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Martin Luther King Martin Luther King Roedd Martin Luther King yr ieuengaf (15 Ionawr 1929 – 4 Ebrill 1968) yn weinidog ac actifydd Cristnogol Americanaidd a ddaeth yn llefarydd ac arweinydd Martin Luther King mwyaf gweladwy'r Mudiad Hawliau Sifil o 1955 hyd at ei lofruddiaeth ym 1968. Mae King yn fwyaf adnabyddus am hyrwyddo hawliau sifil drwy ddulliau di-drais ac anufudd-dod sifil oedd wedi eu hysbrydoli gan ei gredoau Cristnogol a phrotestiadau di-drais Mahatma Gandhi. Arweiniodd King foicot bysiau Montgomery yn 1955 ac yn ddiweddarach daeth yn llywydd cyntaf Cynhadledd Arweinyddiaeth Gristnogol y De (Southern Christian Leadership Conference). Fel llywydd y Gynhadledd, arweiniodd frwydr aflwyddiannus yn 1962 yn erbyn arwahanu yn Albany, Georgia, a helpodd i drefnu protestiadau di-drais 1963 yn Birmingham, Alabama. Bu hefyd yn cynorthwyo â threfniadau’r Orymdaith i Washington, ym mis Mawrth 1963, lle traddododd ei araith enwog Mae gen i freuddwyd (I have a dream) ar risiau Cofeb Lincoln. Ar 14 Hydref 1964, enillodd King Wobr Heddwch Nobel am frwydro yn erbyn anghydraddoldeb hiliol drwy wrthwynebiad di-drais. Ym 1965, helpodd i drefnu'r gorymdeithiau o Selma i Montgomery. Yn ei flynyddoedd olaf, ehangodd ei ffocws i gynnwys gwrthwynebiad i dlodi, cyfalafiaeth, a Rhyfel Fietnam. Gwelwyd ef gan Gyfarwyddwr yr FBI, J. Edgar Hoover, yn unigolyn radical, a bu King yn destun trafod rhaglen gwrthgynhadledd yr FBI o 1963 ymlaen. Roedd King yn destun Ganwyd Michael King ymchwiliadau cyson i ysbïwyr yr FBI oherwydd ei gysylltiadau comiwnyddol 15 Ionawr 1929 honedig, a chofnodwyd ei berthnasau tu allan i'w briodas ac adroddwyd arnynt i Atlanta swyddogion y llywodraeth. Ym 1964, derbyniodd King lythyr anhysbys bygythiol, a Bu farw 4 Ebrill 1968 (39 oed) ddehonglwyd ganddo fel ymgais i wneud iddo gyflawni hunanladdiad.[1] Achos: anaf balistig Pan gafodd ei lofruddio ar 4 Ebrill 1968, ym Memphis, Tennessee, roedd King yn Memphis trefnu ac yn cynllunio ‘meddiant cenedlaethol’ o Washington, D.C., a fyddai’n cael Dinasyddiaeth Unol Daleithiau America ei alw’n Ymgyrch y Bobl Dlawd. Yn dilyn ei farwolaeth, bu terfysgoedd yn llawer o ddinasoedd yr Unol Daleithiau. Parhaodd honiadau am ddegawdau ar ôl y saethu Addysg Doethur mewn Athrawiaeth bod James Earl Ray, y dyn a gafwyd yn euog o ladd King, wedi cael ei fframio neu Alma mater Morehouse College ei fod wedi gweithredu ar y cyd ag asiantaethau’r llywodraeth. Crozer Theological Seminary Wedi ei farwolaeth dyfarnwyd y Fedal Rhyddid Arlywyddol a’r Fedal Aur Prifysgol Boston Gyngresol i King. Sefydlwyd Diwrnod Martin Luther King Jr. fel dydd gŵyl mewn Washington High School dinasoedd a gwladwriaethau ledled yr Unol Daleithiau, gan ddechrau ym 1971; Ysgol Diwinyddiaeth Prifysgol deddfwyd y gwyliau ar lefel ffederal gan ddeddfwriaeth a lofnodwyd gan yr Arlywydd Ronald Reagan ym 1986. Mae cannoedd o strydoedd yn yr Unol Boston Daleithiau wedi cael eu hailenwi er anrhydedd iddo, ynghyd â sir yn Washington. ymgynghorydd Lotan Harold DeWolf Cysegrwyd Cofeb Martin Luther King Jr ar y Rhodfa Genedlaethol yn Washington y doethor D.C yn 2011.[2] Galwedigaeth ymgyrchydd hawliau sifil, diwinydd, pregethwr, gweinidog yr Efengyl, Cynnwys ysgrifennwr, gweinidog bugeiliol, heddychwr, Bywyd cynnar ac addysg dyngarwr, gweithredydd dros Protestio ac ymgyrchu hawliau dynol, gweithredydd Boicot y Bysus, Montgomery, 1955 heddwch SCLC Cyflogwr Yr Orymdaith i Washington, 1963 Dexter Avenue Baptist Church Gwrthwynebiad i Ryfel Fietnam Ymgyrch y Bobl Dlawd, 1968 Ebenezer Baptist Church Prifysgol Vrije Llofruddiaeth a’r canlyniadau Llyfryddiaeth Prif ddylanwad Reinhold Niebuhr, Howard Thurman, Walter Cyfeiriadau Rauschenbusch, Henry Bywyd cynnar ac addysg David Thoreau, Mahatma Gandhi Ganwyd King yn Michael King Jr. ar 15 Ionawr 1929, yn Atlanta, Georgia, yr ail o Taldra 1.72 metr, 67 Modfedd dri o blant i'r Parchedig Michael King Sr. ac Alberta King (Williams oedd ei chyfenw Mudiad Civil rights movements, [3] cyn priodi). Ym 1934 aeth tad King ar daith o amgylch y byd gyda Chynghrair nonviolence, Labor Bedyddwyr y Byd, gan gynnwys taith i Berlin lle daeth dan ddylanwad dysgeidiaeth Movement in the United [4] arweinydd y Diwygiad Protestannaidd, Martin Luther. Dychwelodd adref ym mis States, Civil rights Awst 1934, ac yn yr un flwyddyn dechreuodd gyfeirio ato'i hun fel Martin Luther movement King Sr., a'i fab fel Martin Luther King Jr. [5] Newidiwyd tystysgrif geni King i ddarllen "Martin Luther King Jr." ar 23 Gorffennaf, 1957, pan oedd yn 28 oed.[6] Tad Martin Luther King Sr. Mam Alberta Williams King Yng nghartref ei blentyndod, byddai King, a’i frawd a’i chwaer, yn darllen y Beibl Priod Coretta Scott King yn uchel yn unol â chyfarwyddyd eu tad. Gwelodd King fod ei dad yn sefyll yn erbyn arwahanu a gwahanol fathau o wahaniaethu. Unwaith, pan gafodd ei stopio Plant Yolanda King, Martin Luther gan heddwas a gyfeiriodd at King Sr. fel "boy", ymatebodd ei dad yn sydyn drwy King III, Dexter Scott King, ddweud bod King Jnr yn fachgen ond ei fod ef yn ddyn. Pan aeth tad King ag ef i Bernice King mewn i siop esgidiau yn Atlanta, dywedodd y clerc wrthynt fod angen iddynt eistedd Gwobr/au Gwobr Heddwch Nobel, yn y cefn. Gwrthododd tad King, gan nodi "byddwn naill ai'n prynu esgidiau yn Gwobr Jawaharlal Nehru am eistedd yma neu ni fyddwn yn prynu esgidiau o gwbl", cyn mynd â'i fab gydag ef a Ddeallusrwydd Rhyngwladol, gadael y siop.[7] Gwobr y Cenhedloedd Yn ystod ei ieuenctid, teimlai King ddrwgdeimlad yn erbyn pobl wyn oherwydd y Unedig am waith gyda "cywilydd hiliol" yr oedd yn rhaid iddo ef, ei deulu, a'i gymdogion ei ddioddef yn Iawnderau Dynol, Dyneiddiwr aml yn y De lle'r oedd arwahanu yn digwydd. Yn 1942, pan oedd King yn 13 y Flwyddyn, Gwobr Pacem in mlwydd oed, daeth yn rheolwr cynorthwyol ieuengaf gorsaf ddosbarthu papur Terris, Gwobr Llyfr Anisfield- newydd yr Atlanta Journal. Y flwyddyn honno, hepgorwyd King rhag cwblhau’r Wolf, Margaret Sanger nawfed radd a chofrestrwyd ef yn Ysgol Uwchradd Booker T. Washington. Yr ysgol Awards, Time Person of the uwchradd hon oedd yr unig un yn y ddinas ar gyfer myfyrwyr Americanaidd Year, Medal Rhyddid yr Affricanaidd. Fe’i ffurfiwyd ar ôl i arweinwyr du lleol, gan gynnwys taid King ar ochr ei fam, (Williams), annog llywodraeth dinas Atlanta i’w sefydlu. Daeth King yn Arlywydd, Medal Aur y adnabyddus am ei allu i siarad yn gyhoeddus ac roedd yn rhan o dîm dadlau'r Gyngres, Dyngarwr y ysgol.[8] Flwyddyn, Gwobr Cymdeithion O. R. Tambo, Pan oedd King yn yr ysgol uwchradd, cyhoeddodd Coleg Morehouse - coleg du Cymrawd Academi Celf a uchel ei barch yn hanesyddol - y byddai'n derbyn unrhyw blentyn ysgol uwchradd a gwyddoniaeth America, allai basio ei arholiadau mynediad. Bryd hynny, roedd llawer o fyfyrwyr wedi cefnu Medal Spingarn ar astudiaethau pellach i ymrestru yn yr Ail Ryfel Byd. Oherwydd hyn, roedd Morehouse yn awyddus i lenwi ei ystafelloedd dosbarth. Yn 15 oed, pasiodd King yr Llofnod arholiad a mynd i Morehouse. Chwaraeodd bêl-droed glasfyfyrwyr yno. Yr haf cyn ei flwyddyn olaf yn Morehouse, ym 1947, dewisodd King, a oedd yn 18 oed ar y pryd, fynd i'r weinidogaeth. Drwy gydol ei gyfnod yn y coleg, astudiodd King o dan arolygiaeth llywydd y Coleg, sef gweinidog gyda’r Bedyddwyr, Benjamin Mays. Yn ddiweddarach, rhoddodd King deyrnged iddo am fod yn “fentor ysbrydol iddo.”[9] Mae gan Wikiquote gasgliad o Graddiodd King o Morehouse gyda gradd Baglor yn y Celfyddydau (BA) mewn ddyfyniadau sy'n berthnasol i: Cymdeithaseg ym 1948 pan oedd yn bedair ar bymtheg oed. Martin Luther King Cofrestrodd King yng Ngholeg Diwinyddol Crozer yn Upland, Pennsylvania, ac ym 1951[10] dechreuodd astudiaethau doethuriaeth mewn diwinyddiaeth systematig ym Mhrifysgol Boston.[11] Tra’n dilyn astudiaethau doethuriaeth, bu King yn gweithio fel gweinidog cynorthwyol yn Neuddegfed Eglwys y Bedyddwyr, sef eglwys hanesyddol Boston, gyda'r Parchedig William Hunter Hester. Roedd Hester yn hen ffrind i dad Martin Luther King, a bu’n ddylanwad pwysig arno. Priododd King â Coretta Scott ar Fehefin 18, 1953, ar lawnt tŷ ei rhieni yn ei thref enedigol yn Heiberger, Alabama.[12] Daethant yn rhieni i bedwar o blant: Yolanda King (1955-2007), Martin Luther King III (g. 1957), Dexter Scott King (g. 1961), a Bernice King (g. 1963). Yn Derbyniodd King radd Baglor mewn ystod eu priodas, cyfyngodd King rôl Coretta yn y mudiad hawliau sifil, gan ddisgwyl iddi fod Diwinyddiaeth yn Crozer Theological [13] yn wraig tŷ ac yn fam. Seminary Protestio ac ymgyrchu Boicot y Bysus, Montgomery, 1955 Ym mis Mawrth 1955, gwrthododd Claudette Colvin - merch ysgol ddu bymtheg oed yn Montgomery - ildio ei sedd fws i ddyn gwyn. Roedd gweithred felly yn groes i gyfreithiau Jim Crow, deddfau cyffredin yn nhaleithiau deheuol America a oedd yn gorfodi arwahanu hiliol. Roedd King ar bwyllgor Affricanaidd-Americanaidd cymuned Birmingham a fu’n ymchwilio i'r achos. Penderfynodd E. D. Nixon a Clifford Durr aros am achos gwell i fynd ar ei drywydd oherwydd bod y digwyddiad yn cynnwys plentyn dan oed. Naw mis yn ddiweddarach ar 1 Rhagfyr, 1955, bu digwyddiad tebyg pan arestiwyd Rosa Parks am wrthod ildio ei sedd ar fws dinas.[14] Arweiniodd y ddau ddigwyddiad at foicot bysus Montgomery, a gafodd ei annog a'i gynllunio gan Nixon a'i arwain gan King. Parhaodd y boicot Rosa Parks efo King, 1955 am 385 diwrnod,[15] a throdd y sefyllfa mor ddwys fel bod tŷ King wedi cael ei fomio.[16] Arestiwyd King yn ystod yr ymgyrch, a ddaeth i ben yn y diwedd gyda dyfarniad Llys Dosbarth yr Unol Daleithiau yn Browder v. Gayle. Penderfyniad y dyfarniad oedd dod â gwahanu hiliol i ben ar holl fysus cyhoeddus Montgomery. Yn sgil Boicot y Bysus trawsnewidiwyd rôl King i fod yn ffigwr cenedlaethol ac yn llefarydd mwyaf adnabyddus y Mudiad Hawliau Sifil.[17] SCLC Ym 1957, sefydlodd King, Ralph Abernathy, Fred Shuttlesworth, Joseph Lowery, ac actifyddion hawliau sifil eraill Gynhadledd Arweinyddiaeth Gristnogol y De (SCLC).
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