DOCSLIB.ORG

Understanding Household Responses to Food Insecurity and Famine Conditions in Rural Somaliland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Understanding Household Responses to Food Insecurity and Famine Conditions in Rural Somaliland Understanding Household Responses to Food Insecurity and Famine Conditions in Rural Somaliland By Ismail Ibrahim Ahmed A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London Wye College University of London December 1994 ProQuest Number: 11010333 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010333 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 / ' " V ' .• •‘W^> / a - ; "n ^T.k:, raj V£\ aK ^ 's a ABSTRACT This thesis examines the responses adopted by rural households in Somaliland to changes in their resource endowments and market exchange during the 1988- 1992 food crisis. It tests whether there is a predictable sequence of responses adopted by rural households when faced with food insecurity and famine conditions and examines the implications of this for famine early warning and famine response. The research is based on fieldwork conducted in rural Somaliland in 1992. A sample of 100 households interviewed just before the outbreak of the war in 1987 were re-sampled, allowing comparisons to be made before and after the crisis. These households experienced food insecurity and famine conditions caused by the 1988 war which displaced almost the entire population and disrupted markets, trade and food production. The thesis reviews droughts and famines from the late 19th century to the present and investigates their causes and impacts on rural households. It also examines both the adaptive and coping strategies developed by the households in response to these crises. These strategies have largely been successful in mitigating the effects of droughts and famines and preventing widespread starvation in most food crises. It is argued that droughts and famines in post­ colonial periods were characterised by a lack of public intervention and a failure of policies which contributed to the long-term vulnerability of the households. The hypothesis that there is a predictable pattern of responses adopted by rural households is rejected on the basis of empirical evidence presented in this thesis. The implication of this is that monitoring response sequences cannot generally be used to provide indicators of the level of stress faced by households in crisis situations as they can produce misleading information. It is argued that greater understanding of market conditions and household resource allocation is required if household responses are to be used for famine early warning and famine intervention. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Many people have helped me during the preparation of this thesis. I am grateful to all of them for their assistance. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Mr Laurence Smith, who patiently read through countless drafts of the thesis and made many constructive criticisms and valuable suggestions. I am also grateful to Professor Ian Carruthers for his advice, support and assistance throughout my postgraduate studies at Wye College. My thanks are also due to Mr Kelvin G. Balcombe and Professor Paul Webster who helped with the analysis. I wish to express my sincere thanks to my sponsors the Hugh Pilkington Charitable Trust, the Arab-British Chamber Charitable Foundation and the Africa Educational Trust. This thesis would not have been possible without their generous financial assistance. I would also like to acknowledge with thanks the grant I received from the Newby Trust. During my field work I received assistance from various individuals and organisations. In particular, I am indebted to Abdi Muse, Abdirisak Sh Muhumed and Ahmed Ismail who helped me to cany out the survey work in Gabiley at a particularly difficult period. In Hargeisa, I am grateful to Abdillahi Aw Ali and Adam Hassan for helping me with the interviews. I benefited greatly from my discussions with the great Somali poet, Mohamed Hashi Dhamac (Gaarriye), who provided me useful information. I would also like to thank Ahmed Yonis of IGADD in Djibouti and officials of the Early Warning System, RRC, in Addis Ababa. Finally, I am indebted to my friends of the Somaliland expatriate community in London. In particular, I am grateful to my close friend, Ahmed-Nassir Hersi, who read some of the chapters. His comments were especially valuable. I would also like to thank the staff of the Somali Relief Association (SOMRA) UK. v CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................. iv CHAPTER 1. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM ............................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................. 2 1.3 Objectives ......................................................................................... 6 1.4 Hypotheses ....................................................................................... 7 1.5 Organisation of the Thesis .............................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ..................................... 12 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 12 2.2 Theories of F am in e ........................................................................ 12 2.3 Famine Early W arning ................................................................... 21 2.4 Household Responses to F am ine .................................................. 30 2.5 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................................... 38 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 38 3.2 Data Collection ............................................................................... 38 3.2.1 Study A re a........................................................................ 39 3.2.2 Sampling Procedure ....................................................... 41 3.2.3 Questionnaire Design .................................................... 44 3.2.4 Interviews with key inform ants ..................................... 45 3.2.5 Secondary Data .............................................................. 46 vi 3.3 Analytical M ethods ................................................................ 46 3.4 Conclusion . ............................................................................. 50 CHAPTER 4. DROUGHTS AND FAMINES, 1888-1987 ......................... 52 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 52 4.2 The Great Famine, 1888-92 .......................................................... 52 4.2.1 C auses................................................................................ 53 4.2.2 Impact and Household Responses ................................... 55 4.3 Droughts and Famines, 1900-1959 ............................................. 60 4.3.1 C auses................................................................................ 63 4.3.2 Im pact ................................................................................ 69 4.3.2 Household Responses ................................................... 80 4.4 Droughts and Famines, 1960-87 .................................................. 86 4.4.1. Causes ............................................................................. 88 4.4.2 Impact and Household Responses ................................... 90 4.5 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER 5. RURAL ECONOMY BEFORE THE WAR ....................... 96 5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 96 5.2 Agriculture in G abiley ................................................................... 96 5.2.1 Agricultural Development in the District .................... 99 5.2.2 Crop Production ............................................................... 104 5.2.3 Livestock Production ....................................................... 109 5.3 Qat in the Rural E conom y ............................................................ 113 5.4 Food and Livestock Markets ....................................................... 116 5.4.1 Food Markets .................................................................. 116 5.4.2. Livestock Markets .......................................................... 120 vii 4.4 Social Networks and the Moral Economy ................................. 124 4.5 Conclusions . ............................................................................. 128 CHAPTER 6. THE EFFECTS OF THE WAR AND THE SUBSEQUENT CRISIS ................................................................................................................ 130 6.1 Introduction
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Briefing Paper
    NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH Working Paper No. 65 Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 - 2000 Guido Ambroso UNHCR Brussels E-mail : [email protected] August 2002 Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees CP 2500, 1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.unhcr.org These working papers provide a means for UNHCR staff, consultants, interns and associates to publish the preliminary results of their research on refugee-related issues. The papers do not represent the official views of UNHCR. They are also available online under ‘publications’ at <www.unhcr.org>. ISSN 1020-7473 Introduction The classical definition of refugee contained in the 1951 Refugee Convention was ill- suited to the majority of African refugees, who started fleeing in large numbers in the 1960s and 1970s. These refugees were by and large not the victims of state persecution, but of civil wars and the collapse of law and order. Hence the 1969 OAU Refugee Convention expanded the definition of “refugee” to include these reasons for flight. Furthermore, the refugee-dissidents of the 1950s fled mainly as individuals or in small family groups and underwent individual refugee status determination: in-depth interviews to determine their eligibility to refugee status according to the criteria set out in the Convention. The mass refugee movements that took place in Africa made this approach impractical. As a result, refugee status was granted on a prima facie basis, that is with only a very summary interview or often simply with registration - in its most basic form just the name of the head of family and the family size.1 In the Somali context the implementation of this approach has proved problematic.
    [Show full text]
  • Somali Fisheries
    www.securefisheries.org SECURING SOMALI FISHERIES Sarah M. Glaser Paige M. Roberts Robert H. Mazurek Kaija J. Hurlburt Liza Kane-Hartnett Securing Somali Fisheries | i SECURING SOMALI FISHERIES Sarah M. Glaser Paige M. Roberts Robert H. Mazurek Kaija J. Hurlburt Liza Kane-Hartnett Contributors: Ashley Wilson, Timothy Davies, and Robert Arthur (MRAG, London) Graphics: Timothy Schommer and Andrea Jovanovic Please send comments and questions to: Sarah M. Glaser, PhD Research Associate, Secure Fisheries One Earth Future Foundation +1 720 214 4425 [email protected] Please cite this document as: Glaser SM, Roberts PM, Mazurek RH, Hurlburt KJ, and Kane-Hartnett L (2015) Securing Somali Fisheries. Denver, CO: One Earth Future Foundation. DOI: 10.18289/OEF.2015.001 Secure Fisheries is a program of the One Earth Future Foundation Cover Photo: Shakila Sadik Hashim at Alla Aamin fishing company in Berbera, Jean-Pierre Larroque. ii | Securing Somali Fisheries TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, BOXES ............................................................................................. iii FOUNDER’S LETTER .................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. vi DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................ vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (Somali) ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • SOMALIË Veiligheidssituatie in Somaliland En Puntland
    COMMISSARIAAT-GENERAAL VOOR DE VLUCHTELINGEN EN DE STAATLOZEN COI Focus SOMALIË Veiligheidssituatie in Somaliland en Puntland 30 juni 2020 (update) Cedoca Oorspronkelijke taal: Nederlands DISCLAIMER: Dit COI-product is geschreven door de documentatie- en researchdienst This COI-product has been written by Cedoca, the Documentation and Cedoca van het CGVS en geeft informatie voor de behandeling van Research Department of the CGRS, and it provides information for the individuele verzoeken om internationale bescherming. Het document bevat processing of individual applications for international protection. The geen beleidsrichtlijnen of opinies en oordeelt niet over de waarde van het document does not contain policy guidelines or opinions and does not pass verzoek om internationale bescherming. Het volgt de richtlijnen van de judgment on the merits of the application for international protection. It follows Europese Unie voor de behandeling van informatie over herkomstlanden van the Common EU Guidelines for processing country of origin information (April april 2008 en is opgesteld conform de van kracht zijnde wettelijke bepalingen. 2008) and is written in accordance with the statutory legal provisions. De auteur heeft de tekst gebaseerd op een zo ruim mogelijk aanbod aan The author has based the text on a wide range of public information selected zorgvuldig geselecteerde publieke informatie en heeft de bronnen aan elkaar with care and with a permanent concern for crosschecking sources. Even getoetst. Het document probeert alle relevante aspecten van het onderwerp though the document tries to cover all the relevant aspects of the subject, the te behandelen, maar is niet noodzakelijk exhaustief. Als bepaalde text is not necessarily exhaustive.
    [Show full text]
  • Humanitarian Bulletin
    Humanitarian Bulletin January 2016 | Issued on 26 January 2016 In this issue Drought in Puntland, Somaliland P.1 AWD in Baidoa, Kismayo P.2 HIGHLIGHTS 2016 HRP launched P.3 Drought affects thousands in Access constraints in 2015 P.4 Puntland and Somaliland Partners respond to AWD/cholera in Baidoa and IDP settlements are most affected by AWD Kismayo Photo Credit: OCHA/Rita Maingi Access and bureaucratic impediments persisted in Drought in Puntland, Somaliland 2015. Acute water and pasture shortage affect thousands of people and livestock FIGURES Nearly 380,000 people face acute water and pasture shortage in drought-affected parts of Bari, Nugaal, Sanaag and Sool in Puntland as well as in Awdal, Togdheer and Waqooyi # of people in Galbeed regions of Somaliland. In Puntland, erratic rainfall for two successive seasons humanitarian 7 1m including the Deyr 2015 rains have exacerbated the humanitarian situation. emergency and crisis Dangorayo and Garowe and parts of Badhan, Dhahar, Eyl, Qardho, eastern # of people 3.9m Taleex/Xudun, and districts of Bari, Nugaal and Sanaag and Sool regions are among the in food security most affected. stress An estimated 220,000 people are # of acutely 308,000 affected by drought in Puntland, malnourished according to the Humanitarian children under age 5 Affairs and Disaster Management Source: www.fsnau.org Agency (HADMA) and (July-December 2015 projection) humanitarian partners. Authorities # of internally 1.1m in Puntland issued an appeal on displaced people 21 January 2016 to assist the # of Somali drought-affected people in the refugees in the 1.2m region. An estimated 65 per cent Horn of Africa of Puntland face drought and Yemen conditions, according to an inter- Source: UNHCR agency assesment conducted jointly with local authorities and Humanitarian A p p ea l FAO - Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit (FSNAU).
    [Show full text]
  • Clanship, Conflict and Refugees: an Introduction to Somalis in the Horn of Africa
    CLANSHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA Guido Ambroso TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I: THE CLAN SYSTEM p. 2 The People, Language and Religion p. 2 The Economic and Socials Systems p. 3 The Dir p. 5 The Darod p. 8 The Hawiye p. 10 Non-Pastoral Clans p. 11 PART II: A HISTORICAL SUMMARY FROM COLONIALISM TO DISINTEGRATION p. 14 The Colonial Scramble for the Horn of Africa and the Darwish Reaction (1880-1935) p. 14 The Boundaries Question p. 16 From the Italian East Africa Empire to Independence (1936-60) p. 18 Democracy and Dictatorship (1960-77) p. 20 The Ogaden War and the Decline of Siyad Barre’s Regime (1977-87) p. 22 Civil War and the Disintegration of Somalia (1988-91) p. 24 From Hope to Despair (1992-99) p. 27 Conflict and Progress in Somaliland (1991-99) p. 31 Eastern Ethiopia from Menelik’s Conquest to Ethnic Federalism (1887-1995) p. 35 The Impact of the Arta Conference and of September the 11th p. 37 PART III: REFUGEES AND RETURNEES IN EASTERN ETHIOPIA AND SOMALILAND p. 42 Refugee Influxes and Camps p. 41 Patterns of Repatriation (1991-99) p. 46 Patterns of Reintegration in the Waqoyi Galbeed and Awdal Regions of Somaliland p. 52 Bibliography p. 62 ANNEXES: CLAN GENEALOGICAL CHARTS Samaal (General/Overview) A. 1 Dir A. 2 Issa A. 2.1 Gadabursi A. 2.2 Isaq A. 2.3 Habar Awal / Isaq A.2.3.1 Garhajis / Isaq A. 2.3.2 Darod (General/ Simplified) A. 3 Ogaden and Marrahan Darod A.
    [Show full text]
  • Following Mobile Money in Somaliland Gianluca Iazzolino Rift Valley Institute Research Paper 4
    rift valley institute research paper 4 Following Mobile Money in Somaliland gianluca iazzolino rift valley institute research paper 4 Following Mobile Money in Somaliland gianluca iazzolino Published in 2015 by the Rift Valley Institute (RVI) 26 St Luke’s Mews, London W11 1Df, United Kingdom. PO Box 52771, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya. the rift VALLEY institute (RVI) The Rift Valley Institute (www.riftvalley.net) works in Eastern and Central Africa to bring local knowledge to bear on social, political and economic development. the rift VALLEY foruM The RVI Rift Valley Forum is a venue for critical discussion of political, economic and social issues in the Horn of Africa, Eastern and Central Africa, Sudan and South Sudan. the author Gianluca Iazzolino is a PhD candidate at the Centre of African Studies (CAS) at the University of Edinburgh and a fellow of the Institute of Money, Technology and Financial Inclusion (IMTFI) at the University of California Irvine. His research focuses on Kenya, Uganda and Somaliland, focusing on ICT, financial inclusion and migration. RVI executive Director: John Ryle RVI horn of africa & east africa regional Director: Mark Bradbury RVI inforMation & prograMMe aDMinistrator: Tymon Kiepe rvi senior associate: Adan Abokor eDitor: Catherine Bond Design: Lindsay Nash Maps: Jillian Luff, MAPgrafix isBn 978-1-907431-37-1 cover: Money vendors sit behind stacked piles of Somaliland shillings in downtown Hargeysa, buying cash in exchange for foreign currency and ‘Zaad money’. rights Copyright © The Rift Valley Institute 2015 Cover image © Kate Stanworth 2015 Text and maps published under Creative Commons license Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 Available for free download at www.riftvalley.net Printed copies available from Amazon and other online retailers, and selected bookstores.
    [Show full text]
  • MDRSS007 Drought
    Final Report Somalia: Drought DREF Operation: Operation n° MDRSO007 Date of Issue: 28 January 2020 Glide number: Operation start date: 12 March 2019 Operation end date: 11 August 2019 Host National Society: Somali Red Crescent Society Operation budget: CHF 307,466 (SRCS) Number of people affected: 1.5 million people Number of people assisted: 5,100 people (850 Households) Red Cross Red Crescent Movement partners currently actively involved in the operation: Seven partners including Norwegian Red Cross, German Red Cross, Canadian Red Cross, British Red Cross, Swedish Red Cross, Finnish Red Cross and Icelandic Red Cross. Other Partner Organizations actively involved in the operation: 27 agencies including NADFOR (Somaliland), UNOCHA, UNHCR, UNDP, WHO, UNICEF, WFP, FAO, CARE International, SCI, DRC, ADESO, TASS, ARC, NRC, Concern Worldwide, Islamic Relief, ADRA, ECHO, MSF, Oxfam, Candlelight, Havoyoco, Takulo, ADO, and GIZ. A. SITUATION ANALYSIS Description of the Disaster. A DREF request was made based on the rapid deterioration in rangeland resources as well as access to water and food security across Somaliland. A consensus forecast released at the end of August 2018 by the Greater Horn of Africa Climate Outlook Forum (GHACOF50), indicated a greater likelihood of normal-to-above normal Deyr (October- December 2018) rainfall, did not materialize. Indeed, the Deyr rains started late and were significantly below average across most of the country, with large parts of Central Somalia and some parts of Northern Somalia receiving 25-to- 50 percent of average rainfall according to IPC. Driven by the impacts of below-average Deyr seasonal (October to December 2018) rainfall, large-scale destitution, displacement from the 2016/2017 drought and protracted conflict, the number of people in the Crisis and Emergency levels of food insecurity was projected to reach 2.2 million by July 2019, if assistance is not significantly scaled up.
    [Show full text]
  • Puntland and Somaliland: the Land Legal Framework
    Shelter Branch Land and Tenure Section Florian Bruyas Somaliland Puntland State of Somalia The Land Legal Framework Situation Analysis United Nations Human Settlement Programme November 2006 Map of Somalia 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements Scope and methodology of the study Chapter 1: Introduction Somalia, Somaliland and Puntland 1.1 Background 1.2 Recent history of Somalia 1.3 Clans 1.4 Somaliland 1.5 Puntland 1.6 Land through History 1.6.1 Under colonial rules 1.6.2 After independence Chapter 2: Identification of needs and problems related to land 2.1 Land conflict 2.2 IDPs and refugees 2.2.1 Land tenure option for IDPs 2.3 Limited capacity 2.3.1 Human resources 2.3.2 Capital city syndrome Chapter 3: The current framework for land administration 3.1 Existing land administration 3.1.1 In Somaliland 3.1.2 In Puntland 3.2 Existing judicial system 3.2.1 In Somaliland 3.2.2 In Puntland 3.3 Land and Tenure 3.2.1 Access to land in both regions 3 Chapter 4: A new legal framework for land administration 4.1 In Somaliland 4.1.1 Laws 4.1.2 Organizations 4.2 In Puntland 4.2.1 Law 4.2.2 Organizations 4.3 Land conflict resolution Chapter 5: Analysis of the registration system in both regions 5.2 Degree of security 5.3 Degree of sophistication 5.4 Cost of registering transactions 5.5 Time required for registering transactions 5.6 Access to the system Chapter 6: Minimum requirements for implementing land administration in other parts of the country Chapter 7: Gender perspective Chapter 8: Land and HIV/AIDS References Annexes --------------------------------------- 4 Acknowledgement I appreciate the assistance of Sandrine Iochem and Tom Osanjo who edited the final draft.
    [Show full text]
  • Coverage Survey Report of World Vision Nutrition Programs in Lughaya and Gabiley Districts in Somaliland
    COVERAGE SURVEY REPORT OF WORLD VISION NUTRITION PROGRAMS IN LUGHAYA AND GABILEY DISTRICTS IN SOMALILAND October – December 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ii Acronyms iii Executive summary vi 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Lughaya and Gabiley nutrition programs 2 2.0 Specific objectives of the survey 3 3.0 Investigation process 3 4.0 Findings 5 4.1 Stage 1: Routine program and qualitative data analysis 5 4.2 Stage 2: Hypothesis testing 14 4.3 Stage 3: Estimation of overall coverage 16 4.4 Discussion 27 4.5 Recommendations 35 Annexes 37 List of figures Figure 1: OTP admissions per site 5 Figure 2: OTP week of defaulting 5 Figure 3: OTP defaulters per site 6 Figure 4: OTP MUAC at defaulting 6 Figure 5: Program monitoring indicators – OTP 7 Figure 6: TSFP program admissions 7 Figure 7: TSFP MUAC at admission 8 Figure 8: Program monitoring indicators – TSFP 9 Figure 9: Program response to context 10 Figure 10: Lughaya MCHN program admissions 11 Figure 11: Gabiley MCHN admissions 11 Figure 12: Lughaya No. of deliveries per site 12 Figure 13: Gabiley No of deliveries per MCH 12 Figure 14: Reasons for coverage failure – small area surveys (TSFP) 21 Figure 15: Histogram of beliefs – OTP 18 Figure 16: Histogram of beliefs – TSFP 18 Figure 17: Prior estimate BayesSQUEAC OTP 19 Figure 18: Prior estimate BayesSQUEAC – TSFP 19 Figure 19: Reasons for coverage failure - TSFP 21 Figure 20: Point coverage BayesSQUEAC – OTP 22 Figure 21: Single coverage BayesSQUEAC – OTP 22 Figure 22: Point coverage BayesSQUEAC – TSFP 23 Figure 23: Single coverage BayesSQUEAC – TSFP 23 Figure 24: Reasons for PLW coverage failure (Lughaya) 24 Figure 25: Reasons for PLW coverage failure (Gabiley) 24 Figure 26: Reasons for 6-23months coverage failure (Lughaya) 25 Figure 27: Reasons for 6-23months coverage failure (Gabiley) 25 Figure 28: Health seeking for ANC (Lughaya) 26 Figure 29: Health seeking for ANC (Gabiley) 26 Coverage survey report of the WV Lughaya and Gabiley nutrition programs, October – December 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Observatoire Friqu De L’ St Aenjeux Politiques & Esécuritaires
    Observatoire friqu de l’ st AEnjeux politiques & Esécuritaires Elections in Somaliland 2017 and their aftermath Markus V. Hoehne Institute of Social Anthropology, University of Leipzig Note analyse 5 Avril 2018 L’Observatoire de l’Afrique de l’Est (2017-2010) est un programme de recherche coordonné par le Centre d’Etude et de Documentation Economique, Juridique et Sociale de Khartoum (MAEDI-CNRS USR 3123) et le Centre de Recherches Internatio- nales de Sciences Po Paris. Il se situe dans la continuité de l’Observatoire de la Corne de l’Afrique qu’il remplace et dont il élargit le champ d’étude. L’Observatoire de l’Af- rique de l’Est a vocation à réaliser et à diffuser largement des Notes d’analyse relatives aux questions politiques et sécu- ritaires contemporaines dans la région en leur offrant d’une part une perspec- tive historique et d’autre part des fondements empiriques parfois négligées ou souvent difficilement accessibles. L’Observatoire est soutenu par la Direction Générale des Relations Interna- tionales et de la Stratégie (ministère de la Défense français). Néanmoins, les propos énoncés dans les études et Observatoires commandés et pilotés par la DGRIS ne sauraient engager sa responsabilité, pas plus qu’ils ne reflètent une prise de position officielle du ministère de la Défense. Il s’appuie par ailleurs sur un large réseau de partenaires : l’Institut français des relations internationales, le CFEE d’Addis-Abeba, l’IFRA Nairobi, le CSBA, LAM-Sciences Po Bordeaux, et le CEDEJ du Caire. Les notes de l’Observatoire de l’Afrique de l’Est sont disponibles en ligne sur le site de Sciences Po Paris.
    [Show full text]
  • Diaspora Et Terrorisme
    Marc-An toi ne Pérous de M ntclos r Diaspora et terrorisme PRE SS ES DE SC IENC ES PO Diaspora et terrorisme Du même auteur Le Nigeria, Paris, Karthala, coll. « Méridiens », 1994, 323 p. Violence et sécurité urbaines en Afrique du Sud et au Nigeria, un essai de privatisation: Durban,johannesburg, Kano, Lagoset Port-Harcourt, Paris, L'Harmattan, coll. « Logiques politiques », 1997, 2 vol., 303 p. et 479 p. L'aide humanitaire, aide à la guerre?, Bruxelles, Complexe, 2001, 208 p. Villes et violences en Afrique subsabarienne, Paris, Karthala-IRD, 2002, 311 p. Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos Diaspora et terrorisme PRESSES DE SCIENCES PO Caralogage Électre-Bibliographie (avec le concours des Services de documentation de la FNSP) Pérouse de Monrclos, Marc-Antoine Diaspora er terrorisme. - Paris: Pressesde SciencesPo, 2003. - (Collection académique) ISBN 2-7246-0897-6 RAMEAU: réfugiés somaliens envois de fonds: Somalie Somalie: politique er gouvernement: 1960-... DEWEY: 325 : Migrations internationales et colonisation 320.7 : Sciencepolitique (politique er gouvernemenr). Conjoncture et condirions politiques 670 : Somalie Public concerné: Public motivé La loi de 1957 sur la propriété intellectuelle interdit expressément la photocopie à usage collectif sans autorisation des ayants droit (seule la phorocopie à usage privé du copiste est aurorisée). Nous rappelons donc que toute reproduction, partielle ou totale, du présent ouvrage esr interdite sans autorisarion de I'édireur ou du Centre français d'exploirarion du droit de copie (CFC, 3, rue Hautefeuille, 75006 Paris). Cauoertur«: Emmanuel Le Ngoc © 2003. PRESSESDE LA FONDATION NATIONALE DES SCIENCES POLITIQUES Table des matières AVANT-PROPOS Il INTRODUCTION 13 CHAPITRE 1. Somalie année zéro: les raisons d'une destruc- tion 21 La théorie du complot 22 L'explication par la tradition plutôt que par l'histoire 27 La dictature au centre des accusations 39 Sur les décombres de l'État 42 CHAPITRE 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Somaliland Assistance Bulletin July—September 2006
    Somaliland Assistance Bulletin July—September 2006 HUMANITARIAN SITUATION situation for both retrospective crude mortality rate (CMR) of 0.54 and under five mortality rate of 1.45 2006 Gu rains provided slight recovery options deaths/10,000/day respectively were reported including improvement in calving and kidding for although the same figures have shown improvement mainly camels and shoats leading to 5% increase of from 2004 situations due to general livelihood livestock holding and increased availability of milk improvements associated with the 2005 Gu season. (particularly areas with good rains), and improved Malnutrition was found significantly associated livestock prices due to good body condition of (35.6%) with communicable childhood illnesses such livestock, however; 70,000 people (25,000, 25,000 as ARI, diarrhea, febrile illness and measles and 20,000 persons for Sool, Sanaag and Togdheer (Source: FSAU September 2006 Nutrition Update). regions respectively) face Acute Livelihood Crisis due to below normal rains in those areas. Integrated livelihood support, increased access to Cumulative livestock deaths of the previous drought food and other complementary sectoral interventions years, continuing livestock ban, and increased prices (e.g. health, water and sanitation) and other asset of food items due significant increase of fuel prices rebuilding interventions such as restocking are are among many factors that contributed to this among the recommended interventions for these livelihood status. Due to poor availability of water communities. Targeted emergency support like food and pasture, the livelihood of the pastoralists of provision and nutrition-related interventions for Hawd livelihood zone (South of Hargeisa and destitute households may also address and alleviate Togdheer Regions) is highly stressed and in alert suffering associated with the current destitution in situation, which need close monitoring.
    [Show full text]