DOCSLIB.ORG

Nails As Indicators of Health Status

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nails As Indicators of Health Status Nails as Indicators of Health Status Dr Linda Mayer and Prof R. Bhikha November 2014 Overview The significance of nails as indicators of health status has been recognised as early as the 5th century B.C. when Hippocrates first described clubbing as a symptom of disease. Nails are often referred to as the barometer of overall health. Everything one sees on the outside of the body is a reflection of something going on inside. The colour, texture and shape of the nails reflect the general health of an individual, which may signify underlying systemic diseases. Trauma to the nails should always first be excluded, as well as a thorough physical examination to substantiate any health concerns. However, not every change in the colour or texture of the nails indicates a systemic disease. Old age causes nails to become drier, more brittle and less flexible, due to its loss of moisture and suppleness; damage to the nail changes the colour to purple/black; certain drugs and chemotherapy agents may also alter the colour of the nails, and heredity may also be a factor to consider. Between the keratin layers are fat molecules and water, which give nails their pliability and shiny appearance. Nails which are too soft are more easily damaged and stained and are at risk of peeling or becoming pitted. Frequent exposure to water exposes the nail to becoming infected. Nail plates that become too flexible will lose their strength, whereas nail plates which are too hard will lose their flexibility. The strength of the nails must be balanced with flexibility. The growth of the nails is also an indicator of health status, which is dependent on many factors, including illness, stress, age and biting or improper cutting. The average fingernail growth is 3 mm per month, or about 0, 1 mm per day, which requires about 6 months for complete re-growth, thereby visually portraying the health of a person over this period of time. Toenails take about 12-18 months to regrow, which is two to three times as long as fingernails. The Tibb perspective of nails as an indicator of health status considers the qualities of heat, moisture, coldness and dryness, as well as the individual temperament in determining the predisposition to certain conditions. General lifestyle factors, especially concerning diet and stress, play significant roles in determining the health status of an individual. Food intolerances and nutritional deficiencies, such as a depletion of sulphur in the amino acids, interfere with the binding of keratin, which is responsible for the hard covering of the nail. Emotional stress not only can result in the nails becoming brittle and developing ridges, it also impacts on all other areas of the body. Adequate water intake, exercise, stress reduction, sleep, fresh air and elimination of waste products from the body and retention of valuable nutrients all contribute to health and wellbeing. A healthy and well balanced diet should contain the necessary vitamins and minerals to sustain a healthy mind and body. Anatomical Structures of the Nail. (2) Nails, together with hair, sebaceous and sweat glands are considered to be appendages of the skin. Nails are part of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin, and are composed of very small cells, called onychocytes, which are mainly made up of keratin, which is a fibrous protein. Nails are very absorbent; ten times more absorbent than skin.1 The nail bed is part of the nail matrix, and is situated from the edge of the germinal matrix, or lanula, to the hyponychium. It contains blood vessels, nerves, and melanin-producing cells. The nail plate is the hard cover of the nail, called keratin, which is situated on the dorsal aspect of the distal phalanx. The keratin is dead cells (also makes up hair and skin) which are produced by the lanula. The nail plate takes on the colour corresponding to the underlying vascular nail bed, and it receives its vascularity from the ulnar and radial digital arteries. The nail plate has many layers which arise from the germinal matrix epithelium (root) of the nail bed. The matrix contains blood vessels, nerves and lymph. The lateral nail fold, or perionychium, is the epidermis which overlies the sides of the nail plate. It is the site of hangnails, ingrown nails, and an infection of the skin called paronychia. The cuticle, or eponychium, is the dead skin at the base of the fingernail or toenail, and is situated between the skin of the finger and the nail plate fusing these structures together and providing a waterproof barrier. The hyponychium is the bed of soft tissue just under the nail at the distal end of the finger, also known as the ʻquickʼ, which acts as a waterproof barrier to reduce the risk of infection, and is rich in white blood cells. The lanula is the white semicircle (half-moon) of the proximal part of the nail plate, where the matrix extends just beyond the nail fold. This half-moon appearance is due to the nail bed being so tightly packed with keratin, that the capillaries (where the blood flows through) are masked by the amount of keratin. When the lanula is not present, this may indicate an underactive thyroid; however, an overlarge lanula may indicate an over-active thyroid.2 The Tibb Perspective From a Tibb perspective, the predisposition for certain conditions and status of the hydration of the nails is reflected by the temperament of an individual and its respective qualities of heat, moisture, coldness and dryness. The Melancholic and Bilious temperaments have the predisposition to have dry skin and hence dry and brittle nails because of their overall dry qualities; whereas the Sanguinous and Phlegmatic temperaments are more prone to moist skin and softer nails due to their overall moist qualities. A balance of these qualities is necessary to prevent nails from becoming too dry or too soft, which can be achieved through lifestyle factors, especially a diet rich in the essential minerals and vitamins, which must be properly absorbed and assimilated by the body. The Melancholic temperament is prone to conditions related to an increase in cold and dryness, such as brittle nails, which break easily due to lack of moisture and keratin. Keratin is derived from the Greek word, Kepas, meaning horn. The keratin is made up of protein, which is the major structural component making up the nails, hair and epidermal layer of the skin. In Tibb protein has an overall quality of dryness, with degrees of heat or coldness and the least amount of moistness. Thickening of the nails can also occur from psoriasis and dry eczema, which have qualities of coldness with dryness. The Sanguinous temperament has qualities of heat and moisture, which, when in the correct proportion and quantity, has a balanced interaction of heat and moisture, which is necessary for the healthy growth of nails. The Bilious temperament is also prone to hard and brittle nails because of the predominance of heat and dryness; whereas the Phlegmatic temperament is prone to nails which may become too soft, due to the predominance of cold and moist qualities. Nail Examination Examination of the nails will not only reveal the overall vitality of the body and underlying pathology, it will also indicate the inner emotional state of the person, as well as occupation, hobbies, and nutritional status.3 All the fingernails and toenails must be examined, together with the skin, mucosa and the rest of the body, as any systemic disorders will reflect the overall health of the nails as well as the body itself. The capillary refill test as well as the Schamroth sign are standardised tests to exclude vascular changes and clubbing respectively. Blood tests or any other tests may have to be performed if systemic disorders or infections are suspected. Any obvious trauma or injuries must first be excluded. Nails should be examined under natural light and without any protective shields, such as nail polish or nail extensions. Transillumination, using a pen torch placed against the pulp of the finger, helps in pointing out the abnormalities in the nail plate.4 The hands must be placed on a surface, which is comfortable to the client so that he/she is relaxed. There must not be any pressure on the hands, as this could alter the vasculature of the nail bed, thereby changing the appearance of the nails. All the nails are examined to include all the anatomical structures, nail colour, textures, shape, thickness or thinness, separation from the nail plate, nail patterns, how many nails affected, as well as establishing nail growth. The surrounding skin is also examined for any changes in skin texture, namely dryness, heat, moisture and any coldness, as well as any bleeding around the nails or signs of inflammation (red, hot swollen, or any pain). History taking will include any trauma, recent severe illness, familiar nail disorders, medical background and the use of drugs. Occupational hazards will include people who work with their hands in water, or who work with hazardous materials and poisons. Each fingernail and toenail is examined individually, and a comparative review is done according to the norm. Fingernails should be pink, with a slight sheen, warm, slightly pliable, with no cracks or ingrown nails. The skin around the nails should be slightly warm and moist, but not too dry. Nails should bend slightly when downward pressure is applied to the free edge, which indicates a balance of heat and moisture in the body. Nail Tests Nail tests include the capillary refill test (blanching), and the Schamroth sign, for clubbing.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dr. Keesha Ewers Foreword by Dr
    The Woman’s Guide to Reclaiming Emotional Freedom and Vibrant Health Dr. Keesha Ewers Foreword by Dr. Tom O’Bryan www.DrKeesha.com • Solving the Autoimmune Puzzle 1 Bestselling Author of The Autoimmune Fix and the Betrayal Docuseries Praise for Solving the Autoimmune Puzzle “Solving the Autoimmune Puzzle is functional medicine at its best. Dr. Keesha Ewers integrates her wealth of knowledge from behavioral science, Ayurve- dic medicine, and functional medicine to create an easy to use system that gets to the core of real healing. This book is full of practical information and tools that will free all who use it from pain and suffering of any kind, including autoimmune disease.” —Dr. Mark Hyman, New York Times bestselling author of Eat Fat, Get Thin. Director, Cleveland Clinic Center for Functional Medicine. “I applaud Dr. Ewers for bringing to light two very often overlooked root causes for those suffering with autoimmunity: stress and trauma. In her book, Solving the Autoimmune Puzzle: The Woman’s Guide to Reclaiming Emotional Freedom and Vibrant Health, Dr. Ewers dives deep into emotional aspects of those with autoimmunity and shows the reader how to come to peace with themselves and their trauma allowing them to heal from autoimmunity.” —Amy Myers, MD, New York Times bestselling author of The Autoimmune Solution and The Thyroid Connection. “Dr. Keesha Ewers lays out a clear, easy-to-follow roadmap to break free from inflammation and autoimmune disease. Her insightful, well-researched plan uncovers the missing pieces of the autoimmune puzzle and shows how to reverse this century’s greatest health challenge for women.” —JJ Virgin, CNS, CHFS, NYT bestselling author of The Virgin Diet & Sugar Impact Diet “Solving the Autoimmune Puzzle provides you with a straight forward way to understand the root causes of complex diseases of all kinds, including auto- immunity.
    [Show full text]
  • Beauty Care (Nail Care) Services Module 1: Perform Hand and Foot SPA Quarter 1, Week 1
    9 Beauty Care (Nail Care) Services Module 1: Perform Hand and Foot SPA Quarter 1, Week 1 VICTORIA J. ESQUILLO (SUPPORT MATERIAL FOR INDEPENDENT LEARNING ENGAGEMENT) A Joint Project of SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DIPOLOG CITY and the DIPOLOG CITY GOVERNMENT Technology and Livelihood Education – Grade 9 Alternative Delivery Mode Home Economics Quarter 1 – Module 1: Perform Hand and Foot SPA First Edition,2020 Development Team of the Module Writer: Victoria J. Esquillo Editor: Victoria J. Esquillo Reviewer: Lynne B. Gahisan Illustrator: Name Layout Artist: Name Management Team: Virgilio P. Batan, Jr. – Schools Division Superintendent Jay S. Montealto – Asst. Schools Division Superintendent Amelinda D. Montero – CID Chief Nur N. Hussien -EPSpvr – LRMS Leo Martinno O. Alejo – PDO II- LRMS Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – Region IX – Dipolog City Schools Division Office Address: Purok Farmers, Olingan, Dipolog City Telefax: ____________________________________________ E-mail Address: ____________________________________________ Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines 9 TLE Module 1: Perform Hand and Foot Spa Week 1 Learning Outcome 1: Apply Hand Treatment TLE_HEBC9-12HS-la-g-1 Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines Introductory Message For the facilitator: This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling. This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.
    [Show full text]
  • Top 10 Things Your Nails Say About Your Health for Most of Us, Our Nails Still Have an Important Role to Play: They Protect Tiss
    Top 10 Things Your Nails Say About Your Health For most of us, our nails still have an important role to play: They protect tissues, scratch itches and act as windows to our overall well-being. They also offer warning signs of malnutrition, infection and serious disease. Composition: Nails are layers of keratin, a protein that's also found in our skin and hair, and are made up of six parts. The nail plate is the hard, protective piece and the most visible part. The skin around the nail plate is called the nail folds, and the nail bed is the skin underneath the nail plate. The whitish crescent moon at the nail base, under the nail plate, is called the lunula, and the tissue overlapping the nail at the base is the cuticle. Your nail grows from the matrix, an area under the protective cuticle at the base of the nail bed. Fingernails grow 2 to 3 mm every month and toenails about 1 mm, but growth is faster in the summer months and on your dominant hand [source: American Academy of Dermatology]. 1: Thyroid Disorders Every disease has its signature symptoms. For example, thyroid disorders (like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism) are most often associated with weight loss and weight gain, respectively. However, doctors frequently link up nail changes with thyroid diseases, too. The presence of onycholysis often occurs with hyperthyroidism [source: Gregoriou, et al]. Also known as Plummer's nail, this condition occurs when a fingernail -- most often the ring finger or little finger -- or a toenail separates itself from the nail bed.
    [Show full text]
  • Table I. Genodermatoses with Known Gene Defects 92 Pulkkinen
    92 Pulkkinen, Ringpfeil, and Uitto JAM ACAD DERMATOL JULY 2002 Table I. Genodermatoses with known gene defects Reference Disease Mutated gene* Affected protein/function No.† Epidermal fragility disorders DEB COL7A1 Type VII collagen 6 Junctional EB LAMA3, LAMB3, ␣3, ␤3, and ␥2 chains of laminin 5, 6 LAMC2, COL17A1 type XVII collagen EB with pyloric atresia ITGA6, ITGB4 ␣6␤4 Integrin 6 EB with muscular dystrophy PLEC1 Plectin 6 EB simplex KRT5, KRT14 Keratins 5 and 14 46 Ectodermal dysplasia with skin fragility PKP1 Plakophilin 1 47 Hailey-Hailey disease ATP2C1 ATP-dependent calcium transporter 13 Keratinization disorders Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis KRT1, KRT10 Keratins 1 and 10 46 Ichthyosis hystrix KRT1 Keratin 1 48 Epidermolytic PPK KRT9 Keratin 9 46 Nonepidermolytic PPK KRT1, KRT16 Keratins 1 and 16 46 Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens KRT2e Keratin 2e 46 Pachyonychia congenita, types 1 and 2 KRT6a, KRT6b, KRT16, Keratins 6a, 6b, 16, and 17 46 KRT17 White sponge naevus KRT4, KRT13 Keratins 4 and 13 46 X-linked recessive ichthyosis STS Steroid sulfatase 49 Lamellar ichthyosis TGM1 Transglutaminase 1 50 Mutilating keratoderma with ichthyosis LOR Loricrin 10 Vohwinkel’s syndrome GJB2 Connexin 26 12 PPK with deafness GJB2 Connexin 26 12 Erythrokeratodermia variabilis GJB3, GJB4 Connexins 31 and 30.3 12 Darier disease ATP2A2 ATP-dependent calcium 14 transporter Striate PPK DSP, DSG1 Desmoplakin, desmoglein 1 51, 52 Conradi-Hu¨nermann-Happle syndrome EBP Delta 8-delta 7 sterol isomerase 53 (emopamil binding protein) Mal de Meleda ARS SLURP-1
    [Show full text]
  • •Nail Structure •Nail Growth •Nail Diseases, Disorders, and Conditions
    •Nail Structure Nail Theory •Nail Growth •Nail Diseases, Disorders, and Conditions Onychology The study of nails. Nail Structure 1. Free Edge – Extends past the skin. 2. Nail Body – Visible nail area. 3. Nail Wall – Skin on both sides of nail. 4. Lunula – Whitened half-moon 5. Eponychium – Lies at the base of the nail, live skin. 6. Mantle – Holds root and matrix. Nail Structure 7. Nail Matrix – Generates cells that make the nail. 8. Nail Root – Attached to matrix 9. Cuticle – Overlapping skin around the nail 10. Nail Bed – Skin that nail sits on 11. Nail Grooves – Tracks that nail slides on 12. Perionychium – Skin around nail 13. Hyponychium – Underneath the free edge Hyponychium Nail Body Nail Groove Nail Bed Lunula Eponychium Matrix Nail Root Free Edge Nail Bed Eponychium Matrix Nail Root Nail Growth • Keratin – Glue-like protein that hardens to make the nail. • Rate of Growth – 4 to 6 month to grow new nail – Approx. 1/8” per month • Faster in summer • Toenails grow faster Injuries • Result: shape distortions or discoloration – Nail lost due to trauma. – Nail lost through disease. Types of Nail Implements Nippers Nail Clippers Cuticle Pusher Emery Board or orangewood stick Nail Diseases, Disorders and Conditions • Onychosis – Any nail disease • Etiology – Cause of nail disease, disorder or condition. • Hand and Nail Examination – Check for problems • Six signs of infection – Pain, swelling, redness, local fever, throbbing and pus Symptoms • Coldness – Lack of circulation • Heat – Infection • Dry Texture – Lack of moisture • Redness
    [Show full text]
  • Atlas of DISEASES of the NAIL
    An Atlas of DISEASES OF THE NAIL THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF VISUAL MEDICINE SERIES An Atlas of DISEASES OF THE NAIL Phoebe Rich, MD Oregon Health Sciences University Portland, Oregon, USA Richard K.Scher, MD College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University, New York, USA The Parthenon Publishing Group International Publishers in Medicine, Science & Technology A CRC PRESS COMPANY BOCA RATON LONDON NEW YORK WASHINGTON, D.C. Published in the USA by The Parthenon Publishing Group Inc. 345 Park Avenue South, 10th Floor New York NY 10010 USA This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. Published in the UK and Europe by The Parthenon Publishing Group 23–25 Blades Court Deodar Road London SW15 2NU UK Copyright © 2003 The Parthenon Publishing Group Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rich, Phoebe An atlas of diseases of the nail/Phoebe Rich, R.K.Scher p.; cm.—(The encyclopedia of visual medicine series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-85070-595-X 1. Nails (Anatomy)—Diseases—Atlases. I. Title: Diseases of the nail. II. Rich, Phoebe III. Title. IV. Series. [DNLM: 1. Nail Diseases—diagnosis—Atlases. 2. Nail Diseases—therapy—Atlases. WR 17 S326a 2002] RL165.S35 2002 616.5′47—dc21 2002025346 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Rich, Phoebe— An atlas of diseases of the nail 1. Nails (Anatomy)—Diseases I. Title II. Scher, Richard K., 1929– 616.5′47 ISBN 0-203-49069-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-59671-4 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 1-85070-595-X (Print Edition) First published in 2003 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • General Physical Examination
    DR SAJAD RASHID , MD Introduction • Introduce yourself • Ask permission to examine • Are they comfortable lying flat? • Look at the patients general appearance…at the face ,hands and body • Each examining system can be described using four elements; - looking/inspection - feeling/palpation - tapping/percussion - listening/auscultation - assessment of function VITALSIGNS • PULSE • BLOOD PRESSURE • TEMPERATURE • RESPIRATORY RATE • Should be assessed immediately once you discover that your patients unwell. • They provide important basic physiological information. General Look • Specific diagnosis can be made by just looking at a patient’s face. • Some facial characteristics are so typical of certain diseases that they immediately suggest the diagnosis….so called diagnostic facies…… Important diagnostic facies • Acromegaly • Cushingnoid • Down syndrome • Marfanoid • Myxoedemetous • Thyrotoxic • parkinsonism Acromegaly Acromegaly hands Downs syndrome Cushing’s syndrome JAUNDICE • It is the yellowish discolouration of a patient’s skin and sclerae that results from hyperbilirubinemia. • It happens when the serum bilirubin level rises twice above the normal upper limit. • It is deposited in the tissues of the body that contains elastin. jaundice CYANOSIS • Blue discolouration of the skin and mucous membranes;it is due to the presence of deoxygenated haemoglobin in the superficial blood vessels. • Occurs when there is more than 5g% of deoxygenated haemoglobin in the capillary blood. Types-central and peripheral • Central cyanosis- abnormal amount of deoxygenated haemoglobin in the arteries and that a blue discolouration is present in parts of the body with good circulation.eg;tongue. • Peripheral cyanosis-occurs when blood supply to a particular part of body is reduced,eg;lips in cold weather becomes blue but the tongue is spared.
    [Show full text]
  • EST 22 Nail Growth Hand and Foot Disorders and Diseases
    EST 22 30 June 2016 Esthetician – All Trades Nail Growth; Hand and Foot Disorders and Diseases 1 2 This booklet has been created by the Esthetician community of Saskatchewan. It is intended for educational use; it is not for resale or profit, and can be copied without cost. Please forward any suggestions to: electriceelinc@yahoo.ca 3 Table of Contents Objective One ......................................................................................... 13 The Fingernail ...................................................................................... 13 Nail Plate .............................................................................................. 14 Nail Bed ................................................................................................ 14 Matrix ................................................................................................... 14 The Lunula ........................................................................................... 14 Cuticle ................................................................................................... 15 Eponychium ......................................................................................... 15 Hyponychium ...................................................................................... 15 Nail Folds ............................................................................................. 16 Normal Nail Shapes ............................................................................ 16 Objective One Self-Test ........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Dermatology Exam Notes Introduction to Dermatology Structure of the Skin I.) Epidermis
    Dermatology Exam Notes Introduction to Dermatology Structure of the Skin I.) Epidermis: outermost -layers: • stratum corneum: flat dead cells that are 8-15 layers thick • stratum granulosum: transitional layer • stratum spinosum: differentiating tissue • stratum basale: mitotic tissue -cells: -most are keratinocytes that produce keratin and have immune function role -melanocytes: also found in hair follicles, brain, and eyes -same number in all races -Langerhans cells: APCs II.) Dermis -layers: • papillary dermis: • reticular dermis: contains blood vessels, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, muscle, sweat glands -eccrine glands for thermoregulation -apocrine glands for scent -cells: fibroblasts for collagen synthesis, mast cells, macrophages III.) Subcutaneous fat Lesions Primary lesion type Info Example Picture Macule Flat, nonpalpable, < 1 cm vitiligo Patch Macule > 1 cm Papule Raised, palpable, < 1cm BCC, psoriasis, seborrheic keratosis Plaque Papule > 1 cm Vesicle Raised, contains clear liquid, Chicken pox < 1cm Bulla Vesicle > 1cm Pustule Raised, contains inflammatory acne cells and fluid, variable size Nodule Raised, solid, deeper than a Metastatic melanoma papule, < 1cm Tumor Nodule > 1 cm 1 Wheal Firm, edematous papule or plaque that contains bound fluid, flat-topped elevations, transient Secondary lesion type Info Example Picture Scale Crust Collection of serum, blood, or pus Erosion Focal loss of epidermis that heals without scarring Ulcer Fissure Atrophy Special skin lesions Info Example Picture Excoriation Comedone Blackheads
    [Show full text]
  • Jennifer a Cafardi the Manual of Dermatology 2012
    The Manual of Dermatology Jennifer A. Cafardi The Manual of Dermatology Jennifer A. Cafardi, MD, FAAD Assistant Professor of Dermatology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, USA jencafardi@gmail.com ISBN 978-1-4614-0937-3 e-ISBN 978-1-4614-0938-0 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-0938-0 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011940426 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identifi ed as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Notice Dermatology is an evolving fi eld of medicine.
    [Show full text]
  • OHIO SALON 2006.Qxp
    1-888-857-6920(toll free) 386-615-1812 (fax) Dear Licensee: As you know, all cosmetology licensees whose licenses expire in January of 2007 are required to complete 8 hours of continuing education prior to renewal. You are allowed to complete these hours by correspondence. I have been in the salon business for 14 years and I know how valuable your time and money is to you , that is why I set out to create a home study course that would be comprehensive, but at a low cost to you. You can complete all 8 hours for just $15.00. I also know you have choices when it comes to completing your 8 hours so I hope you will consider the following when choosing your continuing education provider: • We Are on Your Side- We set the standard on quality continuing education at reasonable prices and we were the only provider at Board meetings fighting for you to be allowed to continue to do your hours by correspondence or internet. We succeeded and the result is you get to save time and money and don't have to travel to take your continuing education hours. • We Guarantee the Lowest Price. If somebody beats our price simply enclose their price special or coupon with your test and pay that amount. No questions asked. • Quality - We double check your license number before we transmit your hours to the state. The result is your hours are transmitted accurately. Some providers do not take the time to do this. • Speed - We process your test the very same day it is received and if you complete the course on the internet you instantly receive your certificate of completion.
    [Show full text]
  • Pigmentations of the Nails
    igmentar f P y D o i l so a r n d Haneke, Pigmentary Disorders 2014, 1:5 r e u r o s J Journal of Pigmentary Disorders DOI: 10.4172/JPD.1000136 World Health Academy ISSN: 2376-0427 Research Article Open Access Pigmentations of the Nails Eckart Haneke* 1Deptartment of Dermatology, Inselspital, University Berne, Bern, Switzerland 2Dermaticum, Freiburg, Germany 3Centro de Dermatología, Institute CUF, Porto, Portugal 4Deptartment of Dermatology, Academy Hospital, University Ghent, Gent, Belgium Abstract Nail pigmentations can exhibit many different colors and shades. Most of them are harmless but cosmetically embarrassing, others are potentially serious and may lead to death if not adequately diagnosed and treated. This short review gives an explanation for a number of nail dyschromias and their etiologies as well as some hints as to their treatment. Keywords: Nail discoloration; Melanonychia; Ungual melanoma; Pallor of the nail bed is seen as apparent leukonychia, pressure on the Microbial pigmentation; Internal diseases nail makes is either even more visible or disappear. Pseudoleukonychia is a classical sign of white superficial onychomycosis, which represents Introduction a fungal infection of the nail plate surface of toes and is due to Nail pigmentations can exhibit many different colors and shades. Trichophyton mentagrophytes (interdigitale) in temperate climates Most of them are harmless but cosmetically embarrassing, others are (Figure 3) and to a variety of non-dermatophyte molds in hot climates. potentially serious and may lead to death if not adequately diagnosed Another type of superficial fungal infection is seen in HIV patients and treated. This short review gives an explanation for a number of and caused by T rubrum.
    [Show full text]