DOCSLIB.ORG

Observatoire Friqu De L’ St Aenjeux Politiques & Esécuritaires

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Observatoire Friqu De L’ St Aenjeux Politiques & Esécuritaires Observatoire friqu de l’ st AEnjeux politiques & Esécuritaires Elections in Somaliland 2017 and their aftermath Markus V. Hoehne Institute of Social Anthropology, University of Leipzig Note analyse 5 Avril 2018 L’Observatoire de l’Afrique de l’Est (2017-2010) est un programme de recherche coordonné par le Centre d’Etude et de Documentation Economique, Juridique et Sociale de Khartoum (MAEDI-CNRS USR 3123) et le Centre de Recherches Internatio- nales de Sciences Po Paris. Il se situe dans la continuité de l’Observatoire de la Corne de l’Afrique qu’il remplace et dont il élargit le champ d’étude. L’Observatoire de l’Af- rique de l’Est a vocation à réaliser et à diffuser largement des Notes d’analyse relatives aux questions politiques et sécu- ritaires contemporaines dans la région en leur offrant d’une part une perspec- tive historique et d’autre part des fondements empiriques parfois négligées ou souvent difficilement accessibles. L’Observatoire est soutenu par la Direction Générale des Relations Interna- tionales et de la Stratégie (ministère de la Défense français). Néanmoins, les propos énoncés dans les études et Observatoires commandés et pilotés par la DGRIS ne sauraient engager sa responsabilité, pas plus qu’ils ne reflètent une prise de position officielle du ministère de la Défense. Il s’appuie par ailleurs sur un large réseau de partenaires : l’Institut français des relations internationales, le CFEE d’Addis-Abeba, l’IFRA Nairobi, le CSBA, LAM-Sciences Po Bordeaux, et le CEDEJ du Caire. Les notes de l’Observatoire de l’Afrique de l’Est sont disponibles en ligne sur le site de Sciences Po Paris. Coordination Jean-Nicolas BACH Roland MARCHAL Les notes de l’Observatoire de l’Afrique de l’Est sont disponibles en ligne sur le site de Sciences Po Paris. Table of contents 5. Introduction: Background to Somaliland 9. Formal democratisation process 11. The preparation of the recent elections 14. The contenders and the elections 18. The immediate aftermath of the elections 21. Remaining political problems 26. Conclusion: a brief outlook on the near future of Somaliland Abstract In November 2017, a presidential election was held in Somaliland. This report focuses on the technical and political aspects of the most recent voters-reg- istration and the election. For the first time in Somaliland’s history (and even world-wide), biometric technology in the form of iris scanners was used to diminish multiple voting. The use of this technology was successful, in the eyes of many, despite the fact that problems are remaining. This report also looks at the immediate aftermaths of the election. The result of the election was contested, which led to tensions and some violent confrontations between the supporters of the main opposition party that had lost and the govern- ment forces. Yet, calm returned to Somaliland in late November, two weeks after the elec- tion, and anew government was formed in December. The report concludes by outlin- ing the main political and economic chal- lenges currently existing in Somaliland. Note analyse 5 - Avril 2018 4 Introduction: Background to Somaliland Somaliland unilaterally declared its independence from collapsing Somalia on 18 May 1991. With 137.000 km², its size is similar to that of Greece. There are no reliable demographic data. Although an official record states that about 3.5 million people live in Somaliland today, a more realistic number would be around 2-2.5 million. More than half of the population today is below 30 years old. The average life expec- tancy is, according to Somaliland’s own official sources, around 51 years. The popu- lation is 100 percent Sunni Muslim. Northern Somalia: political divisions Note analyse 5 - Avril 2018 5 Until 26 June 1960, Somaliland was a British Protectorate. After five days of inde- pendence, on 1 July 1960, Somaliland united with the Italian administered territory in the northeast and the south of the Somali Peninsula to form the Somali Republic. The democratic government was overthrown in 1969 by a group of military officers headed by Maxamed Siyaad Barre.1 Between 1977 and 1978 Somalia engaged in the so-called Ogaden war with Ethiopia. After its devastating defeat, General Barre became suspicious of possible contenders. A failed coup-attempt in April 1978 trig- gered the period of guerrilla warfare. A group of Majeerteen officers established the Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF). Shortly afterwards Isaaq officers estab- lished the Somali National Movement (SNM).2 Both groups had their bases in Ethiopia and also received military support from Somalia’s arch enemy. In revenge for their guerrilla attacks, the Somali government cracked down on Majeerteen civilians in the northeast (1979-1981) and on the Isaaq civilians in the northwest (1981-1990) and perpetrated massive human rights violations. The seeds of the clan-based fighting, which should engulf all of Somalia after 1990, were sown back then. A peace-agreement between Ethiopia and Somalia in early 1988 forced the SNM (the SSDF had dissolved in 1985 after internal splits) to enter northern Somalia. The movement captured the two largest towns: Hargeysa and Burco. The government subsequently ordered the national army to bombard these towns, which caused enor- mous civilian casualties and produced hundreds of thousands of refugees. In early 1991, the SNM took over the central regions of the northwest (where mainly Isaaq resided); simultaneously, other guerrillas entered the capital Mogadishu in the south and ousted the military regime. However, the southern guerrillas started fighting among each other after their victory over Barre. Mogadishu descended into mayhem. The declaration of independence of Somaliland was a reaction to the extreme vio- lence people had suffered at the hands of state officials and state supporters in the decade before 1991. It also happened against the backdrop of the escalation of civil war in the south. This means that the independence of Somaliland was ill-prepared; many leading SNM figures were not supporting it. The international community ini- tially ignored it (Boutros Boutros-Ghali, the UN Secretary-General in the early 1990s was focusing on “peace-building” in Somalia; the secession of Somaliland was a disturbance in that regard). From the late 1990s onward, the international com- 1. Somali place and personal names in this text follow the Somali orthography (with the exception of ‘Mogadishu’ [Somali: Moqdisho], which is so well established in English orthography). The Latin ‘c’ stands for a sound close .ha), as in, e.g., Laascaanood or in Faarax) ’ح‘ ayn); ‘x’ denotes) ’ع‘ to the Arabic 2. Somali society is usually depicted as segmentary lineage society. Its hallmark is that individuals through reckon- ing their ancestors in the father’s line (patrilinear) situate themselves and are situated by others as members of clan-families, clans, sub-clans and lineages (in descending order) within the “total Somali genealogy” described initially by the British social anthropologist Ioan M. Lewis (Lewis, I.M. 1957. The Somali Lineage System and the Total Genealogy: A General Introduction to Basic Principles of Somali Political Institutions. Hargeisa: Somaliland Government; Lewis, I.M. 1961. A Pastoral Democracy. A Study of Pastoralism and Politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1957 and 1961). In daily life, other orientations like attachment to a locale, adoption into a descent group, friendship, belonging to religious congregations etc. also have a strong impact on peoples’ identities (Luling, Virginia 2002. Somali Sultanate. The Geledi City-State over 150 Years. London: HAAN, Chapter 5). Still particularly in times of crisis, patrilineal belonging is the most important basis for solidarity among Somalis (Hoehne, Markus V. 2011: Political Orientations and Repertoires of Identification: State and Identity Formation in Northern Somalia. PhD Dissertation Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, p. 46). Note analyse 5 - Avril 2018 6 munity (particularly the European Union and some of its member states) began to deal with the regional differences in Somalia and tacitly accepted the special status of “Somaliland”. The problem, also from the perspective of the African Union (AU), was that officially recognising Somaliland’s secession could lead to conflicts between Somalia and Somaliland and also elsewhere in Africa (the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, Mali). Nevertheless, even in the absence of formal recognition, large sections of the Isaaq clan-family – who roughly constitutes two thirds of the popula- tion of the country – celebrated independence (and hold on to it until today). The first decade of Somaliland was wrought with massive problems: 1 - Half of the population lived in refugee camps in Ethiopia or in camps for Inter- nally Displaced People (IDP) in Somaliland; 2 - the two major towns Hargeysa and Burco lay in ruins; 3 - the population was up in arms and the SNM began to fragment; clans and sub-clans within Isaaq fought each other over the very meagre resources of the country; 4 - with no natural resources, the backbone of the Somaliland economy was live- stock breeding and export to the Arab peninsula; state revenue was extremely small in the early years; many state-officials hardly received any salary; there were (and are) no social services; 5 - clans residing in the west and the east of Somaliland were reluctant about or even opposed to the secession from Somalia. Northern Somalia: distribution
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti
    Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DER GRADES DES DOKTORS DER PHILOSOPHIE DER UNIVERSTÄT HAMBURG VORGELEGT VON YASIN MOHAMMED YASIN from Assab, Ethiopia HAMBURG 2010 ii Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti by Yasin Mohammed Yasin Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR (POLITICAL SCIENCE) in the FACULITY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES at the UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG Supervisors Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff HAMBURG 15 December 2010 iii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my doctoral fathers Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit and Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff for their critical comments and kindly encouragement that made it possible for me to complete this PhD project. Particularly, Prof. Jakobeit’s invaluable assistance whenever I needed and his academic follow-up enabled me to carry out the work successfully. I therefore ask Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit to accept my sincere thanks. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Klaus Mummenhoff and the association, Verein zur Förderung äthiopischer Schüler und Studenten e. V., Osnabruck , for the enthusiastic morale and financial support offered to me in my stay in Hamburg as well as during routine travels between Addis and Hamburg. I also owe much to Dr. Wolbert Smidt for his friendly and academic guidance throughout the research and writing of this dissertation. Special thanks are reserved to the Department of Social Sciences at the University of Hamburg and the German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) that provided me comfortable environment during my research work in Hamburg.
    [Show full text]
  • September 29, 2005 Parliamentary Election Assessment Report
    International Republican Institute Suite 700 1225 Eye St., NW Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 408-9450 (202) 408-9462 FAX www.iri.org International Republican Institute Somaliland September 29, 2005 Parliamentary Election Assessment Report Table of Contents Map of Somaliland……………………………………………………………………..….2 Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………….....3 I. Background Information.............................................................................................…..5 II. Legal and Administrative Framework………………………………..………..……….8 III. Pre-Election Period……………. …...……………………………..…………...........12 IV. Election Day…………...…………………………………………………………….18 V. Post-Election Period and Results.…………………………………………………….27 VI. Findings and Recommendations……………………………………………………..33 VII. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..38 Appendix A: Voting Results in 2005 Presidential Elections…………………………….39 Appendix B: Voting Results in 2003 Presidential Elections…………………………….41 Appendix C: Voting Results in 2002 Local Government Elections……………………..43 Appendix D: Voting Trends……………………………………………………………..44 IRI – Somaliland September 29, 2005 Parliamentary Election Assessment Report 1 Map of Somaliland IRI – Somaliland September 29, 2005 Parliamentary Election Assessment Report 2 Executive Summary Background The International Republican Institute (IRI) has conducted programs in Somaliland since 2002 with the support of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the U.S. Department of State, and the National Endowment for Democracy (NED). IRI’s Somaliland
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Household Responses to Food Insecurity and Famine Conditions in Rural Somaliland
    Understanding Household Responses to Food Insecurity and Famine Conditions in Rural Somaliland By Ismail Ibrahim Ahmed A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London Wye College University of London December 1994 ProQuest Number: 11010333 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010333 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 / ' " V ' .• •‘W^> / a - ; "n ^T.k:, raj V£\ aK ^ 's a ABSTRACT This thesis examines the responses adopted by rural households in Somaliland to changes in their resource endowments and market exchange during the 1988- 1992 food crisis. It tests whether there is a predictable sequence of responses adopted by rural households when faced with food insecurity and famine conditions and examines the implications of this for famine early warning and famine response. The research is based on fieldwork conducted in rural Somaliland in 1992. A sample of 100 households interviewed just before the outbreak of the war in 1987 were re-sampled, allowing comparisons to be made before and after the crisis.
    [Show full text]
  • Briefing Paper
    NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH Working Paper No. 65 Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 - 2000 Guido Ambroso UNHCR Brussels E-mail : [email protected] August 2002 Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees CP 2500, 1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.unhcr.org These working papers provide a means for UNHCR staff, consultants, interns and associates to publish the preliminary results of their research on refugee-related issues. The papers do not represent the official views of UNHCR. They are also available online under ‘publications’ at <www.unhcr.org>. ISSN 1020-7473 Introduction The classical definition of refugee contained in the 1951 Refugee Convention was ill- suited to the majority of African refugees, who started fleeing in large numbers in the 1960s and 1970s. These refugees were by and large not the victims of state persecution, but of civil wars and the collapse of law and order. Hence the 1969 OAU Refugee Convention expanded the definition of “refugee” to include these reasons for flight. Furthermore, the refugee-dissidents of the 1950s fled mainly as individuals or in small family groups and underwent individual refugee status determination: in-depth interviews to determine their eligibility to refugee status according to the criteria set out in the Convention. The mass refugee movements that took place in Africa made this approach impractical. As a result, refugee status was granted on a prima facie basis, that is with only a very summary interview or often simply with registration - in its most basic form just the name of the head of family and the family size.1 In the Somali context the implementation of this approach has proved problematic.
    [Show full text]
  • CLAIMING the EASTERN BORDERLANDS After the 1997
    CHAPTER SEVEN CLAIMING THE EASTERN BORDERLANDS After the 1997 Hargeysa Conference, the Somaliland state apparatus consolidated. It deepened, as the state realm displaced governance arrangements overseen by clan elders. And it broadened, as central government control extended geographically from the capital into urban centres such as Borama in the west and Bur’o in the east. In the areas east of Bur’o government was far less present or efffective, especially where non-Isaaq clans traditionally lived. Erigavo, the capital of Sanaag Region, which was shared by the Habar Yunis, the Habar Ja’lo, the Warsengeli and the Dhulbahante, was fijinally brought under formal government control in 1997, after Egal sent a delegation of nine govern- ment ministers originating from the area to sort out local government with the elders and political actors on the ground. After fijive months of negotiations, the president was able to appoint a Mayor for Erigavo and a Governor for Sanaag.1 But east of Erigavo, in the area inhabited by the Warsengeli, any claim to governance from Hargeysa was just nominal.2 The same was true for most of Sool Region inhabited by the Dhulbahante. Eastern Sanaag and Sool had not been Egal’s priority. The president did not strictly need these regions to be under his military control in order to preserve and consolidate his position politically or in terms of resources. The port of Berbera was vital for the economic survival of the Somaliland government. Erigavo and Las Anod were not. However, because the Somaliland government claimed the borders of the former British protec- torate as the borders of Somaliland, Sanaag and Sool had to be seen as under government control.
    [Show full text]
  • Somali Fisheries
    www.securefisheries.org SECURING SOMALI FISHERIES Sarah M. Glaser Paige M. Roberts Robert H. Mazurek Kaija J. Hurlburt Liza Kane-Hartnett Securing Somali Fisheries | i SECURING SOMALI FISHERIES Sarah M. Glaser Paige M. Roberts Robert H. Mazurek Kaija J. Hurlburt Liza Kane-Hartnett Contributors: Ashley Wilson, Timothy Davies, and Robert Arthur (MRAG, London) Graphics: Timothy Schommer and Andrea Jovanovic Please send comments and questions to: Sarah M. Glaser, PhD Research Associate, Secure Fisheries One Earth Future Foundation +1 720 214 4425 [email protected] Please cite this document as: Glaser SM, Roberts PM, Mazurek RH, Hurlburt KJ, and Kane-Hartnett L (2015) Securing Somali Fisheries. Denver, CO: One Earth Future Foundation. DOI: 10.18289/OEF.2015.001 Secure Fisheries is a program of the One Earth Future Foundation Cover Photo: Shakila Sadik Hashim at Alla Aamin fishing company in Berbera, Jean-Pierre Larroque. ii | Securing Somali Fisheries TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, BOXES ............................................................................................. iii FOUNDER’S LETTER .................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. vi DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................ vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (Somali) ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • From Somalia
    Home > Research > Responses to Information Requests RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS (RIRs) New Search | About RIRs | Help 25 November 2011 SOM103870.E Somalia: Somaliland, including government structure, security, and access for internally displaced persons (IDPs) from Somalia Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa Somaliland, located in the northwest of Somalia, is a self-declared independent republic (The Europa World Year Book 2011; Human Rights Watch 2011). It officially seceded from Somalia in 1991, but has not been recognized by the international community (MRG 2010, 17; The Guardian 26 Aug. 2011). Government and Administration Somaliland has a directly elected president and a bicameral legislature (US 8 Apr. 2011 Sec. 3; Human Rights Watch July 2009, 16-17) comprised of a house of representatives and a house of elders (ibid.; ACCORD Dec. 2009, 5). Its 2010 presidential elections were deemed to be generally free and fair by international observers (Human Rights Watch 2011; US 8 Apr. 2011, Sec. 3). The United States (US) Department of State notes that while the 2002 Somaliland constitution is based on democratic principles, the region also uses laws enacted prior to 1991, and does not recognize Somalia's Transitional Federal Charter (ibid., Sec.1.e). Somaliland's administrative institutions are considered to be generally functional (ibid., Sec. 3; ACCORD Dec. 2009, 5; The Guardian 26 Aug. 2011). However, sources also note that the government's limited revenue, due in part to its ineligibility for international development assistance as an unrecognized sovereign state, limits its ability to provide basic public services (ibid.; Human Rights Watch July 2009, 12; Freedom House 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • SOMALIË Veiligheidssituatie in Somaliland En Puntland
    COMMISSARIAAT-GENERAAL VOOR DE VLUCHTELINGEN EN DE STAATLOZEN COI Focus SOMALIË Veiligheidssituatie in Somaliland en Puntland 30 juni 2020 (update) Cedoca Oorspronkelijke taal: Nederlands DISCLAIMER: Dit COI-product is geschreven door de documentatie- en researchdienst This COI-product has been written by Cedoca, the Documentation and Cedoca van het CGVS en geeft informatie voor de behandeling van Research Department of the CGRS, and it provides information for the individuele verzoeken om internationale bescherming. Het document bevat processing of individual applications for international protection. The geen beleidsrichtlijnen of opinies en oordeelt niet over de waarde van het document does not contain policy guidelines or opinions and does not pass verzoek om internationale bescherming. Het volgt de richtlijnen van de judgment on the merits of the application for international protection. It follows Europese Unie voor de behandeling van informatie over herkomstlanden van the Common EU Guidelines for processing country of origin information (April april 2008 en is opgesteld conform de van kracht zijnde wettelijke bepalingen. 2008) and is written in accordance with the statutory legal provisions. De auteur heeft de tekst gebaseerd op een zo ruim mogelijk aanbod aan The author has based the text on a wide range of public information selected zorgvuldig geselecteerde publieke informatie en heeft de bronnen aan elkaar with care and with a permanent concern for crosschecking sources. Even getoetst. Het document probeert alle relevante aspecten van het onderwerp though the document tries to cover all the relevant aspects of the subject, the te behandelen, maar is niet noodzakelijk exhaustief. Als bepaalde text is not necessarily exhaustive.
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking the Somali State
    Rethinking the Somali State MPP Professional Paper In Partial Fulfillment of the Master of Public Policy Degree Requirements The Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs The University of Minnesota Aman H.D. Obsiye May 2017 Signature below of Paper Supervisor certifies successful completion of oral presentation and completion of final written version: _________________________________ ____________________ ___________________ Dr. Mary Curtin, Diplomat in Residence Date, oral presentation Date, paper completion Paper Supervisor ________________________________________ ___________________ Steven Andreasen, Lecturer Date Second Committee Member Signature of Second Committee Member, certifying successful completion of professional paper Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 3 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 5 The Somali Clan System .......................................................................................................... 6 The Colonial Era ..................................................................................................................... 9 British Somaliland Protectorate ................................................................................................. 9 Somalia Italiana and the United Nations Trusteeship .............................................................. 14 Colonial
    [Show full text]
  • Humanitarian Bulletin
    Humanitarian Bulletin January 2016 | Issued on 26 January 2016 In this issue Drought in Puntland, Somaliland P.1 AWD in Baidoa, Kismayo P.2 HIGHLIGHTS 2016 HRP launched P.3 Drought affects thousands in Access constraints in 2015 P.4 Puntland and Somaliland Partners respond to AWD/cholera in Baidoa and IDP settlements are most affected by AWD Kismayo Photo Credit: OCHA/Rita Maingi Access and bureaucratic impediments persisted in Drought in Puntland, Somaliland 2015. Acute water and pasture shortage affect thousands of people and livestock FIGURES Nearly 380,000 people face acute water and pasture shortage in drought-affected parts of Bari, Nugaal, Sanaag and Sool in Puntland as well as in Awdal, Togdheer and Waqooyi # of people in Galbeed regions of Somaliland. In Puntland, erratic rainfall for two successive seasons humanitarian 7 1m including the Deyr 2015 rains have exacerbated the humanitarian situation. emergency and crisis Dangorayo and Garowe and parts of Badhan, Dhahar, Eyl, Qardho, eastern # of people 3.9m Taleex/Xudun, and districts of Bari, Nugaal and Sanaag and Sool regions are among the in food security most affected. stress An estimated 220,000 people are # of acutely 308,000 affected by drought in Puntland, malnourished according to the Humanitarian children under age 5 Affairs and Disaster Management Source: www.fsnau.org Agency (HADMA) and (July-December 2015 projection) humanitarian partners. Authorities # of internally 1.1m in Puntland issued an appeal on displaced people 21 January 2016 to assist the # of Somali drought-affected people in the refugees in the 1.2m region. An estimated 65 per cent Horn of Africa of Puntland face drought and Yemen conditions, according to an inter- Source: UNHCR agency assesment conducted jointly with local authorities and Humanitarian A p p ea l FAO - Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit (FSNAU).
    [Show full text]
  • Clanship, Conflict and Refugees: an Introduction to Somalis in the Horn of Africa
    CLANSHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA Guido Ambroso TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I: THE CLAN SYSTEM p. 2 The People, Language and Religion p. 2 The Economic and Socials Systems p. 3 The Dir p. 5 The Darod p. 8 The Hawiye p. 10 Non-Pastoral Clans p. 11 PART II: A HISTORICAL SUMMARY FROM COLONIALISM TO DISINTEGRATION p. 14 The Colonial Scramble for the Horn of Africa and the Darwish Reaction (1880-1935) p. 14 The Boundaries Question p. 16 From the Italian East Africa Empire to Independence (1936-60) p. 18 Democracy and Dictatorship (1960-77) p. 20 The Ogaden War and the Decline of Siyad Barre’s Regime (1977-87) p. 22 Civil War and the Disintegration of Somalia (1988-91) p. 24 From Hope to Despair (1992-99) p. 27 Conflict and Progress in Somaliland (1991-99) p. 31 Eastern Ethiopia from Menelik’s Conquest to Ethnic Federalism (1887-1995) p. 35 The Impact of the Arta Conference and of September the 11th p. 37 PART III: REFUGEES AND RETURNEES IN EASTERN ETHIOPIA AND SOMALILAND p. 42 Refugee Influxes and Camps p. 41 Patterns of Repatriation (1991-99) p. 46 Patterns of Reintegration in the Waqoyi Galbeed and Awdal Regions of Somaliland p. 52 Bibliography p. 62 ANNEXES: CLAN GENEALOGICAL CHARTS Samaal (General/Overview) A. 1 Dir A. 2 Issa A. 2.1 Gadabursi A. 2.2 Isaq A. 2.3 Habar Awal / Isaq A.2.3.1 Garhajis / Isaq A. 2.3.2 Darod (General/ Simplified) A. 3 Ogaden and Marrahan Darod A.
    [Show full text]
  • Between Somaliland and Puntland Marginalization, Militarization and Conflicting Political Visions
    rift valley institute | Contested Borderlands Between Somaliland and Puntland Marginalization, militarization and conflicting political visions MARKUS VIRGIL HOEHNE rift VALLEY institute | Contested Borderlands Between Somaliland and Puntland Marginalization, militarization and conflicting political visions MarKus virGil HoeHne Published in 2015 by the Rift Valley Institute 26 St Luke’s Mews, London W11 1DF, United Kingdom PO Box 52771 GPO, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya tHe rift VALLEY institute (RVI) The Rift Valley Institute (www.riftvalley.net) works in Eastern and Central Africa to bring local knowledge to bear on social, political and economic development. tHe autHor Markus Virgil Hoehne is a lecturer in social anthropology at the University of Leipzig. This work is based on research he carried out during his time at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology in Halle/Saale, Germany. Between soMaliland and puntland The Rift Valley Institute takes no position on the status of Somaliland or Puntland. Views expressed in Between Somaliland and Puntland are those of the author. Boundaries shown on maps in this book are endorsed neither by the Rift Valley Institute, nor by the author. RVI exeCutive direCtor: John Ryle RVI Horn of afriCa and east afriCa reGional direCtor: Mark Bradbury RVI inforMation and proGraMMes adMINISTRATOR: Tymon Kiepe editorial ManaGeMent: Catherine Bond editors: Peter Fry and Fergus Nicoll report desiGn: Lindsay Nash Maps: Jillian Luff, MAPgrafix isBn 978-1-907431-13-5 Cover: Amina Abdulkadir The painting depicts the complexities of political belonging since the collapse of the Somali state in 1991. The yellow lines indicate the frontiers claimed by Somaliland and Puntland. The colour closest to gold portrays the contest for resources.
    [Show full text]