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Dimitrie Cantemir.Doc HISTORIANS OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE C. Kafadar H. Karateke C. Fleischer DIMITRIE CANTEMIR (1673-1723) HAYATI Tµrkçe kaynaklarda Qantemir veya Qantemirolu olarak anªlan Dimitrie Cantemir 15 Receb 1084/26 Ekim 1673 tarihinde Bodan (Moldova) Prensliÿi sªnªrlarª da- hilindeki S¸alisteni kasabasªnda daha sonra Bodan Pren- si (Voyvodasª) olan Constantin Cantemir’in (1096-1104/ 1685-93) oÿlu olarak doÿdu. Köylµ kökenli bir paralª asker olan babasª Leh ordusunda görev yaptªÿª 17 yªl içinde Eflak Prensi Grigore I Ghica’nªn (ö. 1085/1674) yaverliÿine kadar yµkselmisti. Kendisi okuma yazma bilmeyen Constantin, belki de bu sebeple, her ikisi de sonradan Bodan prensi olacak olan Antioh ve Dimitrie adlª iki oÿlunun da mµkemmel bir öÿrenim görmesine gayret etti. Böylece D.C. Jeremias Cacavelas’dan (ö. 1109/1698’den sonra) Latince, Yunanca, edebiyat ve felsefe dersleri almaya basladª. 1099/1688 yªlªndan itibaren Istanbul’da yasayan D.C. ’in babasªnªn Receb 1104/ Mart 1693 tarihinde ölme- siyle bosalan Bodan Prensliÿi makamªna yasal varis olan aÿabeyi Antioh yerine genç Dimitrie geçirildi. Boyarlarªn genç prensi daha rahat kontrol edebilmek için tercih ettikleri dµsµnµlebilir. Ancak muhalefet, entrikalar ve Eflak voyvodasª Con- stantin Brancoveanu’nun (ö. 1126/1714) harcadªÿª bµyµk miktarda para yµzµnden D.C. voyvodalªkta sadece µç hafta kalabildi. Bunun µzerine Istanbul’a geri dönen D.C. Ekµmenik Patrikhane’nin akademisinde Bastercµman Alexander Mavrocordatos (ö. 1111/1709), Arta Baspiskoposu coÿrafyacª Meletius (ö. 1116/1714), gramerci Ia- comi (ö.?) ve daha sonra Qudµs Patriÿi olan coÿrafyacª Chrisantos Notaras’dan (ö. 1143/1731) dersler aldª. Bunun yanªsªra Yanyalª Es’ad Efendi’den (ö. 1142/ 1729-30) Tµrkçe, Kemnı A˛med Çelebı (ö. 1132/ 1720) ve ‡anbürı Angeliki’den (ö. 1101/ 1690) de Tµrk mµziÿi ve tanbur dersleri alan D.C.’in bir sµre sonra mµkemmel bir tanburi olarak Istanbul’da edindiÿi söhret hem kendisine yµksek rµtbeli devlet me- murlarªnªn evlerinin kapªlarªnª açtª, hem de dostlarªnª Ortaköy’de kendi zevkine göre dösediÿi sarayªnda aÿªrlama fªrsatª verdi. Misafirleri arasªnda Qªrªm hanªnªn kapª kethµdasª Davul fiºsmfiıl Efendi (ö.?), bu- nun yardªmcªsª olup D.C.’den mµzik dersleri alan hazinedar La†ıf Çelebı (ö.?), Qara Mu߆af Pasa’nªn (ö. 1095/1683) sadrazamlªk döneminde hazinedar olan ºbrhım Pasa (ö.?), defterdar Firrı ˘asan Pasa (ö. 1113/1701-02’den sonra), Rmı Me˛med Pasa (ö. Zilhicce 1118/Mart 1707) gibi devlet ricali ile Levnı (ö. 1144/1732) gibi © Makalenin tµm haklarª Osmanlª Tarihçileri’nin editörlerine aittir (www.ottomanhistorians.com) 1 HISTORIANS OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE C. Kafadar H. Karateke C. Fleischer sanatçªlar da vardª. Sanat eserleri toplayªp resim yapan D.C. mimarlªkla da ilgilenirdi. 1123/1711 yªlªndan sonra sªÿªndªÿª Rusya’da insa edilen bazª kilisilerin planlarªnª kendisi yapmªstªr. 1108/1697’de aÿabeyi Antioh Cantemir kumandasªndaki Bodan birlikleriyle Os- manlª saflarªnda Zenta savasªna katªlan D.C. Osmanlª ordusunun tµm zayªflªklarªnª açªkça görmµstµ. Poltava maÿlubiyetinden (1121/1709) sonra ºsveç Kralª XII. Sarl’ªn Osmanlª topraklarªna sªÿªnmasªnªn ardªndan 1120/1710’da Rusya ile baslayan savas sªrasªnda Qªrªm Hanª Devlet Giry’ªn (ö. 1125/1713’ten sonra) telkiniyle Bodan voyvodalªÿªna getirildi (3 Sevval 1122/25 Kasªm 1710). Tarihçi Neculce’ye (ö. 1157/ 1745) göre bu tayinde D.C.’in samimi dostu olan hanªn kapª kethµdasª ve hazinedar- basªsª Davul fiºsmfiıl’in önemli rolµ olmustur.1 D.C. 3 Sevval 1122-25 Cemaziyµlevvel 1123/25 Kasªm 1710-11 Temmuz 1711 ta- rihleri arasªnda sµrdµrdµÿµ Bodan voyvodalªÿª sªrasªnda Osmanlª devletinin zayªfla- yªp çökmekte olduÿu kanaatiyle Rusya tarafªna geçmisti. Bir rivayete göre Çar I. Pet- ro (ö. 1137/1725) ile Zilkade 1123/Ocak 1711 tarihinde yapmaya basladªÿª gizli gö- rµsmelerden önce Istanbul’a mµracaat eden D.C. Ruslar’ªn ne dµsµndµklerini anlaya- bilmek için çarla mµnasebet kurma hususunda izin almªs, Osmanlª hµkµmeti de ona gµvenerek kendisine tam bir serbestiyet vermisti.2 Boyarlarªn çoÿu da D.C.’in hare- ketini desteklemistir. D.C.’in bu hareketi savas esnasªnda pek çok Bodanlª’nªn öl- dµrµlmesine ve µlkenin Qªrªm kuvvetleri tarafªndan yaÿmalanmasªna yol açmªs, bu tarihten sonra yerli voyvodalara gµvenmeyen Osmanlª hµkµmeti yaklasªk bir asªr bo- yunca (1123-1236/1711-1821) voyvodalarª doÿrudan divan-ª hµmayunun eski tercµ- manlarª olan Fenerli Rumlar arasªndan tayin etmistir. Prut nehri kªyªsªnda bulunan Stanilesti-Falciu (Falçi) savasªnªn neticesinde Rus- Bodan kuvvetleri Osmanlª-Tatar askerleri tarafªndan maÿlup edilip teslim alªnmªstªr. Osmanlªlarla Ruslar arasªnda imzalanan Prut antlasmasª sonucunda D.C. Rusya’ya sªÿªnmªs ve çarªn yakªn danªsmanª olmustur. Onunla birlikte Neculce basta olmak µzere 448 boyar ve ahaliden 4.000 kadar Bodanlª da Rusya’ya gitmistir. Çar I. Petro, Lutsk’taki taahhµtlerini yerine getirerek D.C.’e önce Harkov µlkesini verdi. Fakat bu topraklar Qªrªm’a çok yakªn olduÿundan daha sonra onu Moskova’ya getirtti. Kendi- sine bu civarda 15.000 nµfuslu bir köy baÿªslayarak yªlda 6000 ruble maas baÿlama- sªnªn yanªsªra Moskova’da iki de konak hediye etti.3 Esi Casandra’nªn ölµmµnµn ardªndan bir ara rahatsªzlanan D.C. altª yªl sonra 1131/1719’da ikinci evliliÿini yaptª. Bundan µç yªl sonra da Çar Petro’nun Doÿu isleri uzmanª olarak Kafkasya seferine çªkarak Daÿªstan’da Derbend’e gitti. Zilhicce 1134/Eylµl 1722 tarihinde Astrahan’a uÿradª. Ancak burada hastalªÿª nµksedince Moskova’ya döndµ ve 19 Zilkade 1135/21 Aÿustos 1723 tarihinde öldµ. © Makalenin tµm haklarª Osmanlª Tarihçileri’nin editörlerine aittir (www.ottomanhistorians.com) 2 HISTORIANS OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE C. Kafadar H. Karateke C. Fleischer ESERLERº Historia incrementorum atque decrementorum Aulae Othomanicae. (Uzun ha- liyle: Demetrii Principis Cantemirii incrementorum et decrementorum Aulae Oth- man[n]icae sive Aliothman[n]icae Historiae a prima gentis origine ad nostra vsqve tempora dedvctae libri tres) D.C. bu eserini yazmaya Istanbul’dayken basladª, 1711’den sonra Rusya’da devam etti ve 1717 yªlªnda tamamladª. Ölµmµnden sonra oÿlu Antioh Cantemir, Paris ve Londra bµyµkelçilikleri esnasªnda eserin ilk ºngilizce tercµmesinin nesredilmesini saÿlamªs (Londra, 1734-35), ilerleyen yªllarda eserin Fransªzca (Paris, 1743) ve Al- manca (Hamburg, 1745) çevirilerinin yanªsªra ikinci ºngilizce (Londra, 1756) baskªsª da yayªmlanmªstªr. Romence ilk çevirisi 1876’da, Tµrkçesi de 1979 ve 1998’de ya- yªmlanan eserin tµm bu çevirileri ilk ºngilizce tercµmesi esas alªnarak yapªlmªstªr. Eserin Batª dillerine tercµmeleri Joseph von Hammer’in çalªsmalarªna kadar Os- manlª tarihi alanªnda özellikle Avrupalª diplomatlar için temel basvuru kaynaÿª ol- mustur. Hammer’in 1824 yªlªnda D.C.’in Osmanlª dili ve kurumlarª hakkªnda son de- rece bilgisiz olduÿu yolundaki aÿªr elestirilerinin4 gerçeÿi yansªtmadªÿª 1984 yªlªnda Virgil Candea’nªn D.C.’in Historia’nªn otograf nµshasªnª Harvard ˜niversitesi’nin Houghton Kµtµphanesi’nde olduÿunu kesfedip yayªnlamasªyla ortaya çªkmªstªr.5 Can- dea’ya göre “Latince orijinal metin ile aynª metnin N. Tindal tarafªndan yapªlan 1734-35 tarihli ºngilizce tercµmesinin karsªlastªrªlmasª, beklenmedik bir gerçeÿi, Tin- dal’ªn ve Tindal’dan sonra onun edisyonunu kullanan tµm çevirmenlerin kitabªn kª- saltªlmªs bir versiyonunu yayªmladªklarªnª ortaya çªkarmaktadªr.” Yine Candea’nªn tespitlerine göre Tindal orijinal metinden bazª pasajlarª çªkarmakla kalmamªs, metin- de yersiz deÿisiklikler yapmªs ve alªntªlarª Arap harfleriyle vermemistir.6 Oysa D.C. Osmanlªca terimlerin transliterasyonunu hem Arap hem de Latin harfleriyle yapmªs- tªr. Historia’nªn Latince orijinal nµshasªnªn umulmadªk kesfi yazar ile ilgili Istan- bul’da Basbakanlªk Osmanlª Arsivi’nde bulunan belgelerin eksikliÿini bir ölçµde tela- fi etmektedir.7Andrei Pippidi’ye göre ise Historia 1118-22/1706-10 arasªnda ilk ola- rak Yunanca yazªlmªs ve 1126/1714’ten sonra tamamlanmªs (eserde bahsi geçen son olay 1717 yªlªna aittir) ve Latince’ye çevrilmistir.8 D.C.’e göre Osmanlª devletinin gerilemesi (decrementa) 1672 yªlª Qamaniçe (Ka- mianets-Podilsky) seferi neticesinde en son Osmanlª bµyµk toprak ilhakª olan Podol- ya’nªn katªlmasªndan sonra baslamªstªr. Bu açªdan bizzat sahit olduÿu Zenta maÿlubi- yeti D.C. µzerine kuvvetli bir etki bªrakmªstªr. D.C.’in incrementa ve decrementa gö- rµsµ sonra Marsigli (ö. 1141/1730) ve Montesquieu’nin (ö. 1168/1755) eserlerinde devam etmistir. D.C.’in bizzat tashih ettiÿi Latince Harvard nµshasª Praefatio (s.1-40), Incre- menta (Libres I-II; s.1-246), Decrementa (Lib. III; s.247-530), Annotationes (ad Lib. I-II; s.1-279) ve Annotationes (ad Lib. III; s.1-206) baslªklª kªsªmlardan olusan His- © Makalenin tµm haklarª Osmanlª Tarihçileri’nin editörlerine aittir (www.ottomanhistorians.com) 3 HISTORIANS OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE C. Kafadar H. Karateke C. Fleischer toria, 579 sayfalªk ana metin ile Osmanlª mµesseseleri ve medeniyeti hakkªndakª 485 sayfalªk notlar ile birlikte toplam 1064 sayfadªr. Eserin kronolojik tarih kªsmª Sµ- leymn Sh’la (611/1214) baslar ve 1123/1711 yªlªna kadar gelir. Eserinin uzun önsözµnde (Praefatio) hicri ve miladi takvimleri karsªlastªran (He- gira cum Aera Christiana comparata) ve bundan sonra da Tµrklerin kavmi ve ismi konusunu irdeleyen (De gente et nomine Turcarum) D.C. Osmanlª hanedanªnªn men- sei µzerinde durmus ve vce Safideddın’den (ö. 1007/1599) naklen hanedanªn Nü˛ peygamberin oÿlu Yfeˇs’e kadar uzanan soyaÿacªnª vermistir (Genealogia Prosapiae Aliothmanae). Birinci bölµm Osmanlª Devleti’nin yµkselisine (Incrementa) ikincisi ise gerileme- sine (Decrementa)
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