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MASARYK UNIVERSITY Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X MASARYK UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF EDUCATION Department of English Language and Literature Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X: Search for the Direction of the Civil Rights Movement Master’s Thesis Brno 2019 Supervisor: Author: Michael George, M.A. Bc. Michaela Procházková I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this master’s thesis and that I have not used any sources other than those identified as references. Prohlašuji, že jsem závěrečnou diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně, s využitím pouze citovaných pramenů, dalších informací a zdrojů v souladu s Disciplinárním řádem pro studenty Pedagogické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity a se zákonem č. 121/2000 Sb., o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon), ve znění pozdějších předpisů. Brno, 25. 3. 2019 Bc. Michaela Procházková Acknowledgment I would like to thank my supervisor, Michael George, M.A., for his time, help, guidance, patience and advice. Also, I would like to thank Erick Daniel Worthington. Last, I would like to thank my parents and family for their support. Annotation This master’s thesis discusses lives of two African American activists, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X, in the United States of America. Their lives are described from their childhood and then the main emphasis is put on their involvement in the Civil Rights Movement which later turned to the Black Power movement. In the last part of the thesis, elements of the similarity of these two African American leaders are examined. Key words Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, Civil Rights Movement, Black Power movement Anotace Tato diplomová práce se zabývá životy dvou afroamerických aktivistů, Martinem Lutherem Kingem, Jr. a Malcolmem X, ve Spojených státech amerických. Životy těchto aktivistů jsou popsány od jejich dětství a následně je zdůrazněna jejich účast v Afroamerickém hnutí za občanská práva, ze kterého následně vzniklo hnutí Black Power. V poslední části diplomové práce jsou zkoumány prvky podobnosti těchto dvou afroamerických vůdců. Klíčová slova Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, Afroamerické hnutí za občanská práva, hnutí Black Power Bibliografický záznam PROCHÁZKOVÁ, Michaela. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X: Search for the Direction of the Civil Rights Movement. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, Pedagogická fakulta, Katedra anglického jazyka a literatury, 2019. Vedoucí diplomové práce: Michael George, M.A. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 7 1. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. ................................................................................. 9 1.1 Early Childhood ................................................................................................. 9 1.2 Studies and Marriage ........................................................................................ 12 1.3 Pre-Civil Rights Movement Activities ............................................................. 18 2. MALCOLM X ......................................................................................................... 23 2.1 Early Childhood ............................................................................................... 23 2.2 Boston and Later Childhood ............................................................................. 29 2.3 Prison ................................................................................................................ 32 2.4 Pre-Civil Rights Movement Activities ............................................................. 35 3. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT AND BLACK POWER ............................... 40 3.1 The Civil Rights Movement ............................................................................. 40 3.1.1 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka .................................................. 40 3.1.2 Montgomery Bus Boycott ......................................................................... 41 3.1.3 The Little Rock Nine ................................................................................. 42 3.1.4 The Greensboro Four and The Sit-in Movement ...................................... 43 3.1.5 Ruby Bridges and the New Orleans School Integration ........................... 44 3.1.6 Freedom Rides .......................................................................................... 45 3.1.7 Demonstrations in Birmingham ................................................................ 47 3.1.8 March on Washington and the Civil Rights Act ....................................... 48 3.1.9 Selma to Montgomery March ................................................................... 50 3.2 Black Power ..................................................................................................... 54 3.2.1 Malcolm X and his Actions in Late 1950s and Early 1960s ..................... 54 3.2.2 Watts Riots ................................................................................................ 55 3.2.3 Assassination of Malcolm X ..................................................................... 56 3.2.4 Black Panther Party ................................................................................... 57 3.2.5 Loving v. Virginia ..................................................................................... 59 3.2.6 Detroit Riots .............................................................................................. 60 3.2.7 Martin Luther King, Jr.’s View on Black Power ...................................... 61 3.2.8 Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. .................................................. 62 4. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. AND MALCOLM X: DIFFERENT BUT SIMILAR ........................................................................................................................ 64 4.1 Injustice ............................................................................................................ 65 4.2 Racial Integration ............................................................................................. 66 4.3 Speeches ........................................................................................................... 70 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................... 73 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 74 Printed Books .............................................................................................................. 74 Online Journals ............................................................................................................ 77 Online Websites .......................................................................................................... 84 INTRODUCTION Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X were undoubtedly among the main African American leaders who determined the direction of the Civil Rights Movement and the events that followed in the United States of America in the 1950s and 1960s. They were able to gather thousands of African American citizens to air their experiences on the numerous racial injustices that they faced at the hands of the white Americans, particularly in the South of the country. Even though many differences in Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X’s approaches are evident, the aim of this thesis is to find similarities between these two leaders. In the first chapter of this master’s thesis, the childhood and early life of Martin Luther King, Jr. will be described. Moreover, the chapter will also focus on his studies and a preaching career up to the date when he started being actively involved in the Civil Rights Movement. Therefore, everything that happened during his life before he became an African American activist will be depicted. Similarly, the second chapter will discuss an early life of Malcolm X. Many struggles that happened to him during his childhood will be specified there. Next, his time spent in prison and also his changes in religious beliefs will be discussed. Also, the beginning of Malcolm’s activist career and his view on the problematics discussed in this thesis will be included. The third chapter will focus on the Civil Rights Movement and also on the Black Power movement that arose later. In this chapter, many cases and events of African American citizens from the Civil Rights Movement as well as fighting for justice will be discussed, such as The Montgomery Bus Boycott and The Little Rock Nine. Also, the March on Washington and The Selma to Montgomery Marches, after which the Civil Rights Act of 7 1964 and the Civil Rights Voting Act of 1965 were signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson, will be covered. Moreover, the events contained in the Black Power movement, which was inspired by the acts of Malcolm X, will be portrayed. Lastly, the assassination of both leaders will be described in this chapter. The main aim of the last chapter is to find the ideological, philosophical and even spiritual similarities in the activism between Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X, as the two men are mostly known by historians for their differences. Therefore, the three main themes which will be explored in this chapter and in which similarities can be found are the views towards elevating injustice, racial integration and delivering speeches. 8 1. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. 1.1 Early Childhood Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta,
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