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SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: the CASE of TANZANIA Susan Slocum Clemson University, [email protected]

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SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: the CASE of TANZANIA Susan Slocum Clemson University, Sueslocum@Hotmail.Com Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations 5-2010 SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF TANZANIA Susan Slocum Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations Part of the Regional Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Slocum, Susan, "SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF TANZANIA" (2010). All Dissertations. 544. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/544 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF TANZANIA ____________________________________________________ A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University ____________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Management ____________________________________________________ by Susan L. Slocum May 2010 ____________________________________________________ Accepted by: Dr. Kenneth Backman, Committee Chair Dr. Elizabeth Baldwin Dr. Robert Powell Dr. James Burns ABSTRACT This dissertation‟s objective is to understand the constraints to economic participation by indigenous Tanzanians living in and around current and/or future tourism destinations. Using qualitative methods, this study investigated local perceptions and involvement in tourism economies by comparing independent case studies in three destinations differing in land tenure. Fifteen village-based focus groups were employed in villages around Pangani District (Tanga Region), Amani Nature Reserve (Tanga Region), and Arumeru District (Arusha Region). The purpose of the village-based focus groups was to evaluate local access to physical, financial, human, social, and natural capital as a means to encourage economic participation in the areas. The findings indicate that while positive perceptions of increased tourism as a means to reduce poverty are strong, local communities are not currently accessing the tourism market to increase their earnings. Moreover, limited access to physical, financial, and human capital are key concerns that need to be addressed especially in rural areas. In contrast, social capital and natural capital are found to be less of a constraint as Tanzanians believe that local decision making is participatory and conservations efforts across the country have improved farming yields and increased the quality of life. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A study of this nature requires extensive collaboration and support. I would like to thank my committee, Dr. Kenneth Backman, Dr. Robert Powel, Dr. Elizabeth Baldwin, and Dr. James Burns for valuing and encouraging my research interests and making sure that I had the academic tools to conduct this research. In particular, I would like to thank my advisor and friend, Dr. Kenneth Backman for his support and patience during this study. I would like to extend gratitude to the University of Dar es Salaam, especially Dr. George Lindi and Dr. Lucy Mboma for their assistance and friendship during my stay in Tanzania. I would also like to acknowledge the help of the Tanzanian Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism. I was honored to meet and work with a number of people and organizations across Tanzania. I would like to thank my translators, Deus Rwehumbiza, Apolinary Assenga, Severine, William, as well as the staff of the Pangani Coast Cultural Tourism Program including Mr. Sekibaha, Edward Mikundi, Emanuel (Hothot) and Leopold Abedi. Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the support of Martine Gehrkentrappe and the staff of Tukae, especially Steven and Pia Valentine. I would also like to thank the families that welcomed me into their households during my stay. Lastly, I would like to thank my family and friends who supported me during my studies and while I was away conducting research. In particular, thanks to Mom, Dad, Jeremy, Carla, Sasha, Reno, and Cameron, as well as numerous others. I love you guys! iii TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………………….………..……………….i ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………...……………..ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………………….….…………….iii CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Justification for the Study ................................................................................................ 2 1.2 The Research Project ....................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Organization of the Dissertation ....................................................................................... 8 1.4 Definition of Terms ......................................................................................................... 9 1.5 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ 11 CHAPTER 2 – SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND TOURISM SOLUTIONS: A THEORETICAL REVIEW .................................................................................................. 13 2.1 Economic Growth and Development Paradigms.............................................................. 13 2.2 Sustainable Development and Its Application in Tanzania .............................................. 17 2.3 Tanzania: Community and Indigenous Peoples ............................................................... 25 2.4 Constraint to Economic Participation by Indigenous Communities .................................. 29 2.5 Tourism in Sustainable Development .............................................................................. 40 CHAPTER 3 – TANZANIA: HISTORY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFLUENCES ON COMMUNITIES.................................................................................................................. 44 3.1 Tanzania Development History ....................................................................................... 44 3.2 Tanzania‟s Tourism Industry .......................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 4 – METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................ 67 4.1 Methodology ................................................................................................................. 69 4.2 Application of Results .................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 5 – FORMAL AND INFORMAL POLITICAL AND SOCIAL LEADERSHIP ...... 82 5.1 Economic Performance Measures ................................................................................... 83 5.2 Public/Private Partnerships ............................................................................................. 89 5.3 Tourism .......................................................................................................................... 94 5.4 Barriers to Economic Participation .................................................................................. 95 5.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 122 iv CHAPTER 6 – PANGANI DISTRICT, TANZANIA‟S HISTORICAL BEACH PARADISE .. 124 6.1 Research ....................................................................................................................... 128 6.2 Community .................................................................................................................. 130 6.3 Private Enterprise and NGOs ........................................................................................ 133 6.4 Tourism ........................................................................................................................ 137 6.5 Employment Opportunities ........................................................................................... 140 6.6 Barriers to Economic Participation ................................................................................ 143 6.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 157 CHAPTER 7 – AMANI NATURE RESERVE, TANZANIA‟S CONSERVATION PARADISE159 7.1 Research ....................................................................................................................... 161 7.2 Community .................................................................................................................. 164 7.3 NGO Behavior.............................................................................................................. 165 7.4 Tourism ........................................................................................................................ 167 7.5 Employment Opportunities ........................................................................................... 170 7.6 Barriers to Economic Participation ................................................................................ 171 7.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 182 CHAPTER 8 – ARUMERU DISTRICT, TANZANIA‟S WILDLIFE PARADISE .................. 183 8.1 Research ......................................................................................................................
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