https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ Theses Digitisation: https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/enlighten/theses/digitisation/ This is a digitised version of the original print thesis. Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] SOCIALIST IDEOLOGY AID THE REALITY OF TAIZAJTIA Chachage Seithy Loth Chachage Submitted in partial fulfilment of the Department of Sociology requirement for the the awarding of Glasgow University the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 1986 ProQuest Number: 10907201 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10907201 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work involved the assistance of many institutions and individuals. My studies were funded by Glasgow University and ORS. The University of Dar es Salaam topped-up my stipend, paid for my tickets and financed all the primary research work. The British Council also helped in one way or another. I am grateful to all of them. Since this work is a result of archival and Library material, I wish to thank the following libraries and their staff members for their assistance: University of Dar es Salaam Library, Glasgow University Library, Rhodes House Library (Oxford) and University of Edinburgh Library. I also would like to thank the staff members of the Tanzania National Archives. I am most grateful to my Supervisor, Dr Derek Sayer for his help, encouragement, guidance, criticism and numerous other things he did to make this work possible. There are other individuals who helped me in various capacities. I can mention only a few here: E. Vamba dia Vamba, M. M. Mulokozi, Len Witcher, Simon and Susan Walter, Deborah Bryceson, Mary Murray, Paskali Kabuche, Graham Senior, Pru Larsen, Prof. Eldridge, Alena Sayer, Dr David Frisby, Bridget Fowler and Prof. Marjorie Mbilinyi. I am also grateful to Samuel Kilimhana and all those men and women who helped me and my family when I lost our beloved daughter, Atuhalile Chachage, on the 4th February 1985. Finally, I wish to thank my wife Demere Kitunga and my children Chambi and Mkunde for their patience. C, S. L. Chachage Glasgow August 1986. ii CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................... ii LIST OF TABLES......................................................... iv CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION....................... 1 1.1 The Problem Area................................................2 1.2 Significance of the Problem Area and the Argument............. 6 Notes.............................................................. 14 CHAPTER TWO: TANGANYIKA PRIOR TO BRITISH RULE.........................18 2.1 Evolution of Commodity Production..................... 19 2.2 Establishment of the Colonial State .............. 27 2.3 Conclusion................ 50 Notes.............................................. 61 CHAPTER THREE: BRITISH RULE AND AFRICAN CIVILIZATION ............ 69 3.1 The Changing Nature of the Ruling Ideology After World War 1........................................................ 72 3.2 Protest and Resistance in the Inter-War Period....... 96 3.3 The "Bureaucratic Paradise".................................. 132 3.4 Conclusion..................................... 145 Notes................................................... 153 CHAPTER FOUR: THE SYSTEMATIZATION OF AFRICAN CIVILIZATION........... 167 4.1 Manual and Mental Division of Labour in Tanganyika.......... 167 4.2 The "Modern Tanzanians" Struggles.......... 181 4.3 Nature of some of the Literature Prior to 1950s............. 208 4.4 Conclusion.................................................... 229 Notes............................................................. 236 iii CHAPTER FIVE: THE TRIUMPH OF THE NATIONALISTS....................... 247 5.1 The Post-World War II Policies and Strategies............ ...251 5.2 Working People and the Post-War Reforms............. 270 5.3 Nationalism and the 1950s Struggles......................... 289 5.4 Conclusion............. 321 Notes............... 331 CHAPTER SIX: INDEPENDENCE AND THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF UJAMAA........................... 344 6.1 The Nationalists, the Workers and Development............... 344 6.2 Ideological Consolidation and Institutional Changes.......... 365 6.3 The Countryside and the State .......... 398 6.4 The Arusha Declaration and its Context...................... 408 6.5 Conclusion ...... 429 Notes, ...................................... 434 CHAPTER SEVEN: SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS.............. 447 Notes............................................................. 472 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................... 476 iv LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: TANGANYIKA, SOURCES OF AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS (1923-37)____ ...186 TABLE 2: CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES, MEMBERSHIP AND SHARE CAPITAL (1934-49).............................................................. 202 TABLE 3: PRICE ASSISTANCE FUND INVESTMENTS AS OF JUNE 30, 1967..... ..391 TABLE 4: COMPOSITION OF IMPORTS, SELECTED YEARS 1967-79........... 450 V SUMMARY This sociological study deals with the historical formation of the Tanzanian socialist ideology— Ujamaa— focusing mainly on the period from 1920 to 1967. The major aspects dealt with are the systematization of the ideology of Indirect Rule or African Civilization by the colonial agents in the 1920s as a response to the forms of resistance they met; the taking over of the systematization of African Civilization by the educated Africans from the 1930s in an attempt to refute Eurocentrism and attain equality with other races; the transformation of African Civilization into Pan-Africanistic thinking; and, finally, African Socialism and the institutionalization of this ideology after the attainment of independence. The evolution of these ideas is examined within the context of social and political struggles. It is argued that the ideology of Indirect Rule was introduced in an attempt to resolve the crisis of the "civilizing mission", given the resistance of the colonized people as a result of their lack of faith in that "mission". This ideology emerged in the context of a re­ examination on the part of the colonizers of the foundations of the colonial mission as a means to break the resistance and make colonial domination effective. Consequently, they were forced to appropriate from the colonized those elements which did not contradict Vesternality. In other words, they were attempting to make the colonized understand and accept the "civilizing mission" from the colonized's point of view. Thus, Indirect Rule was an expression of concrete forms of colonial capitalism, and it was a systematization of what was considered as African Civilization and African social structures. The educated Africans, who had emerged within the colonial forms of exploitation and racial domination and had initially surrended and adopted the colonizers' cultural forms, were also forced to rebel as a result of their rejection by the "civilization" which nurtured them. In the course of their rebellion, they set out to rediscover, restore and reassert their Africanness as a means to attain equality with the Vest, while at the same time refuting Eurocentism. It was the contradiction of being both black and Western which shaped their struggles and ideas. They systematized what they thought to be African Civilization, which, according to them, did not have objectives other than those of Western Civilization. They believed that this African Civilization differed from Western Civilization in terms of its social and political structures, whereby the former's were communalist. The attempt was to intermarry Western and African Civilization, and at the same time reject anything considered "communist" or "bolshevist". In content, their ideas were not different from those of Indirect Rule. These ideas were to take on socialistic and Pan-Africanist tendencies with the incorporation of developmentalist and statist British Fabian tendencies. It is finally argued that developmental ism was the ideology of capitalism in the post-Vorld War II period which went through various phases, and African Socialism was the particular form it took in Tanzania. The institutionalization of this ideology after independence took place within the struggles to concentrate powers in the executive arm of the state and defeat the social movements under the banner of economic development. It is also argued that, by dwelling on questions of modes