqu’un péruvien retrouve une personne qui pourrait être qualifiée de ‘cholo’. De plus, l’apparition de caractéristiques ayant des valeurs sémantiques opposées nous servira pour trouver des evidences de l’existence d’une éventuelle variation sémantique pour le mot ‘cholo’ et ses dérivés. Finalement, la richesse de notre corpus nous permettra d’identifier et de construire deux autres prototypes : celui qui s’oppose à ‘cholo’, soit ‘pituco’ et un autre plus général, soit ‘peruano’. Mots-clés : discrimination, prototypes, changement sémantique, ‘cholo’, Pérou, pituco, péruvien, racisme. 4 Índice Dedicatoria ................................................................................................................................................ 8 Agradecimientos ....................................................................................................................................... 9 1. Introducción ........................................................................................................................................ 10 2. Estado de la cuestión........................................................................................................................... 14 2.1 La importancia de las relaciones económico-sociales como base del entorno ............................. 15 2.2 La heterogeneidad estructural como foco de desigualdad ............................................................ 18 2.3 El choleo, herramienta discursiva de discriminación ................................................................... 20 2.4 Lingüística y discriminación: algunos estudios relevantes ........................................................... 23 2.5 Discriminación y racismo ............................................................................................................. 26 2.6 Desigualdad y discriminación: el caso peruano ............................................................................ 28 2.7 Algunos trabajos notables sobre discriminación en el Perú .......................................................... 33 2.8 Choleando, el documental............................................................................................................. 39 2.9 Otros trabajos de interés en campos diversos ............................................................................... 42 3. Marco teórico: la discriminación, los prototipos y el cambio semántico ...........................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sexuality, Social Inequalities, and Sexual Vulnerability Among Low-Income Youth in the City of Ayacucho, Peru
    SEXUALITY, SOCIAL INEQUALITIES, AND SEXUAL VULNERABILITY AMONG LOW-INCOME YOUTH IN THE CITY OF AYACUCHO, PERU CARMEN J. YON Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 © 2014 Carmen J. Yon All rights reserved ABSTRACT Sexuality, Social Inequalities, and Sexual Vulnerability among Low-Income Youth in the City of Ayacucho, Peru Carmen J. Yon This ethnographic study explores diverse ways in which sexuality and social hierarchies and inequalities interact in the lives of low-income youth who were trained as peer-educators and sexual health and rights advocates in Ayacucho, Peru. It examines three central questions: 1) How are meanings about sexuality related to social hierarchies and social prestige among these youth? 2) How do quotidian manifestations of social inequity shape vulnerability of youth to sexual abuse and sexual risks, and their sexual agency to face these situations? and 3) What are the possibilities and limitations of existent sexual rights educational programs to diminish sexual vulnerability of youth facing diverse forms of inequality, such as economic, gender, ethnic and inter-generational disparities? I analyze what may be termed as the political economy of sexual vulnerability among low-income youth, and show the concrete ways in which it operates in their everyday life. Likewise, this research studies sexuality as a domain of reproduction, resignification and critique of social inequality and social hierarchies. The context is an Andean city, which in recent decades has experienced incomplete processes of democratization, and also a greater penetration of consumerism and transnational ideas and images.
    [Show full text]
  • THE UNIVERSITY of ARIZONA PRESS Celebrating 60 Years
    THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA PRESS FALL 2019 Celebrating 60 Years The University of Arizona Press is the premier publisher of academic, regional, and literary works in the state of Arizona. We disseminate ideas and knowledge of lasting value that enrich understanding, inspire curiosity, and enlighten readers. We advance the University of Arizona’s mission by connecting scholarship and creative expression to readers worldwide. CONTENTS AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDIES, 10 ANTHROPOLOGY, 18, 19, 21, 25, 26 ARCHAEOLOGY, 30 ARTS, 2–3 BORDER STUDIES, 9, 18, 19, 20, 29 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, 4–5 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, 24, 26, 27 ETHNOBIOLOGY, 27 HISTORY, 2–3, 9, 16, 20, 29 INDIGNEOUS STUDIES, 6, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 25, 28 LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29 LATINX STUDIES, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15 LITERATURE, 7 POETRY, 6, 8 SOCIAL JUSTICE, 10, 13, 14, 15, 24 SPACE SCIENCE, 31 WATER, 4–5 RECENTLY PUBLISHED, 32–35 RECENT BEST SELLERS, 36–42 OPEN ARIZONA, 43 SALES INFORMATION, 44 CATALOG DESIGN BY LEIGH MCDONALD COVER PHOTO [FRONT] COMPOSITE BY LEIGH MCDONALD [INSIDE] BY NOSHA/FLICKR PRAISE FOR JAMES S. GRIFFITH TITLE OF THE BOOK SUBTITLE OF THE BOOK GOES HERE “Griffith recognizes the interdependence that has grown between the Tucsonese culture AUTHORand its folk NAME arts traditions.” —High Country News Keynote keynote keynote keynote keynote keynote keynote keynote Keynote keynote keynote keynote “Like a friend or relative who is eager to introduce visitors to the sights and sounds of his hometown, Griffith leads readers on a whirlwind tour celebrating Mexicano arts and crafts.” Repudant.
    [Show full text]
  • Can Money Whiten? Exploring Race Practice in Colonial Venezuela and Its Implications for Contemporary Race Discourse
    Michigan Journal of Race and Law Volume 3 1998 Can Money Whiten? Exploring Race Practice in Colonial Venezuela and Its Implications for Contemporary Race Discourse Estelle T. Lau State University of New York at Buffalo Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Law and Race Commons, Law and Society Commons, and the Legal History Commons Recommended Citation Estelle T. Lau, Can Money Whiten? Exploring Race Practice in Colonial Venezuela and Its Implications for Contemporary Race Discourse, 3 MICH. J. RACE & L. 417 (1998). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl/vol3/iss2/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of Race and Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CAN MONEY WHITEN? EXPLORING RACE PRACTICE IN COLONIAL VENEZUELA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR CONTEMPORARY RACE DISCOURSE Estelle T. Lau* The Gracias al Sacar, a fascinating and seemingly inconceivable practice in eighteenth century colonial Venezuela, allowed certain individuals of mixed Black and White ancestry to purchase "Whiteness" from their King. The author exposes the irony of this system, developed in a society obsessed with "natural" ordering that labeled individuals according to their precise racial ancestry. While recognizing that the Gracias al Sacar provided opportunities for advancement and an avenue for material and social struggle, the author argues that it also justified the persistence of racial hierarchy.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Is Black, White, Or Mixed Race? How Skin Color, Status, and Nation Shape Racial Classification in Latin America1
    Who Is Black, White, or Mixed Race? How Skin Color, Status, and Nation Shape Racial Classification in Latin America1 Edward Telles Princeton University Tianna Paschel University of Chicago Comparative research on racial classification has often turned to Latin America, where race is thought to be particularly fluid. Using nationally representative data from the 2010 and 2012 America’sBa- rometer survey, the authors examine patterns of self-identification in four countries. National differences in the relation between skin color, socioeconomic status, and race were found. Skin color predicts race closely in Panama but loosely in the Dominican Republic. Moreover, de- spite the dominant belief that money whitens, the authors discover that status polarizes ðBrazilÞ, mestizoizes ðColombiaÞ, darkens ðDomin- ican RepublicÞ, or has no effect ðPanamaÞ. The results show that race is both physical and cultural, with country variations in racial schema that reflect specific historical and political trajectories. Throughout the Americas, the idea of race has commonly been used to make social distinctions, especially regarding persons of African origin. 1 We thank the Ford Foundation for funding the ethnicity module of the America’s Barometer through the Project on Ethnicity and Race in Latin America ðPERLAÞ as well as the Latin American Public Opinion Project ðLAPOPÞ and its major supporters ðthe U.S. Agency for International Development, the United Nations Development Program, the Inter-American Development Bank, and Vanderbilt UniversityÞ. We also thank Scott Lynch, René Flores, Jennifer Jones, Andreas Wimmer, Denia Garcia, and the AJS reviewers for their feedback. Direct correspondence to Edward Telles, Depart- © 2015 by The University of Chicago.
    [Show full text]
  • New Age Tourism and Evangelicalism in the 'Last
    NEGOTIATING EVANGELICALISM AND NEW AGE TOURISM THROUGH QUECHUA ONTOLOGIES IN CUZCO, PERU by Guillermo Salas Carreño A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in The University of Michigan 2012 Doctoral Committee: Professor Bruce Mannheim, Chair Professor Judith T. Irvine Professor Paul C. Johnson Professor Webb Keane Professor Marisol de la Cadena, University of California Davis © Guillermo Salas Carreño All rights reserved 2012 To Stéphanie ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation was able to arrive to its final shape thanks to the support of many throughout its development. First of all I would like to thank the people of the community of Hapu (Paucartambo, Cuzco) who allowed me to stay at their community, participate in their daily life and in their festivities. Many thanks also to those who showed notable patience as well as engagement with a visitor who asked strange and absurd questions in a far from perfect Quechua. Because of the University of Michigan’s Institutional Review Board’s regulations I find myself unable to fully disclose their names. Given their public position of authority that allows me to mention them directly, I deeply thank the directive board of the community through its then president Francisco Apasa and the vice president José Machacca. Beyond the authorities, I particularly want to thank my compadres don Luis and doña Martina, Fabian and Viviana, José and María, Tomas and Florencia, and Francisco and Epifania for the many hours spent in their homes and their fields, sharing their food and daily tasks, and for their kindness in guiding me in Hapu, allowing me to participate in their daily life and answering my many questions.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Weird Women, Strange
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Weird Women, Strange Times: The Representation of Power Through Female Gender Portrayals in 19th and 20th Century Iberian Literature A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Spanish by Rachel Anna Neff June 2013 Dissertation Committee: Dr. David K. Herzberger, Chairperson Dr. James A. Parr Dr. Raymond L. Williams Copyright by Rachel Anna Neff 2013 The Dissertation of Rachel Anna Neff is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements First and foremost, I wish to thank my kind and patient dissertation director, Dr. David K. Herzberger. I stopped counting the number of drafts he read and commented on, because I’m fairly certain the actual number would constitute cruel and unusual punishment. I am so grateful for the time and care he invested in my candidacy; I hope to one day be even half the mentor he has been to me. I would like to thank Dr. James A. Parr for serving on my committee, guiding me through several independent studies to improve my written Spanish, and for leading the amazing study abroad program in Spain where I worked at the Biblioteca Nacional. On a more personal note, I always appreciated how he shared his apple slices with me whenever I stopped by his office. I also wish to thank Dr. Raymond L. Williams for serving on my committee, advising me on independent study projects, and introducing me to Twitter. The topics in his courses were always fascinating, and the discussions inspiring. The end of the seminar dinners at his house are something I wish to do for my mentees in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • (In)Determinable: Race in Brazil and the United States
    Michigan Journal of Race and Law Volume 14 2009 Determining the (In)Determinable: Race in Brazil and the United States D. Wendy Greene Cumberland School fo Law at Samford University Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Education Law Commons, Law and Race Commons, and the Law and Society Commons Recommended Citation D. W. Greene, Determining the (In)Determinable: Race in Brazil and the United States, 14 MICH. J. RACE & L. 143 (2009). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl/vol14/iss2/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of Race and Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DETERMINING THE (IN)DETERMINABLE: RACE IN BRAZIL AND THE UNITED STATES D. Wendy Greene* In recent years, the Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro, So Paulo, and Mato Grasso du Sol have implemented race-conscious affirmative action programs in higher education. These states established admissions quotas in public universities '' for Afro-Brazilians or afrodescendentes. As a result, determining who is "Black has become a complex yet important undertaking in Brazil. Scholars and the general public alike have claimed that the determination of Blackness in Brazil is different than in the United States; determining Blackness in the United States is allegedly a simpler task than in Brazil. In Brazil it is widely acknowledged that most Brazilians are descendants of Aficans in light of the pervasive miscegenation that occurred during and after the Portuguese and Brazilian enslavement of * Assistant Professor of Law, Cumberland School of Law at Samford University.
    [Show full text]
  • The Domestic Is Not Free, Nov 2—10, Spotlighting the Ways Women Have Created, Challenged, and Subverted Domesticity
    BAM presents Women at Work: The Domestic Is Not Free, Nov 2—10, spotlighting the ways women have created, challenged, and subverted domesticity October 9, 2018/Brooklyn, NY—From Friday, November 2 through Saturday, November 10 BAM presents Women at Work: The Domestic Is Not Free, a wide-ranging series spotlighting the overlooked work women take on in the home as house-workers, caretakers, and familial partners. The Domestic Is Not Free is the third edition of the ongoing Women at Work series—following Women at Work: Labor Activism in March and Women at Work: Radical Creativity in August—and highlights the historically erased and undervalued physical and emotional labor women perform, often invisibly, every day. The series considers the myriad ways in which women around the world have challenged and subverted traditional associations between gender and domesticity. Exploring the intersections of labor, race, class, and social environment, these films embody human stories of sacrifice and endurance. BAM Cinema Department Coordinator and programmer of the series Natalie Erazo explains, “I learned early on to value the domestic space and appreciate the women around me who shaped it. I hope this series will encourage viewers to acknowledge the monotony and emotional bearing of a life often relegated to being behind the scenes.” The series opens with Ousmane Sembène’s seminal Black Girl (1966—Nov 2). Screening with short films Fannie’s Film (Woods, 1979) and Fucked Like a Star (Saintonge, 2018), these films depict black women in roles of domestic service while also giving audiences access to their inner thoughts, feelings, and struggles.
    [Show full text]
  • Curanderismo As Decolonization Therapy: the Acceptance of Mestizaje As a Remedio
    San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks NACCS Annual Conference Proceedings 2012: 39th Annual: NACCS@40 - Chicago, IL Mar 17th, 3:00 AM - 4:00 AM Curanderismo as Decolonization Therapy: The Acceptance of Mestizaje as a Remedio Ramon Del Castillo Metropolitan State University, [email protected] Adriann Wycoff Metropolitan State College of Denver, [email protected] Steven Cantu Metropolitan State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/naccs Part of the Gender and Sexuality Commons, and the Race and Ethnicity Commons Del Castillo, Ramon; Wycoff, Adriann; and Cantu, Steven, "Curanderismo as Decolonization Therapy: The Acceptance of Mestizaje as a Remedio" (2012). NACCS Annual Conference Proceedings. 7. https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/naccs/2012/Proceedings/7 This Conference Proceeding is brought to you for free and open access by the National Association for Chicana and Chicano Studies Archive at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in NACCS Annual Conference Proceedings by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Curanderismo as Decolonization Therapy: The Acceptance of Mestizaje as a Remedio Dr. Ramon Del Castillo, Dr. Adriann Wycoff and Steven Cantu, M.A. Chicana/o Studies Department Metropolitan State College of Denver 1 March 2012 2 Abstract “Curanderismo as Decolonization Therapy: The Acceptance of Mestizaje as a Remedio” explores Chicana/o identity and its many manifestations that reflect
    [Show full text]
  • Esta Propuesta Legislativa Busca Llenar Un Vacío Legal... El Señor PRESIDENTE (Luis Gonzales Po- Sada Eyzaguirre).— Disculpe
    1064 Diario de los Debates - PRIMERA LEGISLATURA ORDINARIA DE 2007 - TOMO II Esta propuesta legislativa busca llenar un vacío Se deja constancia del voto a favor de los congre- legal... sistas Rebaza Martell, Peralta Cruz, Beteta Ru- bín, Maslucán Culqui y Otárola Peñaranda. El señor PRESIDENTE (Luis Gonzales Po- sada Eyzaguirre).— Disculpe, congresista. “Votación para exonerar de segunda votación el texto sustitutorio del Le estábamos dando el uso de la palabra para Proyecto N.° 911 que pudiera solicitar que se exonere de segunda votación el proyecto de ley que acabamos de apro- Señores congresistas que votaron a favor: bar de manera abrumadora. Abugattás Majluf, Alegría Pastor, Anaya Oropeza, Andrade Carmona, Balta Salazar, Bruce Montes La señora CHACÓN DE VETTO- de Oca, Cajahuanca Rosales, Calderón Castro, RI (GPF).— Señor Presidente, no Carpio Guerrero, Carrasco Távara, Cenzano he solicitado exoneración de segun- Sierralta, Eguren Neuenschwander, Espinoza da votación. Ramos, Estrada Choque, Falla Lamadrid, Flores Torres, Galindo Sandoval, Guevara Trelles, Seguiremos el Reglamento, señor Herrera Pumayauli, Huancahuari Páucar, Huerta Presidente. Díaz, Lazo Ríos de Hornung, León Minaya, León Zapata, Luizar Obregón, Macedo Sánchez, El señor PRESIDENTE (Luis Gonzales Po- Mayorga Miranda, Mendoza del Solar, Nájar sada Eyzaguirre).— Correcto. Kokally, Negreiros Criado, Núñez Román, Peña Angulo, Pérez del Solar Cuculiza, Perry Cruz, Puede hacer uso de la palabra el congresista Ramos Prudencio, Reymundo Mercado, Robles Oswaldo Luizar. López, Rodríguez Zavaleta, Ruiz Delgado, Ruiz Silva, Salazar Leguía, Saldaña Tovar, Sánchez El señor LUIZAR OBREGÓN Ortiz, Sasieta Morales, Serna Guzmán, Silva Díaz, (N-UPP).— Presidente, entiendo Sucari Cari, Sumire de Conde, Supa Huamán, que la posición de la congresista Torres Caro, Urquizo Maggia, Urtecho Medina, Cecilia Chacón es la posición de su Valle Riestra González Olaechea, Vargas Fernán- bancada.
    [Show full text]
  • El Atroz Encanto De Ser Argentinos El Atroz Encantomarcos De AGUINIS Ser Argentinos
    MARCOS AGUINIS El atroz encanto de ser argentinos El atroz encantoMARCOS de AGUINIS ser argentinos Diseño de cubierta: Mario Blanco y María Inés Linares Diseño de interior: Orestes Pantelides © 2001 Marcos Aguinis Derechos exclusivos de edición en castellano reservados para todo el mundo: © 2001 Grupo Editorial Planeta S.A.I.C. Independencia 1668, 1100 Buenos Aires ISBN 950-49-0775-X Hecho el depósito que prevé la ley 11.723 Impreso en la Argentina Ninguna parte de esta publicación, incluido el diseño de la cubierta, puede ser reprodu- cida, almacenada o transmitida en manera alguna ni por ningún medio, ya sea eléctrico, químico, mecánico, óptico, de grabación o de fotocopia, sin permiso previo del editor. 3 El atroz encanto de ser argentinos CAPÍTULO I Conflictos agridulces 4 El atroz encantoMARCOS de AGUINIS ser argentinos Hace algunos años escribí Un país de nove- la, cuyo subtítulo era Viaje hacia la mentalidad de los argentinos. Incorporé como epígrafe una elocuente afirmación de Enrique Santos Discépo- lo que decía: “El nuestro es un país que tiene que salir de gira”… Nos habíamos convertido en un espectáculo. Nuestros éxitos y fracasos eran moti- vo de extrañeza, podíamos provocar lágrimas y carcajadas. Asombro. También admiración, curio- sidad, odio. De entrada confesé que las ideas me venían persiguiendo de manera implacable, interferían mis otros trabajos, trastornaban mis sueños y se convertían en un huésped de plomo. Escribir ese libro me generó un doloroso placer, lo cual favo- recía la atmósfera de disparar verdades a menu- 5 El atroz encanto de ser argentinos do hirientes o buscar interpretaciones a menudo esquivas.
    [Show full text]
  • Cio De Nuestra Nación. Lima, 30 De Noviembre De 2007
    PRIMERA LEGISLATURA ORDINARIA DE 2007 - TOMO III - Diario de los Debates 1959 profesionalismo dan lo mejor de sí para benefi- “El Congreso de la República; cio de nuestra nación. Acuerda: Lima, 30 de noviembre de 2007.” Primero.— Saludar a la provincia de Tocache, “El Congreso de la República; región San Martín, con motivo de celebrar el 6 de diciembre de 2007 el Vigésimo Tercer Aniver- Acuerda: sario de su creación, además de reconocer los es- fuerzos de sus autoridades y pobladores por apro- Primero.— Expresar su saludo a todos los sol- vechar sus recursos y vivir en un clima de paz y dados del Perú, que contribuyen al desarrollo del desarrollo. país, con motivo de conmemorar el 9 de diciem- bre de 2007, el ‘Día del Ejército del Perú’. Segundo.— Transcribir la presente Moción al señor David Bazán Arévalo, Alcalde de la Muni- Segundo.— Transcribir la presente Moción al cipalidad Provincial de Tocache y, por su inter- señor General de Ejército Edwin Alberto Donayre medio, a las autoridades y población en general. Gotzch, Comandante General del Ejército del Perú y, por su intermedio, a todos los soldados Lima, 6 de diciembre de 2007.” del Ejército Peruano, con especial deferencia a la Base Militar de la Región Pasco. “El Congreso de la República; Lima, 5 de diciembre de 2007.” Acuerda: “El Congreso de la República; Primero.— Saludar a la provincia de San Mar- cos, región Cajamarca, con motivo de conmemo- Acuerda: rar el 11 de diciembre de 2007 el Vigésimo Quinto Aniversario de su creación política; circunscrip- Primero.— Expresar su saludo al Ejército del ción que en la actualidad lidera el desarrollo eco- Perú, con motivo de celebrarse el 9 de diciembre nómico y social del departamento de Cajamarca.
    [Show full text]