Istto Li I Iv OMAN 1 LO 11

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Istto Li I Iv OMAN 1 LO 11 ,:iStTO li I iV OMAN 1 LO 11 A. D. Xenopol. Istoria Rorninilor. Vol. IX. TOEIA MANI ha nIH DE A. b. xerioroL PROFESOR LA UNIVERSITATEA DIN IA$1, MEMBRU AOADEMIE1 ROMANE MEMBRU TITULAR AL INSTITUTULUI DIN FRANTA. E DITI A Ill-a, revtizutd de autor Ingrijità si tinutà la curent de I.V L DESCU CONFERENTIAR DE 1STORIA ROMANILOR LA UNIVERSITATEA DIN BUCURE$T1 Nu sunt vremlle sub carma omulul, cl bleed om sub vremP'. M1RON COSTIN. VOLUMUL IX MAVROCORDATII 1711-1749 EDITURA «CARTEA ROMANEASCA», BUCURE*T1 33.798.-929. INTRODUCERE Pecioada istoriei Munteniei i Moldovei care se intinde dela 1711 palià la revolutia greceasch din 1821 0 restatornicirea domnii- lor pämantene a luat numele de epoca Fanario-tilor, denumire indrepthtith, dach este sh se arhte prin ea originea domnilor ce se strecoarh in principate 0 care sunt mai toti din mahalaua Fanarului in Constantinopole. Ea nu poate insh inshmna intro- ducerea predomnirei elementului grecesc, mult mai vechiu in àrile române, §i in ori-ce caz covar0toare de pe vremile lui Matei Basarabi Vasile Lupu, dela care punem inceputul istoriei mo- derne a Romanilor, cu precumpenirea elementului grecesc ca noth caracteristich. Ranh acuma se admitea cà introducerea domnilor greci In Muntenia 0 Moldova ar fi avut de pricinh trhdarea lui Can- temir §i Brancovanu, care ar fi Mcut pe Turci sh nu mai aibh incredere in domnii cei de tarà ; conceptie cu totul gre0th, intru cat am ghsit domni greci anteriori epocei fanariote. Apoi Fana- riotul Neculai Mavrocordat este randuit domn in Moldova inaintea lui Cantemir, iar in Muntenia duph Brancovanu, Turcii nu trimit un domn din Fanar; ci pe un Roman, Stefan Cantacuzino. In sfár0t in decursul epocei de care ne ocuphm intalnim de mai multe ori in domnie familia curat româneasch a Racovite§tilor. Deosebirea intre epoca Fanariotilori vremile de mai inainte sth numai in aceea, cà domnii de origine greceasch co- vAr§esc prin numhrul lor pe acei de origine românh, i ch dela 1764 In coace numai Fanariotii urch treptele tronurilor române, fated urmare a unui principiu, care coo:lath introdus in române,trebuia sádevinh predomnitor.Exceptia devenise regulh. Tot atat de neistorichi deci de nedreapth este alth deo- sebire ce se face intre epoca fanarioth i vremurile mai vechi. Se pretinde anume eh deba introducerea domniilor grece§ti incepe acel jaf fenomenal al OM or române, care nu-0 ghse§te asemenele shu in analele lumei. Expunerea de panh acum a 6 ISTORIA fROMANILOR putut sá convinga pe cetitor ca fära-de-legile sunt mult mai vechi in Vär'le române, §i s'au intalnit epoce de intrigi §i rästu- nä iale domnilor pamanteni care nu vor fi intrecute nici de vartejul fanariot, precum §i domnii de un caracter atat de ja- fui or, in cat este peste putinta de a fi lasate in urma de acele fananote, pentru motivul cel foarte simplu ca ele nu pot fi in- trecute de nimene. Ba vom intalni chiar pintre Fanarioti insamnate §i incercari de reforme, pe care nu le in- to§aza domniile nationale. Insemneaza aceasta ca epoca Fanariotilor a fost o era de f ricire a tärilor române, dupa bântuelele de mai inainte? Catu§i de putin. Cu toate cele cateva exceptii onorabile, veacul intreg este continuarea starei de mai mainte, datorita mai mult sis- temului de cat persoanelor, exploatarea poporului in folosul interesului privat al exploatatorilor. Daca insa in privirea ocarmuirei, perioada fanariota nu se deosebe§te in mai rau de vremile anterioare, de unde vine hula cea neagra de care ea este incunjuratä in amintirea poporului roman? Mai intai ea este cea mai noua, §i de dânsa i§i aminte§te poporul mai curand ; apoi ea mai continea un pericol necunoscut in vremile mai vechi. Cultura greceasca nu era, cum fusese acea slavona o simpla suprapunere, ci era o ineibusire a celei române§ti, care se manifestase cu putere pe timpul lui Matei Basarab §i Vasile Lupu, §i care se mantine vie §i puternica in tot decursul veacului al XVIII-le. Cu cat se trezia nationalitatea românä, Cu atata mai dureros se simia domnia sträinului, cu atata mai doritä devenia desvoltarea proprie, desvoltarea nationala. CAPUL V MAVROCORDATII 1711-1749 CAP, V MAVROCORDATII NECULAI MAVROCORDAT 1711 1730 1. A DOUA DOMNIE A LIJI NECULAI AIAVROCORDAT IN MOLD OVA Neeulai Mavrocordata doua oaril in Moldova 1711 Mazilirea lui Mavrocordat din intAia lui domnie in Moldova nu provenise din neincrederea Portei in el 2 si inlocuirea lui cu Dimitrie Cantemir se Meuse numai fiind esä. Turcii credeau cá acesta va putea, mai curand de cat domnul grec, pune mâna pe Brancovanu. Marea incredere de care Mavrocordat se bu- cura la Poartà reies6 tocmai din imprejurarea &A el este randuit domn in Moldova, in niste momente atAt de crake ca acele aduse prin fäsboiul cu Rusiii trAdarea lui Cantemir. Turcii chiar stäturà cat-va timp la gAnduri, dacà nu ar face mai bine sà prefacA cel putin Moldova in pasalde 3; dar ei se lepAdarà in curând de acest plan, ce le ar fi putut deveni periculos In cazul unei ràscoale a Moldovenilor ceeace ar fi putut aduce amestecul Rusilor, de care Turcii invatase a se teme atAt de mult, cu toat'd isbAnda lor de pe malurile Prutului. Asupra originei familiei Mavrocordat, vezi vol. IV, p. 483. Neculai Ma- vrocordat intrà In Iasi In ziva de 8 Noemvrie 1711. Acsinte Uricariul In Le- topisefe, II, p. 144. Comp. des Alleurs c. Ludovic al XIV-le, 10 Octomvrie 1711, Hurrn. Doc. SuplementI,p. 404. Cum gresit crede rezidentul imperial din Constantinopole, 27 Noemvrie 1710. Iorga, Acte §i Frg. I, p. 308: N. M. wegen der beschuldigten Partialitht mit Mosckau, entsetzet". 3 Acsinte Uricariul, Letopisefe, II, p. 139. 10 ISTORIA ROMANILOR Care aceste consideratii politice, Turcii nu uitau nici cele finan iare ; anume in cazul andrile române ar fi fost incorporate ca provincii turcevti, Poarta ar fi pierdut o Nina parte din veniturile pe care le scotea din ele ; caci sultanii de vi despoti, nu au puterea de a radica noue impozite in statele lor, nici chiar de a Malta pe acele existente, vi acei care au indraznit a cerca vre-o innoire in aceasta pri- vinta, tot deauna vi-au pus. In cumpana coroana lor. In tärile române, care le apar- in cu titlul de su- zeran, ei pot urca darile dupa placi comitefarà nici o teama cele mai mari nedreptati t". Turcii, spre a cavtiga vi mai mult pe Mavrocor- dat, Il trateaza cu cele mai deosebite onoruri, primin- du-I vizirul de mai multe ori in audiente tainice, lu- cru cu totul neobicinuit la domnii mazili ;este numit prieten in scrisorile marilor dregatori ai sultanilor catra el, vi este chiar scutit de toate cheltuielele cäpatarei Necolae Mavrocordat, Domn al Muntenia domniei,sultanul iertan- a doua oara (1719l39) Gravur5. In aram5. de I. G. Wolf/gang du-i pang vicele 50 de Berlin 1711 pungi de bani, cu care se Dedesubt se vede Stema Munteniel si ahotarise sA vanda de asta Moldovei, pentru ca mai Inainte a fost de data mai eftin scaunul cloud. ori Domn al Moldovei (1709-1710; Moldovei. 17111715) Colectia Academiei RomAre Marea vaza Mere- dere de care Neculai Ma- vrocordat se bucura la Poarta fu spre norocul Moldovei. Tara se afla inteadevar in o pozitie din cele mai grele, dupä nefericita intreprindere a lui Cantemir, fatà pe de o parte cu rasbunarea paganilor, pe de alta cu cererile de despagubire ale Turcilor negutitori sau balgii, pentru daunelei mortile suferite in tim- pul rezmeritei ; nu mai putin expusa la jafurile o§tirilor svedeze Memoires historiques et giographiques sur la Valachie, par M. B. (auer) anexate la Casa, Histoire de la Moldaute, editia din Neuchitel, 1781, p. 348. NPANJLAIII MAVROCORDAT 11 si polone, fiind tot pe atat de greu a scapa de ele pe cat si a se plange In contra lor, aceste ostiri fiind bine vazute de Turci, care sub Intetirile necontenite ale lui Carol al XII-le, erau gata pe fie cè, zi a reinoi rasboiul cu Rusii. Pe langa aceste nenoro- ciri aduse -de oameni si urgia lui D-zeu se abatuse pe biata Mol- dova', sub forma unor nesfarsiti nouri de lacuste care pustiiau holdele si Inciumau aerul. In asemenea imprejurari se Intalege cat de greu, trebuia sa cada lui Mavrocordat ocarmuirea unei tari a careia limba nici macar nu o stiea 5. Mavrocordat era insa pe cat o minte agera si purtata prin trebi, pe.atata si Inzastrat Cu cunostintele trebuitoare, -nu numai spre a face din el un bun ocarmuitor, dar chiar spre a-i duce vestea unui om invatat. Pe langa limba greceasca, Intarita prin o adânca cunostinta a elinei, el scriea si vorbea cu desavarsire limbile latina, franceza si italiana. Mai avea si deprinderea celor orientale, neaparate unui interpret, precum turceasca, araba si persiana. Dintre stiinti, Mavrocordat se indeletnicise mai cu deosebire cu teologia si filosofia. Variile lui cetiri In poetii si filosofii greci si latini, precum In deosebitele scrieri ale invälatilor moderni li deschisese mintea, In cat el era pregatit din toate punctele de videre pentru rolul de om politic si diplomat ce era chemat sa Indeplineasca 6 Mavrocordat care Isi Instrainase prin mandria lui simpatiile Moldovenilor In Intaia lui domnie, se arata la Inaltimea grelei probleme ce'i era data a deslega, anume a apara interesele Mol- dovei fata cm Poarta otomana, spre a castiga tocmai prin o asemene purtare Increderea locuitorilor In vrointa lui de bine, si prin aceasta Insusi a-i detrage dela simpatiile rusesti, si a-i lipi iarasi de vechea lor suzerana. Astfel 11 vedem aparand pe Moldoveni pe cat putea contra pretentiilor Turcilor balgii.
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