If you don’t want to attend you should do the alternate writing assignment. • ADVANCE NOTICE: SCREENING OF “HERSTORY OF PORN” PSA • In one sense, this is a regular class video, like all of the others which I show throughout the semester. In another sense, it is different. This video is very graphic, with many explicit sex scenes and close- ups of genitals, including many erect and ejaculating penises. Some explicit language is used. The current topic is pornography, and the sale and commercialization of sex, so this video is very appropriate. It was made by Annie Sprinkle, a very intelligent woman who freely chose to enter the realm of pornography. It is literally “Herstory” of her twenty-five years in the industry. It is a documentary, not a pornographic film. However, it includes clips of the best (and the worst) of over 150 of the adult movies which she has made. These not only document her personal history, and some of the changes that she has made, but they also illustrate several changes in the pornography industry in general. One thing is abundantly clear: Annie loves sex, and she loves making porn. She has no shame about her sexuality, and is currently doing a one-woman live show in which everyone is invited to view her vulva and witness her orgasm. She views her life as a wonderful journey. This is not the only view of porn, by a long shot. There are many people who feel that porn has ruined their lives. There are many who believe that porn is degrading to women (and to men), and/or that it encourages sexual violence or perversion. But be aware that Annie’s video is a celebration of porn. It is one view out of many possible views, but it is one that I feel we should at least consider. • I am giving this advance notice, so that you will not be completely shocked and surprised to just walk in one day and see this video. If it is against your personal or religious views to watch any pornography for any reason, then please exercise your right to stay home that day. If you come to class and start to be too upset, please feel free to close your eyes from time to time, or to leave the class. This is always your right. Remember that most of us have been brought up with a pretty negative view of sex and sexuality, and most of us have a lot of guilt over some aspects of this topic. Many of us have had negative sexual experiences in our lives as well. Note: We will not have small group discussions after this video, primarily because it is a long video. • ADVANCE NOTICE: SCREENING OF “HERSTORY OF PORN” • Specific warning list. Most occur in very short film clips. (May not include everything.) • Lots of explicit sex scenes; heterosexual people having sexual intercourse • Lots of graphic close-ups of both male and female genitals • Lots of “cum-shots”; ejaculating penises PSA • Group sex; switching partners • Shaving pubic hair • Masturbating with a toothbrush; masturbating with a sausage • Double penetration • Bondage; leather, whips, and chains; S & M • Anal penetration of a man with a huge dildo • “Hot amputee action” • Anal beads • Tampons • Woman dominating a man • Real piercing of the labia • Simulated “rainbow shower”; vomiting fantasy • Anilingus • Paddle and spanking • “Penis torture” • Simulated rape sequence • Vibrator and clitoral orgasm • Sex toys • Sex as a spiritual experience; Tantric sex; medibation (meditation/masturbation) • Double genitals of a FTM transsexual • Lesbian sex (Annie says she “became a lesbian” and this is real for her) • Mirror exercise and use of a speculum • Woman using a strap-on dildo with another woman • Annie’s “crygasm” • If you do decide to view the movie you should access the Canvas Assignment before class to print the questions or access it during the class by computer to take some notes on the questions. They are more detailed than previous video questions.
• If you decide to NOT view the movie, access Canvas and do the alternative to Herstory writing assignment. Chapter 17 Sexual Coercion Types of Rape • Stranger rape: Unknown assailant
• Acquaintance rape: Known assailant – Ie. Date rape
• Statutory rape: intercourse with someone below the age of consent (14-18 yrs of age, variable by state) regardless of consent. Types of Rape
• Statutory rape: intercourse with someone below the age of consent (14-18 yrs of age, variable by state) regardless of consent.
• Close in age exemptions, “Romeo and Juliet” laws ie. – Delaware, 18, but allowed for teens 16-17 if the older person is < 30. – Texas, no law but an accepted defense is less than 3 years apart and consensual. – Ca it’s 18 and if less than three years apart and consensual it’s a misdemeanor, not a felony. Stats on Rape Difficult to obtain accurate stats due to low reporting issues and problems with definitions: • Ethnic minorities exceptionally unlikely to report • Of all rapes, only 12-28% are reported • 2010 estimate = up to 700,000 women were raped per FBI definition of rape, the new definition will send this number UP • 2011 study, “1:5 women have been raped in their lifetime” • About one woman every 3-5 minutes is raped
• One of the questions from the survey; • “When you were drunk, high, drugged, or passed out and unable to consent, how many people have ever had sex?” Stats on Rape
• New FBI definition will likely result in an increase in the noted rape statistics. Old definition: penile vaginal penetration. New, “Penetration, even slight, vagina or anus, with any body part/object or oral penetration by sex organ without consent”.
McDaniel Why People Don’t Report Rape
• Self blame, “I drank too much” • Fear of being blamed by others • Concern for the rapist • Fear of retaliation
• Block the recall of a traumatic experience • Legal system mistrust
• 20 times more rape REPORTS in US than Japan: “Some victims' support groups estimate that rape cases in Japan amounted to more than 10 times the National Police Agency's official figure of 1,948 last year.” http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/05/15/us-japan-rape-idUST17815620070515 False Beliefs About Rape • “Women can’t be raped if they don’t want to be” • “Women say no when they mean yes” – Justification for the rapist, “She wanted it” • “Many women ‘cry rape’” – Rare, but does happen, 1:10?, also difficult to accurately measure, fewer still get criminal prosecution • “All women want to be raped” – Some women do have rape fantasies – Fantasy = in control, rape = not within control • “Rapists are obviously mentally ill” – Nope, most are acquaintances, people you see daily • “Men can’t control their sexual urges” – Uh, you better figure out how to maintain control • First time rape sentence minimum 3 years, if done to a minor, 7 years Psychosocial Basis of Rape
• Rape frequency in any particular culture influenced by the: • Nature of relations between the sexes – More egalitarian = lower rape frequency
• Status of women – Societies with high female status = lower rape frequency
Boy’s attitudes during developmental years – Avoid aggression and violence = lower rape frequency Psychosocial Basis of Rape • Rape-prone societies – S. Africa = ~37% of men have committed rape • ~1:3 women raped PER YEAR – 2013, Papau New Guinea, 59% of men had committed rape • http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/09/11/how-does-a-country-develop-a-60-percent-rape-rate/ – Stereotyped gender roles – Peer group acceptance • Societies with no rape – None – Peggy Reeves Sanday, “Virtually rape free” – Minangkabau, Indonesia, matrilineal society, very FEW rapes Impact of Media
• Some novels, films etc. – Heighten acceptance of sexual violence – Perpetuates, “Women want to be raped” – In male:male rape, ie. “Deliverance”, more likely to be realistically portrayed.
• Viewing rape pornography – Heightens likelihood of coercive sex, But… – Physiologic findings inconsistent • Rapists and non-rapists response to rape porn is variable Characteristics of Rapists, loosely • Embrace male-dominance • Anger toward women • Alcohol may contribute – Reduces inhibitions – Increases violence during a rape • Self-centered, less sensitive, narcissistic • History of progressively more violent sexual offenses • Stranger rape = anger, violence, power • Acquaintance rape = desire for sexual gratification Characteristics of Female Rape Victims, loosely
• 22% raped before age 12, >50% before 18 – Younger ages usually mean acquaintance rape – Younger ages also increase rates of older revictimization • Most frequent ages for rape, 16-24 yrs • Concurrent victims of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
• Hispanic • Sexual scripts – Men are aggressive, women passive • Misinterpretation of women’s signals – Men see cuddling or kissing as a prelude to sex – Men think “No” means, “Try harder”, or, “Hard to get” • Double messages, 39% of female undergrads admit to offering token resistance • Don’t want to appear promiscuous • Undesirable surroundings • Game playing, teasing, etc. • Strengthens male beliefs that women offer token resistance • Read the box, “Dealing with Rape and Attempted Rape” Quaalude Date Rape Drugs, “Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault” “DFSA” • Rohyphnol: (roofies) sedative causing muscle relaxation and amnesia, odorless, quickly excreted. – New formulations dissolve slowly, turn blue – Estimates put use ~1% of all DFSA • Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB): central nervous system depressant, quickly excreted – ~4% of all DFSA, more than roofies • Ketamine hydrochloride (Special K): central nervous system depressant But, the #1 date rape drug is……… Regular old alcohol…. – Readily available – Voluntarily taken – Nervous system depressant – Found in urine afterward but it’s not illegal, so… – Implicated in ~50% of college DFSA, 10X’s roofies and GHB COMBINED – Affects both perpetrator and victim lowering the inhibitions of both, starts as a party, date, outing but turns into a rape Regular old alcohol…. • Women cannot match men drink for drink – Smaller size = higher BAC per drink – Less alcohol dehydrogenase – Means women will be ~30% more intoxicated – Drink a less strong beverage Coke – Or, match every other drink, 1:2 : Rum Read the two page section: Dealing with Rape and Attempted Rape, ~Ch. 17, ~pages 516- 517 depending on the version you have. Testable. On campus… Hanging out in the dorm after hours of drinking at a college party, a boy and girl started kissing. The girl’s friends saw how drunk she was and did the right thing: They pulled the plug and got her back to her room. But as soon as she got there, she and he started texting. They wanted to get together and have sex. He was sure he could keep his roommate at bay for a while. She wanted to know if he had a condom. She promised to be there as soon as she could shake off her friends. She vomited in the hallway on the way to his room, but she kept on going. The couple followed through on their plan. The next day, she texted to ask if she could come pick up her belt and earrings. They talked for a while. Had they had sex? she asked. Yes, he was pretty sure they did. They had both been too drunk to remember any details. They agreed they went too fast and promised to remain friends. On campus… • A 'preponderance of evidence' • ..the standard of guilt was far lower than for a criminal courtroom. In Warner’s case, he says a “preponderance of evidence” was in effect. A student is found guilty not if his or her guilt is "beyond a reasonable doubt," but simply if it's “more likely than not." Only slightly more than 50-percent belief in guilt is required. • In 2011, the Department of Education advised schools that “preponderance of the evidence is the appropriate standard for investigating allegations of sexual harassment or violence.” Schools that don’t comply with the rule are at risk of losing their federal funding. Wartime Rape • Motivated by attempts to dominate, humiliate, control • Destroy familial and societal bonds • Terrorize population – During the Holocaust, Bosnia by Serbs, Rwanda, Darfur, Libya, US soldiers in Vietnam, Iraq (some were prosecuted) – ~1:10 men in the former Mongol Empire are direct descendants of Genghis Khan, ~1:200 in the world • U.N. 1996 Declaration: crime of war Fight or Flight? Yes. These Run work Resist, fight, bite, scratch, use keys, purse, a rock… best Vomit, scream, act crazy, claim you have a disease Talk him down, stall, Look for a way out Aftermath of Rape • Initial feelings of shame, anger, fear, guilt, powerlessness • Self-blame, see themselves as responsible – “If only I had not: walked there, worn that, been distracted… • Rape survivors are more likely to be raped again – Still in a situation that provides little protection – Increased self medication with drugs and alcohol • Physical symptoms frequently occur – Headaches, GI upset, sleep disturbance • Impaired sexual functioning • PTSD, distress developed after trauma • Less severe repercussions if counseling begun ASAP – Solo or group therapy sessions help to ease the issues Rape and Sexual Assault of Males • Although vast majority of sexual assault victims are women, men are also targets of rape – % of completed/attempted rape by women, 3.3/5.5 – Verbal or physical coercion • Men less likely than women to report rape – ~1:10 report it • Gay men – Typically by a current or former partner • Prison inmates – ~21% have suffered attempted or completed rape • Prisoners of war – Not much research, typically in with other abuse or torture stats Sexual Abuse of Children • Sexual contact with a child is always coercive because children cannot give informed consent • Child-sexual abuse = any adult sexual contact with a child – Molestation ~ under 12, statutory rape ~12- age of consent • Incest = with a relative – prohibited in almost all cultures – Brother-sister and first cousin incest is most common – Father-daughter reported more and has greater negative impact • May start as play, progresses to molestation • May not be reported to avoid family disruptions • Pedophilia or molestation = with a non-relative Characteristics of Child Sexual Abusers • Mostly heterosexual males known to the victim • Cover spectrum of social classes, religions, ethnicity and education • Most often lonely, shy, poor interpersonal skills, low sexual intelligence, moralistic/religious, alcoholic, severe marital problems, sexual difficulties, poor emotional adjustment • But, some are well educated, well adapted, social, wealthy • Rationalizations: “She likes it”, “We are closer”, “He is learning something” Jimmy Sevile Jerry Sandusky BBC celebrity Worked with 1960-2011 “Second Mile” 450 allegations 52 allegations Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse • Very poorly reported • ~ 22% of women, 9% of men suffered abuse, probably higher • Mostly by men, but also by women, mostly the mother Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse • By clergy ~4% of priests abused children – Similar prevalence to the general population – Poorly handled by the Church, priests were simply reassigned Sexual Abuse of Children Recovered Memories • Many abuse victims do not remember documented abuse • Controversy: Are memories planted by therapists? – No, plenty of research proves memories of negative experiences can be suppressed and recovered – Yes, plenty of research proves therapists can plant “memories” that never happened Pedophiles in Cyberspace • The Internet provides increased opportunities to take advantage of children – Mostly men, but ~30% are women – Gain child’s trust with empathetic discussions – Send over some mild/moderate pedophile porn suggesting that it’s all perfectly normal – Then, try to arrange a meeting – Once done, discard the child and move on – More statutory rape, less under 12yo type of abuse • 2009: Child Online Protection Act permanently rescinded • Prevention? Impossible. Pedophiles are computer savvy adults and can operate over mobile devices. Parents need to educate their children. Preventing Child Sexual Abuse • Present prevention-oriented material at young age • Explain “Okay” and “Not Okay” touches to children • Encourage children to believe they have rights • Encourage them to say, “No” to inappropriate touch • Encourage communication be immediate when in uncomfortable situations • Discuss strategies for getting away from uncomfortable situations • Reveal that intimate touching between consenting adults is acceptable when the child grows up • If a child tells you, be calm, remove the child from the situation, tell authorities Sexual Harassment includes Same Sex Harassment • Unwanted sexual attention in the workplace or academic setting – Peaked in 1997 ~16K claims, 2010 ~12K claims • Prohibited by Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act • Two types: verbal or physical – Quid pro quo • Threatened or actual retaliation • Promises of favorable treatment – Hostile or offensive environment • Sometimes a grey area, but not if the person asks for it to stop Sexual Harassment in Academic Settings • Coercion focuses on grades, letters of recommendation, work, or research opportunities • Many colleges and universities ban professor-student romances • Incidence – 20-40% undergraduate women; 9-29% men undergraduate – 30-50% graduate women Dealing with Sexual Harassment • If assaulted, file criminal charges • If not assaulted, confront harasser • Discuss with supervisor, head of the dept, dean • Discuss appropriately with coworkers – DON’T post it on FaceBook, etc. • File official complaint or lawsuit • Change instructor or advisor • End