The 22nd ANNUAL Dr. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. HOLIDAY in Hawai’I

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Coalition-Hawaii www.mlk-hawaii.com 1988-2010 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Coalition – Hawai`i 2010 Officers: Patricia Anthony ...... President Scott Foster ...... 1st Vice President Juliet Begley ...... Secretary William Rushing ...... Treasure

Co-Sponsor: City & County of Honolulu,

Event Chairs: Candlelight Bell Ringing Ceremony: Marsha Joyner & Rev. Charlene Zuill Parade Chairs: William Rushing & Pat Anthony Unity Rally: Jewell McDonald Vendors: Derek Tamura Webmaster: Scott Foster

Coalition Support Groups:

African American Association Hawaii Government Employees Association Hawaii National Guard Hawaii State AFL-CIO Hawaiian National Communications Corporation Headquarters US Pacific Command ‘Olelo: The Corporation for Community Television Kappa Alpha Phi Fraternity Self Management Corporation State of Hawai`i United Nations Association of Hawaii – Hawaii Division United States Military University of Hawaii Professional Assembly

Booklet Editor: MarshaRose Joyner Copyright: Hawaiian National Communications Corporation, 2010. All rights reserved.

2 Table of Contents

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Coalition – Hawai`i 2010...... 2 Candlelight Bell Ringing Ceremony...... 6 Mayor Tadatoshi Akiba...... 7 Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday Unity Rally...... 8 Rev. Dr. Dwight E. Cook – Grand Marshall 22nd Annual ...... 9 World peace through nonviolent ...... 10 Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Family ...... 14 Number of nominated individuals for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2009...... 23 Mahatma Gandhi ...... 24 1960 ...... 25 Ella Baker...... 29 The year 1960 and the Civil Rights Movements...... 30 Civil Rights Movement in Northern Ireland...... 30 Movements of Independence in Africa ...... 30 Civil Rights Movement in the United States...... 30 American Indian Movement ...... 31 Women's Liberation Movement...... 31 Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement ...... 31 The Disability Movement...... 31 The year 1960 is known as...... 32 African Countries Granted independence in 1960 from France...... 34 African Countries Granted independence in 1960 from Belgium...... 35 1960 Music ...... 36 In the top 25 of the year 1960 ...... 36 1960 Summer Olympics: ...... 38

3 Speak now the dream of freedom

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“Martin spoke of a mountain and a dream And since that time it seems We've been stuck in that nightmare grove. We've stayed on the mountain And watched the dream become a nightmare Apathy, despair, nihilism, and inaction. Reactive stances when proactive motion Is needed.

Speak now the dream of freedom Let it roll from your soul, and let it Beat from your heart, as we join hands Together all of those that love righteousness Let us declare that never again, No more dreams deferred, no more hopes conferred On a distant future, but now, right now let us make Those dreams a reality

Checks written with no intention to pay Promises made with no truth Hopes dashed against the rocks of Plymouth Blood stained memories of yesterday's lies.

Blood stains the block of liberty. Marching, marching on For justice. For rights For a better day. Bullets killed the dreamer Yet the dream lives on.

Not as victims but as victors we stand this day Declaring our righteous indignation against the Causes that would fill another's pocket With the sweat of the brow of a distant people.

Speak now the dream of freedom Let it roll from your soul, and let it Beat from your heart, as we join hands Together all of those that love righteousness Let us declare that never again, No more dreams deferred, no more hopes conferred On a distant future, but now, right now let us make

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Those dreams a reality

As we rededicate ourselves to the dream We promise that we will become the dreamer And though you slay one, a million will rise up And make that dream a reality.

We have that dream that this day we shall stand Up and declare, that freedom will roll down like A mighty river. For we shall see to, we shall live to Make it so.

Dream the dream of freedom Dream the dream of wonder Dream the dream of brilliance Dream the dream of creativity Dream the dream of all the dreamers That have come before and let The dream be for all.

Speak now the dream of freedom Let it roll from your soul, and let it Beat from your heart, as we join hands Together all of those that love righteousness Let us declare that never again, No more dreams deferred, no more hopes conferred On a distant future, but now, right now let us make Those dreams a reality.

umoja, rodney c Rodney D. Coates, Ph.D. Director Black World Studies Associate Professor of Sociology - African Studies Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA 45056

If we are to combat the insanity of our world, we need to explore love, self, and each other. Join me in this exploration When love reigns supreme, then we will see the beauty of our existence!

5 Candlelight Bell Ringing Ceremony

DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. COALITION- HAWAI’I And The United Nations Association- Hawaii Division

In Remembrance of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr The Nagasaki Peace Bell Honolulu Hale Civic Grounds Friday, January 15, 2010 - 5:30 p.m.

"We are deeply moved and very much gratified that the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Coalition has chosen to hold its annual bell-ringing ceremony at the Nagasaki Peace Bell to honor the birthday of the American Nobel Peace prize awardee." said Katsuichi Fukahori, leader of the Nagasaki Bell Presentation Committee delegation and an atomic- bomb survivor.

The Nagasaki Peace Bell is a gift to the people of the City and County of Honolulu from the survivors of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki and their supporters.

Dr. King said “There will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with a new meaning, "My country, 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrim's pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring."

Today we will make a resounding noise with our bell ringing to proclaim the fundamental importance of freedom in our own lives, in our Island, our nation, and our world. And we will ring out to call attention to the insensitivity, injustice, and inequality that curtail freedom and happiness throughout society.

Though as we are participating in the nationwide bell-ringing ceremony our actions today are symbolic, they have tremendous potential.

Energized by the legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., this event is a statement of personal conviction and community involvement. Though it's a moment of pause and reflection, importantly, it's a moment of resolve for the future as well.

It's not enough to let freedom ring. We must make it ring through caring, compassion, and service. This is a part of our Aloha tradition. I invite you to join in this wonderful work beginning today.

Make freedom ring.

6 Mayor Tadatoshi Akiba

A Non-Violent Response to the Ultimate Violence

Martin Luther King, Jr. Day is not just a national holiday in the U.S. People who respect the contributions of Dr. King observe it all over the world.

One place where this day is observed as important is in the Japanese city of Hiroshima under Mayor Tadatoshi Akiba, who holds a special banquet at the mayor's office as an act of unifying his city's call for peace with King's message of human rights.

Mayor Tadatoshi Akiba said “It is a pure coincidence that in Japan we traditionally celebrate the coming of age for our young people on January 15, Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday. On that day, I always tell our young people about the civil rights movement in the US, to impress upon them importance of electoral politics and non-violent social change.

It is not surprising that Dr. Martin Luther King adamantly opposed nuclear weapons. A man whose entire life was dedicated to non-violence was not about to look kindly on these ultimate, tsunami-dwarfing, instruments of violence. His words on nuclear proliferation seem particularly prescient today: He said "I refuse to accept the cynical notion that nation after nation must spiral down a militaristic stairway into the hell of nuclear annihilation." These words were spoken on December 10, 1964, before negotiations had even begun on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, an agreement meant to save the world from that fate. Today, the basic bargain written into that treaty is unraveling. With the nuclear-weapon states deferring indefinitely their promise to eliminate their nuclear arsenals, non-nuclear states are losing patience. Some have acquired and others are bent on acquiring nuclear weapons of their own.

At the National Cathedral just a week before his tragic death, Dr. King warned, "The whole world may well be plunged into the abyss of annihilation, and our earthly habitat transformed into an inferno that even the mind of Dante could not imagine." Indeed, it is beyond our imaginations. However, many of the elders in my city can imagine it only to well, which is why their Promised Land is a world free from the threat of nuclear weapons. Like Dr. King, they may not get to this Promised Land with us; but I, for one, am determined that at least some of them shall see the day when the whole world awakens from its nuclear trance.

I ask you in the name of all our elders, who knew the many horrors of World War II. More importantly, I ask you in the name of our children and their children, whom it is our sacred duty to protect from such horrors. Please join me in pulling the world back from this abyss. Let us together do everything in our power to reach that Promised Land.

Thank you very much for your kind attention.”

Hiroshima mayor Tadatoshi Akiba PhD A Non-Violent Response to the Ultimate Violence January 17, 2005 Washington, D.C. U.S.A.

7 Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday Unity Rally January 18, 2009 11:00 a. m - 4:00 p.m. Kapiolani Park Bandstand

Welcome Pat Anthony President – Martin Luther King, Jr. Coalition – Hawai`i

Greetings Mayor Mufi Hannemann

Among the Entertains are: MC'S Rubia Collier & Gyn Brown Dee Jay- Steve Kelly

Choirs and Gospel Singers Trinity Missionary Baptist Church First Tongan United Methodist Church First United Methodist Youth Choir The Faith & Praise Ensemble Sherri Eastmon-Vocalist Bryana Salez-Vocalist Jerry Wilson-Vocalist Teddy Wells Dr. King Speech Other Entertainment Li'l Star of The Sea / A Class Act JROTC Arizona Hopi Indian Ensemble Bootsie Lover-Vocalist Chris Vandercooke & The Band Gyn & The Blue Light Funk Band David Swanson- R & B Vocalist Rea Davis- Vocalist Tunz- Rapper Papa Skanks- Reggae Artist Kaye Takara Poet Brandon Harms- Vocalist Kimberlei Bradford

Mahalo Jewel McDonald – Chair Patricia Anthony - President Food, Crafts & Games & Rides for Children

8

Rev. Dr. Dwight E. Cook – Grand Marshall 22nd Annual Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday Parade

Dr. Dwight E. Cook, Author and pastor of The Trinity Missionary Baptist Church in Honolulu, came to Hawaii after a very successful tenure at Mt. Olivet Baptist Church, Rochester, N. Y.

Pastor Cook was born the fifth of five children to John and Lodie Cook in Roswell, Georgia. Educated at historic Tuskegee University with a B.S. Degree, he went on to Morehouse School of Religion and graduated with a M.Div. Degree and then went to Drew School of Theology where he received his Doctor of Ministry Degree.

Dr. Cook presently serves a diverse congregation of people including military and civilians. Together this pastor and people are working to help equip others for moral, ethical and spiritual living.

He is the proud leader of a church, which is a member of the Progressive National Baptist Movement. The 1961 founding was in Cincinnati Ohio. Leadership from across the United States joined the Progressive Baptist family and spawned the Progressive National Baptist Movement. Issues of freedom, civil and human rights, and progressive ideas became the cornerstone for the convention. The PNBC became a new Christian movement, which included an array of social and political concerns embodied in its founding principles of Fellowship, Progress, Peace and Service.

The PNBC movement was under girded by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s struggle for freedom for African Americans. It was the PNBC that provided a denominational home for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and many of the Baptist leaders in the Civil Rights Movement. They all became important forces in the life and work of the Progressive National Baptist Convention, Inc.

As a result of this involvement from members of the Civil Rights Movement the centerpiece of the PNBC witness became one of social justice and human liberation as a mandate of the Gospel. In essence, the PNBC became a living African American Christian organism, vibrant with energy and committed to the social gospel for the transformation of U.S. society.

The PNBC is dedicated to the education of African Americans and has as one of its major priorities the support of African American colleges, schools of religion, theological schools and universities.

Since it’s beginning it has always been ecumenical, supporting the World Council of Churches, the National Council of Churches, the Baptist World Alliance and other ecumenical bodies. The PNBC is actively engaged in national and international ministries in Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean as well as the United States of America. The PNBC has grown from 33 members at its founding meeting to over 2.5 million members, (1.5 million in the United States and over 1million around the globe). “This Is for God's People” A Daily Devotional by Rev. Dr. Dwight E. Cook

9 World peace through nonviolent

means is neither absurd nor unattainable. All other methods have failed. Thus we must begin anew. Nonviolence is a good starting point. Those of us who believe in this method can be voices of reason, sanity, and understanding amid the voices of violence, hatred, and emotion. We can very well set a mood of peace out of which a system of peace can be built.”

“Resistance and nonviolence are not in themselves good. There is another element that must be presented in our struggle that then makes our resistance and nonviolence truly meaningful. That element is reconciliation. Our ultimate end must be the creation of the beloved community” -King

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Of all the forms of inequality, injustice in health care is the most shocking and inhumane--Martin Luther King, Jr.

The following excerpts are from an article written by Ajamu K. Sankofa, Esq. and Healthcare-NOW

“Of all the forms of inequality, injustice in health care is the most shocking and inhumane. Martin Luther King Jr spoke those words 43 years ago, and they still ring true today.

Dr. King recognized that institutional racism is endemic in the national health care system of the United States and that it is the most egregious form of racial discrimination in the land. This shocking and inhumane reality has intensified since our beloved advocate for social justice was murdered for merely speaking truth to power effectively thirty-eight years ago.

But we as a people will and must not be silenced, particularly in the midst of the dual genocidal pandemics of HIV/AIDS and drug addiction. Remember, health care is a birthright and government has a moral and legal duty to protect all of its residents.

The persistence of profiteering of the health insurance industry through their denial of the basic human right to health care, that includes the fact that our present system charges poor people more for medical services than the rich, is akin to modern day barbarism. Why? It is barbarism because the United States has the means to change this system now but refuses to do so despite the profound injuries that the present system causes human beings.

These barbarous outcomes are institutionalized and deliberate. Remember, despite the notable benefits that the traditional federal Medicare and Medicaid programs have provided since they were created in 1965, by the blood, tears, and sacrifices of the civil rights movement, they were themselves substantially watered down in 1965 by congressional political capitulation to the overtly racist Dixiecrats of that era. This was done, of course, to the immense frustration of the civil rights movement: no one should ever have to become destitute to get health care or live with the fluctuating and irrational State standards for Medicare eligibility, the enormous difficulty in finding health care providers, or the limitations on dental coverage. No senior should ever be denied long-term health care for chronic conditions and specialty health care when that care is medically indicated.

Since 1965, the continued systemic right wing reaction by the federal government in the area of national health care policy is evidenced in its ever increasing, unfunded mandates for the States to pick up more Medicaid responsibilities,

11 when the federal government knows fully that States are already overburdened with higher health care costs that will cause them to reduce other vital services to the most marginalized communities, the poor and people of color.

The federal government’s response is to keep AIDS funding flat each year despite the yearly increases in AIDS cases and deepening burden on an already failed health care system. This comprehensive picture of reality shocks the conscience and must end now. It is nothing less than a crime against humanity.”

Ajamu K. Sankofa, Esq. and Healthcare-NOW

Comments: Aloha only goes so far when it comes to the “throw away people” of Hawaii.

“Of all the forms of inequality, injustice in health care is the most shocking and inhumane”--Martin Luther King, Jr.

Although Martin Luther King, Jr. said this in the 1960s, the Dept of Health, under the direction the Governor of Hawaii continues to experience some of the greatest racial and ethnic health disparities in the U.S.

• They discontinued the Hawaiian mental health clinics in the Waianae Coast • They discontinued vital services to the local Citizens of the Marshall Islands, Palau and Micronesia • They cut back drastically the funds to the disabled • They cut back funds for the support of people with HIV

This is just the tip of the iceberg. There are hundreds of people hurting because of the lack of health care that we do not see. That is the point. Because they are “voiceless” they are easy to cut.

We cannot sit idly by and not care what happens to our neighbors, the people who the state has deemed the throw away people. An injustice to these people is an injustice to all of us. Without taking care of all of the people of Hawaii, Aloha has a hollow ring. Health Care is a Civil Right, a Human Right – we have to come together at raise our voices in support of those less fortunate.

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The History of Martin Luther King Day

It took 15 years to create the federal Martin Luther King, Jr., holiday. Congressman John Conyers, Democrat from Michigan, first introduced legislation for a commemorative holiday four days after King was assassinated in 1968. After the bill became stalled, petitions endorsing the holiday containing six million names were submitted to Congress.

Conyers and Rep. Shirley Chisholm, Democrat of New York, resubmitted King holiday legislation each subsequent legislative session. Public pressure for the holiday mounted during the 1982 and 1983 civil rights marches in Washington.

Congress passed the holiday legislation in 1983, which was then signed into law by President Ronald Reagan. A compromise moving the holiday from Jan. 15, King's birthday, which was considered too close to Christmas and New Year's, to the third Monday in January helped overcome opposition to the law. National Consensus on the Holiday

A number of states resisted celebrating the holiday. Some opponents said King did not deserve his own holiday—contending that the entire civil rights movement rather than one individual, however instrumental, should be honored. Several southern states include celebrations for various Confederate generals on that day. Arizona voters approved the holiday in 1992 after a tourist boycott. In 1999, New Hampshire changed the name of Civil Rights Day to Martin Luther King, Jr., Day.

Six million signatures were collected for a petition to Congress to pass the law, "the largest petition in favor of an issue in U.S. history

Holiday time Line

1968 - Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated; Rep. John Conyers, D-Mich., introduces legislation for federal holiday to commemorate King 1973 - Illinois is first state to adopt MLK Day as a state holiday 1983 - Congress passed, President Reagan signed, legislation creating Martin Luther King, Jr. Day 1986 - Federal MLK holiday goes into effect 1987 - Arizona governor Evan Mecham rescinds MLK Day as his first act in office, setting off a boycott of the state. 1988- Hawaii Passes legislation adopting Holiday 1989 - State MLK holiday adopted in 44 states 1991 - The NFL moves the 1993 Super Bowl site from Phoenix, Ariz., to Pasadena, Calif., because of the MLK Day boycott. 1992 - Arizona citizens vote to enact MLK Day. The Super Bowl is held in Tempe, Ariz. in 1996. 1993 - For the first time, MLK Day is held in some form—sometimes under a different name, and not always as a paid state holiday—in all fifty states. 1999 - New Hampshire becomes the last state to adopt MLK Day as a paid state holiday, replacing its optional Civil Rights Day. 2000 - Utah becomes the last state to recognize MLK Day by name, renaming its Human Rights Day state holiday. South Carolina becomes the last state to make MLK Day a paid holiday for all state employees. Until now, employees could choose between celebrating it or one of three Confederate-related holidays.

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Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Family

Martin Luther King, Jr., (January 15, 1929-April 4, 1968) was born Michael Luther King, Jr., but later had his name changed to Martin.

The King family, circa 1940. Clockwise, top left: Alberta Williams King, Rev. Martin Luther King Sr., Jennie C. Williams, Alfred Daniel Williams King, Christine King, and Martin Luther King Jr.

His mother: Alberta Christine Williams was born on September 13, 1904, to Rev. Adam Daniel Williams, who served as pastor of Atlanta's Ebenezer Baptist Church from 1914 to 1931, and Jenny Parks Williams. Alberta Williams attended what is now Hampton University in Hampton, Virginia, and married Martin Luther King Sr. (then known as Michael King) in 1926. The couple had three children: a daughter named Willie Christine in 1927, Martin Jr. in 1929 and Albert in 1930. After Alberta's father died, her husband took over as head of Ebenezer Baptist Church and she served as choir director and organist. Alberta King was shot and killed by a deranged black man at Ebenezer on June 30, 1974. Her first son Martin was assassinated in 1968 and her second son Albert, who had also been a pastor at Ebenezer, drowned in a swimming pool the following year.

His Father: Michael King Sr. (he later changed his name to Martin Luther King Sr.) was born into a family of sharecroppers on December 19, 1899, in Stockbridge, Georgia. As a teenager, he became interested in becoming a preacher after hearing several black preachers speak out against racial injustice. King married Alberta Christine Williams, daughter of Rev. Adam Daniel Williams, then the leader of Atlanta's Ebenezer Baptist Church, in 1926. That same year, he began studying theology at Morehouse College. Martin Luther King Jr., the second of Rev. King and Alberta King's three children, was born on January 15, 1929. King graduated in 1930 and in 1931, "Daddy King," became pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church, a position he held until 1975. His son Martin Jr. joined him as co-pastor at Ebenezer in 1960. The elder Rev. King was also an influential civil-rights leader and headed the Atlanta chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. He died of a heart attack on November 11, 1984, at age 84

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Coretta Scott was born on April 27, 1927, and grew up poor in rural, segregated Alabama. She attended Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio, and the New England Conservatory of Music. In 1952, while a classical music student in Boston, she met her future husband, Martin Luther King, Jr., who was doing graduate studies in philosophy at Boston University. The couple married on June 18, 1953, and later had four children.

Following her husband's death, Coretta Scott King carried on his work, campaigning for civil-rights issues and other human-rights causes. In 1968, she founded the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change now known as the King Center--in Atlanta. The center, which serves as the official public memorial to Dr. King, is part of a national historic site that includes the civil-rights leader's birth home and the Ebenezer Baptist Church, where he preached.

Coretta Scott King also worked to have a national holiday created to honor her late husband, a goal that was achieved in 1983, when President Ronald Reagan signed a bill designating the third Monday in January Dr. King's birthday was January 15, 1929--a federal holiday. The first Martin Luther King Day was observed on January 20, 1986.

Yolanda King, The first child of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King was born in Montgomery, Alabama, on November 17, 1955. Several weeks after her birth, her father launched the Montgomery bus boycott, which was sparked by African-American seamstress Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her seat to a white man on a public bus. Yolanda King was 12 when her father was assassinated on April 4, 1968. After graduating from Smith College and earning a Master's degree in Theater from New York University, King became a human-rights activist, motivational speaker and actress, whose roles included those of Rosa Parks in a TV miniseries titled "King" and Reena Evers, the daughter of murdered civil-rights activist Medgar Evers in the 1996 film "Ghosts of Mississippi." Yolanda King died on May 15, 2007; at age 51, from what her family suspected was a heart ailment.

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Martin Luther King, III, Dr. King's namesake and second child was born on October 3, 1957, in Montgomery. He went on to graduate from Morehouse College, his father's alma mater. In 1997, King became the fourth president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), a civil-rights group that his father co-founded in 1957 and headed until his death in 1968. The younger King helmed the SCLC until 2004, when he assumed leadership of the King Center. Today, Martin Luther King III is a human-rights activist and chairman of “Realizing the Dream”, a non-profit organization that "promotes and embodies justice, equality, and the 'beloved' community through specific sustainable initiatives in economic development, non-violence and conflict resolution training, and targeted leadership development for youth." Dexter Scott King The King family's third child was born January 31, 1961, in Atlanta, and named after the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, where his father was once the pastor. Dexter King attended Morehouse College and later became a filmmaker, actor and entrepreneur. He also served as chairman of the King Center in Atlanta. Dexter King has spoken publicly about his belief (shared by his late mother, among others) that small-time criminal James Earl Ray did not kill his father. Although Ray pled guilty to the murder in 1969 and was sentenced to 99 years in prison, he later claimed he was not the shooter. In 1997, Dexter King met with the convicted assassin and pledged to help him get him a new trial; however, Ray died in 1998 before that could happen.

Bernice Albertine King The King's youngest child was born on March 28, 1963, in Atlanta. She graduated from Spelman College and received a law degree and Master of Divinity from Emory University. King followed in her father's footsteps and was ordained as a Baptist minister. In the early 1990s, she served as assistant minister at Atlanta's Ebenezer Baptist Church, where her father and grandfather were both pastors. In 2004, Bernice King marched against same-sex marriage, coming out on the

16 opposite side of the issue from her mother, Coretta Scott King, who spoke out against homophobia and discrimination. Today, King is an attorney, public speaker and elder at New Birth Missionary Baptist Church, a mega-church in Lithonia, Georgia

On January 30, 2006, Coretta Scott King, who was suffering from ovarian cancer, died of respiratory failure at age 78. Her six-hour funeral service was held at the 10,000-seat New Birth Missionary Church, where her daughter Bernice is a co-pastor. U.S. presidents, civil-rights leaders and other dignitaries eulogized Mrs. King. Today, her tomb is located beside her husband's at the King Center.

Three Widows of the Freedom Movement

Betty Shabazz (Malcolm X) Malcolm X was assassinated in 1965 Coretta Scott King (Martin Luther King, Jr.) MLK was assassinated in 1968 Myrlie Evers-Williams (Medgar Evers) Evers was assassinated in 1963

17 The Nobel Prize

Every year since 1901 the Nobel Prize has been awarded for achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and for peace. The Nobel Prize is an international award administered by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank established The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize. Each prize consists of a medal, personal diploma, and a cash award.

For centuries Europe and North America dominated the rest of the world. There were few other independent actors. Reflecting this, very few nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize were submitted by persons from Asia, Africa and Latin America. In addition, most Western politicians simply did not pay much attention to what was going on in these vast regions; some even considered those who lived there inferior. Such feelings certainly affected Norwegians too, probably also some of the members of the Nobel Committee.

Mohandas Gandhi was, however, nominated five times and he was put on the committee's short list three times. In 1948 the committee awarded no prize; it indicated that it had found "no suitable living candidate", a reference to Gandhi. It thus seems likely that he would have been awarded the prize if he had not been assassinated in January 1948. Still, the committee had had earlier opportunities to honor the man who, in hindsight, is generally seen as the leading spokesman of non-violence in the 20th century. Under the statutes then in force, Gandhi could have been awarded even the 1948 prize, as seen by the posthumous prize awarded to Hammarskjöld in 1961. Yet, a posthumous prize was an obvious complication. Gandhi had his supporters on the committee, but the majority felt that despite his own non-violence, violence had sometimes resulted from his actions, even before the bloody division between India and Pakistan; he was also perceived as too much of an Indian nationalist. Such feelings might have been affected by Norway's traditionally very close relationship to Britain, by a rapidly growing skepticism to neutrality in the Cold War and even by a more general underestimation of individuals from "underdeveloped" parts of the world.

The reaction to apartheid in South Africa after the Sharpeville massacre was to modify such underestimation, but, as we have seen, this happened rather slowly. The decolonization process in Asia and Africa certainly also had an impact. All forms of racial stereotyping were banned from civilized public discourse. The growing emphasis on human rights furthered the globalization of the prize, as did the emphasis on finding a solution to regional crises in different parts of the world.

Ralph Bunch, 1950 Peace Prize Albert John Luthuli, 1960 Peace Prize; Martin Luther King Jr., 1964 Peace Prize; Sir William Arthur Lewis, 1979 Economics Prize; Bishop Desmond Tutu, 1984 Peace Prize; Wole Soyinka, 1986 Literature Prize; Derek Walcott, 1992 Literature Prize; Nelson Mandela, 1993 Peace Prize, Toni Morrison, 1993 in Literature Kofi Annan 2001 Peace Prize Wangari Maathai, 2004 Peace Prize Barack Obama, 2009 Peace Prize.

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Ralph Bunche The First African-American to win a Nobel Peace Prize- 1950, Ralph Bunche; won the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in the Middle East. “In December 1942 as the war raged in Europe, Africa and the Far East, the Institute of Pacific Relations sponsored an international conference in Mont Tremblant, Quebec, to consider the shape of the postwar world. Ralph Bunche was a member of the United States delegation. In his report to the conference, Bunche's called for a "unanimous and human recognition of the basic right of these people to a decent and dignified existence - a right they have never realized. [...] The real objective must always be the good life for all the people. International machinery will mean something to the common man throughout the world only when it is translated into terms that he can understand: peace, bread, housing, clothing, education, good health, and above all, the right to walk with dignity on the world's great boulevards." [Ralph Bunche, Mont Tremblant, Quebec, 1942]

Albert John Luthuli, the president of the African National Congress, was an African politician and teacher. A noble man and an adamant leader, Luthuli fought for African's rights to equality and justice following a non- violent resistance. Before elected to the presidency of the ANC, he was the president of his tribe and the leader of around 10 million black Africans in their non-violent struggle for civil rights in South Africa. An anti-apartheid leader and president of ANC, Luthuli actively participated in the movement against the White minority Government in South Africa and the 'pass law' introduced by the government to circumscribe the freedom of movement of Africans. Throughout his struggle he was banned, arrested and poisoned several times by the government, which only reinforced his determination and commitment to the cause; he succeeded in establishing peace and equality for his country people despite theses roadblocks. In 1960, Luthuli was honored with Nobel Peace Prize for his role in African Civil Rights movement.

Martin Luther King Jr. Perhaps most famous for his "I have a dream" speech, he was the winner in 1964 in recognition of his role as a figurehead of the non- violent civil rights and anti-segregation movements in America. At the age of 35 he was the youngest man to have received the award, and donated all his prize money to the civil rights movement.

William Arthur Lewis was a public intellectual in the field of development economics, who in 1971 became the first African American to receive a Nobel Prize in category other than peace. Lewis was honored for his work in economics. Lewis was the author of 12 books and more than 80 technical works in developmental economics. Lewis published in 1954 what was to be the most influential development economics article, “Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour” (Manchester School). In this work Lewis combined an analysis of the historical experience of developed countries with the central ideas of the classical economists to produce a broad picture of the development process. In his story a

19 “capitalist” sector develops by taking labour from a non-capitalist backward “subsistence” sector. At an early stage of development, there would be “unlimited” supplies of labour from the subsistence economy which means that the capitalist sector can expand without the need to raise wages

Desmond Mpilo Tutu is a South African cleric and activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. In 1984, Tutu became the second South African to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Tutu was the first black South African Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa, and primate of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa (now the Anglican Church of Southern Africa). Tutu chaired the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and is currently the chairman of The Elders. Tutu is vocal in his defence of human rights and uses his high profile to campaign for the oppressed. Tutu also campaigns to fight AIDS, tuberculosis, homophobia, poverty and racism. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984, the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism, the Gandhi Peace Prize in 2005 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009. Tutu has also compiled several books of his speeches and sayings.

The first African to win the Nobel Prize in Literature (in 1986), Wole Soyinka has established himself as one of the most compelling literary forces on the continent. Born in Abeokuta, Nigeria, in 1934, he is often regarded as a universal man: poet, playwright, novelist, critic, lecturer, teacher, actor, translator, politician, and publisher. Soyinka's writing "blends African with European cultural traditions, the high seriousness of modernist elite literature, and the topicality of African popular theater." His early poetry, which can be found in one of the first issues of Black Orpheus and in A Shuttle in the Crypt (1971), resulted from his imprisonment during the Nigerian Civil War. His powerful prison diary, The Man Died (1972) was published after his release. Soyinka is actively committed to social justice and he has been an outspoken, daring public figure deeply engaged in the main political issues of his country and Africa, and he has become a symbol for humane values throughout the continent. Soyinka's hallmark is his dramatic work: "His plays are shaped by myth and imagery and the narratives move back and forth in time. The events are powerful, the language filled with puns and witty wordplay, references, and allusions. Soyinka has an excellent sense of dramatic rhythm and visual theater."

Derek Walcott was born in 1930 in the town of Castries in Saint Lucia, one of the Windward Islands in the Lesser Antilles. The experience of growing up on the isolated volcanic island, an ex-British colony, has had a strong influence on Walcott's life and work. Both his grandmothers were said to have been the descendants of slaves. His father, a Bohemian watercolourist, died when Derek and his twin brother, Roderick, were only a few years old. His mother ran the town's Methodist school. After studying at St. Mary's College in his native island and at the University of the West Indies in Jamaica, Walcott moved in 1953 to Trinidad, where he has worked as theatre and art critic. At the age of 18, he made his debut with 25 Poems, but his breakthrough came with the

20 collection of poems, In a Green Night (1962). In 1959, he founded the Trinidad Theatre Workshop which produced many of his early plays. Walcott has been an assiduous traveller to other countries but has always, not least in his efforts to create an indigenous drama, felt himself deeply-rooted in Caribbean society with its cultural fusion of African, Asiatic and European elements. For many years, he has divided his time between Trinidad, where he has his home as a writer, and Boston University, where he teaches literature and creative writing.

Nelson Mandela South Africa's most prominent civil rights leader and former president won the 1993 prize for his work to end the apartheid regime. Mandela shared the prize with Frederik Willem de Klerk, the president who released him from prison and lifted the ban on his anti-apartheid ANC party, paving the way for a new constitution. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born in Transkei, South Africa on July 18, 1918. His father was Chief Henry Mandela of the Tembu Tribe. Mandela himself was educated at University College of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand and qualified in law in 1942. He joined the African National Congress in 1944 and was engaged in resistance against the ruling National Party's apartheid policies after 1948. He went on trial for treason in 1956-1961 and was acquitted in 1961. After the banning of the ANC in 1960, Nelson Mandela argued for the setting up of a military wing within the ANC. In June 1961, the ANC executive considered his proposal on the use of violent tactics and agreed that those members who wished to involve themselves in Mandela's campaign would not be stopped from doing so by the ANC. This led to the formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe. Mandela was arrested in 1962 and sentenced to five years' imprisonment with hard labour. In 1963, when many fellow leaders of the ANC and the Umkhonto we Sizwe were arrested, Mandela was brought to stand trial with them for plotting to overthrow the government by violence. His statement from the dock received considerable international publicity. On June 12, 1964, eight of the accused, including Mandela, were sentenced to life imprisonment. From 1964 to 1982, he was incarcerated at Robben Island Prison, off Cape Town; thereafter, he was at Pollsmoor Prison, nearby on the mainland.

Nelson Mandela was released on February 11, 1990. After his release, he plunged himself wholeheartedly into his life's work, striving to attain the goals he and others had set out almost four decades earlier. In 1991, at the first national conference of the ANC held inside South Africa after the organization had been banned in 1960, Mandela was elected President of the ANC while his lifelong friend and colleague, Oliver Tambo, became the organisation's National Chairperson

Toni Morrison -1993 "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"

Born Chloe Anthony Wofford, in 1931 in Lorain (Ohio), the second of four children in a black working-class family. Displayed an early interest in literature. Studied humanities at Howard and Cornell Universities, followed by an academic career at Texas Southern University, Howard University, Yale, and since 1989, a chair at Princeton University. She has also worked as an editor for Random

21 House, a critic, and given numerous public lectures, specializing in African-American literature. She made her debut as a novelist in 1970, soon gaining the attention of both critics and a wider audience for her epic power, unerring ear for dialogue, and her poetically-charged and richly-expressive depictions of Black America. A member since 1981 of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, she has been awarded a number of literary distinctions, among them the Pulitzer Prize in 1988.

Kofi Annan Shared the 2001 prize with the United Nations, of which he was then secretary general, for their "work for a better organised and more peaceful world." This award was also hotly debated, due to what many observers saw as the UN's failure to prevent mass killings in Rwanda and Serbia, and Annan's perceived failure to stand up to America and other western powers.

Kofi Annan of Ghana is the UN's seventh Secretary-General, and the first to be elected from the ranks of UN staff. He began his first term on 1 January 1997.

On 29 June 2001, acting on a recommendation by the Security Council, the General Assembly appointed him by acclamation to a second term of office, beginning on 1 January 2002 and ending on 31 December 2006.

Wangari Maathai, 2004 Peace Prize When Professor Wangari Maathai, 65, learned that she was to be the first African woman (and first environmentalist) to win the Nobel Peace Prize, she was exactly where her supporters would have expected her to be. She was on her way to visit her constituents, women in the Nyeri District of central Kenya, many of whom are members of the Green Belt Movement, which she founded nearly thirty years ago to avert desertification in her home country of Kenya.

Wangari's Trees of Peace: A True Story from Africa by Jeanette Winter is a beautiful story of Wangari Maathai, an environmentalist and winner of the Nobel Peace prize. As a young girl growing up in Kenya, trees and greenery surrounded her. A scholarship let her travel to America to study, but when she returned all the trees had been cut down to make room for buildings. After planting trees in her back yard, she convinced the women of her village to plant trees - "the seeds of hope." The idea grew across the country and 30 million seedlings were planted in the Green Belt Movement in Kenya. This story conveys the idea of how one person can make a difference in the world, and the importance of the environmental movement worldwide, among other themes that align with our Diversity and Green and Healthy initiatives.

22

Barack Obama, 2009 Peace Prize The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided that the Nobel Peace Prize for 2009 is to be awarded to President Barack Obama for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples. The Committee has attached special importance to Obama's vision of and work for a world without nuclear weapons.

Obama has as President created a new climate in international politics. Multilateral diplomacy has regained a central position, with emphasis on the role that the United Nations and other international institutions can play. Dialogue and negotiations are preferred as instruments for resolving even the most difficult international conflicts. The vision of a world free from nuclear arms has powerfully stimulated disarmament and arms control negotiations. Thanks to Obama's initiative, the USA is now playing a more constructive role in meeting the great climatic challenges the world is confronting. Democracy and human rights are to be strengthened.

Only very rarely has a person to the same extent as Obama captured the world's attention and given its people hope for a better future. His diplomacy is founded in the concept that those who are to lead the world must do so on the basis of values and attitudes that are shared by the majority of the world's population.

For 108 years, the Norwegian Nobel Committee has sought to stimulate precisely that international policy and those attitudes for which Obama is now the world's leading spokesman. The Committee endorses Obama's appeal that "Now is the time for all of us to take our share of responsibility for a global response to global challenges." Since Oct. 9, when President Barack Obama was announced winner of the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize, many, especially in the United States, questioned his selection, insisting it was awarded for things he hadn't done yet.

Chair of the Norwegian Nobel Committee Thorbjorn Jagland addressed the elephant on the national stage at the Dec. 10 ceremony awarding the prize. "No one has dominated international politics as Barack Obama and the Nobel Committee was bold enough to single out a new president," he said. "The Committee came to the conclusion that it was the right thing to do and they stand by that selection.

"Obama has the audacity to hope and the tenacity to make dreams come true."

Number of nominated individuals for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2009

Every year, the Norwegian Nobel Committee sends out thousands of letters inviting a qualified and select number of people to submit their nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize. The names of the nominees cannot be revealed until 50 years later, but the Nobel Peace Prize committee does reveal the number of nominees each year.

205 names were submitted for the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize, 33 of which are organizations. The Nobel Committees in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and the Prize Committee for Economics each usually receives 250-300 names every year, but this is the highest number of nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize ever. The last record was in 2005 when the Committee received 199 nominations.

23 Mahatma Gandhi

Non-violent resistance implies the very opposite of weakness. Defiance combined with non-retaliatory acceptance of repression from one's opponents is active, not passive. It requires strength, and there is nothing automatic or intuitive about the resoluteness required for using non-violent methods in political struggle and the quest for truth.

-Mahatma Gandhi 1936

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was a full-fledged revolutionary firmly committed to nonviolence.

He took the lead in long struggle for India's independence from Britain, worked for elimination of racial discrimination in South Africa, promotion of Hindu-Muslim unity, abolition of untouchability.

He organized what later recalled as the "advent of satyagraha" or nonviolence movement and raised consciousness about independence and self-reliance in India by employing fasting and wearing homespun Indian fabric (Khadi).

He was imprisoned many times for leading protests and nonviolence movements against discriminatory laws and abusive working conditions. India gained independence from Great Britain in 1947.

Hindu fanatic upset over Gandhi’s tolerance of Muslims assassinated Gandhi. Gandhi's wife Kasturbai Kapadia Makanji Gandhi was a constant source of wisdom and inspiration for Gandhi and those who knew her.

24 1960

25 Remembering 1960

By MarshaRose Joyner

It's not often that we have the opportunity to celebrate the 50th anniversary of anything.

While going through my email I opened an interesting invitation “Save the Date!” SNCC 50th Anniversary - To commemorate the April 1960 founding of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee at Shaw University, Raleigh, NC.

If someone tells you “if you remember the 60’s you weren’t there,” don’t believe them. Trust me, there was such a time as 1960. While reading the invitation the memories of 1960 came flooding back; the fresh sights, the novel scenes, the rowdy noise, the grating reverberations, the smells and the stench of the unusual electrifying adventures. Yes, it was all of that and more.

The birth of SNCC marked a significant milestone in the Civil Rights Movement. Students at many Southern colleges and universities were independently and sporadically staging boycotts and sit-ins primarily at lunch counters like Woolworth's and other establishments who did not allow Black Americans on their premises to eat.

Across the country, students were on the front lines fighting for justice and equality for African Americans. According to Dr. King who said at the time, "Us older warriors sometimes get tired and weary., it is the students, the young people, who are the life blood of this movement for freedom."

SNCC was all about organizing, all about bottom-up, all about egalitarianism, all about local people and not “leaders” and “spokesmen.” One of the young students who participated in the 1960 SNCC conference was Dr. David Forbes, pastor of Raleigh, North Carolina's Christian Faith Baptist Church. Forbes proclaimed, "The founding of SNCC was a pivotal moment for us. It helped provide the infrastructure for training, coordination and leadership which was needed to sustain the movement to end segregation."

Being born in 20th century America was a time and place that was marked, at least for Black folks, as the Jim Crow area. Jim Crow was a racial caste system, which became a whole body of laws, rules and customs beginning with the 1876 election of Rutherford B. Hayes and the Electoral College mess (that's another story). So throughout most of Black people’s lives Jim Crow laws affected every aspect - every move one could make in everyday life.

Neighborhoods, drinking fountains, bus stations, dinning facilities, classrooms, public parks and even some sidewalks were segregated. It was a crime for Blacks and Whites to look out of the same window. And god forbid, a Black man should look at a white woman from less than the prescribed distance. And lynching was a common occurrence. This was not just the south, as this generation has been lead to believe . . . the north and the west had "subtle racism" as well as downright hatred.

"Jim Crow was the name of the game. Everything was separate; nothing was equal. Segregation was in full swing. There were White and Black drinking

26 fountains, White and Black sections in the railroad stations, the bus station; everything. And there was no "choice". You had to try to make the best of it or get in trouble. Prejudice was something we lived with every day of our lives."

It was a time when people were lynched for the color of their skin, imprisoned for the slant of their eyes and synagogues were bombed for the practice of a religion. Women of any color became Chattel & Mortgage of their husbands when they got married. Children were to be seen and not heard. If you were Back and poor you were expected to go to work by the age of 8 or 9. Harriet Tubman went to work in the Master’s kitchen when she was 5 years old. If you were middle class woman and had an education you became a secretary, nurse or a schoolteacher. Prejudice and racism was everywhere, by the time you got to kindergarten, you could feel it, see it and taste it . . .racism was the name of the game. The very first time I was arrested I was with my mother and father in Baltimore at 4 years of age, for sitting on the swings in Druid Hill Park. It was a mean time.

The mass media called it the "Civil Rights Movement," but many of us who were involved in it prefer the term "Freedom Movement" because it was about so much more than just civil rights.

Today, from what you see in the mass media and read in textbooks and websites, you would think that the Freedom Movement only existed in a few states of the deep South, but that is not so. The Freedom Movement was lived and fought in every state and every city of America, North, South, East, and West. There were some differences between the Southern and Northern wings of the Movement, but those differences were minor compared to the Movement's essence. North or South, it was the same movement everywhere.

Baltimore Sit-ins & Protests (1960) Baltimore City Jail - 1960 The Civic Interest Group (CIG), of which I was a part, was one of the main direct-action organizations active in Baltimore, MD. Led by students from Morgan State, CIG also includes activists from Coppin State College, Black high school kids, and some White students from Goucher College and Johns Hopkins University.

Across the street from Morgan State is the Northwood Shopping Center where eating and entertainment facilities were segregated. Early in March, CIG begins picketing and sit-ins at Hecht's department store, Arundel's Ice Cream Parlor, and the Northwood movie theater. Some protesters, including me, were arrested. Within a short time the eating-places agree to serve everyone regardless of race, but the theater continued to restrict Blacks to the Jim Crow balcony. Protests continue at the cinema for years.

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We, the CIG students expand the protests to the lunch counters and tearooms of the big downtown department stores, which quickly agree to desegregate. Other Baltimore lunch counters, cafes, and restaurants were more recalcitrant and direct-action continues at those facilities. In June, we were arrested [again] for sitting in at Hooper's Restaurant. After being convicted of trespass, the case was appealed by Thurgood Marshall and Juanita Jackson Mitchell of the NAACP. Five years later, in 1965, the Supreme Court overturns the convictions.

The mixture of heroic local activists and dedicated young organizers was explosive. We did a combination of voter registration and direct action. There were no computers, faxes, cell phones, or copy machines. Flyers, notices, and reports were typed on old, donated typewriters in the basement of Reverend Hiram Smith’s “Lebanon Baptist Church” on Reisterstown Road. There was no Kinko’s or hi-tech printers. Newsletters were cranked out on mimeograph machines and hand-collated on long tables. All of the skills which have carried me thus far on the way; I learned in the various churches which were kind enough to allow us to use their basements.

1960 was the year of the lunch-counter sit-ins. For those who are not familiar with lunch- counters, they were the fast-food providers of the era. Companies like McDonalds, Taco Bell, and Burger King had not reached the national level of today. Most large stores had lunch counters where a cup of coffee cost a dime, and you could get a cheeseburger, fries, and a coke for 60 cents. They provided quick cheap meals for shoppers, students, and workers on lunch break the same way that shopping-mall food-courts do today.

In most southern communities in 1960, law mandated segregation. These laws applied to both patrons and owners. Blacks who tried to use "White- only" facilities could be arrested for violating a segregation ordinance. And in theory, the owners and managers of public facilities could be arrested if they served Blacks (though that happened rarely, if ever). But after Federal courts began declaring school and bus segregation laws unconstitutional, most southern prosecutors were careful to charge Blacks who defied segregation with general crimes such as "Disturbing the Peace" or "Disorderly Conduct" rather than violation of race-specific segregation laws. In this way they prevented the courts from overturning the segregation ordinances on appeal, and that allowed storeowners to continue claiming that they had to deny service to Blacks because "it's the law." This cynical ploy was used to maintain segregation until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 eliminated all segregation laws.

John Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson won the Presidency with one of the smallest margins in history - 113,000 votes out of 68.3 million.

From the days of King Arthur, Merlin and the Knights of the Round Table, we have always wished for a perfect world; "Where once it never rained till after sundown; the morning fog would quickly disappear, and the climate would be perfect all year. Where civility was the rule of the day and no jealously, hate nor war.” Camelot

For Blacks and other minorities, this period was a promise we had never had, and for the first time we were invited in. We all felt the hope, the promise, and the possibilities. For me, as part of the Freedom movement - Civil Rights movement and the JFK organization, I was scared and I loved every moment of it.

28 And then . . . . .like a breath of fresh air, as swiftly as it came, it was gone . . .

By the end of the sixties, death and destruction had robbed us of that youth, hope and promise.

For those of you that came after that time, it is almost impossible to understand. No more than you can understand the hope and promise that Blacks exuded at the beginning of the 20th Century, or the patriotism Blacks felt in 1941. Where are we now 60 years later?

“A final SNCC legacy is the destruction of the psychological shackles which had kept black southerners in physical and mental peonage; SNCC helped break those chains forever. It demonstrated that ordinary women and men, young and old, could perform extraordinary tasks.” —Julian Bond

A young Bond. NAACP board chair since 1998 began his activism during his college days as founder of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. He served more than two decades as a Georgia legislator and is a professor, writer and speaker.

Ella Baker One of the most important African American leaders of the twentieth century and perhaps the most influential woman in the civil rights movement, Ella Baker (1903-1986) was an activist whose remarkable career spanned fifty years and touched thousands of lives.

A gifted grassroots organizer, Baker shunned the spotlight in favor of vital behind-the-scenes work that helped power the black freedom struggle. She was a national officer and key figure in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, one of the founders of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and a prime mover in the creation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. Baker made a place for herself in predominantly male political circles that included W. E. B. DuBois, Thurgood Marshall, and Martin Luther King Jr., all the while maintaining relationships with a vibrant group of women, students, and activists both black and white.

Ella Baker was a significant woman . . . She showed us what a strong, dedicated women could do for social change during decades when women weren't supposed to do anything but support their husbands and care for their children.

29 The year 1960 and the Civil Rights Movements

1960- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee activist Bernice Johnson Reagon described the Civil Rights Movement as the "borning movement". The beginning of a decade with major changes. People everywhere began to throw off the yoke of oppression at every level.

The Civil Rights Movement was a worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring between approximately 1950 and 1980. It was accompanied by much civil unrest and popular rebellion. The process was long and tenuous in many countries, and most of these movements did not achieve or fully achieve their objectives.

The freedom struggles are long ones. They are inter-generational, multi-layered, and include all classes of folks. More often than not, history tells us about educators, professionals, preachers, and others who we perceive as leading the movement for change. To really understand the freedom struggles, however, we must know about the ordinary people, the disinherited, working-class and poor people who rarely appear in the history books.

Civil Rights Movement in Northern Ireland Having started with basic domestic issues, the Civil Rights struggle in Northern Ireland escalated to a full scale movement that found its embodiment in the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association. NICRA campaigned and consciously modeled itself on the civil rights movement in the United States. Empowered by what African-Americans were doing, the movement took on marches and protest to demand better conditions for the minority of Catholics who lived in the Protestant state.

Movements of Independence in Africa A wave of independence movements in Africa crested in the 1960s. This included the Angolan War of Independence, the Guinea-Bissauan Revolution, the war of liberation in Mozambique and the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. This wave of struggles re-energised pan-Africanism, and led to the founding of the Organization of African Unity (OAU)

Civil Rights Movement in the United States The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for Black Americans. In reality, this led to treatment and accommodations that were usually inferior to those provided for white Americans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages.

Chicano Movement also called the Chicano Civil Rights Movement, The Chicano Movement encompassed a broad cross section of issues—from restoration of land grants, to farm workers' rights, to enhanced education, to voting and political rights, as well as emerging awareness of collective history. Chicano Civil Rights Movement sought political empowerment and social inclusion for Mexican-Americans around a generally nationalist argument. The

30 Chicano movement blossomed in the [1960s] and was active through the late [1970s] in various regions of the U.S. The movement had roots in the civil rights struggles that had preceded it, adding to it the cultural and generational politics of the era. The Mexican American Political Association helped to elect John F. Kennedy as president in 1960, establishing Latinos as a significant voting bloc.

American Indian Movement AIM was founded at a time of continuing social change and protest following achievement of the Civil Rights Movement.

Women's Liberation Movement The new feminist movement explored economic equality, political power at all levels, professional equality, reproductive freedoms, sexuality, issues with the family, educational equality, sexuality, and many other issues.

May 9, 1960– The U.S. Food and Drug Administration announces that it will approve birth control as an additional indication for Searle's Enovid, making it the world's first approved oral contraceptive pill.

Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement Social reformers have used the language of civil rights to argue against the oppression of same-sex sexuality, same-sex emotional intimacy, and gender variance. Largely, but not exclusively, these LGBT movements have characterized gender variant and homosexually-oriented people as a minority group or groups; this was the approach taken by the homophile movement of the 1940s, 50s and early 60s. With the rise of secularism in the West, an increasing sexual openness, Women's Liberation, the 1960s counterculture, and a range of new social movements, the homophile movement underwent a rapid growth and transformation, with a focus on building community and unapologetic activism. This new phase came to be known as Gay Liberation.

The words "Gay Liberation" echoed "Women's Liberation"; the Gay Liberation Front consciously took its name from the National Liberation Fronts of Vietnam and Algeria; and the slogan "Gay Power", as a defiant answer to the rights-oriented homophile movement, was inspired by Black Power and Chicano Power.

The Disability Movement Encouraged by the examples of the African-American civil rights and women’s rights movements, which began in the 1960s. It was at this time that the movement began to have a cross-disability focus. The movement was unique in the fact that it was pluralistic. People with different kinds of disabilities (physical and mental handicaps, along with visual- and hearing-impairments) and different essential needs alongside people with no disabilities have been able to come together to fight for a common cause.

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The year 1960 is known as The "Year of Africa."

Movements of Independence in Africa A wave of independence takes place across Africa as seventeen countries gain their independence from colonial rule. This wave re-energised pan-Africanism, and led to the founding of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), whose objectives were; to promote unity, solidarity and a collective voice for the African continent and eradicating colonialism from the continent.

Africa, Imperial boundaries, 1914

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In The Rubber Coils. Scene - The Congo 'Free' State" Linley Sambourne depicts King Leopold II of Belgium as a snake entangling a congolese rubber collector. Date Published on 28 November 1906

Fine Art Punch Cartoon Print: (Two black feet are shackled. One shackle marked Apartheid has been removed; the other, marked White Supremacy remains). Artist: Paul Thomas.

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Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia

African Countries Granted independence in 1960 from France Mauritania Mali Federation (split into Mali and Senegal on August 20) Gabon Republic of Congo

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Central African Republic Chad Côte d'Ivoire Upper Volta (renamed to Burkina Faso in 1984) Niger Dahomey (renamed to Benin in 1975) Madagascar Togo (formerly French Togoland) Cameroon (formerly Cameroun, unification with the British Cameroons in 1961)

African Countries Granted independence in 1960 from the United Kingdom Somalia (through the unification of British Somaliland and the Trust Territory of Somalia) Nigeria

African Countries Granted independence in 1960 from Belgium Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly the Belgian Congo) 1960 was also the year of Harold Macmillan's Wind of Change speech in South Africa, which represented an admission by the British political elite that the British Empire was over and could not be revived.

The Emergence Of The Third World

Wars of national liberation are conflicts fought by indigenous military groups against an imperial power in the name of self-determination, thus attempting to remove that power's influence, in particular during the decolonization period.

In 1960, the UN General Assembly voted the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples.

Decolonisation or disconnection from the imperial power is a political process, frequently involving violence. Independence is often difficult to achieve without the encouragement and practical support from one or more external parties.

Decolonization is rarely achieved through a single historical act, but rather progresses through one or more stages of emancipation, each of which can be offered or fought for: these can include the introduction of elected representatives (advisory or voting; minority or majority or even exclusive), degrees of autonomy or self-rule.

Decolonization is the process by which an oppressed country or group is self-determined enough to demand its own liberation.

There is some debate over whether or not the Americas can be considered decolonized, as it was the colonist and their descendants who revolted and declared their independence instead of the indigenous peoples, as is usually the case. Scholars such as Elizabeth Cook-Lynn (Dakota) and Devon Mihesuah (Choctaw) have argued that portions of the United States still are in need of decolonization. Furthermore, included in this list of states where "decolonization" has not occurred as per the ideas reflected above are Australia, New Zealand. Interestingly enough Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America refused to endorse the ratification of the Declaration of Indigenous Peoples rights created at the United Nations level.

35 1960 Music

Music of the 1960s was characteristic of the revolution that was going on during the decade. It was a time of rebellion and counter-culture in which the younger people were questioning everything, including authority, corporations, the government, and other aspects of everyday life. It was essentially a revolution of the status quo.

The East Coast DooWop and girl groups were singers and groups whose origins are in the street corner a cappella groups found in many urban centers. With very rare exceptions, these groups did not write their own songs, but relied on their handlers to set up the recording sessions, pick the material, and produce the records. In fact, many of these behind-the-scenes people eventually became stars in their own right in the seventies.

The R&B and Soul scene included many talented people who often didn't receive the popularity of less-talented white groups, because of barriers and prejudices against buying "race" records. Later in the decade, after the British groups acknowledged their debt to soul music, and as the civil rights movement inspired black pride, the general American public rediscovered these performers.

The Motown record label in Detroit was founded by Berry Gordy Jr., and while its recording stars were all black, still you couldn't necessarily call this totally black or "soul" music. Instead, Gordy controlled the performing styles, clothes, even hairdos of his artists, grooming them for success in the wider mainstream (read white) American audiences. The label's slogan, "the sound of young America," and their nickname, "Hitsville USA" point to the wide net that Motown attempted to cast. Among the many successful performers who recorded for Motown, one ought to mention Marvin Gaye, who was first to take control of his own career and insist on artistic control over his recordings. Later Stevie Wonder and Smokey Robinson would also prove to be outstanding writers and producers, but Marvin Gaye was the first at Motown.

Blue-eyed soul began when white musicians remade African American music for mass audiences, partly due to segregation laws that prevented blacks from performing for whites. Often the music was diluted for its new audience, a move that angered some African Americans as cultural expropriation, but pleased others who felt the growth of their music genre was positive. In the top 25 of the year 1960 The Twist - Chubby Checker This Magic Moment - the Drifters Wonderful World - Sam Cooke Georgia On My Mind - Ray Charles Harbor Lights - the Platters Chain Gang - Sam Cooke Save The Last Dance For Me - the Drifters Baby (You've Got What It Takes) - Dinah Washington & Brook Benton Walking To New Orleans - Fats Domino

36 1960- Literary Awards

To Kill a Mockingbird

34-year-old Alabama novelist Harper Lee won the Pulitzer Prize for her novel decrying racism.

In July 1960, To Kill a Mockingbird was published and picked up by the Book-of-the-Month Club and the Literary Guild. A condensed version of the story appeared in Reader’s Digest magazine.

Part of the novel reflected racial prejudices in the South. Their attorney father, Atticus Finch, tries to help a black man who has been charged with raping a white woman to get a fair trial and to prevent him from being lynched by angry whites in a small town.

The following year, To Kill a Mockingbird won the prestigious Pulitzer Prize and several other literary awards. Horton Foote wrote a screenplay based on the book and used the same title for the 1962 film adaptation. Lee visited the set during filming and did a lot of interviews to support the film. Earning eight Academy Award nominations, the movie version of To Kill a Mockingbird won four awards, including Best Actor for Gregory Peck’s portrayal of Atticus Finch.

Tony award Play - A Raisin in the Sun

A Raisin in the Sun First play on Broadway written and directed by African Americans. Staring Sidney Poitier.

Lorraine Hansberry American playwright and painter, whose A RAISIN IN THE SUN was the first drama by a black woman to be produced on Broadway. It also won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award as the best play of the year

The title was from a Langston Hughes poem, which asked: "What happens to a dream deferred? / Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun, / or does it explode?"

In New York, it ran 530 performances. Sidney Poitier played the role of Walter Lee. The film version of 1961, also starring Sidney Poitier, received a special award at the Cannes festival.

37 1960 Summer Olympics:

“The Olympics that changed the world with Rome 1960” The same Games that announced the greatness of icons like Cassius Clay, Wilma Rudolph, and Rafer Johnson, also exposed a growing unrest between East and West, black and white, and male and female”, wrote Pulitzer Prize-winning author David Maraniss.

Abebe Bikila Barefoot and victorious Running barefoot, the Ethiopian runner Abebe Bikila did not go unnoticed when he entered the marathon. He refused to be daunted by condescending remarks, however, leaving all his opponents behind and crossing the finishing line victorious under Constantine's triumphal arch. In doing so, he became the first black African Olympic champion.

Abebe Bikila was born on August 7, 1932, the day of the Los Angeles Olympic Marathon, in the village of Jato, located 9 km outside the town of Mendida, Ethiopia. His father was a shepherd. Abebe decided to join the Imperial Bodyguard to support his family, and walked to Addis Abeba to make ends meet.

At that time Onni Niskanen, a Swede coach, was hired by the Ethiopian government to train potential athletes. He soon spotted Bikila.

Bikila was added to the Ethiopian Olympic team only at the last moment, as the plane to Rome was about to leave, replacing Wami Biratu who had broken his ankle during workouts. Major Onni Niskanen entered Bikila and Mamo Wolde in the marathon.

Adidas, the shoe sponsor at the 1960 Summer Olympics, had few shoes left when Bikila went to try out shoes and he ended up with a pair that didn’t fit comfortably, so he couldn’t use them. A couple of hours before the race the decision was taken by Abebe to run barefoot, the way he had trained for the race.

Niskanen warned Bikila about his main rivals, one of whom was Rhadi Ben Abdesselam from Morocco, who was supposed to wear pectoral bib 26. For unknown reasons, Rhadi did not acquire his black marathon bib before the race and instead was wearing his regularly assigned track and field bib N.185.

The late afternoon race had its start point and finish at the Arch of Constantine, just outside the Coliseum. At the start of the race the Australian Ron Clarke made a comment to Bikila about running barefoot.

During the race Bikila passed numerous runners, looking for the runner with the bib 26. By about 20 km, Bikila and the runner with bib 185 had created a gap from the rest of the pack. Bikila kept looking forward to find Radhi Ben, who unbeknownst to Bikila was running right behind him. They stayed together until the last 500m when Abebe sprinted to the finish line. Bikila won in a record time of 2:15:16.2, becoming the first African to win an Olympic gold medal. He finished 26 seconds ahead of Rhadi. After the race, when

38 Bikila was asked why he had run barefoot, he replied: “I wanted the world to know that my country Ethiopia has always won with determination and perseverance”.

Bikila returned to Ethiopia as a hero. Emperor Haile Selassie promoted him to the rank of corporal and awarded him the Star of Ethiopia medal.

After a tragic accident in 1969 left former marathon runner and winner of two Olympic gold medals Abebe Bikila paraplegic, he took up archery as a sport. He is pictured here practicing archery from his wheelchair in preparation for the International Paraplegic Games being held at the Stoke Mandeville Stadium in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire on 20th July 1970. He suffered a severe spinal injury, which ended his running career. (Photo by Roger Jackson/Central Press/Getty Images)

On October 23 1973, Abebe Bikila died in Addis Abeba at the age of 41 from a cerebral hemorrhage; a complication related to the accident he had 4 years earlier. He left behind him his wife and four children. A crowd of 75000 mourners attended his funeral in Addis Abeba. Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia proclaimed a national day of mourning for Ethiopia’s national hero.

Since then, the main stadium in Addis Abeba is named in his honor. The American Community School of Addis Abeba had dedicated a gymnasium to his name.

A star is born Cassius Marcellus Clay of the US, later known as Muhammad Ali, first gained international prominence by winning the light- heavyweight gold medal. He would later turn professional and embark on a phenomenal career. Clay was first directed toward boxing by the white Louisville police officer and boxing coach Joe E. Martin, who encountered the 12-year-old fuming over the theft of his bicycle. However, without Martin's knowledge, Clay also began training with Fred Stoner, an African-American trainer working at the local community center. In this way, Clay could make $4 a week on Tomorrow's Champions, a local, weekly TV show that Martin hosted, while benefiting from the coaching of the more experienced Stoner, who continued working with Clay throughout his amateur career.

Under Stoner's guidance, Cassius Clay went on to win six Kentucky Golden Gloves titles, two national Golden Gloves titles, an Amateur Athletic Union National Title, and the Light Heavyweight gold medal in the 1960 Summer Olympics. Clay's amateur record was 100 wins with five losses. Ali states (in his 1975 autobiography) that he threw his Olympic gold medal into the Ohio River after being refused service at a 'whites-only' restaurant, and fighting with a

39 white gang. He was given a replacement medal at a basketball intermission during the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, where he lit the torch to start the games.

Originally known as Cassius Clay, Ali changed his name after joining the Nation of Islam in 1964, subsequently converting to Sunni Islam in 1975. In 1967, Ali refused to be inducted into the U.S. military based on his religious beliefs and opposition to the Vietnam War. He was arrested and found guilty on draft evasion charges, stripped of his boxing title, and his boxing license was suspended. He was not imprisoned, but did not fight again for nearly four years while his appeal worked its way up to the U.S. Supreme Court, where it was successful.

Nicknamed 'The Greatest', Ali was involved in several historic boxing matches. Notable among these are three with rival Joe Frazier and one with George Foreman, whom he beat by knockout to win the world heavyweight title for the second time. He suffered only five losses (four decisions and one TKO by retirement from the bout) with no draws in his career, while amassing 56 wins (37 knockouts and 19 decisions). Ali was well known for his unorthodox fighting style, which he described as "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee", and employing techniques such as the rope-a-dope. He was also known for his pre-match hype, where he would 'trash talk' opponents on television and in person some time before the match, often with rhymes. These personality quips, idioms along with an unorthodox fighting technique made him a cultural icon. In later life, Ali developed Parkinson's disease due to the injuries he sustained throughout his career.

In 1999, Ali was crowned "Sportsman of the Century" by Sports Illustrated and "Sports Personality of the Century" by the BBC.

American athlete Rafer L. Johnson leads his team and carries the American flag in the Olympic Stadium, Rome, Italy, August 25, 1960. Johnson went on to win a gold medal in the men's decathlon. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)

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Rafer Johnson, the first African-American captain of the U.S. Olympic team. And the first African American to carry the U.S. flag into the Olympic stadium- Johnson's appearance bearing the flag sent shock waves through his own country He won the decathlon in 1960 and earn the designation as the world's greatest athlete. Like many of the African American sports figures of the 1960s, Johnson had to battle the evils of racism in America and the world. It would make his success more difficult but eventually more satisfying.

It was Rafer Johnson's off-the-field performance, along with his stature as a gold medal favorite in the decathlon that convinced them that he should be the U.S. captain and the first black athlete to carry the American flag when the delegation marched into the stadium at the Opening Ceremony in Rome. There could be no more valuable figure in the propaganda war with the Soviets, who wasted no opportunity to denounce the racial inequities of the United States.

The same U.S. amateur officials who wanted him to be the symbol of the American team had just upset him with what he viewed as a capricious restriction. While working out on the track at UCLA earlier that year, Johnson had encountered Kirk Douglas, one of many Hollywood actors who occasionally ran there. As they chatted and jogged around the oval, Douglas told Johnson that he was getting ready to do a film called Spartacus about a slave revolt in ancient Rome. Stanley Kubrick would be directing. There were many character roles for athletic types. "Why don't you come and read for it?" Douglas asked. Johnson immediately took to the idea. And what better way to break in than with a film that takes place in Rome, of all places? Following Douglas's advice, Johnson read for a part and got it. He was to play Draba, a rebellious Roman slave from Africa who was killed in the ring and had his body hung in chains upside down as a gruesome warning to others.

Before accepting the role, Johnson called the AAU to make sure he was not violating amateur rules. He talked with Dan Ferris, the same official who had kept Dave Sime from playing semipro baseball in South Dakota. Ferris said no, not in this instance. According to the AAU's interpretation, acting in Spartacus would make him a pro. Johnson was stunned and issued another appeal to Ferris later. If you take the part, Ferris insisted this time, forget about getting on the plane with your teammates and competing in Rome. He had consulted with other AAU officials, and they agreed. Johnson was being hired not because he knew how to act, they said, but because he was a famous athlete. From their perspective, that was no different than if he were paid for a track meet. For the moment, Johnson could empathize with Draba; overlords were threatening to hang him upside down in chains as a warning to others. But in his mind the choice was not close. The Spartacus role went to Woody Strode, a black actor and former UCLA athlete himself, and Johnson stayed with the Olympics.

He was injured at the 1956 Games, which forced him to withdraw from the Olympic long jump, for which he had also qualified. Realizing that Johnson could not resume his running regimen, Craig Dixon, the assistant track coach at UCLA, proposed that he start lifting weights, a practice that was barely respectable in most sports during that era.

41 Johnson remembered that in high school at Kingsburg two football players had been kicked off the team for lifting. Over at Southern Cal, weight lifting was so discouraged that the discus thrower Rink Babka would slip over to a house in Watts and pump iron with a group of black bodybuilders who used barbells made from water pipes and weights that were coffee cans filled with concrete. But Dixon believed in weight lifting, so Johnson tried it. Week after week he felt himself getting stronger and even more coordinated. As his recovery progressed, and he began preparing for the 1960 Olympics, his results in the three throwing events of the decathlon — shot put, discus, and javelin — improved substantially.

The positive effect of his weight training became evident to the world at his first decathlon since Moscow, the Olympic Trials at the University of Oregon track in Eugene on July 8 and 9, 1960.

Johnson and football star Rosey Grier were Bobby Kennedy supporters and were standing next to him that fateful night of June 1968. The assassination of Robert F. Kennedy, and brother of assassinated President John F. Kennedy, took place shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968 in Los Angeles, California.

In 1984 Rafer Johnson was chosen to light the Olympic Flame at the Opening Ceremony of the Los Angeles Olympics.

Wilma Glodean Rudolph (June 23, 1940 – November 12, 1994) was an American athlete, and in the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome,she became the first American woman to win three gold medals in track and field during a single Olympic Games, despite running on a sprained ankle at the time. A track and field champion, she elevated women's track to a major presence in the United States.

The powerful sprinter emerged from the 1960 Rome Olympics as "The Tornado," the fastest woman on earth. The Italians nicknamed her "La Gazzella Nera" (the Black Gazelle); to the French she was "La Perle Noire" (The Black Pearl). She was called the "World's Fastest Woman." The Associated Press named her "Female Athlete of the Year" for 1960.

When Wilma Rudolph was four years old, she had a disease called polio, which causes some people to be crippled and unable to walk. To make matters worse, her family was poor and could not afford good medical care. She was from a large family. She was the 20th child of 22 children. Her father was a railroad porter and her mother was a maid.

Her mother decided she would do everything she could to help Wilma to walk again. The doctors had said she would not be able to walk. She took her every week on a long bus trip to a hospital to receive therapy. It didn't help, but the doctors said she needed to give Wilma a massage every day by rubbing her legs. She taught the brothers and sisters how to do it, and they also rubbed her legs four times a day.

42 By the time she was 8, she could walk with a leg brace. After that, she used a high- topped shoe to support her foot. She played basketball with her brothers every day.

Three years later, her mother came home to find her playing basketball by herself bare- footed. She didn't even have to use the special shoe.

A track coach encouraged her to start running. She ran so well that during her senior year in high school, she qualified for the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. She won a bronze medal in the women's 400-meter relay. In 1959, she qualified for the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome by setting a world's record in the 200-meter race. At the Olympics that year she won two gold medals; one for the 100-meter race and one for the 200-meter race. Then she sprained her ankle, but she ignored the pain and helped her team to win another gold medal for the 400-meter relay! In the picture above you see the three gold medals she won at the Rome Olympics.

Rudolph's fame was such that, upon returning to her native Clarksville, Tennessee, she forced the Jim Crow town to integrate a parade honoring her.

She retired from running when she was 22 years old, but she went on to coach women's track teams and encourage young people.

Wilma thought God had a greater purpose for her than to win three gold medals. She started the Wilma Rudolph Foundation to help children learn about discipline and hard work. She died of brain cancer in 1994. Even though she is no longer alive, her influence still lives on in the lives of many young people who look up to her.

The Olympic basketball team of 1960, composed of college players and not professionals, swept through the games with ease. Led by future Hall of Famers Oscar Robertson, Jerry West and Jerry Lucas, the team was not seriously tested. Jerry West and Oscar Robertson, co-captains of the 1960 U.S. Olympic gold medal team

The entire U.S. Basketball team, with Coach Pete Newell at bottom right Nine of the 12 players went on to play in the NBA (five with the Cincinnati Royals) and four -- Bellamy, Lucas, West and Robertson -- are in the Hall of Fame. Top row, from left, Darrall Imhoff, Jerry Lucas, Walt Bellamy, Burdette Haldorson, Bob Boozer, Terry Dischinger, Oscar Robertson First row, from left, Les Lane, Alan Kelley, Adrian Smith, Jay Arnette, Jerry West, trainer Dean Nesmith Kneeling, from left, assistant coach Warren Womble, manager Dutch Lonborg, head coach Pete Newell.

43 MAHALO TO THE Co-Sponsor: City & County of Honolulu

MAYOR’S OFFICE OFFICE OF CULTURE & THE ARTS MANAGING DIRECTOR OFFICE ROYAL HAWAIIAN BAND DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SERVICES EMERGENCY SERVICES DEPARTMENT HONOLULU TRANSIT SERVICES, INC. “THEBUS” HONOLULU POLICE DEPARTMENT PARKS AND RECREATION DEPARTMENT REFUSE DEPARTMENT

The Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Coalition-Hawai`i www.mlk-hawaii.com January 2010

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