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Interests and Challenges Behind Ruaha National Park Expansion Sirima, A Protected Areas, Tourism and Human Displacement in Tanzania: Interests and Challenges behind Ruaha National Park Expansion Sirima, A Protected Areas, Tourism and Human Displacement in Tanzania: Interests and Challenges behind Ruaha National Park Expansion Agnes Sirima 820408 764 110 MSc. Leisure, Tourism and Environment SAL 80433 Examiners: Dr. René van der Duim Dr. Martijn Duineveld Socio-Spatial Analysis Chair Group Environmental Science Department Wageningen University and Research Centre, the Netherlands Submitted: August, 2010 Sirima, A Acknowledgement I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the following people who made the completion of this thesis possible. First and foremost to Almighty God for his guidance and strength, this kept me strong and focused throughout the entire time of thesis writing. I am heartily thankful to my supervisors; Dr. René van der Duim and Dr. Martijn Duineveld, whose encouragement, support and guidance from the initial to the final level of this thesis have enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject. I am also thankful for their patience and knowledge while allowing me the room to work in my own way. I offer my deepest gratitude to my family for their unflagging love and support during my studies. A special thanks to my parents, Mr and Mrs Anthony Sirima, for their moral and spiritual support which have strengthened me to the end of my thesis and the entire journey of two years abroad. I am grateful for them not only for bringing me up, but also for devoting their time to take care of my son during my studies. Without them I would not have a settled mind and focus to finish my studies. I am pleased to thank Elias Mgasi, who has been of tremendous help during my field work. He devoted his time to work with for the entire time during my data collection in Usangu. His contribution is invaluable, without him I would not have managed to reach all the places and finish the data collection on time. Lastly, I offer my gratitude and blessings to all of those who supported me in any respect during the completion of my thesis. iii Sirima, A Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this master thesis, and that I have conducted all the work with regard to this study alone. I remain responsible for all the interpretation and translation of the field data gathered during the interviews and discussion in Usangu. None of the respondents, whatsoever, is responsible for the analysis of the statement used in my thesis. Furthermore I declare that all literature and materials used in this thesis are acknowledged and references are made in the texts. This thesis has not been presented to any other examination authority. I am aware of the legal consequences of declaration of honor. Agnes Sirima iv Sirima, A Abstract Environmental conflicts and land use changes have shaped conservation and human displacement debate in Usangu plains over the last ten years. Present study examined how these factors have contributed to conservation and livelihood of local communities around the study area. Political ecology was used to examine historical land use changes and the role of different actors in influencing those changes. Conservation policies and regulations were also scrutinized to analyze their contribution and the shaping of conservation activities in Tanzania. Five villages were surveyed; Ikoga Mpya, Igomelo, Nyeregete, Mahango and Luhango. A total of 79 semi-structured interviews, 4 focus group discussion, document analysis, and field observation were used to analyze the situation in Usangu. Data were analyzed using NVIVO software. Findings reveal that, land use changes in Usangu which led to the expansion of Ruaha National Park followed similar paradigm of ‘yellow stone model’. Supporting earlier political ecology findings, Ruaha National Park expansion reproduce unequal power relations, unequal cost-benefit sharing among its different actors, as well as marginalization of local communities from livelihood resources. Furthermore, it strengthens the central role of the state in managing and controlling protected areas. Present study showed that there is a need of changing the current perception of protected areas without human interference to incorporate the broader meaning of ‘park without borders’. Changing the way people are perceived and involved in conservation activities is the key towards achieving best conservation results. v Sirima, A Table of Contents Acknowledgement ....................................................................................................................................... iii Declaration ................................................................................................................................................... iv Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ x List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................. x Acronyms ..................................................................................................................................................... xi 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Protected areas and displacement ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem statement ............................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Research objectives and questions ..................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Structure of the thesis ........................................................................................................................ 4 2.0 Political Ecology Theory .......................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Meaning and background ................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Political ecology as a field of research ................................................................................................ 6 2.3 Establishment of political ecology in developing countries ................................................................ 9 2.4 Critiques of political ecology ............................................................................................................. 11 2.5 Political ecology in protected areas .................................................................................................. 12 2.6 Definition of key concepts ................................................................................................................ 14 2.7 Contribution of this research ............................................................................................................ 17 3.0 Research Design and Research Method ............................................................................................... 18 3.1 Literature review ............................................................................................................................... 18 3.2 Research context ............................................................................................................................... 20 3.3 Research methodology ..................................................................................................................... 20 3.4 Data collection techniques ................................................................................................................ 22 vi Sirima, A 3.5 Data analysis and interpretation ....................................................................................................... 24 3.6 Reflexivity .......................................................................................................................................... 25 4.0 Conservation History in Tanzania ......................................................................................................... 28 4.1 Tanzania ............................................................................................................................................ 28 4.1.2 A short history ............................................................................................................................ 28 4.1.3 Geographical position ................................................................................................................ 28 4.1.4 Development and International relations ................................................................................. 29 4.2 Protected areas and conservation in Tanzania ................................................................................. 30 4.2.1 Conservation during colonial time ............................................................................................. 31 4.2.2 Conservation after independence ............................................................................................. 33 4.3 Role of different actors in wildlife management
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