•Nail Structure Nail Theory

•Nail Growth

•Nail Diseases, Disorders, and Conditions Onychology The study of nails. Nail Structure 1. Free Edge – Extends past the skin. 2. Nail Body – Visible nail area. 3. Nail Wall – Skin on both sides of nail. 4. Lunula – Whitened half-moon 5. Eponychium – Lies at the base of the nail, live skin. 6. Mantle – Holds root and matrix. Nail Structure 7. Nail Matrix – Generates cells that make the nail. 8. Nail Root – Attached to matrix 9. Cuticle – Overlapping skin around the nail 10. Nail Bed – Skin that nail sits on 11. Nail Grooves – Tracks that nail slides on 12. Perionychium – Skin around nail 13. Hyponychium – Underneath the free edge Hyponychium Nail Body Nail Groove

Nail Bed

Lunula Eponychium Matrix Nail Root Free Edge

Nail Bed Eponychium Matrix Nail Root Nail Growth

• Keratin – Glue-like protein that hardens to make the nail. • Rate of Growth – 4 to 6 month to grow new nail – Approx. 1/8” per month • Faster in summer • Toenails grow faster Injuries • Result: shape distortions or discoloration – Nail lost due to trauma. – Nail lost through disease. Types of Nail Implements Nippers Nail Clippers

Cuticle Pusher Emery Board

or orangewood stick Nail Diseases, Disorders and Conditions • Onychosis – Any nail disease • Etiology – Cause of nail disease, disorder or condition. • Hand and Nail Examination – Check for problems • Six signs of infection – Pain, swelling, redness, local fever, throbbing and pus Symptoms • Coldness – Lack of circulation • Heat – Infection • Dry Texture – Lack of moisture • Redness – Infection • Color of Nail Bed – Bruise • Condition of Free Edge – Nail biter • Tenderness/stiffness – Arthritis • Nail Plate Thickness - Filing Nail Irregularities •Refer to a physician!! –Do not diagnose!! Onychomycosis • Tinea Unguium / Ringworm • Cause – fungus • Thick, turns colors, deformed • See physician • No services may be performed!!! Tinea Manus • Hand Ringworm • Fungus • Blisters & flakes • See physician • No services may be performed!! Tinea Pedis • Athletes Foot / Foot Ringworm • Fungus • Itching & red blisters • See Physician • No services may be performed!! Paronychia • Inflammation • Bacterial Infection • Shows signs of infection • May grow out irregular • See physician • No service may be performed!! Onychoptosis

• Shedding of Nails • Disease • Sensitive, nail loss – Will re-grow • Needs to be protected • No service may be performed!! Onychia • Inflammation of Matrix • Bacterial Infection • Signs of infection • Nail may not grow back – If it does grow, may be deformed • Needs to be protected • No services may be performed!! Onychatrophia

• Wasting away of the nail • Injury • Shrinkage, separation • May improve in 3 – 6 months • No services may be performed!! Onycholysis

• Loosening of Nail • Systemic • Partially loose nail, becomes detached • See physician • No services may be performed!! • Blue nails • Systemic Blue Nails • Blue in color, poor circulation • Manicure with caution! Corrugations • Ridges across nail • Injury/systemic • Ridges – Buff lightly – Ridges may disappear while growing out. • Lightly buff, apply base coat Kolionychia • Spoon Nails • Systemic • Concave, unusual shape, unlikely to disappear • File carefully, polish to protect Furrows • Vertical Lines • Injury • Buff lightly, may grow out, may be permanent • Lightly buff and apply base coat Onychogryposis • Claw Nails • Systemic • Thick, curved, claw- like • Physician may remove – Difficult to clean and cut. • Clean under free edge. Extreme Case of Onychogryposis Onychocryptosis • Ingrown Nails • Environmental • Signs of infection: No Service • Refer to physician • If not infected: Soften skin, trim nail • DO NOT CUT OUT INGROWN NAIL!! Onychauxis

• Hypotrophy • Injury • Thickness, easily recognizable • Lightly buff Agnails • Hang Nail • Dry Cuticle • Skin breaks at corner of nail, trim • May heal in 2 to 3 days • Trim Hangnail and Moisturize Bruised Nails • Purple Nails • Trauma • Discoloration under nail, normal growth will continue • No pressure on nail plate. Leuconychia • White spots • Injury or liver disease • Small separation from nail bed, grows out with nail. • Perform nail service as usual. Pterygium • Overgrown cuticles • Sticky cuticle • Excess cuticle that splits and eventually tears . • Soften, massage cuticles and push back – Unless skin is broken, then no service. Extreme Case of Pterygium Onychophagy • Bitten Nails • Habit • Easily recognizable, will re-grow if biting stops • Perform nail service weekly Onychorrhexis • Split Nails • Injury (improper filing or harsh chemical contact) • Easily recognizable, file with emery board carefully, may be permanent • Soften nails, use hot oil manicure