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Process in Tanzania the Political, Civil and Economic Society

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Process in Tanzania the Political, Civil and Economic Society Tanzania has been independent in 2011 for 50 years. While most neighbouring states have Jonas gone through violent conflicts, Tanzania has managed to implement extensive reforms with- out armed political conflicts. Hence, Tanzania is an interesting case for Peace and Develop- ment research. E Challenges for the This dissertation analyses the political development in Tanzania since the introduction of wald the multiparty system in 1992, with a focus on the challenges for the democratisation process democratisation in connection with the 2000 and 2005 elections. The question of to what extent Tanzania has moved towards a consolidation of democracy, is analysed through an analysis of nine different institutions of importance for democratisation, grouped in four spheres, the state, Challenges for the process in Tanzania the political, civil and economic society. Focus is on the development of the political society, and the role of the opposition in particular. The analysis is based on secondary and primary Moving towards consolidation 50 years material collected in the period September 2000 to April 2010. after indepencence? The main conclusion is that even if the institutions of liberal democracy have gradually developed, in practice single-party rule has continued, manifested in the 2005 election when the CCM won 92% of the seats in the parliament. Despite an impressive economic growth, poverty remains deep and has not been substantially reduced. On a theoretical level this brings the old debate between liberal and substantive democracy back to the fore. Neither the economic nor the political reforms have apparently brought about a transformation of the political and economic system resulting in the poor majority gaining substantially more political influence and improved economic conditions. Hence, it is argued that the interface between the economic, political and administrative reforms has not been sufficiently con- sidered in the liberal democratic tradition. Liberal democracy is necessary for a democratic demo development, but not sufficient for democracy to be consolidated. For that a substantive democratic development is necessary. c ratisation pro ratisation Jonas Ewald is lecturer and researcher in Peace and Develop- ment Studies. His main research areas are democratisation and its linkages to development, conflicts and post-conflict man- agement, with a focus on East Africa/Great Lakes Region—and Tanzania and Rwanda in particular. A second research area is international political economy and its implication for conflicts, conflict-management and development. c ess in ISBN: 978-91-628-8400-0 T Internet-id: http://hdl.handle.net/2077/27960 anzania School of Global Studies/Peace and Development Research University of Gothenburg, Box 700, SE-40530 Gothenburg www.globalstudies.gu.se Jonas Ewald J_Ewald_omslag170x240.indd 1 2011-11-25 08.55 Challenges for the democratisation process in Tanzania Moving towards consolidation 50 years after independence? Challenges for the democratisation process in Tanzania Moving towards consolidation 50 years after independence? Jonas Ewald Doctoral Dissertation in Peace and Development Research To Susanne, my dear wife, and our beloved children Klara and Teodor, School of Global Studies who have almost had the dissertation as the fifth member of the family University of Gothenburg during their childhood. Thank you for your love and patience! Gothenburg, Sweden 2011 And to all the men and women in Tanzania who are struggling to develop democracy despite harsh conditions and huge challenges © Jonas Ewald 2011 Cover layout : Helena Jansson Imprint layout: Helena Jansson/Jonas Ewald Painting cover page: Section of larger painting by Chassani Gwanyiro, 2001, Tinga Tinga Arts Cooperative, S.L.P. 23122, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania http://www.tingatinga.org (Reproduced with permission of the painter) Language checking: Elaine Almén Printing: Ineko AB, Gothenburg, Sweden. (Printed on Munken Lynx 100g, certified according to FSCTM and PEFC environmental standards) ISBN: 978-91-628-8400-0 Internet link to Gupea: http://hdl.handle.net/2077/27960 Abstract Jonas Ewald (2011). Challenges for the democratisation process in Tanzania. Moving towards consolidation 50 years after indepencence? PhD thesis in Peace and Development Research, School of Global Studies, University of Gothenburg, Box 700 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden Language: English with a summary in Swedish ISBN: 978-91-628-8400-0 Internet link to Gupea: http://hdl.handle.net/2077/27960 Key words: Peace and development research, democracy, democratisation, role of opposition, opposition parties, ruling party, elections, civil society, media, trade unions, parliament, poverty reduction, substantial democracy, liberal democracy, interface between political and economic reforms, political change, public sector reforms, local government reforms, decision-making, aid, international development cooperation, accountability, role of donors, democratic culture, relations between the executive, representative and judiciary, iron-triangle, Tanzania, Zanzibar, Sub Saharan Africa. Tanzania has been independent in 2011 for 50 years. While most neighbouring states have gone through violent conflicts, Tanzania has managed to implement extensive reforms without armed political conflicts. Hence, Tanzania is an interesting case for Peace and Development research. This thesis analyses the political development in Tanzania since the introduction of the multiparty system in 1992, with a focus on the challenges for the democratisation process in connection with the 2000 and 2005 elections. The question of to what extent Tanzania has moved towards a consolidation of democracy, is analysed through an analysis of nine different institutions of importance for democratisation, grouped in four spheres, the state, the political, civil and economic society. Focus is on the development of the political society, and the role of the opposition in particular. The analysis is based on secondary and primary material collected in the period September 2000 to April 2010. The main conclusion is that even if the institutions of liberal democracy have gradually developed, in practice single-party rule has continued, manifested in the 2005 election when the CCM won 92% of the seats in the parliament. Despite an impressive economic growth, poverty remains deep and has not been substantially reduced. On a theoretical level this brings the old debate between liberal and substantive democracy back to the fore. Neither the economic nor the political reforms have apparently brought about a transformation of the political and eco- nomic system resulting in the poor majority gaining substantially more political influence and improved economic conditions. Hence, it is argued that the interface between the economic, political and administrative reforms has not been sufficiently considered in the liberal demo- cratic tradition. Liberal democracy is necessary for a democratic development, but not sufficient for democracy to be consolidated. For that a substantive democratic development is necessary. 7 List of content 3 METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................77 3.1 METHODOLOGICAL POINTS OF DEPARTURE.......................................................................................77 3.2 THE DESIGN, METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES ....................................................................................82 ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................7 3.3 METHODS FOR ANALYSING AND INTERPRETING THE MATERIALS ...........................................87 LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................................................................13 3.4 REFLECTIONS ON THE QUALITY AND VALIDITY OF THE EMPIRICAL MATERIAL ................91 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................14 LIST OF BOXES ...........................................................................................................................14 4 STATISM AND DEVELOPMENT FROM ABOVE—TANZANIAN LIST OF MAPS .............................................................................................................................14 DEVELOPMENT 1961-2010 A BRIEF CONTEXT...........................................................95 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................15 4.1 COLONIAL HERITAGE: A FRAGMENTED ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE ...............96 LIST OF ACRONYMS ..................................................................................................................21 4.2 THE TANZANIAN POST-COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT MODEL—STATISM AND CONSTRAINED PARTICIPATION FROM BELOW .............................................................................98 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................25 4.2.1 Phase 1: Towards Modernisation: 1961-1967 ...........................................................................................99 1.1 THE AMBIGUOUS “TRANSITION” TO DEMOCRACY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA ....................26 4.2.2 Phase 2: The era of the Arusha Declaration 1967-73: De-linking, participation and rural development—Development from above ........................................................................101
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