Resilience Systems Analysis - Somalia Results and Roadmap

24 to 25 February 2015

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Table of contents

Executive summary ...... i Five steps for the Resilience System Analysis in Somalia ...... 1 Mapping risks and stresses affecting well-being systems in Somalia ...... 2 Reflecting on the severity of risks, both today and in three to five years’time ...... 3 Determining the key assets of the well-being system...... 4 Stakeholders influencing the quality, quantity or access to assets ...... 5 Key well-being assets: strengths, weaknesses and capacities for resilience ...... 8 A roadmap to strengthen resilience in Somalia ...... 23 Identifying key priorities to support resilience in Somalia ...... 29 Next steps ...... 31 Annex 1: Workshop agenda ...... 32 Annex 2: Workshop evaluation ...... 33 Annex 3: Workshop participants ...... 34

Participants’ perceptions of the meaning of resilience in Somalia

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Executive summary

On the 24th and 25th of February 2015, experts in risk and well-being systems, along with key decision makers, met in Nairobi to explore ways to strengthen the resilience of well-being systems of pastoral, agro-pastoral and peri- urban communities in Somalia over the next three to five years. The meeting was hosted by the Somalia Resilience Program (SomReP) and the Building Resilient Communities in Somalia (BRCiS) consortia, with assistance from the OECD and the active participation of the Ministries of the Federal Government of Somalia, NGOs, civil society, the Red Cross movement, donors and the United Nations. The analysis was structured around the OECD’s resilience systems analysis methodology, drawing on the expertise and knowledge of participants, to develop a concrete set of actions – a ‘roadmap for resilience’. The meeting was generously supported by the European Union, FAO, WFP and UNICEF. The analysis generated innovative approaches to strengthening the resilience of the target communities and a shared understanding of both the primary risks and the intrinsic stresses within those communities’ systems for well- being. Participants identified nine priority risks including drought, seasonal flooding, livestock disease, human disease and epidemics, the collapse of agricultural markets, conflict and instability, protection issues, and market instability, including price shocks and unfavourable terms of trade. While there was a perception that the risk landscape for Somalia would most likely improve over the next three to five years, there was a sense that this improvement was, nevertheless, fragile and subject to short term interruptions over that time. Key priorities to strengthen the resilience of well-being systems in Somalia included:  Strengthening youth education and technical training programmes  Improving the value chain within key sectors, including fisheries and value-added export processes  Developing a national resource management policy  Strengthening government revenues  Extending community-level early-warning systems  Building basic social infrastructure services  Shifting from humanitarian assistance to social safety nets and long-term development financing

The roadmap to strengthen resilience (starting page 20) shows how different actions to boost resilience in Somalia should be implemented at different layers of society. It necessitates the co-ordinated commitment of a wide range of actors, including the government, private sector, UN agencies and communities themselves, with the commitment of donors. The resilience roadmap will inform a number of key processes in the coming months, including informing planning and strategy processes for the Government of Somalia, the UN, NGOs and civil society. The analysis will also be utilised for the Donor Group meeting for Somalia, scheduled for April 2015 and the OECD’s high level mission for Somalia, led by the Chair of the Donor Assistance Committee, at the end of March 2015.

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Five steps for the Resilience System Analysis in Somalia

The resilience systems analysis for Somalia set out to help different groups of actors, both Somalis and the international community, determine how to strengthen the resilience of pastoral, agro-pastoral and peri-urban communities in Somalia. The analysis focused on identifying what resources and capacities communities need to absorb, adapt and transform in the face of a broad range of risks, stresses and uncertainty.

To do this, experts in risk, experts in systems and key decision makers from the Somali Government, NGOs, civil society, the United Nations, Red Cross movement and donors worked together for two days to:

 Share a vision of major risks and their impact on systems for well-being  Develop a road map to boost the resilience of the well-being systems of pastoral, agro-pastoral and peri- urban communities in Somalia over the next three to five years

The workshop focused on the following scoping question:

Resilience of what? Well-being system Pastoral , agro-pastoral and peri-urban communities in Resilience for whom? Somalia Resilience to which shocks? Natural, economic and political Resilience over what timeframe? Over the next three to five years

The workshop followed the 5 steps described in the figure below. This report encompasses the various products which participants came up with at each step of the process.

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Mapping risks and stresses affecting well-being systems in Somalia

To support resilience, we need to understand the risks that pastoral, agro-pastoral and peri–urban communities in Somalia are facing, and why these communities are either able, or unable, to deal with those risks, i.e. where the well-being system of these communities is weak, and where it is strong. We then use this information to learn from areas where systems are strong (where it has capacity) and where it is weak (where existing capacities cannot counter the underlying stressors).

Participants agreed on the following risk landscape and underlying stressors for the target communities in Somalia, based on nine key natural, economic and geo-political risks (marked with a star):

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Reflecting on the severity of risks, both today and in three to five years’ time

It is critical to understand the probability and impact that the nine risks (identified in the previous step) will have on the well-being of pastoral, agro-pastoral and peri-urban communities in Somalia – both today and in three to five years’ time (the scoping period for this analysis). The evolution of the risk landscape is critical – will some risks become more likely? Will they affect the well-being of communities more or less? This part of the analysis ensures that we focus on the highest priority risks when deciding where and how to boost resilience.

Interestingly, participants in this analysis agreed that the risk landscape – the risks faced by pastoral, agro-pastoral and peri-urban communities in Somalia – would improve over the next three to five years. However, there was also agreement that this improvement was fragile, heavily dependent on the continuation of programming to build resilience in Somalia, and on the continued improvement of key factors such as inclusive governance and the security situation. Some participants also reflected on how, while the overall situation may improve, there will likely be “bumps” on the way; times when overall risks may increase. The risk landscape today, and in three to five years’ time, is shown below:

Somalia risk heatmap - today Somalia risk heatmap - projections out three years 4.0 4.0

3.5 3.5

Conflict, insecurity

3.0 3.0 being systems being

being system being Disruption of remittance flows Drought - - Collapse of agricultural and casual labour market 2.5 2.5 Conflict, insecurity on on well Human diseases Disruption of remittance flows Collapse of agricultural and and epidemics casual labour market Human diseases Drought

Livestock and plant pests IImpact on well on IImpact

Impact and epidemics Protection incidents 2.0 2.0 Price volatility, exchange rate Price volatility, exchange rate Protection incidents fluctuations, unfavourable terms Floods fluctuations, unfavourable of trade Floods 1.5 terms of trade 1.5 Livestock and plant pests

1.0 1.0

0.5 0.5

Probability of occurrance Probability of occurrance 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

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Determining the key assets of the well-being system

The system is made up of different kinds of assets; assets that communities need to ensure their overall well-being. The system in this analysis is made up of six inter-linked groups of assets: human capital, financial capital, natural capital, physical capital, social capital and political capital.

The level, quality and sustainable access to all of these six groups of assets is essential to ensure that the well-being system is resilient in the face of future shocks. The following graphic shows the key assets for continued well-being in Somalia, broken down by capital group:

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Stakeholders influencing the quality, quantity or access to assets

The influence and the power of various stakeholders can have a major impact on communities, by either facilitating (positive impact), or preventing (negative impact), access to assets that are critical for their continued well-being.

The following analysis illustrates the stakeholders influencing the well-being system of the pastoral, agro-pastoral and peri-urban communities in Somalia:

Power analysis for pastoral communities

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Power analysis for agro-pastoral communities

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Power analysis for peri-urban communities

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Key well-being assets: Strengths, weaknesses and capacities for resilience

This step in the analysis brings together the key assets, the key risks, the major stressors, and the stakeholders who influence the quality, quantity and access to the assets. These factors help us understand what capacities each asset has to make it resilient, or not resilient, to the risks it faces. The tables below capture, for each capital group, the existing resilience of key assets in the well-being system:  Why does this asset react positively or negatively when faced with risks and shocks?  What are communities and institutions doing, without external support, to support the level and quality of this asset when shocks occur?  How are external stakeholders supporting this asset?

Capacities to support each asset have been categorised by:  Absorption – the capacity to cope with shocks, reacting to shocks by preserving or restoring basic functions (e.g. taking children out of school, early harvest)  Adaptation – adjusting, modifying or changing the characteristics of the asset to moderate potential future damage and take advantage of opportunities (eg drought resistant seed, diversifying livelihoods, involving the private sector in the delivery of basic services)  Transformation – creating a fundamentally new system that is no longer exposed to the shock (eg conflict resolution mechanisms, urban planning measures and actions to stamp out corruption).

The information collected is not exhaustive, but it does provide a basis for the analysis.

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Human Capital

Education  Lack of professionals  Emigration in  Girls’ education is  Loans  Relocation of children  Girl and youth friendly policies (informal and skills order to go to not considered as  Alternative forms of to schools in Kenya,  Strengthening social protection formal, including  Lack of governance school abroad important education (Quran Djibouti, etc.;  New Deal Peace and Security Goal 5: vocational  Economic collapse  Lack of financial school, etc.)  Establishment of Prioritising state-owned and run basic training) leading to a lack of means at  Construction of schools community school services income to pay fees household level  Provision of salaries committees  Support to ministry-level planning  Conflict/insecurity  Cultural and supplies  Training of education  Curriculum development with external (destruction of schools) constraints to  Adaptation of professionals support limits access to schools access education curriculum from Arabic  Vocational training  Support from international universities  Issues of availability and (for girls) countries (management, curriculum development, access  Lack of system to  Teachers brought in quality assurance)  Gender-based violence support from other countries education Health and  Harmful practices  UN and NGO  Unequal access  Loans and gifts  Migration  Mobilisation of funds from the diaspora nutrition  Low knowledge of investment  Non-transparent  Alternative treatments  Displacement and  Better planning at the Ministry level health care practices  Diaspora programming  Traditional knowledge migration (IDPs)  Leadership training in the health care sector  Epidemics, food remittances  Poor quality of  Adaptation of food  Training and capacity  Girl and youth-friendly policies insecurity/drought services distribution behaviours building of health  Health management systems placing increased  Low skills in staff within families staff and health  Strengthening social protection pressure on the health  Poor health  Payment and incentives workers  Community-based health prevention and system seeking for health/nutrition  Early-warning systems outreach strategy, including community  Low capacity of health behaviour staff for nutrition based health and nutrition workers professionals  A lack of financial  Health centres, information at the  Improvements to the national health system  WASH disruption means at the hospitals, nutrition community level  New Deal Peace and Security Goal 5: (floods) household level centres, mobile health Prioritising state-owned and run basic  Poor governance  Low vaccination posts services  Gender-based violence coverage  Ambulances  Low knowledge  The provision of health base within supplies households  Community health workers  Nutritious food  Cash transfers, Health and  Population movements  Very low  Provision of medicines  Adapt water usage  Community-led total sanitation leading to a lack of community  Distribution of hygiene behaviours (using

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Human Capital

Livelihood assets Risks most affecting this Reasons why this Reasons why this Existing capacities to support this asset and External support ( in red font) related to this asset asset reacts well asset reacts poorly capital to risks to risks Absorption Adaptation Transformation hygiene practices access to services commitment kits ‘grey’ water for  Lack of water  Cost  Construction of laundry, irrigation) availability maternal health  Hand washing and  Quality and price facilities hygiene training influenced by  Hygiene campaigns seasonality  ‘Child to child’ clubs Traditional  Migration  Inherent  Aid dependency  Seasonal planning with  Balancing traditional  Re-engaging within communities knowledge  Humanitarian resilience  Inappropriate communities knowledge and  Encouraging existing indigenous coping assistance/aid interventions and  Community external aid strategies (early-warning early-action, etc.) lack of consultations  Recording and contextually  Studies on traditional promotion of based knowledge traditional  Cultural centres  Promoting traditional values of conflict resolution through child to child groups Household  Conflict  High birth rate  Female headed  High birth rate  Labour migration  Relocating family members to access composition,  Migration  High % of households are  Community-based  Remittances education ability to carry out  Disease youth often more gender-based violence  Reintegration of  Women becoming primary income earners physical labour  Injuries and disabilities vulnerable prevention and survivor children who have  Gender-sensitive labour unions resulting from conflict support been associated with  Adherence to international labour and insecurity armed groups conventions  Men caught in conflict  Community based gender-based violence  Gender-based violence groups Entrepreneurship  Lack of access to capital  Flexibility of  Limited enabling  Mobility of women  Informal financial  Business training entrepreneurs environment  High recovery capacity system  Vocational training  A willingness  Strengths and  Limited fear of failure  Risk taking and to take risks weaknesses of innovation  Trust informal systems  Women farmers’ associations

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Financial capital

Livestock  Drought  See capacities  Competition for  Traditional coping  Hardy breeds e.g. camels  Market trader groups  Disease export trade mechanisms and  Veterinary services (but weak)  Price fluctuations  Poor market knowledge  Capacity building for animal  Export bans (Gulf linkages  Surveillance and disease management etc. countries)  Access to water vaccination  Destocking and restocking  Mobility for cattle programmes  Provision of water Crops  Drought  No irrigation  Early maturing seed  Drought resistant crops e.g.  River water management  Flood  Displacement  Diversification of crops sorghum  Irrigation (but insufficient)  Conflict  No modern  Seed distribution  Modern farm equipment  Market distortions farming systems  Agricultural extension services  Pests and disease  Poor/degraded  Farmer co-operatives (to market, soils price stabilisation, etc.)  Limited land ownership Remittances /  Terrorism  Huwala system  Channelling remittances through  Technology: communications; e- Huwala  Account closures  Trust (for small fund neighbouring countries cash, social media transfers)  Sending of goods not cash  Strong social capital  Use of the Ethiopian currency (in  International lobby on border regions) the danger of sanctions Household  Drought  Quat addiction  Women as primary  Economic migration  Entrepreneurship culture income/cash wages  Market disruptions (men and earners (increasingly in  Humanitarian jobs  Piracy  Health women) the supply of quat)  Work in ports  Foreign investment (China,  Exploitation  Polygamy  Prostitution  Investments by returning diaspora Turkey)  Conflict  Lack of family  Local business expansion planning  Oversupply of labour  Poor labour laws  Youth ‘bulge’

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Financial capital

Trade (agriculture,  Piracy  Global market  Charcoal  Processing of sesame and milk for  Entrepreneurship culture water, livestock  Pollution at sea prices  Quat local use products)  Conflict  Currency  Developing market infrastructure  Livestock bans fluctuation  no value added in the supply chain  Poor enabling environment for business, including weak contract law Humanitarian  Donor fatigue  Access  Assistance - support  Insecurity  Unpredictability supplemented by the  Donor policies  Unsustainability diaspora  International goodwill Land  Land  Clan system  Return of traditional  Share cropping -  Conflict  Conflict related land title system  Support for share cropping  Insecurity migration  Negotiated access to land through  Politics (marginalised  Claim and peacebuilding groups) counterclaim culture  Unclear land tenure  Limited women’s ownership rights Savings and credit  Unemployment  Trust/integrity  Training on savings and credit  KAH plus training on groups  Commodity price and  Good repayment rates systems savings/grants/loans market volatility Social safety nets -  Clan system (Qadan) - (Zakat Shahaad)  Social co-ordination, religious ties

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Physical capital

Livelihood assets Risks most affecting Reasons why this asset Reasons why this asset reacts Existing capacities to support this asset and External support ( in red font) related to this this asset reacts well to risks poorly to risks Absorption Adaptation Transformation capital Telecommunication  Conflict  Self-regulation  Susceptible to political  Linkages with all  Hawala system  Facilitation of money  Unproductive  Broad shareholder manipulation facets of Somali  Self-regulation in poor transfer competition base across clans commerce and life governance environment  Introduction of high speed  Barriers to Entry  Critical  Increasing cooperation between internet in Mogadishu  Informal infrastructure companies businesses/lack  Perception that it's a  International regulation & of regulation highly valued asset telecommunications policies &  Political alignment of agreements companies Commodities (food  Seasonal price  Largely predictable  Weak storage capacity for  Reliable export  Cash-in-kind trading and a system  Production of local & livestock) fluctuations export market goods market of credit between buyer and seller commodities have become  Poor productivity  Good export  Lack of veterinary services  Multiple export underpinned by trust and social resilient to political of producers and demand and local  Lack of value addition markets norms instability deficit of goods demand for goods industries for basic  Locally produced  Commercial sellers can make  Value adding processes  Lack of safety  Strong regional commodities commodities money from irregular seasons  Increasingly enabling standards export links to  Poor foreign direct suited to Somalia (changes in rain/production) environment for producers  International multiple markets investment in business context  Initiatives to enhance productivity market volatility  Several functioning  Lack of support to compete  Food assistance by international organizations and price ports for export with other primary  Cash and vouchers  Social safety net support fluctuations due producers from Sudan, programming by  Provision of solar pumps for to weak currency Australia etc. humanitarians irrigation canals  Livestock  Some standardization and quality diseases and control efforts to improve pests commodities Health  Conflict &  A trained cadre of  Inadequate investment in  International  Communities taking the initiative  Private sector investments infrastructure displacement community health infrastructure (public and for the rehabilitation of basic in peri-urban areas -  Low priority workers  Physical infrastructure is private) and health clinics and service pharmacy, hospitals, affected by conflict and is bilateral provision  Emerging network of not rebuilt investments in the  Maternal and child health services professional health workers health sector in the community  ‘Cold chain’ logistics for vaccines using solar technology

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Physical capital Livelihood assets Risks most affecting Reasons why this asset Reasons why this asset reacts Existing capacities to support this asset and External support ( in red font) related to this this asset reacts well to risks poorly to risks Absorption Adaptation Transformation capital Energy  Political  High profits for big  Most of Somalia's energy  Small-scale  Solar energy at rural household  Switching from kerosene at instability business requirements must be generators at level including solar lanterns household level to solar  Lack of regulation  Local communities imported community level  Installing solar power energy energy  High investment find accessible  Lack of investment in  Humanitarian and sources in schools and clinics built  Solar power installed in costs solutions to energy renewable energy development by humanitarian agencies government buildings, needs (solar,  Lack of investment in big investments are  Fuel efficient stoves provided to hospitals, and also solar charcoal, kerosene, oil/natural gas reserves low tech and have IDP households powered street lights in small generators)  Complex legal issues low power major cities  Decreasing cost of requirements, alternative energies using solar power Sanitation facilities  Conflict and  Large investments by  Seen as a humanitarian  Islamic code of  Community-led initiatives for and latrines displacement NGOs in IDP camps activity hygiene latrine construction in peri-urban  Lack of and rural  Requires ongoing  Provision of environments investment communities investment in maintenance latrines and  Local government contracting  Lack of local  Requires investment in sanitation facilities some services in peri-urban areas ownership hygiene education to IDP populations  Seen as a  No ownership, women and humanitarian children most affected but activity least empowered Market  Crime and  Market networks  Lack of regulation to  Local repairs and  Market infrastructure in rural  Communication technology, infrastructure corruption can be stronger than protect buyers and sellers rehabilitation by areas is kept simple so less social media and other  Monopolies and market  Lack of storage facilities for local communities affected by conflict and cheaper technology is improving non-competitive infrastructure so locally traded cereals with local to rebuild access to market market practices trade continues  Lack of livestock facilities government  Cold storage refrigeration (milk information  Fires and despite conditions for livestock sales support production and fish processing)  Digital/mobile phone destruction of  Volatility in markets  Closely linked to transport  Some quality currencies enable trade market creates opportunity issues standards and  Public-private partnerships infrastructure for profit making safety standards to develop markets and  Market implemented in industries accessibility markets  NGOs building abattoirs,  Availability of livestock holding corrals market  Processing and value adding information

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Natural Capital

Livelihood assets related to Risks most Reasons why this asset Reasons why this Existing capacities to support this asset and External support ( in red font) this capital affecting this reacts well to risks asset reacts poorly to asset risks Absorption Adaptation Transformation

Water resources  Drought  Floods recharge water  Floods can lead to  Forecasting  Water storage  National water system  Pollution resources contamination of  Early-warning systems  Agricultural practices (spate management  Flooding  Quality/quantity and water resources  Flood mitigation irrigation)  Public/private partnerships maintenance of water  Conflict affects  Water trucking  Rehabilitation of water sources  Water committees infrastructure access  Water treatment  Wash techniques  Capacity building  Governance  Quality/quantity  Flood content  Governance capacity building  Governance capacity  Agricultural practices and maintenance  Rehabilitation of water building  Sanitation system of water sources infrastructure  Forecasting  Governance Livestock  Diseases  Herd composition (e.g.  Poor fodder  Mobility  Capacity building  Intensified fodder  Trade bans more camels) management  Herd management  Mobility production & marketing  Drought  Mobility  Inadequate water  De/re stocking  Vaccination  Shift in livelihood patterns  Conflict  Immunization sources  Veterinary kits  Herd management (re/de-  Meat production for export  Natural  Cultural resistance stocking)  Dairy processing hazards to sale of livestock  Value chain improvement  Value chain improvement  Private enclosures  Capacity building  Fodder production  Immunisation/disease control.  Herd improvement  Herd improvement  Support for agricultural  Veterinary kits policy development Minerals  Conflict  Governance  Governance  Exploration  Political  Policy  Policy instability  Infrastructure  Lack of awareness  Geopolitics Forest trees  Invasive  Governance  Community-based tree  Implementing a ban on charcoal  Reforestation species protection export  Use of alternative energies  Charcoal  Cutting & burning  Improved stoves  Alternative energy and production invasive species alternative livelihood  Pest/disease awareness  Conflict

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Natural Capital

Fish and shellfish  Overfishing  Weather conditions  Weather  Coast guards  Trend of increasing fish  Pollution and  Policy/governance conditions  Fishing licenses consumption dumping of  Cultural practices  Anti-piracy (training)  Fishing policy enforcement waste (little fish  ‘Cold chain’ systems  Piracy consumption)  Training/equipping coast guards Soil and land  Flooding  Grass cover  Agricultural  Fallow land  Improved agricultural practices  Improved tenure system  Conflict  Policy and governance practices  Fertilizers  Existing traditional tenure  Enhanced access to land  Drought  Skills and knowledge  Tenure system  Opening of new land system (less insecurity)  Charcoal  Agricultural practices  Transport  Improved natural resource  Reforestation production infrastructure management  Range management  Natural  Improved seeds  Alternative energies hazards  Early-warning and forecasting  Chemicals systems (pesticides,  Range management fertilizers  Training on seeds etc.)  Rehabilitating irrigation infrastructure  Agro-inputs Fodder and pasture  Conflict  Mobility  Overgrazing  Overgrazing  Mobility  Improved fodder value chain  Drought  Infrastructure  Poor management  Mobility  Fodder production  Shift of livelihood patterns  Governance of available  Distress destocking  Improved natural resource  Conservation and better resources management natural resource  Enclosures  Destocking management  Land tenure  Fodder production awareness  Skills and  Trainings on seeds knowledge  Agro-inputs

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Political Capital

Livelihood assets Risks most affecting Reasons why Reasons why this asset reacts Existing capacities to support this asset and External support ( in red font) related to this capital this asset this asset reacts poorly to risks well to risks Absorption Adaptation Transformation

Sharia and traditional  Manipulation Existing  Conservative  Cultural acceptance  Research into how the  UNODC project on justice justice  Extremism absorption  Inflexible  Historical roots sharia, traditional and  Diverse capacities  Non-formal  Precedence formal legal systems might interpretation  Individual interpretation  Wide understanding be more complementary inconsistency  Inhibits policy development  Safer-world initiative on  Disruption due to community based justice displacement  Norwegian justice reform programme Land tenure and land  Manipulation  Manipulation and lack of  Communal stewardship  Displaced communities’  NRC IDP permanent management  Weak systems transparency by community minimises conflict and adaptive behaviour toward shelter project  Lack of ‘gate-keepers’ provides protection land ownership  NGO initiatives on the transparency  Informality of the system  Relative abundance of land  Changing land use conservation of degraded  Lack of clarity on  Variability of the quality of  The function of land as an  Conservation activities lands ownership and land economic asset  NGO initiatives and training acquisition  Stewardship and role of on land conservation and  Disruption due to customary law use displacement  NGO initiatives to strengthening land use systems Local governance –  Lack of uniformity  Lack of cooperation  Cultural acceptance  Increased government  WVI initiative to clan elders and peace  Manipulation  Lack of enforcement  Historical roots support for local empower women to committees  Conflicts of interest  No infrastructure or  Precedence governance raise issues to elders  Insufficient capacity resources  Wide understanding  Improving coordination committees  Insufficient  Not neutral /susceptible to  Capacity building initiatives with formal governance enforcement / economic manipulation to promote non-violent structures compliance conflict management  Initiatives to support cross-  Disruption due to border meetings between displacement elders and peace committees  UN programme supporting local governance

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Political Capital

Civil society  Clan divisions  Not objective or neutral  Access to sustainable and  Flexible mandates  Initiatives to promote the  Misinformation  Resources are not sustainable predictable resources  Increasing professionalism inclusion of civil society  Lack of capacity or predictable  Access to communities  Rationalisation of the in New Deal  Multiple actors,  Lack of professionalism  Informed and educated staff number of organisations poor coordination  Dependent on political  Internationally and locally  Strengthened and disunity context connected accountability to  Corruption  Opportunity based rather stakeholders  Political than values based interference organisations  Perverse  Susceptible to manipulation motivations The constitution  Lack of legitimacy  Not very enforceable  Common understanding and  Temporary  No national common basis for agreement  Challenges of understanding amongst the elite implementation  Lack of clarity and  Formal/written document accessibility  Not very representative Government  Instability  Inadequate capacity  Formal system  Strengthened internal institutions at  Lack of capacity  Inadequate coordination  Provides coordination government coordination national, district and  Insufficient  Lack of inclusiveness  Integrated at some levels  Increased information local levels resources  International actors bypass with local systems sharing  Lack of leadership national institutions  Recognition  Devolution  Security & access  Access to funds  Strengthening of capacities issues  People’s aspiration for  Strengthening of  Federalism regular government government revenues  External influence  Support for coordination  Electoral Institute of South meetings being led by Africa’s electoral support government ministries programme  Initiatives to support the development of technical capacities

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Political Capital

Information  Limited access  Insecurity  Mobile infrastructure  Strengthened education  Improved security  Misinformation  Misreporting  Diversity of mediums and literacy environment  Illiteracy  Low education levels  High demand in accordance  Strengthened intra-  Expansion of education  Displacement  Lack of infrastructure with tradition of oral history governmental coordination facilities  Urbanisation  Lack of regulation and  Limited regulation  Radio Ergo media training susceptibility to manipulation (influence) programme  Vernacular stations  Adult literacy classes Politicians  Insufficient capacity  Insecurity  Clan backing  Strengthened  Elections  Conflict  Lack of independence  Talent accountability and  Lack of legitimacy  Different political interests /  Well resourced transparency  Short-termism little common ground  Regional representation and  Insufficient  Lack of resources mandate resources  Challenged by traditional  Formal recognition leaders  Adaptability Diaspora  Conflict insecurity  In-country security situation  Resources  Awareness-raising in host  Economic shocks in  Not well-grounded in the  Status, respect and influence countries ‘host’ country & current Somali context  Stability  Italian funding to the changes to income  Not accepting of traditional  Bring value, knowledge & diaspora to strengthen the levels systems expertise capacity of local institutions  Disengagement  Limited cross-generational  Diversity with Somalia by commitment  Accommodating and flexible younger  Not always locally accepted  Capacity building initiatives generations supported by Forum Syd  Global Somali Diaspora platform Peace building  Stabilisation fund  Interpeace peace and  New Deal peace and process  Reintegration of child democracy programme state-building goals 1, 2 soldiers & 3

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Social capital

Livelihood assets related Risks most affecting this Reasons why this Reasons why this asset Existing capacities to support this asset and External support ( in red font) to this capital asset asset reacts well to reacts poorly to risks risks Absorption Adaptation Transformation

Kinship ties  Emigration –  Strong  Resources not  Acts like  In case of migration can  Access to diverse vocational risk when informal allocated by merit insurance at enable people to live / and economic training kinship ties are leadership but by consensus household and change livelihoods e.g. due opportunities severed structures (exceptions within community level to disaster  Non-traditional donors the clans)  Neighbouring  Social media, funding new universities –  Dependent on countries cross telecommunications, innovative teaching magnitude of risk - border virtual meetings  Neighbouring countries’ – for large scale movements  Non-traditional donors political influence shocks help is only (Kenya/Somalia, funding schools, hospitals, provided for close Ethiopia/Somalil universities (Islamic kin and) solidarity)  Strong value system  Resources from within

 Strong informal leadership structures Somalia fund kin / children

in diaspora Clan loyalty  Tension with  Strong informal leadership structures

national cutting)

political (crosscutting) structures Diaspora  Alienation  Remittance  Susceptible to  Technological innovation e.g. internal mobile  Trust enables collective  Taking jobs  Skills, foreign dictates money transfer interest based action from non- resources, (e.g., remittances  Social media, telecommunications and virtual challenges ‘norms’ diaspora knowledge  Possible meetings  Global issues-based  Possible transfer, contribution to  Religious leaders / citizens mobilising support campaigning contribution to investment terrorism for advocacy  Financial and material terrorism  External/new knowledge transfer and the investment in the building transfer of skills of schools, hospitals,  Assisting families to emigrate (family universities reunification)

Distributionof and to access creates resources tensions that might degradethe assets  Financial and material support for immediate

TV, radio,TV, online media, newspapers (cross

Strongvalue system with strong sanctions results in positive behaviour cutting) (cross needs such as food, clothes, cash and livestock -

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Interest based groups  Displacement  Addresses  Susceptible to big  Acts like insurance at the and relocation specific shocks household and needs  Finite capacity community levels  Common  Disintegration  Social media, telecommunications and virtual background meetings  Strong informal leadership structures  Institutional donors funding vocational training Trust beyond the clan / kin  Macro  Resistant to  When traditional  Strong informal leadership structures (loans, economic disasters non-conflict coping (Xeer)  IGAD helps to maintain stability, resolve engagements, sharing  Conflict and related overwhelmed by conflicts resources) inter-clan disasters extreme conflict fighting (historically)  Macro level political classes disrupted due to conflict but micro level can still work (maintains pragmatism) Religion (obligation)  Fundamentalism  Almost all  Islamic education (madrassa) of boys instils - - and extremism Somalis are strong values (but can lead to extremist Muslim radicalisation / indoctrination)  Non-traditional donors (Gulf States) funding religious institutions  Zaqat  Religious leaders mobilizing support (media)

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A roadmap to strengthen resilience in Somalia

At this stage, we have a good understanding of the risks, the stressors and the key assets in the well-being system for pastoralist, agro- pastoralist and peri-urban communities in Somalia; as well as the ways in which these key assets are resilient (or not resilient) to the risks they face.

The next step is to decide what actions need to be taken to boost the resilience of the well-being system for pastoralist, agro-pastoralist and peri-urban communities in Somalia. This involves increasing the capacity of the system to absorb shocks; adapting the system so that it is less exposed to shocks and can utilise opportunities; and/or transform the system.

Actions to absorb, adapt and transform the well-being system need to happen at different layers of society. Stakeholders and actions at all layers of society – globally and in the East Africa region, nationally, regionally and at the district, community and household levels – already influence the well-being of communities. In addition, it is important to note that the different layers of society – and the system itself – are inter-linked. Therefore, we will need to work at every layer of society if we are to ensure that pastoralist, agro-pastoralist and peri-urban communities are resilient to the risks they face. Actions at one layer of society, without corresponding actions at other layers of society, will not be sufficient to boost the resilience of these communities.

Accordingly, the roadmap to strengthen the resilience of pastoralist, agro-pastoralist and peri-urban communities in Somalia is presented below, by layer of society. Different Somali and international actors work at different layers of society, and will therefore be able to integrate these actions into their upcoming policies and programming – either by adapting or reinforcing existing initiatives, or by developing new policies and initiatives. The roadmap is too large to fit on one page, instead it is presented with one layer of society per page. The overall roadmap should look like:

Policies, Programmes and Activities to boost following capacities: Layer of Society Absorptive Capacity Adpative Capacity Transformative Capacity Global/East Africa National District/Regional Community Household In addition, it is important to note that this roadmap is designed to supplement – not replace – existing policies, programmes and activities in Somalia. Earlier in the analysis, participants agreed that the risk landscape in Somalia would improve over the next three to five years. They also agreed that this improvement was conditional on existing policies, programmes and activities continuing in Somalia. Therefore the resilience roadmap presented below contains policy, programme and activities that should be in addition to – or modifications of – existing programming.

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A. Policies, programmes and activities at global/East Africa region levels to boost three types of resilience-strengthening capacities

Absorptive Capacity Adaptive Capacity Transformative Capacity  Lobby for international goodwill  Develop the access to information on market prices  Ensure national and international projects and for aid to Somalia  Develop a policy and regulatory framework for animal health and trade programmes take into account local traditional  Lobby for suspending sanctions on  Encourage public-private partnerships with relevant enterprises knowledge and should be context specific, applying “Do Hawala (also affects UN and NGO  Create a positive policy environment for efficient and effective remittance No Harm” principles money transfers, and transfers to flows  Reduce clan antagonisms that have existed for the past 25 Somalis in neighbouring countries,  Promote and streamline diaspora engagement globally and locally years, by encouraging internationally led peace and and thus also neighbouring reconciliation efforts between clans/political actors,

economies) similar to South Africa  Advocate for policies that support  Support trans-boundary water resource agreements with cross-border interactions with Somalia’s neighbouring countries. neighbouring countries and  Develop cross-border migration agreements diaspora  Foster livestock markets and export linkages  Strengthen information  Explore non-traditional markets management and accessibility at  Develop media laws at a national and regional level, national and regional levels including protection for the freedom of expression and for media actors  Promote Somali nationalism to the diaspora  Re- establish regulated cross border with Kenya and Djibouti

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B. Policies, programmes and activities at national level to boost three types of resilience-strengthening capacities

Absorptive Capacity Adaptive Capacity Transformative Capacity  Provide mobile schools to the large  Establish systems to better link training with markets  Ensure curriculum is relevant to the needs of local communities Somali nomadic population  Ensure vocational training is certified by government and country, continue efforts to unify the curriculum  Develop national library services  Invest in youth training and employment and business opportunities  Enforce education policies and ensure their implementation,  Establish effective early-warning  Rebalance and link humanitarian aid and development, working through the federal particular with regard to gender-sensitive approaches systems government.  Develop orientation programs for the population on traditional  Ensure background checks for  Humanitarian safety nets should be delivered through the new government and all knowledge immigrants humanitarian aid should support resilience  Clarify land ownership and land use law, including the role of  Strengthen diaspora capacities for  Encourage the revival of the fishing industry women, and enforce it advocacy and skill-sharing  Develop a system to track money to alleviate fears of money being diverted to  Develop a policy on investment groups and financial regulation,  Protect and formalise community terrorism helping develop an inclusive domestic banking sector (including custody of land  Zahkat - develop regulations to collect and channel contributions KAH)  Expand and reform the land title  Further develop export markets and encourage foreign investment  Develop a system of regulation for Quat – especially the hours system  Ensure constitutional provisions strengthen the participation of interest groups and of use  Promote internal and external civil provide legal recognition and inclusion in decision making  Set a minimum wage society coordination to combat  Develop a financial regulatory framework to assist with money transfers  Establish effectively animal disease control and policy duplication and fragmentation  Develop a ‘solidarity fund’: remittances as an ad hoc system of funding – needs to  Formalise and codify the traditional justice system  Finalise and ratify the constitution work for social justice; focus and streamline some of the remittances in favour of  Develop policy frameworks for sustainable natural resource  Develop a leadership competency public funding, infrastructure and development management framework  Put in place flood mitigation measures  Reform and strengthen the links between formal and traditional  Strengthen representative politics to  Encourage agricultural extension services, rangeland management regimes, as well as governance systems ensure gender and regional interests policies for livestock insurance, fish development, timber, animal health and trade  Implement the ratified constitution are represented  Develop value added processes for the fishing industry including processing factories  Introduce a formal title-deed system  Strengthen government revenues  Support seed systems, livestock marketing associations and grazing reserves for dry  Enforce range management and capacities seasons  Legalise and fully integrate local governance with increased  Develop an infrastructure plan to  Invest in water harvesting infrastructure accountability prioritize key transport corridors  Formally recognise elder-led customary decision making  Develop a mature political party system  Create civil society frameworks  Promote mission and values-driven civil society organisations  Align national legislation with the constitution  Renegotiate the position and influence of civil society with the  Strengthen civic education state  Integrate government systems at national, district and local levels  Develop a leadership and competency framework for politicians  Emphasise conflict sensitive programming through formal, traditional and external to promote integrity (bilateral and multilateral) resource distribution mechanisms  Expand and develop existing ports to accept larger ships  Review, finalise and ratify the constitution  Subsidize or promote transport networks  Encourage sanitation and hygiene training for children in public schools

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C. Policies, programmes and ativities at regional/district level to boost three types of resilience-strengthening capacities

Absorptive Capacity Adaptive Capacity Transformative Capacity  Put in place flood mitigation  Strengthen coordination and information sharing between humanitarian  Expand the sewage system measures assistance and development and NGOs and Government and UN and donors  Strengthen health system service provision and access to  Ensure civil society is integrating  Encourage better cooperation between different education providers services for women and youth diverse groups and not (Government, UN, private-public partnerships, INGOs and local communities)  Incorporate traditional education in the curriculum exacerbating community divisions  Improve community resilience in nutrition e.g. through nutrition education in  Improve governance of service delivery (inclusive,  Strengthen the representation of schools accountable, transparent) at all levels district and local issues at the  Provide mobile schooling for nomadic populations  Explore microfinance initiatives for men and women national government level  Invest in value chain development at national, district and local levels  Improve teacher training and teaching methods,  Strengthen civil society including storage, processing, transport, marketing and branding for a range incorporating gender sensitive approaches accountability of agro-industries including – e.g. pirate tuna, hide and skin, tuna, bananas,  Coordinate health, WASH and nutrition programmes  Ensure veterinary clinics and live animals, milk, fruit, frankincense, fodder  Enforce international laws services are well equipped  Improve strategic water resource development, water harvesting  Develop and manage water resources to mitigate against infrastructure, water treatment solid waste management , sewage treatment flooding and the displacement of people  Improve water sources including on rangelands  Reform and strengthen the links between formal and  Support inter-clan reconciliation activities (locally led) traditional governance  Encourage anti-indoctrination campaigns by religious leaders to counter  Develop open data policies to increase transparency and extremism access to information  Supervise Islamic education & develop curricula  Improve road construction design  Increase diaspora outreach programs and support diaspora liaison offices  Strengthen land tenure systems  Develop reintegration and job-sharing policies so that returning diaspora are  Organise an 'alternative energy fair' to attract large scale not displacing or ‘crowding-out’ the local employment market renewable energy investment and encourage investment  Strengthen diaspora support to coordinated programs in the energy sector  Integrate government systems at the national, district and local levels  Emphasise conflict sensitive programming through formal, traditional and external (bilateral and multilateral) resource distribution mechanisms  Provide 'one health" veterinary services for disease outbreaks  Improve services to slums, city planning and infrastructure to manage urbanization  Develop policies and incentives for private sector investment in primary schooling

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D. Policies, programmes and activities at community level to boost three types of resilience-strengthening capacities

Absorptive Capacity Adaptive Capacity Transformative Capacity  Promote early age learning  Encourage better public-private partnerships for education  Coordinate health, WASH and nutrition programmes;  Establishment of school and  Diversify livelihoods – settlement programmes for pastoralists, alternative  Improve literacy and numeracy to improve business community gardens livelihoods for women and youth management skills and enable scale-up of businesses  Develop gender & youth based   programs Community based disaster risk management and information exchange Nutrition education for elders, local stakeholders, religious leaders  Provide support for flood control,  Provide support to improved awareness on seed systems, food value chain water conservation and water development, alternative livelihoods, natural resource management training  Address community dependency on the diaspora and supply management and irrigation infrastructure other external sources for financial support  Promote hygiene and sanitation  Awareness raising around the constitution  Diaspora business people encouraged to come to Somalia awareness  Integrate government systems at the national, district and local levels and mentor/present their success stories  Support increased capacity in  Provide support for fish marketing, irrigation and livestock management and seed  Emphasise conflict sensitive programming through formal, traditional and infrastructure storage external (bilateral and multilateral) resource distribution mechanisms  Promote community level natural  Increase understanding of the linkages between land ownership and political,  Promote individual accountability within the customary resource management and social and economic capacities system awareness  Strengthen community early-warning systems  Reform and strengthen the links between formal and  Strengthen community  Alternative schooling i.e. radio schools for distance learning and education; traditional governance engagement in formal and informal justice systems, conflict  Promote solar power and renewable energy sources in schools mitigation and resolution  Strengthen the inclusion and participation of women, youth and minority groups in customary systems  Introduce disaster risk reduction programs in schools and communities  Support community road repair committees

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E. Policies, programmes and activities at household level to boost three types of resilience-strengthening capacities

Absorptive Capacity Adaptive Capacity Transformative Capacity  Support self-help group  Geographical expansion of hygiene services  Document traditional knowledge movements  Mainstream nutrition sensitive programming  Explore the value addition of livelihood products  Increase women’s access to credit  Improve community resilience through behavioural change and by creating  Promote individual accountability within the customary  Early-warning systems for rapid women groups to support new mothers and pregnant women system onset disasters and to broadcast  Improve agricultural practices through crop diversification, soil and water market prices and exchange rates conservation and the introduction of drought resistant seeds  Develop a fodder voucher scheme

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Identifying key priorities to support resilience in Somalia

The participants selected 30 priority actions to strengthen the resilience of pastoral, agro-pastoral and peri-urban communities in Somalia. The figure in parenthesis represents the number of votes that participants gave to the different policy, programme and activities. Suggestions in bold gathered over 10 votes.

Level of Absorptive Capacity Adaptive Capacity Transformative Capacity engagement

Global/ East  Develop transboundary agreements for water and livestock (2) Africa Region National  Strengthen  Improve the value chain (storage processing,  Scale up of youth education and technical training to prepare government revenues transport, marketing, branding, export young people for diverse livelihoods while creating and capacities (21) markets (livestock, agriculture and fisheries, employment opportunities with a gender lens , and tuna, banana, frankincense, crops, live supporting national development (42) animals, skin, hide and skins) (33)  Develop and implement inclusive national resources  Less humanitarian aid, more development management policies on water, forest, land use ,fisheries, through federal government, humanitarian livestock and energy (25) safety nets delivered through government. Decrease dependency. Develop or reinforce a  Clarify land ownership and land use law including the role of local tax system to enable local investment in women and enforce it (5) services ensuring equitable use (15)  Create a solidarity fund linked to social protection framework  Reform and transform formal recognition of (first establish financial systems and access and then use customary systems (0) remittances better) (4)

 Strengthen land tenure systems (3)

 Promote investment in renewable energy (3)

 Policy on investment groups, financial regulation, and an inclusive banking sector ( including KHAW bank) (3)

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Regional/  Ensure civil society is  Build basic social infrastructure (schools,  Improve governance of service delivery (inclusive, District integrated not divisive clinics, water) (22) transparent, accountable) at all levels (local, regional, and is more national) (17) accountable (5)  Invest in market/value adding infrastructure and roads (-public-private partnerships) (6)

 Multiple-use water infrastructure (6)

 Ensure conflict sensitive programming through formal traditional and external channels (4)

 Expand the reach of  Community based system to deal with hazards  Improve business management skills to enable scale up of Community early-warning systems and risks (12) businesses (4) and DRR programmes (16)  Reconciliation (inter clan) happening at local  Structure the involvement of the diaspora to make full use of level, coordinated and supported by their skills and assets - both financially and through skills in  Greater inclusion of framework from national level (8) kind support and experience)(1) women, youth, and minority groups in  Capacity building for improved natural customary system (8) resources management, agriculture, water and livelihoods (water shed management).(3)

 Integrated, coherent public health approach including WASH nutrition health (4)

 Diversifying livelihoods settlement programmes

Households  Support self-help groups for marginalized groups particularly women and youth (2)

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Next steps

As participants pointed out, it is essential to work on actions supporting transformative and adaptive capacities along with actions supporting absorptive capacities. The Resilience Systems Analysis helps to cut through some of the divide between development, humanitarian and peace building work. It insists on the importance of sustainable programming.

The various stakeholders can now use the draft resilience roadmap to enrich their respective plans to support the “The process was well organised resilience of the pastoral, agro-pastoral and peri-urban communities in Somalia. As demonstrated by the Resilience and helped to understand how to Systems Analysis, working together in a coordinated manner simultaneously at the various levels of society is essential do a systems analysis, this is the to effective policy and programming towards resilience. map we will now follow, and all the participants will have our full  SOMREP and BRICS will use this analysis to inform their planning, looking at what is currently being done by the various stakeholders and what needs to be added. support to help implement it. “  Some suggested actions require changes in policy which should be taken up by the Somali Representative of the Somali Government and donors. The Government of Somali welcomed the analysis and the participatory Government process around it. The ministry of livestock explained how the output will specifically contribute to its Ministry plans and the analysis should feed into the donor group meeting for Somalia, scheduled for April 2015.  The OECD will use the roadmap to inform the high level mission led by the DAC Chair at the end of March 2015.

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Annex 1: Workshop agenda

Resilient Systems Analysis 24th of February 2015 25th of February 2015

Opening Feedback on Day 1: Evaluation and suggestion Participants registration, introductions and box 8.00 – 9.00 security briefing

Workshop Objectives

Module 3 9.00 – Introduction: What is resilience ? 10.30 Analysis of stakeholders and processes Morning influencing livelihood system

30’ break

Module 4 Module 1 11.00 – Identifying gaps in livelihood systems 12.30 Risks, stresses and their impact on resilience agro pastoral and pastoral livelihood systems

12.30 to 13.30 Lunch

Module 2 Module 5 Reflecting on assets per livelihood 13.30 – capital, and their characteristics to 15.00 Priorization and drafting of a road map explain how they react to shocks To boost resilience

Afternoon 30’ break

Module 5 (continued) 15.30-17.00 Module 2 ( continued)

final evaluation 17.00 – Evaluation of Day 1 17.10 Social events

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Annex 2: Workshop evaluation

42 participants took the time to fill in the final workshop evaluation. Their overall level of satisfaction with the workshop was graded 8 out of 10. They thought that the main objectives of the workshop were partially to well achieved. Several insisted on the importance to have the voice of the community and of the Somali civil society at the table, as well as business people. (Note: Invitations had been extended to these stakeholders who unfortunately could not participate.)

Participants appreciated the numerous occasions to discuss and share expertise, as well as the networking opportunities with such a wealth of stakeholders in the room. Some would like to get a training of trainers on the methodology. The linkages between the risk analysis and mapping, the stakeholder analysis and the capacities per asset should be more explicit.

The table below provide an average of participants’ grade on the following items

How would you rate...

1. Overall delivery of the workshop 8.1

2. Usefulness of tools provided 8.1

3. Time allocation for different sessions of workshop 8.1

4. Level of group work during the workshop 8.7

5. Flow between the sessions 8.4

6. Opportunity to raise concerns and discuss issues 8.3

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Annex 3: Workshop participants

Name Organization Email Abdaaziz Arman Ministry of Agriculture [email protected] Abdi Mohamed Hassan Trocaire Somalia [email protected] Abdi Omar Ministry of Agriculture [email protected] Abdiaziz B. Yusuf IRC [email protected] Abdiaziz Hassan Ministry of Agriculture [email protected] Abdikhafar Yakub Abubakar SODMA [email protected] Abdikhani Mohamed ICRC Somalia [email protected] Abdinur Ibrahim Nur SYPD [email protected] Abdirahim Gure CARE [email protected] Abdirahman Gure CARE Somalia [email protected] Abdirahman Mohamed Said MOPIC [email protected] Abdullahi Khalif FEWSNET [email protected] Abdullahi Mohamed USAID [email protected] Agnes Shihemi ADESO [email protected] Ahmed Khalif ACF [email protected] Ahmed Mohamed FAO/FSNAU [email protected] Ahmed Tawakal FSNAU [email protected] Alexander Binns UNOCHA Somalia [email protected] Amit Singh WFP Somalia [email protected] Andrew Lanyon SomReP [email protected] Anne Hoelscher SomReP [email protected] Anuradha Dhanasekara ACTED Somalia [email protected] Astrid de Valon OECD [email protected] Chachu Tadicha COOPI [email protected] Chris Mcdonald Tearfund [email protected] Deborah Elzie Tulane University [email protected] Dr. Sowda Mohamed Roble Ministry of Livestock, Forestry [email protected] and rangeland Edwin Magati ADRA [email protected] Emily Rainey Australian Embassy-DFAT [email protected] Ermiyas Kassa WVI EARO [email protected] Ernest Njoroge EU [email protected] Eugenie Reidy UNICEF [email protected] Fardosa Hassan Muse MOE [email protected] Francois Batalingaya WVI Somalia [email protected] Frida Akerberg SCD [email protected] Georgina Jordan SomReP [email protected] Gianmaria Pinto BRCiS [email protected] Hamza A. Haadow Ministry of Fisheries [email protected] Hugh Macleman OECD [email protected] Jennifer Jalovec Somalia NGO Consortium [email protected] John Kisimir WVI Somalia [email protected] John Makoni WVI EARO [email protected] John Mwalagho IFRC [email protected] John Ndezwa ADRA [email protected] John Nyachieo SDC [email protected] Katherine Downie ILRI [email protected] Kevin Mackey WVI Somalia [email protected] Lena Diesing OECD [email protected] Lillian Kilwake SIDA Sweden [email protected] Malone Miller CRS [email protected]

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Marc Bloch SDC [email protected] Marleen Renders UNICEF [email protected] Mohamed Abdi Hassan Ministry of Health Mohamed Barre DANIDA [email protected] Mohamed Khaled UNICEF [email protected] Mohamed Moallin Ministry of Water and Energy [email protected] Mohamoud Mohamed Ministry of Agriculture [email protected] Mohamud Mohamed Ibrahim WVI Somalia [email protected] Morena Bassan CISP [email protected] Mustafa Omer OCHA [email protected] Nicola Cozza BRCiS [email protected] Nicolas Tremblay FAO Somalia [email protected] Olufunso Somorin AFDB [email protected] Omar Yusuf Somali Prime Minister, Adviser [email protected] Osman Adar SomReP [email protected] Osman Y. Mohamoud MOPIC [email protected] Rachel Scott OECD [email protected] Rachel Wolff WVI Somalia [email protected] Richard Mulandi Oxfam [email protected] Richard Rumsey WVI UK [email protected] Robert Vandersteeg Woman and Child Care [email protected] Organization Ruco Van Der Merwe Food Security Cluster Said Jama Ministry of Fisheries, Somalia [email protected] Sapenzie Ojiambo ECHO [email protected] Sarah King Concern Worldwide [email protected] Sarah Pickwick WVI UK [email protected] Simon Nziokah DRC Somalia [email protected] Solomon Ngari Australian Embassy-DFAT [email protected] Suleha Noor WFP Somalia [email protected] Suleiman Ahmed DRC Somalia [email protected] Susanne Martin EU [email protected] Sydel Maher USAID/OFDA [email protected] Tasneem Mowjee Policy 2 Practice [email protected] Valerie Ceylon ACTED Somalia [email protected] Will Swanson SomReP [email protected] Yusuf Artan WFP Somalia [email protected] Zachariah Imeje Oxfam [email protected] Zenab Farah Ministry of Education, Puntland [email protected]