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Evaluation of Non-Pharmacological Strategies, Therapeutic And http:// ijp.mums.ac.ir Review Article (Pages: 10929-10939) Evaluation of Non-Pharmacological Strategies, Therapeutic and Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions in the Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome: A Review Study Fatemeh Shoaee1, Malihe Pooredalati2, Sahebeh Dadshahi3, Paria Parvin4, Molood Bolourian5, Akram Kiani6, *Ayoub Tavakolian7, Fahime Vafisani81 1Kowsar Hospital, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 2Students Research Committee, Razi School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. 3Nursing Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. 4Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 5Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 6Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 7Emergency Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran. 8MSc of Nutrition, Medicine Faculty, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Abstract Background Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is one of the most common problems in women of childbearing age that often interferes with their work and social relationships. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies in the treatment of PMS. Materials and Methods Medline, Scopus, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Google Scholar were searched along with SID, Magiran and Irandoc for randomized control trail and non-randomized prospective or retrospective clinical studies published to Dec. 2019 that use Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological treatment for the treatment of PMS in reproductive-age women with PMS. Study selection was done by two reviews. Results Findings of the present study revealed that pharmacological treatment of PMS include lithium and fluoxetine and non-pharmacological treatment include herbal remedies: ginger, fennel, chamomile, lavender, dietary supplements: omega-3 capsules, turmeric, citrus sinensis essential oil, carbohydrate- rich foods, soy, behavioral-psychological therapies, exercise activities such as walking and yoga, and minerals (vitamin E, B6, and calcium). Conclusion PMS treatment includes pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies. Considering its popularity and fewer complications, non-pharmacological drugs are suggested to improve the symptoms of PMS. Key Words: Non-pharmacological, Premenstrual syndrome, Treatment, Women. *Please cite this article as: Shoaee F, Pooredalati M, Dadshahi S, Parvin P, Bolourian M, Kiani A, et al. Evaluation of Non-Pharmacological Strategies, Therapeutic and Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions in the Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome: A Review Study. Int J Pediatr 2020; 8(2): 10929-939. DOI: 10.22038/ijp.2020.46333.3771 *Corresponding Author: Ayoub Tavakolian, M.D, Emergency Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran. Email: [email protected] Received date: Aug.15, 2019; Accepted date: Jan.12, 2020 Int J Pediatr, Vol.8, N.2, Serial No.74, Feb. 2020 10929 Non-Pharmacological Strategies in the Treatment of PMS 1- INTRODUCTION neurological disorders that require The human reproductive system antidepressant medications. Since the encompasses sexual and reproductive causes of PMS are not fully known, its issues, which has always triggered treatment is also affected by various emotional reactions; therefore, healthcare factors. PMS management ranges from practitioners are expected to pay particular systematic non-pharmacological strategies, attention to both the physical and to antidepressants, hormonal strategies, psychological aspects of women's health and cognitive-behavioral therapies (6). In (1). PMS is one of the most common fact, a considerable series of physical, problems in women that is characterized psychological and behavioral symptoms with a range of physical, psychological, that, to varying degrees, interfere with and behavioral symptoms occurring in women's routine lives and disrupt their 95% of women with low severity and in daily activities, employment and family 5% with disabling severity during late care, affect their quality of life largely (7). luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (2). A Stress, behavioral fluctuations, loss of series of physical symptoms include control, depression and anger, drowsiness, abdominal pain, weight gain, breast pain, and incompetency in coordinating affairs, lack of energy, headache, exacerbation of and increasing or decreasing sexual desire chronic illnesses such as (asthma, highlight the importance of pursuing a allergies, epilepsy and migraines) and treatment for this disorder (8). Considering mental symptoms, including irritability, the importance of the subject matter, many anxiety, stress, inability to perform daily studies have investigated the prevalence, tasks, loss of control, and other etiology, and treatment of symptoms of psychological problems that disappear this syndrome in the last two decades. with onset of menstruation (3). However, despite previous researches, medical and non-medical communities According to the last review study in 2017 in Iran, the overall prevalence of this indicate a periodic and debilitating disease syndrome was reported to be 70.8% in the among women of childbearing age that is female population of childbearing age, associated with symptoms of PMS in the 80.4% in high school students, 68.9% in clinical setting, thus, it is essential to students, and 54.9% in general population perform more accurate evaluation of symptoms of this syndrome and (4). This syndrome is more common in women who do not have regular physical pharmacological and non-pharmacological activity and exercise programs, consume treatments. Besides, as healthcare costs foods high in salt and sugar, and have a increase worldwide, the use of traditional stressful life. Monozygotic twins (97%) and alternative medicine is becoming are also more likely to develop PMS than increasingly important. dizygotic twins (37%). The underlying Considering the increasing popularity of cause of this syndrome is unclear, so many these treatments, healthcare providers must experts consider it a multifactorial disorder be prepared to answer patient questions with multiple genotypes and phenotypes regarding these treatments. In other words, starting with ovulation and there is no they must have reliable, evidence-based specific laboratory test that can detect it information to deliver high quality (5). Although reviewing previous studies services. Therefore, the aim of the present have suggested low levels of study was to review the therapeutic neurotransmitters such as serotonin and interventions of PMS in women of dopamine in the etiology of PMS, childbearing age with PMS symptoms. especially the incidence of severe Int J Pediatr, Vol.8, N.2, Serial No.74, Feb. 2020 10930 Shoaee et al. 2- MATERIALS AND METHODS traditional medicine. Previous studies All clinical trials and non-randomized showed that ginger is effective in prospective or retrospective clinical studies preventing nausea, vomiting, motion evaluating the effect of non- sickness, dizziness, and rheumatism. pharmacological treatment, Studies have also shown that ginger can pharmacological treatment on PMS were also affect prostaglandins. Khayat et al. searched on the electronic databases of carried out a double-blind clinical trial on Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane, Web of 70 students with PMS who were randomly Science and Medline (via PubMed) with divided into ginger and placebo groups. no language or time restrictions (up to end Results of statistical analysis showed that of August 2019), using the combination ginger may be effective in reducing the keywords of: (PMS OR Premenstrual severity of mood, physical, and behavioral syndrome) AND (Therapy OR symptoms of PMS, but it was finally noted therapeutics, treatment OR Non- that therapeutic use of this drug needs pharmacological OR Pharmacological OR further research (4). Valerian Pharmacology OR Drugs OR Herbal (Nardostachys jatamansi) belongs to the medicine OR Medicinal plants OR Herbal velerianacea family, known as cat grass. Remedies OR Alternative medicine OR The name valerian may be derived from Complementary therapies OR Dietary the Latin word "Valere", which means adjustments OR Exercise) and their healthy, strong and good. Valerian root is Persian synonyms were searched in the used for medicinal purposes. national databases (Magiran, SID, and Many compounds have been identified in IranDoc). Two independent researchers the extract of this plant, the most important performed the search process and a of which are valproates, iso-valproates and supervisor judged any disagreement in this didro-valproates as well as essential oils regard. After reviewing the titles of the and fractions of valproate. Today, the articles, they were evaluated at the next calming effects of valerian are attributed to stage in terms of abstract communication its volatile oils, including valerenal and with the intended purpose. Selected items valeric acid. The three main areas of use were thoroughly studied and the important for valerian include nervous emotion, notes were extracted. In cases where it was nervous insomnia, and palpitations. In a required, the authors for better clarity double-blinded clinical trial, Behboodi et provided additional comments
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