Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing in the Territorial

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Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing in the Territorial Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing in the Territorial Waters of Somalia Illegal Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing in the Territorial Waters of Somalia APRIL 2015 Prepared by: THE UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND AND TRANSAFRICA CONSULTANCY SERVICES LLC (TACS) For: Adeso P.O. Box 70331-00400 Nairobi, Kenya Phone: + 254 710 607 378, +254 20 800 0881 Email: [email protected] www.adesoafrica.org Disclaimer: This report has been produced with the assistance of the European Union (EU). The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the EU or Adeso. Caption: Fishermen land their boat in Boosaaso, Somalia. (Credit: Kifle W. Hagos) 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank Adeso staff members in Nairobi, Garowe and Boosaaso for their assistance all the way through our work. Our team of consultants could not have accomplished their tasks without the cooperation and assistance of Abdi M. Dahir, who runs the Natural Resource Management (NRM) project and coordinated this study. We would also like to acknowledge and thank Suban A. Mohamed, Dennis Nyaberi, Ibrahim Ali Hussein, and Dr. Sadia Ali Aden, among others, for their support. We appreciate the comments on our drafts made by Dr Bashir M. Hussein, Charles Maumo, Lisa Locke, Anne-Marie Schryer, Degan Ali, Mohamed Takoy, Carol Muasya, Suban Mohammed and Dr Ahmed Elmi. We are also grateful to the staff of different multilateral organizations and NGOs, including FAO, SWALIM, IOM, EU CAP Nestor, UNEP, OXFAM, KAALO, PDRC, HIGID and others for their time and for providing information to support our work. Private Somali individuals, such as Mohamed Y. Abshir Waldo, Omer Ahmed and Asha Abdulkerim Hirsi (Badey), also helped by telling us their stories and experiences of illegal fishing during our stay in Nairobi, Garowe and Boosaaso. We are thankful to the survey coordination teams in Northern Somalia, Hussein Haj Yusuf Nur and Mohamed Yusuf Isa and Abdirashid Hussein in South Central Somalia, for their hard work in completing the survey under difficult circumstances. We are grateful to H.E. Abdiwahid M. Hirsi, Director General, Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources of Puntland State of Somalia, for his support and invitation to the coordination meeting in Boosaaso. We arealso thankful to H.E. Farah Ali Abdi, Deputy Minister of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism of Puntland Stateof Somalia and Mahmud Hamed Mohamed, President of Puntland State University (PSU), Abdirahman Kulmiye, Puntland State Minister for Fisheries and Marine Resources, and Capt. Abdullahi Omar Kowdhan, Lecturer, Maritime & Fisheries Academy, Berbera, Somaliland for their valuable time and input towards the making of this report. We would also like to appreciate the work done here in Rhode Island in quality control checks of the coded survey data by Lola Herrera and Cathy McNally, report formatting and editing by Carol McCarthy and assistance in the editing of rapid assessment reports by Sabrina Miller. The team of consultants is confident and hopeful that this work will be significant to Somalia’s fisheries authorities when drafting marine fisheries legislation, fisheries management plans and fisheries policies on the sustainable management of this resource and deterrence against illegal fishing. It is hoped that this will enable the people of Somalia to take full advantage of their coastal and offshore marine resources. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3 LIST OF FIGURES ���� �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 LIST OF TABLES ����� �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 LIST OF BOXES ������� �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8 ACRONYMS ������������ �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10 1�0 INTRODUCTION �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������13 1 �1 Terms of Reference ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13 1�2 Challenges and Limitations of this Study ������������������������������������������������������������������� 14 1�3 Scope of Field Survey ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14 2 �0 OVERVIEW OF FISHERIES SECTOR �������������������������������������������������������������������� 15 2 �1 Background ���� ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15 2�2 Weak Fisheries Governance in Somalia and Somaliland ��������������������������������������������� 15 2�3 Fisheries Laws and Regulations ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 16 2 �4 Potential of Fisheries Sector ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 16 2�5 Fisheries of Somalia before the Civil War ������������������������������������������������������������������� 17 2 �6 Fisheries of Somalia after the Civil War ������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 3 �0 STAKEHOLDER ROLE IN FISHERIES ������������������������������������������������������������������� 20 3�1 Multilateral Agencies ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������20 3�2 Local and International NGOs ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21 3�3 Role of Government ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21 3 �4 Role of Neighboring Countries ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 22 4 �0 ILLEGAL FISHING AND EFFECTS ON SOMALIA ������������������������������������������������23 4 �1 Impacts of IUU Fishing ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 23 4�2 Lost Value to IUU Fishing ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 23 4�3 Potential Impact of Eliminating IUU Fishing �������������������������������������������������������������������24 4�4 Global Occurrences of IUU Fishing ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 25 4�5 IUU Fishing and Links to Piracy: ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25 4�6 Media Reports on IUU Fishing �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������26 5 �0 SURVEY INVESTIGATING IUU FISHING ��������������������������������������������������������������������27 5 �1 Conceptual Framework ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 27 5�2 Survey Instrument and Sample �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������28 5�3 Village Rapid Assessments �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������28 5 �4 Survey Questionnaire for Individual Fishermen ��������������������������������������������������������29 5 �4 (a) Statistical Method Used �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������30 5�5 Survey Results ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������30 6�0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 60 6�1 The Somali Fishery �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 60 6�2 Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing ������������������������������������������������������������������ 60 6�3 At-Sea Transfers of Catch ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 61 4 6 �4 Illegal Foreign Fishing ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������61 6�5 Somali Regulations on Fishing ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������61 6 �6 Factors that Foster IUU Fishing ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 62 6 �7 Impacts of IUU Fishing, Piracy and Anti-Piracy Campaigns ������������������������������������������� 62 6 �8 Vulnerability of Fishing Communities and Key Development Challenges ��������������������� 62 7 �0 RECOMMENDATIONS ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 63 7 �1 Reporting of Catches/Landings ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 63 7�2 MCS and Enforcement Systems ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 63 7�3 Fisheries Regulatory Regimes and Administration ������������������������������������������������������ 63 7�5 Fisheries Sector Development Needs and Opportunities �������������������������������������������64 REFERENCES
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