Diaspora Et Terrorisme

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Diaspora Et Terrorisme Marc-An toi ne Pérous de M ntclos r Diaspora et terrorisme PRE SS ES DE SC IENC ES PO Diaspora et terrorisme Du même auteur Le Nigeria, Paris, Karthala, coll. « Méridiens », 1994, 323 p. Violence et sécurité urbaines en Afrique du Sud et au Nigeria, un essai de privatisation: Durban,johannesburg, Kano, Lagoset Port-Harcourt, Paris, L'Harmattan, coll. « Logiques politiques », 1997, 2 vol., 303 p. et 479 p. L'aide humanitaire, aide à la guerre?, Bruxelles, Complexe, 2001, 208 p. Villes et violences en Afrique subsabarienne, Paris, Karthala-IRD, 2002, 311 p. Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos Diaspora et terrorisme PRESSES DE SCIENCES PO Caralogage Électre-Bibliographie (avec le concours des Services de documentation de la FNSP) Pérouse de Monrclos, Marc-Antoine Diaspora er terrorisme. - Paris: Pressesde SciencesPo, 2003. - (Collection académique) ISBN 2-7246-0897-6 RAMEAU: réfugiés somaliens envois de fonds: Somalie Somalie: politique er gouvernement: 1960-... DEWEY: 325 : Migrations internationales et colonisation 320.7 : Sciencepolitique (politique er gouvernemenr). Conjoncture et condirions politiques 670 : Somalie Public concerné: Public motivé La loi de 1957 sur la propriété intellectuelle interdit expressément la photocopie à usage collectif sans autorisation des ayants droit (seule la phorocopie à usage privé du copiste est aurorisée). Nous rappelons donc que toute reproduction, partielle ou totale, du présent ouvrage esr interdite sans autorisarion de I'édireur ou du Centre français d'exploirarion du droit de copie (CFC, 3, rue Hautefeuille, 75006 Paris). Cauoertur«: Emmanuel Le Ngoc © 2003. PRESSESDE LA FONDATION NATIONALE DES SCIENCES POLITIQUES Table des matières AVANT-PROPOS Il INTRODUCTION 13 CHAPITRE 1. Somalie année zéro: les raisons d'une destruc- tion 21 La théorie du complot 22 L'explication par la tradition plutôt que par l'histoire 27 La dictature au centre des accusations 39 Sur les décombres de l'État 42 CHAPITRE 2. L'islam, de l'Afghanistan à la Somalie: un espoir déçu? 47 La montée en puissance de l'islamisme en Somalie 48 Un soutien aux indigents 52 La capacité à maintenir l'ordre............................................. 56 Un embryon de nationalisme religieux.. 58 Un syncrétisme « africain » 59 La primauté de la coutume sur le droit musulman 61 Un islam divisé 63 La crainte d'une expansion islamiste 65 CHAPITRE 3. Le « Somali méchant» : vieux contentieux et nouveaux stigmates................................................. 73 De la convergence des trafics d'armes et de drogues 74 -8- Le braconnier et le contrebandier......................................... 78 Les racines d'un racisme africain 82 L'Éthiopie et la crise de l'Ogaden......... 85 Le Kenya et le spectre de la sécession shifta.... 87 Djibouti en eaux troubles 91 Le Yémen dans une mauvaise conjoncture 93 La loi du nombre dans les pays du Golfe... 95 CHAPITRE 4. Des camps de réfugiés aux diasporas urbaines 99 Une solution de facilité, les camps....................................... 101 Du refoulement à l'enfermement 103 De nouvelles compétitions économiques en milieu rural...... 108 La clandestinité en ville III La négation du réfugié dans le Golfe.................................... 113 U ne discrétion de rigueur 117 CHAPITRE 5. Le « Somalien volant» : la diaspora de proxi- mité 121 Le Kenya entre répulsion et acclimatation 123 L'Éthiopie sur ses gardes 129 Djibouti, des possibilités d'intégration 132 Le Yémen, une indifférence en guise de tolérance 134 Dans les villes d'Arabie Saoudite et des Émirats 142 CHAPITRE 6. Le « Somalien évanescent» : la diaspora en Occident 145 Un regroupement urbain et clanique 146 Des filières assez diverses 151 Une diaspora « .i~visibl: ". ~.............................................. 156 -Une communaute mal Integree............................................ 159 CHAPITRE 7. Réseaux financiers et hawilad : le nerf de la guerre.......................................................................... 169 Les hawilad: un historique 170 Le fonctionnement présent 172 Les pays relais: le rôle essentiel du Golfe............................. 177 Le pivot d'une économie-de guerre 182 CHAPITRE 8. Diaspora et reconstruction: un bilan contrasté 189 Un rôle d'abord monétaire................................................... 190 Une sécurité sociale de l'urgence.......................................... 195 -9- D'une dépendance à l'autre.................................................. 198 le financement des factions armées................... 200 les ressources locales d'une économie de guerre 202 CHAPITRE 9. La Somalie éclatée et l'impossible recompo- sition d'un État-nation dans l'exil............................... 211 Un rôle politique par défaut 212 Patronage et clientélisme..................................................... 217 Des Somali à l'épreuve des élections: le cas du Kenya.......... 220 Exode et particularismes identitaires 225 CONCLUSION 237 CHRONOLOGIE........................................................................ 243 BIBLIOGRAPHIE :..................................... 247 INDEX..................................................................................... 257 LISTE DES FIGURES, TABLEAUX ETCARTES.............................. 263 Avant-propos En réponse à une actualité pressante, ce livre vise surtout à pro­ poser une analyse factuelle de la Somalie, pays qui, avec le Yémen, est suspecté de prêter abri à des sympathisants de la mouvance Ben Laden et qui fait donc l'objet d'une attention toute particulière de la part des États de la coalition antiterroriste. Début 2002, la marine américaine patrouillait au large des côtes somaliennes, des commandos avaient procédé à des missions de reconnaissance en profitant de la présence des troupes éthiopiennes dans la région de Luqh et, Ô coïncidence, les États-Unis envoyait 3000 hommes accomplir des manœuvres d'entraînement avec l'armée kenyane le long de la frontière terrestre, comme s'ils se préparaient à une opé­ ration de plus grande envergure. Il n'existe malheureusement pas en français de livres récents sur la Somalie; les meilleurs ouvrages sont en anglais et n'ont pas été traduits. L'étude qui suit se fonde sur plus de cinq années d'enquête et, pour partie, sur certains de mes articles, dont les références se trouvent dans la bibliographie et qui ont été publiés de façon éparse dans des revues académiques, des livres collectifs, des actes de colloques ou des journaux spécialisés. Afin de faciliter la tâche du lecteur, les noms somali reprennent une orthographe francisée avec des dénominations claniques qui se réfèrent à la terminologie de l'anthropologue LM. Lewis, proche de l'anglais. La transcription latine du somali, qui date de 1972, est souvent trompeuse pour ce qui est de la prononciation. - 12- Mes travaux résultent d'une recherche qui a démarré en 1996, alors que j'étais en poste à Nairobi dans le cadre d'un pro­ gramme d'études sur les réfugiés, et qui s'est poursuivie jusqu'à aujourd'hui. Ma « filature» de la diaspora somalienne, si l'on peur s'exprimer de la sorte, s'est déroulée du sud vers le nord, à contre-courant de la plupart des investigations universitaires sur les migrations internationales: en l'occurrence depuis l'Afrique de l'Est - Kenya, Éthiopie, Djibouti, Ouganda et, bien sûr, la Somalie - jusqu'au Canada, au Danemark et en Grande-Bretagne, ceci en passant par le Yémen, l'Arabie Saoudite et les Émirats arabes unis dans la péninsule, sans oublier de nombreux contacts électroniques ou téléphoniques en Australie, aux États-Unis et en Europe du Nord. Mes remerciements vont à tous ceux qui m'ont aidé dans ces pérégrinations, quoi qu'il en soit, par ailleurs, de leurs motiva­ tions idéologiques, lucratives, intellectuelles, médiatiques ou professionnelles; une mention toute spéciale pour les Scandi­ naves, assurément les plus coopératifs sur l'Internet. En revanche, ma reconnaissance ne va pas aux officiels africains, américains ou français qui rejettent systématiquement les demandes d'infor­ mation sur les flux migratoires et qui, je l'espère néanmoins pour certains d'entre eux, auront peut-être l'occasion de lire avec intérêt les pages qui suivent. Cet ouvrage, enfin, est dédié à tous les travailleurs humanitaires tués en Somalie. Introduction Le 8 novembre 2001, un Somalien du nom d'Ahmed Noor Ali Jimale était interpellé à Doubaï. Son crime? Être à la tête de ce que certains ont un peu pompeusement appelé un « holding financier» : plus concrètement, une entreprise de transfert des fonds de la diaspora somalienne vers la Corne de l'Afrique. Appelée Barakat, ladite compagnie, en l'occurrence, était accu­ sée par les services américains d'être, selon le mot du secrétaire d'État à la Défense, Donald Rumsfeld, une « banque de la ter­ reur », qui aurait financé la mouvance d'Oussama ben Laden par l'entremise d'un groupement islamiste en Somalie, al-Itehad. Tandis que les avoirs de Barakat en Occident étaient saisis, des navires américains, français et allemands étaient envoyés patrouil­ ler le long des côtes somalienne et yéménite pour empêcher que l'ennemi mondial « numéro un » ne trouvât refuge dans un de ces deux pays. L'attaque du 11 septembre 2001 contre les tours jumelles du World Trade Center a eu de multiples conséquences politiques, économiques, militaires, sociales et religieuses. Au-delà du choc émotionnel, un des aspects les plus surprenants de l'affaire a été de révéler la complexité de la nébuleuse financière qui alimentait les terroristes et les mouvements de lutte armée: du « noirci­ ment» d'argent
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