DOCSLIB.ORG

Alam Al-Mareefa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Alam Al-Mareefa ABCDEFG cab 90 اﻟﻐﺮب واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ (اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻷول) ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﳊﻀﺎرة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﺗــــﺄﻟـــــﻴـﻒ: ﻛـﺎﻓــﲔ راﻳﻠﻲ ﺗــﺮﺟــﻤــﺔ: د. ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻮﻫﺎب ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﳌﺴﻴﺮي د. ﻫﺪى ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﺴﻤﻴﻊ ﺣﺠﺎزي X¹uJ« ‡ »«œü«Ë ÊuMH«Ë WUI¦K wMÞu« fK:« U¼—bB¹ W¹dNý WOUIŁ V² WKKÝ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ: د. ﻓﺆاد زﻛﺮﻳﺎ X¹uJ« ‡ »«œü«Ë ÊuMH«Ë WUI¦K wMÞu« fK:« U¼—bB¹ W¹dNý WOUIŁ V² WKKÝ ﺻﺪرت اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ١٩٧٨ ﺑﺈﺷﺮاف أﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺸﺎري acbاﻟﻌﺪواﻧﻲ ١٩٢٣ ـ ١٩٩٠ 90 اﻟﻐﺮب واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ (اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻷول) ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﳊﻀﺎرة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﺗـــﺄﻟـــﻴـﻒ: ﻛﺎﭬﲔ راﻳﻠﻲ ﺗﺮﺟـﻤــﺔ: د. ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻮﻫﺎب ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﳌﺴﻴﺮي د. ﻫﺪى ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﺴﻤﻴﻊ ﺣﺠﺎزي ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ: د. ﻓﺆاد ABCDEFGزﻛﺮﻳﺎ uO½u¹ 1985 ا,ﻮاد ا,ﻨﺸﻮرة ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ رأي ﻛﺎﺗﺒﻬﺎ وﻻ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة ﻋﻦ رأي اﺠﻤﻟﻠﺲ M ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ا,ﺘﺮﺟﻢ ٥ M ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ا,ﺆﻟﻒ ٢٥ M اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول: اﻟﺬﻛﺮ واﻷﻧﺜﻰ: اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ واﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ٣١ M اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ: اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻷﻣﻮﻣﻲ ٥١ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ: ا,ﺪن وا,ﺪﻧﻴﺔ: اﻟﺘﻤﺪﻳﻦ واﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ٧٣ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ: ا,ﺪﻳﻨﺔ - اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ واﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ١٠١ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﳋﺎﻣﺲ: اﳊﺮب واﻟﺴﻼم ١٢٣ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎدس: اﻟﺘﻔﺮد واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ١٥١ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ: اﻟﻌﻨﻒ واﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎم ١٧٥ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ: ا,ﻮاﻃﻦ واﻟﺮﻋﻴﺔ ٢١٣ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ: ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ (اﳊﻴﺎﺑﻴﺌﺔ) واﻟﻼﻫﻮت ٢٤٩ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﺘﺮﺟﻤ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﺘﺮﺟﻤ Cﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﻟﻘﻮل-ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻃﻤـﺌـﻨـﺎن-إن اﳊـﺮﻛـﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ اﳊﻀﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪة اﻵن ﻓﻲ آﺳﻴﺎ وإﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ وأﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚK ﻓﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚS Kﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲK ﻧﺤﺎول أن ﺗﻌﻴﺪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺲ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎK وأن ﺗﺘﺒﻨﻰ أﺷـﻜـﺎﻻ اﺟـﺘـﻤـﺎﻋـﻴـﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﺘﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ (زراﻋﻴﺔ-رﻋﻮﻳﺔ-ﻗﺒﻠﻴﺔ). وﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻔﺠﺎﺋﻲ/ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺠﻲK ﺗﺒﺪأ اﻟﺘﺴﺎؤﻻت اfﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺮاث وﻋﻦ اfﺎﺿﻲK وﻋـﻦ اﻟـﺬات وﻋـﻦ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦK وﻋﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ iﻜﻦ وﻋﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﻳﻜﻮن. ﻫﻞ ﺗﺮاﺛﻨﺎ اﻟﻌـﺮﺑـﻲK ﻫـﻞ ﻫـﺬه «اﻷﻣـﺠـﺎد» اﻟـﻌـﺮﺑـﻴـﺔK ﻫـﻲ ﻣﺼـﺪر ﻋـﺰﺗـﻨـﺎK أم أﻧـﻬـﺎ ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﻮاﻗـﻊ ﺳـﺒـﺐ ﻧـﻜـﺒـﺘـﻨـﺎ اﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ? ﻫﻞ ذاﻛﺮﺗﻨﺎ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻫـﻲ اﻟـﻨـﻘـﻄـﺔ اﻟـﺘـﻲ ﺳﻨﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎK أم ﻫﻲ اﻟﻌﺐء اﻟﺬي ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋـﻠـﻴـﻨـﺎ أن ﻧﻄﺮﺣﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ? ﻫﻞ ﻧﺤﻦ أﻣﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ واﺣﺪة ﺣﻘﺎK أم أﻧﻨﺎ أﻣﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻃﻮر اﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦK أم ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺷﻌﻮب ﺗﺘﺤﺪث اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴـﺔ? ﻫـﻞ Cﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ وﻧﺴﺘﻌﻴﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ أﻣﺠﺎدﻧﺎK أم أن وﺿﻊ اﻟﻨﻜﺴﺔ اﳊﺎﻟﻲ أﻣﺮ ﻧﻬـﺎﺋـﻲ? وﻋـﺎدة ﻣـﺎ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﺎﻹﺣﺒﺎط اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪم ﲢﺪد اﻟﻮاﻗﻊK وﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﺪد اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ وﺗﻨﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻔـﻘَﺪ اfﺮء اﻻﲡﺎه وﻳﺘـﺬﺑـﺬب ﺑـ} اﳊـﻤـﺎس اﻟـﺸـﺪﻳـﺪ واﻟـﻴـﺄس اﻟﻘﺎﺗﻞ. وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ودراﺳﺘﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻫﻮﺟﻤﺎ 5 اﻟﻐﺮب واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺸﺪة ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻌﺼﻮرK وﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻪ اﳋﺼﻮص ﺑﻌﺪ ﻇﻬﻮر اﻟﻴﻘﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ وﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔK ﻓﻘﺪ وﺻﻒ ﻧﺎﺑﻠﻴﻮن اﻟـﺘـﺎرﻳـﺦ ﺑـﺄﻧـﻪ «ﻗﺼﺔ ﺧﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻻﺗﻔﺎق ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ»K ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎل ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮف اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ﻫﻴﺠﻞKﻓﻲ إﺣﺪى ﳊﻈﺎت ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ اﳊﺎﻟﻜﺔK إن اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻤﻪ اﻟﺸﻌﻮب واﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦK اﻧﻬﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻤﻮن ﺷﻴﺌﺎ اﻟﺒﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔK ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬا ﺗﻈﻞ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ-ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻨﺎ وﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ-ﻣـﻦ أﳒـﻊ اﻟـﻄـﺮق اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻮﺳﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻟﻴﺤﺪد ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﻣﻊ اfﺎﺿﻲ وﻟﻴﺘـﻌـﺮف ﻋـﻠـﻰ ﻫـﻮﻳـﺘـﻪ وﻟﻴﺘﺤﺮر ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻀﺔ اﳊﺎﺿﺮ وﻟﻴﻌﺮف ﺣﺪود ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ iﻜﻦ وﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ. ﻓﻔﻲ دراﺳﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻧﻌﺮف ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻌﺮب اﻟﻘﺪاﻣﻰ ﻣﻊ اfﻌﺎرف واﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﳉﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﻮﺣﺎﺗﻬﻢ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪةK وﻛﻴﻒ ﳒﺤﻮا ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘـﻴـﻌـﺎب ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ وﻟﻢَ ﻓﺸﻠﻮا ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﻧﺼﻴﺒﻬﻢ. ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻌﺮف ﻛﻴﻒ ﳒﺤﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷ اﻷﺧﺮىK ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎنK وﻫﻲ أﻣﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺮاث ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻲ ﺛﺮيK ﻓﻲ أن ﺗﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ وﲢﻘﻖ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺗـﺬﻫـﻞ اﻟـﻐـﺮﺑـﻴـ} أﻧـﻔـﺴـﻬـﻢK دون أن ﺗﻄﺮح ﺗﺮاﺛﻬﺎ أو ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ اﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺟﺎﻧـﺒـﺎ. ﺑـﻞ إﻧـﻪ ﻟـﻴـﻤـﻜـﻦ اﻟـﻘـﻮل أن اﻟـﻴـﺎﺑـﺎن اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮاﺛﻬﺎ ﻛﻲ ﲡﻨﺪ اﳉﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ وﺗﺴﻬﻞ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل. إن دراﺳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﻟﻘﻤﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﺤﺬ اﻟﻬﻤﻢ وإدﺧﺎل اﻟﻌﺰاء ورSﺎ اﻷﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﺐ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﳊﻈﺎت ﺿﻴﺎﻋﻪ اﳊﺎﺿﺮة. ﻟﻜﻞ ﻫﺬا ﳒﺪ أﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ Sﻜﺎن أن ﻧﻘﺪم ﻟﻘﺮاء اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ دراﺳﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﳊﻀـﺎرة ِاﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﻲ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻮﺟﺪان اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ إﺣـﺎﻃـﺔ ﺑـﺘـﺎرﻳـﺦ اﻹﻧﺴﺎنK وﺑﺬا ﻳﺼﺒﺢ وﺟﺪاﻧﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎK ﻗﺎدرا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ اfﺘﻐـﻴـﺮ. َوﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اfﺪﻫﺶ ﺣﻘﺎ أن اﻷﻣﺔ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺔ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴـﺔ اﻟـﻘـﻮﻳـﺔK واﻟـﺘـﻲ أﳒﺒﺖ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اfﺆرﺧ} ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼـﺮ ﻧـﻬـﻀـﺘـﻬـﺎ اﻷوﻟـﻰK واﻟـﺘـﻲ وﺿـﻊ أﺣـﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺋﻬﺎ أﺳﺲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺪة ﻗﺮونK أﻗﻮل ﻣﻦ اfﺪﻫـﺶ أن ﳒـﺪ أﻧـﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮﻧﺎ اﳊﺪﻳﺚK وﻫﻲ ﲢﺎول أن ﺗﻨﻬﺾ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺒﻮﺗﻬﺎ وﺗﺨﺮج ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺮﺗﻬﺎK ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺗـﺎرﻳـﺦ اﳊـﻀـﺎرة ِاﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﺒـﺮز اﻹﳒﺎزات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ وﻳﺤﺪد ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﳒﺎزات اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦK وﻳﺪرس ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ﻣﻦ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﺎؤﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮاﺟﻪ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ. وإﻟﻰ أن ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦK وإﻟﻰ أن ﻧﻘﺪم رؤﻳﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟـﺘَﺎرﻳﺦ اﳊﻀﺎرة اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔK ﻳﺼﺒـﺢ اﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ اfﺘﺎح أﻣﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﻫﻮ أن ﻧﻨﻘﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺘﺒﻪ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎءَ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﻮن 6 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﺘﺮﺟﻤ ﻻ ﻫﺬا اfﻀﻤﺎر. واﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﺬي ﺑ} أﻳﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻟﻠﺤﻀﺎرة ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﳉﺪة واﻟﻌﻤﻖK ﻓﻬﻮ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻘﺪم ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ اﻷﺣﺪاث ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺒﺎ زﻣﻨﻴـﺎ وإـﺎ ﺣـﺎول أن ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻘﻮﻻت ﻋﻠﻢ اﺟﺘﻤﺎع اfﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ وﺣـﺎول أن ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎره أﺎﻃﺎ وﺗﺸﻜﻴﻼت ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ. وﻟﺬا ﻓﻔﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻻ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ اfﺪن ﺛﻢ ﺗﺨﺘﻔﻲK وﻻ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ اﳊﻀﺎرات ﺛﻢ ﺗﺬﺑﻞ وـﻮتK وﻻ ﺗـﺴـﻴـﺮ اﳉﻴﻮش ﺛﻢ ﺗﻌﻮد أو ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻮدK وإﺎ ﳒﺪ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻀﺎرة ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ. ﻓﺎfﺆﻟﻒ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺎول ﻣﺎدﺗﻪ-أي ﺗﺎرﻳـﺦ اﳊـﻀـﺎرة-ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼل ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت وﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﺸﺄة اfﺪن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮق واﻟﻐﺮبK وﻇﻬﻮر اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ «أو اﻟﺘﻔﺮد» ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲK وﻏﻴﺎﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢK وﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ِﺑﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎن اﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮق واﻟﻐﺮب. وCﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﻮل إن اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت وﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺪدة دون ﻏﻴـﺮﻫـﺎK ﻧﻈﺮا ﻷﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎK وإﻏﻔﺎل ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺰوﻳﺪﻧﺎ ﺑﺮؤﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﻮراﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺪاﺧﻠﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔK وﻗﺪ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﺎﻳﺶ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ﻛﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔK ﻻ أن ﻧﺘﺄﻣﻠﻪ وﻧـﺪرﺳـﻪ ﻛﺸﻲء ﺧﺎرج ﻋﻨﺎ. وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬا ﺳﻴﻀﻔﻲ ﻋﻨﺼﺮا ﻻ زﻣـﻨـﻴـﺎ ﻋـﻠـﻰ اﻟـﺘـﺎرﻳـﺦK ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر أن اﻷﺣﺪاث داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﺎﻧﻮراﻣﺎ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة ﺳﺘﺘﺠﺎور وﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐK وﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر أن ﺗﻨﺎول ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﳊﻀﺎرة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻋـﺎت ﻳـﻔـﺘـﺮض وﺟـﻮد وﺣـﺪة ﺑـ} اﻷﺣﺪاث ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز ﻣﺠﺮد اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ وﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴـﻨـﻬـﺎK ﺑـﻐـﺾ اﻟـﻨـﻈـﺮ ﻋـﻦ اﳊـﻘـﺒـﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ وﻗﻌﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ. وﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا ﺷﻲء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺔK وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺒﺪو أن اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺒﻪ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻘﺼﻮر اfﻨﻬﺠﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ. وﻟﺬا ﻓﻌﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺻﻨﻒ ﻣﺎدﺗﻪ داﺧﻞ أﻧﺴﺎق «ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ»(ﻧﺴﺒﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع Theme) إﻻ أﻧﻪ ﺣﺎول أﻳﻀﺎ أن ﻳﺮﺗﺐ اﻷﻧﺴﺎق ذاﺗﻬﺎ داﺧﻞ أﻧﺴﺎق ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﺄﺧـﻀـﻌـﻬـﺎ ﻟـﻘـﺪر ﻣـﻦ اﻟـﺘـﻌـﺎﻗـﺐ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲK وﻟﺬا ﻓﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻣﻘﺴﻢ إﻟﻰ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ أﺑﻮاب ﻳﻐﻄﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﻘﺒﺔ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ (اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻘﺪK واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲK واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪيK واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ اfﺒﻜﺮK واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ) وﻳﻀﻢ ﻋﺪة ﻓﺼـﻮل ﺗـﺴـﺘـﻤـﺪ ﻣـﻌـﻈـﻢ ﻣـﺎدﺗـﻬـﺎ ﻣـﻦ اﳊـﻘـﺒـﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ إﻃﺎرﻫﺎ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ (ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻨﺎول اfﺪﻳﻨﺔ/ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ واﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔK واﻟﺬي ﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ-اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ-ﻳﺮﻛﺰ أﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺛﻴﻨﺎ وروﻣﺎK أﻣﺎ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻨﺎول اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد واfﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﺿﻠـﺔ أو أﺻـﻮل 7 اﻟﻐﺮب واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻻﺷﺘﺮاﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺎب اﳋﺎﻣﺲ-اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ-وﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻇﺎﻫﺮة اﻟﻔﻜﺮ اﻻﺷﺘﺮاﻛﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ). ﻛﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻲ ﻳﺬﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﺄن اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮة آﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻨﺎوﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن وزﻣﺎن ﻣﺤﺪدﻳﻦ وأﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻼK ﻻ ﻓﻜﺎك ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ. ﺑﻞ إﻧﻪ Cﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﻮل أن اfﻨﻬﺞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻪ اfﺆﻟﻒ واﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ اﻟـﺘـﻲ ﻳـﺼـﺪر ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻫﺬا اﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻈﻮاﻫﺮ واﻷﺣﺪاث. ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔHistoricism اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻨﺎ ﺗﺮى أن ﻛﻞ ﺣﻘﺒﺔ ﺗـﺎرﻳـﺨـﻴـﺔ ﻟـﻬـﺎ ﻓـﺮادﻳـﺘـﻬـﺎ وأن ﻛـﻞ اﻷﻣﻮر ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮK وأن اﻟﻈﻮاﻫﺮ إن ﻫﻲ إﻻ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ زﻣﻨﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺧﺮى. وﻳﺒ} اfﺆﻟﻒK ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷﺧﻴﺮK أﻧﻪ ﻛـﺎن ﻳـﺤـﺎول ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻛﻜﻞ أن ﻳﻨﺒﻪ اﻟﻘﺎر إﻟﻰ أن ﺛـﻘـﺎﻓـﺎت اﻟـﺸـﻌـﻮب وﻃـﺮق ﺣـﻴـﺎﺗـﻬـﺎ اﺨﻤﻟﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ اﺟﺘﻤﺎع ﻋﺪة ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺣﻀﺎرﻳﺔ وﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ وﻣﺎدﻳﺔK وأن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻵﺧﺮ. ﻓﺎﻟﺰﻣﺎنK إذنK ﺑﻌﺪ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ إﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲK ﻓﻨﺤﻦK ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻗﻮﻟﻪK ﻓﻲ أﻗﺼﻰ ﺗﻔﺮدﻧﺎ ﻻ ﻠﻚ إن ﻧﻌﺒﺮ ﻋـﻦ أﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ ﺑﻐﻴﺮ أﻟﻔﺎظ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻨﺎ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ وﻋﻼﻣﺎﺗﻪ. وﻳﺘﻠﺨﺺ إﳒﺎز اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻓﻲ أﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻘﺪم ﻣﻨﻬﺠﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﺟﺘﻤﺎع اfﻌﺮﻓﺔ أو ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ وﺣـﺴـﺐK وإﺎ ﻗﺪم دراﺳﺎت ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اfﻨﻬﺞ. ﺑﻞ اﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻟـﻢ ﻳـﻔـﺼـﺢ ﻋـﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻪ إﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻘﺎر اfﺎدة اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴـﺔ ﻣـﺴـﻠـﺤـﺎ ﺑﻘﻮاﻋﺪ ﻣﺤﺪدة ﺻﺎرﻣﺔK وإﺎ ﻟﻴﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻠﺐ رﺣﺐ وﻋﻘﻞ ﻣﻔﺘﻮحK ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ fﺎ أﻣﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻦ وﻗﺎﺋﻊ وﺷﻮاﻫﺪ دون اﻟﺘﻘﻴﺪ ﺑﻘـﻮاﻋـﺪ ﺳـﺎﺑـﻘـﺔ-ـﺎﻣـﺎ ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ اfﺆﻟﻒ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ أﻟﻒ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ. وﻣﻦ ﻣﺰاﻳﺎ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻷﺧﺮى إن اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اfﺆﻟﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺎوﻟـﻬـﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ أﻛﺎدCﻴﺎ ﻣﺠﺮداS Kﻌﻨﻰ أﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺨﺘﺮ اfﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐـﻲ ﻋـﻠـﻴـﻪ اﺧﺘﻴﺎرﻫﺎK أو اﻟﺘﻲ اﻻﺗﻔﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ أﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷوﺳﺎط اﻷﻛﺎدCﻴﺔ اﶈﺎﻳﺪةK وإﺎ اﺧﺘﺎر اfﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺎة اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ. وﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺨﺘﺎر ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ذات أﻫﻤﻴﺔ إﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔK ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻄﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن اfﻌﺎﺻﺮ. ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲK ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اfﺜﺎلK ﻳﺒﺪأ ﺑﻄﺮح ﺳﺆال ﻋﻦ دور اfﺮأة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ. أﻣﺎ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻓﻴﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اfﺪن اfﻌﺎﺻﺮةK وﻫﻮ ﺑﻬﺬا ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﳊﺠﺮي أو ﺗـﻄـﻮر اﳊـﻀـﺎرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼ} أﻣﺮ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻐﺰاه ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ِﻹﻧﺴﺎن اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ. 8 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﺘﺮﺟﻤ وﺛﻤﺔ ﻣﻴﺰة ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب وﻫﻮ اﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻘﺼﻮر اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻮارﻳﺦ اﳊﻀﺎرة اfﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺮب واﻟـﺘـﻲ ﻋـﺎدة ﻣـﺎ ﺗـﺮﻛـﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ وﺣﺪه وﻋﻠـﻰ إﳒـﺎزاﺗـﻪ اﳊـﻀـﺎرﻳـﺔK ﻛـﻤـﺎ ﻟـﻮ ﻛـﺎن اﻟـﻌـﺎﻟـﻢ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ. وﻳﺤﺎول اfﺆرﺧﻮن اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﻮن أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ أن ﻳﻨﻈﺮوا إﻟـﻰ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻧﻈﺮة ﺗﻄﻮرﻳﺔ ﻋﺎfـﻴـﺔK إﻻ أﻧـﻬـﻢ ﻛـﺜـﻴـﺮا ﻣـﺎ ﻳـﻨـﻈـﺮون إﻟـﻰ ﺗـﺎرﻳـﺦ اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺳﻮى إﻋﺪاد وﻬﻴﺪ ﻟﻈﻬﻮر اﻹﻧﺴﺎن اﳊـﺪﻳـﺚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺮبK وان اﳊﻀﺎرات ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺳﻮى ﺣﻠﻘﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﻄﻮرK ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪ ذاﺗﻬﺎK وإﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ Sﻘﺪار ﻣﺴﺎﻫـﻤـﺘـﻬـﺎ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﺪاﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ أدت ﻓﻲ ﻧـﻬـﺎﻳـﺔ اﻷﻣـﺮ إﻟـﻰ ﻇـﻬـﻮر اﳊـﻀـﺎرة اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ. ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا ﳒﺪ أن رؤﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﺗﺒﻨـﺎ ﻋـﺎfـﻴـﺔ Sـﻌـﻨـﻰ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔK ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺴﺘﺸﻬﺪ ﺑﺄﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن واﻟـﺼـ} وﻣـﺼـﺮ اﻟـﻘـﺪCـﺔ وأﻣـﺜـﻠـﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺎة ﻣﻦ روﻣﺎ وأﺛﻴﻨﺎ وﻟﻨﺪن. ﻓﻔﻲ ﻃـﻲ دراﺳـﺘـﻪ ﻟـﻠـﻤـﺪن ﻻ ﻳـﺪرس ﻇـﻬـﻮر اfﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺮب وﺣﺴﺐ وإﺎ ﻳﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻇﻬﻮرﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺑﻞ وﻣﺼﺮ وأﺛﻴﻨﺎ وروﻣﺎ واﻟﻬﻨﺪ واﻟﺼ}. وإذا ﻛﺎن ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻫﻮ اﻟﻐﺮب واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢK ﻓﺎfﻘﺼﻮد ﻫـﻨـﺎ ﻫﻮ أن ﻛﺎﺗﺐ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ واﻧﻪ ﻳﻄﺮح أﺳـﺌـﻠـﺔ ﺗـﻬـﻢ- ﺑﺎﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ-اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺮب وﻓﻲ اﻟـﻌـﺼـﺮ اﳊـﺪﻳـﺚK وﻟـﻜـﻦ اﻹﺟـﺎﺑـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬه اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ إﻟﻰ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ اﳉﻨﺲ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي ﺑﺄﺳﺮه. وﻟﻜﻦ إﳒﺎز اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ أﺗﺼﻮره ﻫﻮ اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ اfﺮﻛﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻄﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺎرﻳﺦ واﻟﺘﻲ Cﻜﻦ أن ﻧﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻌﺮب. ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺴﻖ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻲ-ﺣﺴـﺐ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ-ﻻ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﺎء ﲢﺘﻲ(أو أدوات إﻧﺘﺎج)ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﻋـﻲ اﻟـﺒـﻌـﺾK وﻻ ﻫـﻮ «ﲡﻞ» ﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ أو اﳉﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﻠﻮ ﻟﻠﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻘﻮلK وإﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺤﻮي داﺧﻠﻪ أدوات إﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﺜﻞ اﶈﺮاث واﻷدوات اﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔK وأدوات ﺗﻔﻜﻴﺮ وﺗﺄﻣﻞ (إن ﺻﺢ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ) ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ واﻟﺮﻣﻮز اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴـﺔK وأدوات ﺣﺮب وﻗﺘﺎل ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺴﻴﻒ واﻟﺮﻣﺢ واﻟﺪرع.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Iseas 4001-7574 (Pdf)
    DENOMINAZIONE DESCRITTIVA No. CONDIZIONE E COLLOCAMENTO DEGLI OGGETTI Seraphin Couvreur, Les Annalis de la Chine, cathasia, 1950. 4001 Georges Margoulies, Me "Fou" dans le Wen Siuan, Paul 4002 Ceuthner, 1926. Francois MacŽ, La mort et les funerailles, Pub. Orientalistes 4003 France, 1986. Seraphin Couvreur, LIKI: Memories sur les Bienseances et les 4004 ceremonies vol. 1, Cathasia, 1950. Seraphin Couvreur, LIKI: Memories sur les Bienseances et les 4005 ceremonies vol. 2, Cathasia, 1950. Seraphin Couvreur, LIKI: Memories sur les Bienseances et les 4006 ceremonies vol. 3, Cathasia, 1950. Seraphin Couvreur, LIKI: Memories sur les Bienseances et les 4007 ceremonies vol. 4, Cathasia, 1950. Andre Levy, Inventaire Analytique et Critique dei Conte Chinois 4008 Langue Vulgaire vol. VIII, College de France, 1978. Andre Levy, Inventaire Analytique et Critique dei Conte Chinois 4009 Langue Vulgaire vol. VIII-2, College de France, 1978. Andre Levy, Inventaire Analytique et Critique dei Conte Chinois 4010 Langue Vulgaire vol. VIII-3, College de France, 1978. Max Kaltenmark, Le Lie-Sien Tchouan, College de Francd, 4011 1987. Seraphin Couvereur, Tch'ouen Ts'iou et Tso Tchouan: La 4012 Chronique de la Principaute de L™u vol. 1, Cathasia, 1951. Seraphin Couvereur, Tch'ouen Ts'iou et Tso Tchouan: La 4013 Chronique de la Principaute de L™u vol. 2, Cathasia, 1951. Seraphin Couvereur, Tch'ouen Ts'iou et Tso Tchouan: La 4014 Chronique de la Principaute de L™u vol. 3, Cathasia, 1951. Remi Mathieu, Anthologie des Mythes et Legendes de la Chine 4015 ancienne, Gallimard, 1989. Shang Yang, Le Livre de Prince Shang Flammarion, 1981. 4016 J-J-L.
    [Show full text]
  • Taoism and Chinese Religion
    www.quirinpress.com @QuirinPress Quirin Press Release “It is largely thanks to [Maspero’s] pioneer work in the fields of Chinese religion, anthropology, linguistics and history that China’s contribution to the achievement of man could first be reviewed on terms of parity with those of other civilizations. “To the question whether his discoveries, opinions and interpretations have been outdated by the subsequent thirty years’ research, it may be answered that leading scholars still rely with the utmost confidence on his writings as a framework whose validity has outdated their most recent findings, and whose detail has in many cases not been bettered.” — Michael Loewe, University of Cambridge (from the sleeve notes to the original 1981 edition.) Taoism and Chinese Religion Revised Edition by Henri Maspero Translated by Frank A. Kierman, Jr. Price for pb & E-book: $ 96.56 USD | €74.00 EUR | £ 58.40 GBP | $ 99.99 AUD Publication date: Sep. 2014 Paperback (Sep. 2015 E-book) Size: xli + 689 pages | 6 x 9 in. / 234 x 156 mm. | 2.339 lb / 1060 gm Formats available: Perfect Bound (pb) & E-book Series: Quirin Pinyin Updated Editions (QPUE) ISBN 13: 978-1-922169-04-4 Paper | 978-1-922169-05-1 E-book (Sep 2015) … one of the greatest attractions of Maspero’s writings in this volume (and one that will endure even when our own researches eventually make us better informed than he was on every topic upon which he touched), is the invaluable picture disclosed to us of a mature sinologist remarkable for his broad erudition and penetrating insight confronting a field of research completely untouched by earlier scholars.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Sinology and Field Journals
    Handbook of Reference Works in Traditional Chinese Studies (R. Eno, 2011) 9. WESTERN SINOLOGY AND FIELD JOURNALS This section of has two parts. The first outlines some aspects of the history of sinology in the West relevant to the contemporary shape of the field. The second part surveys some of the leading and secondary sinological journals, with emphasis on the role they have played historically. I. An outline of sinological development in the West The history of sinology in the West is over 400 years old. No substantial survey will be attempted here; that can wait until publication of The Lives of the Great Sinologists, a blockbuster for sure.1 At present, with Chinese studies widely dispersed in hundreds of teaching institutions, the lines of the scholarly traditions that once marked sharply divergent approaches are not as easy to discern as they were thirty or forty years ago, but they still have important influences on the agendas of the field, and they should be understood in broad outline. One survey approach is offered by the general introduction to Zurndorfer’s guide; its emphasis is primarily on the development of modern Japanese and Chinese scholarly traditions, and it is well worth reading. This brief summary has somewhat different emphases. A. Sinology in Europe The French school Until the beginning of the eighteenth century, Western views of China were principally derived from information provided by occasional travelers and by missionaries, particularly the Jesuits, whose close ties with the Ming and Ch’ing courts are engagingly portrayed by Jonathan Spence in his popular portraits, The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci and Emperor of China.
    [Show full text]
  • China: Promise Or Threat?
    <UN> China: Promise or Threat? <UN> Studies in Critical Social Sciences Series Editor David Fasenfest (Wayne State University) Editorial Board Eduardo Bonilla-Silva (Duke University) Chris Chase-Dunn (University of California-Riverside) William Carroll (University of Victoria) Raewyn Connell (University of Sydney) Kimberlé W. Crenshaw (University of California, la, and Columbia University) Heidi Gottfried (Wayne State University) Karin Gottschall (University of Bremen) Mary Romero (Arizona State University) Alfredo Saad Filho (University of London) Chizuko Ueno (University of Tokyo) Sylvia Walby (Lancaster University) Volume 96 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/scss <UN> China: Promise or Threat? A Comparison of Cultures By Horst J. Helle LEIDEN | BOSTON <UN> This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the cc-by-nc License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. Cover illustration: Terracotta Army. Photographer: Maros M r a z. Source: Wikimedia Commons. (https://goo.gl/WzcOIQ); (cc by-sa 3.0). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Helle, Horst Jürgen, author. Title: China : promise or threat? : a comparison of cultures / by Horst J. Helle. Description: Brill : Boston, [2016] | Series: Studies in critical social sciences ; volume 96 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: lccn 2016034846 (print) | lccn 2016047881 (ebook) | isbn 9789004298200 (hardback : alk. paper) | isbn 9789004330603 (e-book) Subjects: lcsh: China--Social conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • 14Th International Conference on the History of Science in East Asia (Paris, 6-10 July 2015): Book of Abstracts Catherine Jami, Christopher Cullen, Sica Acapo
    14th International Conference on the History of Science in East Asia (Paris, 6-10 July 2015): Book of Abstracts Catherine Jami, Christopher Cullen, Sica Acapo To cite this version: Catherine Jami, Christopher Cullen, Sica Acapo. 14th International Conference on the History of Science in East Asia (Paris, 6-10 July 2015): Book of Abstracts. 2015, pp.2015-07. halshs-01220174 HAL Id: halshs-01220174 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01220174 Submitted on 25 Oct 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. SOURCES, LOCALITY AND GLOBAL HISTORY: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE IN EAST ASIA BOOK OF ABSTRACTS 6-10 July 2015 EHESS, Paris 14TH ICHSEA PARTNERS & SPONSORS INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE HISTORY OF EAST ASIAN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MEDECINE GDR 3398 « Histoire des mathématiques » 14TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE IN EAST ASIA SOURCES, LOCALITY AND GLOBAL HISTORY: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE IN EAST ASIA BOOK OF ABSTRACTS Designed by Sica Acapo Edited by Catherine Jami & Christopher Cullen 6-10 July
    [Show full text]
  • A Scholarly Review of Chinese Studies in North America
    A Scholarly Review of Chinese Studies in North America 北美中国研究综述 Edited by Haihui Zhang Zhaohui Xue Shuyong Jiang Gary Lance Lugar ASIA PAST & PRESENT Published by the Association for Asian Studies, Inc. Asia Past & Present: New Research from AAS, Number 11 Literature: Early China Martin Kern Definition of the Field Since the 1970s, the study of early China has experienced impressive growth in North America, especially the United States but to a lesser extent also Canada. Thirty years ago few of the major institutions had specialists for early China, and those in the field were mostly focused on transmitted texts. By now the situation has completely changed. Scholars of early China occupy positions around the country, and few institutions have two or more such specialists on their faculty. Moreover, the field maintains its own journal, Early China, which was founded in 1975 as the annual publication of the Society for the Study of Early China. In addition, the Society publishes the Early China Special Monograph Series and maintains the highly informative Early China website.1 In the development of the early China field, much of the attention has shifted to the study of bronze inscriptions and excavated manuscripts, and here especially to the study of early history, intellectual history, and religion. As is often the case for ancient civilizations, these fields are closely interrelated, and literature is closely connected to all of them; strictly speaking, there is no defined field of “early Chinese literature” that could be separated from the study of Chinese antiquity altogether. It lies in the nature of ancient societies that they require integrated, interdisciplinary research instead of isolated approaches guided by modern categories such as “history,” “religion,” or “literature.” However, in the present survey, I nevertheless attempt to isolate “literature” (in the more narrow sense) from the other subfields in the study of early China (history, philosophy, religion, etc.) that are dealt with in other parts of the present book.
    [Show full text]
  • Needham and the Issue of Chinese As a Language for Science: Taking a Linguistic Turn Materially SECOND LOOK
    Needham and the Issue of Chinese as a Language for Science: Taking a Linguistic Turn Materially SECOND LOOK Karine Chemla 林力娜 Abstract: Volume 7 of Joseph Needham’s Science and Civilisation in China (SCC) gives the issue of Chinese language in scientific practice pride of place. Its arguments are mainly devised to oppose views, put forward by Marcel Granet in 1920 and then by Derk Bodde in the 1970s, to the effect that the Chinese script (for Granet) or “literary Chi- nese” (for Bodde) impeded the development of science. The essay outlines the way in which Christoph Harbsmeier, in Part 1 of Volume 7, and then Needham and Kenneth Robinson, in Part 2, expose the fallacies of these views. It suggests that Needham and Robinson’s rebuttals to Bodde’s position, innovative though they might be, share essen- tial features with the latter’s theses. In particular, they all view the Chinese language pri- marily from the viewpoint of its function of communicating knowledge. The essay argues that Chinese-writing communities of practitioners of mathematics constantly shaped technical languages that drew on but also added to the resources of the Chinese language available to them to pursue their goals. The technical languages thereby shaped were not simply a means of communication with fellow-practitioners; they were also a tool of work. In conclusion, the essay argues that a language and the work done with this language are co-constructed. LANGUAGE AND SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY IN SCC Joseph Needham’s Science and Civilisation in China (SCC), the publication of which began in 1954, includes contributions by many scholars.
    [Show full text]
  • Hong Kong Institute for Humanities and Social Sciences the University of Hong Kong
    Hong Kong Institute for Humanities and Social Sciences The University of Hong Kong IHSS 6007: Selected Topics in Anthropology: Classical Approaches to the Anthropology of Chinese Religion Graduate seminar, HKIHSS, Fall semester 2018 Instructor: David A. Palmer ([email protected]) This seminar will focus on classical works in the anthropology of religion as applied to China. We will examine the connections and mutual influences between the theories and studies of Emile Durkheim, Marcel Mauss and Marcel Granet, at the intersection between anthropology, sociology and sinology. The works of these authors will be brought into dialogue with the classical works of the sociology of religion in China – Weber’s Confucianism and Daoism and C. K. Yang’s Religion in Chinese Society, and with canonical anthropological studies of Chinese religion by Arthur Wolf, David Jordan, Robert Weller, Emily Ahern, Stephen Sangren and Stephan Feuchtwang. Proposed time slot: Mondays, 12‐2 pm. Sessions: 1. (Sept 10) : Primitive Classifications, The Elementary forms of the Religious Life, and Festivals and Songs of Ancient China: Mauss, Durkheim and Granet. 2. (Sept 24) : The Chinese Mind (La pensée chinoise) and The Savage Mind (La pensée sauvage): Granet, Lévi‐Strauss and Descola. 3. (Oct. 15): Gods, Ghosts and Ancestors (Wolf, Jordan, Weller) 4. (Oct. 29): Chinese Ritual and Politics / The Imperial Metaphor (Ahern, Feuchtwang) 5. (Nov. 5) : History and Magical Power in a Chinese Village / Chinese Sociologics (Sangren) 6. (Nov. 26): Macro‐Sociological Studies (Weber, C. K. Yang, Weller) Assessment: Attendance and participation: 20%. Students must give a brief presentation of one of the readings in the seminar.
    [Show full text]
  • L'universalité Des Droits Humains Dans
    Université de Montréal L’universalité des droits humains dans le contexte du pluralisme axiologique inhérent aux relations internationales : le cas du confucianisme par Marie-Josée Drolet Département de philosophie Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de docteur en philosophie Mai 2010 © Marie-Josée Drolet, 2010 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-65790-4 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-65790-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriété du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Memoirs of H. A. Giles
    East Asian History NUMBERS 13/14· JUNE/D ECEMBER 1997 Institute of Adva nce d Stu dies Australian National University Edito r GeremieR. Barme Assi stan t Edi tor Helen Lo Editorial Board Ma rk Elvin (Conv enor) John Clark Andr ew Fraser Helen Hardac re Col in Jeffco tt W. ]. F. Jenn er Lo Hui- min Gavan McCo rmack Dav id Ma rr Tessa Morri s-Suzuki Micha el Underdown Design and Produc tion Helen Lo Bu sin ess Manag er Ma ri on Week s Print ed by Go anna Prin t, Fy shwick, ACT � Thi s double issu e of East Asian History, 13 /14, wa s printed in March 1999. Contribu ti on s to Th e Edi tor, East Asian History Division of Pac ific andAs ian Hi sto ry Research Schoo l of Pacific and Asian Studi es Au stralian National Univ ersity Canb erra ACT 0200, Au stralia Phone +61 26249 3140 Fax +6126 249 5525 email geremie@c oo mbs.anu. ed u.au Sub scrip tion Enquiries to Sub scription s, East Asian History, atth e above add ress Annua l Subscrip tion Au stra li a A$45 Ov erseasUS $45 (fo r two issu es) iii CONTENTS 1 The Memoir s of H. A. Gile s Charles Aylmer 91 The Date and Co mpilation of the Fengdao Kejie, the Fi rst Handbook of Mona stic Daoi sm Livia Kohn 119 The Mingyad, the jaqacin, the To ryud, the Qosud and the Caqar Ceveng (c. Z. Zamcarano) -translated by 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Mathieu: Marcel Granet (1884–1940). JEACS 2020
    Mathieu, Rémi. “Marcel Granet (1884–1940).” Journal of the European Association for Chinese Studies, vol. 1 (2020): 253–274. DOI: 10.25365/jeacs.2020.1.253-274 SPOTLIGHT Marcel Granet (1884–1940) Rémi Mathieu Centre national de la recherche scientifique, France [email protected] The history of French Sinology is marked by a series of axial dates and prominent names – Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat, the Marquis d’Hervey de Saint-Denys, Paul Pelliot and, above all, Édouard Chavannes – who made Francophone studies of China remarkable throughout the nineteenth century, the age of the birth of modern scientific research. Marcel Granet, whose fame outlived his premature death at the beginning of the War, on November 25th 1940, left a durable mark on this history through the alliance that he managed to weave between his sinological knowledge, his study of sociology, brilliant intuitions, and a pedagogical capacity rooted in a writing-style as elegant as it is instructive. He had multiple scholarly talents but was unique in his gift for popularization. It would be possible to summarily divide his work into two great threads, sometimes remarkably entwined: inform the wider educated public about the roots and mysteries of ancient Chinese culture; and share his innovative readings of the documents that for more than two thousand years have formed the foundations of “China knowledge”. It was through this scholarly route that Granet embarked on a brilliant academic career, and that he traced out a path from which he would never depart: that of an innovative, sometimes iconoclastic, interpretation of documents from, for the most part, Antiquity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Study of Chinese Civilization Author(S): Arthur F. Wright Source: Journal of the History of Ideas , Apr. - Jun., 1960, Vol
    The Study of Chinese Civilization Author(s): Arthur F. Wright Source: Journal of the History of Ideas , Apr. - Jun., 1960, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1960), pp. 233-255 Published by: University of Pennsylvania Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.com/stable/2708197 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms University of Pennsylvania Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the History of Ideas This content downloaded from 130.56.64.101 on Sun, 24 Jan 2021 03:27:43 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms THE STUDY OF CHINESE CIVILIZATION * BY ARTHUR F. WRIGHT When Westerners in the late XVIIIth and early XIXth centuries first turned to the serious study of Chinese civilization, they were in- fluenced by a well-developed image of the object of their study. The Jesuits had, for their own reasons, given European man a peculiarly colored picture of that distant land, and the men of the Enlighten- ment had, in turn, put that picture to their own uses.' Objects from the hands of Chinese artists and artisans had been brought to Europe and proved to have an immediate appeal to the taste of the Euro- pean upper classes.
    [Show full text]