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University of Central Lancashire the Growth and Development of Coffee and Cotton Marketing Co-Operatives in Tanzania, C.1932-198

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University of Central Lancashire the Growth and Development of Coffee and Cotton Marketing Co-Operatives in Tanzania, C.1932-198 University of Central Lancashire The Growth and Development of Coffee and Cotton Marketing Co-operatives in Tanzania, c.1932-1982 by Somo Makanyaga Liheta Seimu A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Central Lancashire December 8th, 2015 STUDENT DECLARATION FORM I declare that while registered as a candidate for the research degree, I have not been a registered candidate or enrolled student for another award of the University or other academic or professional institution Signature of Candidate ______________________________________________ DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Type of Award __________________________________________________ EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES School _______________________________________________________ ii ABSTRACT By the mid-1970s, Tanzania had the biggest co-operative movement in Africa and the oldest in East Africa. Despite such achievement, for decades, the literature on Tanzania’s small-scale coffee and cotton cultivation and marketing co-operatives has suffered from a dearth of substantive historical accounts. The available literature is fragmented along various academic disciplines, mostly political science and sociology. In addition, there is no single substantive secondary historical study specifically dedicated to the co-operative movement since the inception in 1932. The neglect is more critical given the current renaissance in Africa and increasing international interest in the co-operative movement at either national or local levels. This thesis seeks to fill this gap by utilising primary sources from the Co-operative College archive in Manchester and Tanzania National Archive (TNA) to examine and evaluate the coffee and cotton marketing co-operatives during the 1932 to 1982 period. The study further explores the interlocking forces and policies that led to its growth and development. The development is also examined against the changing political and ideological influences during the interwar, and post-war to independence periods. This thesis is structured under three cases, two of which are coffee marketing co- operatives, the Kilimanjaro Native Co-operative Union (KNCU) and Bukoba Co- operative Union (BCU) in Kagera; and the cotton apex marketing co-operative in the WCGA, the Victoria Federation of Co-operative Unions (VFCUS) which was formed in 1955. Study findings show that the time gap in the formation of the mentioned co- operatives were due to the colonial authority neglecting its own co-operative development policy. The evidence shows that, the KNCU which was formed in 1933 and BCU in 1950 were both established at the behest of the British colonial government in a move to control the coffee industry. Importantly, the study examines the power relations involved and the government interventions in the process and the extent to which the co-operatives were promoted and controlled by the government through the co-operative and agricultural marketing policies and legislations. This was particularly provided under Section 36 of the 1932 co-operative legislation and was further reinforced by three policies, the 1934 Chagga Rule, the iii 1937 Native (control and marketing) Ordinance and the Defence Ordinance, Orders of 1939 and 1940; and the African Agricultural Products (Control and Marketing) Ordinance, 1949. The post-colonial authority perpetuated the colonial policies in promoting co- operatives and the control of agricultural export revenues provided under the 1962 by the National Agricultural Products Board (Control and Marketing) Act by intensifying the intervention, effectively strangling and restructuring them to provide for effective control. Again, there was an increased politisation of the movement’s function as they became an integral part of the propagation of the socialist/ujamaa ideology and the national development plan as the 1976 villagisation policy. This study is of the view that the colonial and post-colonial authorities intervened in the formation of co-operatives given the fact that they were economic strategically vital. During the phases covered in this thesis, the established legislations reinforced the government’s control over the co-operative movement and the producers; and granted themselves a monopoly over the handling and export of small-scale produced coffee and cotton through the control of marketing boards by appointing co-operatives as crop handling agents. Thus, the co-operative movement never attained autonomous status as it became part of the government machinery in extracting resources and exploiting small-scale growers. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STUDENT DECLARATION FORM ........................................................................................ii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF MAPS .................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS .................................................................................................. viii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. ix A LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................... x GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................................ xiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................... xiv DEDICATION ...................................................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER ONE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT ................ 1 1.0: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1: THE CO-OPERATIVE’S HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL CONTEXTS ............... 15 1.2: THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ....................... 20 1.3: POST-WAR COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES .............................................. 29 1.4: POST-COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT ......................................................................... 35 1.5: RESEARCH METHODS AND EVIDENCE GATHERING ......................................... 40 1.6: FIELD WORK ........................................................................................................... 45 1.7: STUDY JUSTIFICATION .......................................................................................... 45 1.8: ORGANISATION OF THE THESIS .......................................................................... 46 CHAPTER TWO: PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF COFFEE AND COTTON IN TANZANIA .......................................................................................................................... 48 2.1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 48 2.2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...................................................................................... 48 2.2: BACKGROUND TO THE AGRICULTURAL POLICY ................................................ 52 2.3: COFFEE PRODUCTION AND MARKETING POLICIES .......................................... 53 2.4: COTTON PRODUCTION AND MARKETING POLICY ............................................. 81 2.5: THE POST - WWII AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES............................. 90 2.6: THE POST-INDEPENDENCE AGRICULTURE POLICY .......................................... 95 2.7: CONCLUSION........................................................................................................ 100 CHAPTER THREE: THE HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT IN TANZANIA.................................................................................................................... 104 3.1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 104 3.2: THE LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................. 104 3.2 THE CO-OPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT DECISIONS ............................................. 107 3.3: THE IMPACT OF POLITICAL AND POLICY DECISIONS ...................................... 119 v 3.4: POST-WAR CO-OPERATIVE RENAISSANCE ...................................................... 127 3.5: THE POST-COLONIAL CO-OPERATIVE POLICY CONTINUITY AND CHANGE .. 139 3.6: CONCLUSION........................................................................................................ 157 CHAPTER FOUR: KILIMANJARO NATIVE CO-OPERATIVE UNION .............................. 162 4.1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 162 4.2: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 162 4.3: THE GROWTH OF THE KNCU .............................................................................. 166 4.4: THE COFFEE COMPULSION MARKETING LEGISLATIONS ................................ 182 4.5: POLICY CONTINUITY IN THE POST-COLONIAL PERIOD ................................... 196 4.6: CONCLUSION........................................................................................................ 200 CHAPTER FIVE: THE BUKOBA CO-OPERATIVE UNION ..............................................
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