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Growth Stage and Drying Methods Affect Essential Oil Content and Composition of Pickling Herb ( Subsp

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Growth Stage and Drying Methods Affect Essential Oil Content and Composition of Pickling Herb ( Subsp Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Süleyman Demirel University Growth Stage and Drying Methods Affect Essential Oil Content and Composition of Pickling Herb ( subsp. Tutin) Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi Echinophora tenuifolia Journalsibthorpiana of Natural and Applied Sciences Cilt 20 1, 43-49, 2016 Volume 20, Issue 1, 43-49, 2016 , Sayı DOI: 10.19113/sdufbed.59206 Growth Stage and Drying Methods Affect Essential Oil Content and Composition of Pickling Herb (Echinophora tenuifolia subsp. sibthorpiana Tutin) Arif ŞANLI*1, Tahsin KARADOĞAN1, Bekir TOSUN1, Muhammet TONGUÇ2, Sabri ERBAŞ1 1Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, 32260, Isparta, 2Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, 32260, Isparta / Received: 07.08.2015, Kabul / Accepted: 11.01.2016, Online lanma / Published Online: 15.04.2016) (Alınış Yayın Keywords Abstract: The present research was conducted during 2012 in order to determine Drying method the essential oil content and composition of Echinophora tenuifolia subsp. Echinophora tenuifolia sibthorpiana Tutin. Plants were collected during rosette, vegetative growth, full subsp. sibthorpiana flowering and fruit-ripening stages. Oil was extracted using Clavenger hydro- Essential oil content and distillation apparatus from either fresh, shade dried or sun dried samples. Oil composition composition was determined with a GC/MS. Oil content of samples showed Growth stage significant variation during the vegetative stages of development. Oil contents of fresh samples were found to be 0.76% at seedling stage whereas oil content has risen to 1.06% at seed set. The shade-dried samples had higher oil contents than the fresh and sun dried samples. The oil composition of pickling herb changed with drying method and growth stage. Throughout the growth stage of the plant, the oil - phellandrene (47.43 - 66.39%) and methyl eugenol (21.29 – 38.72%). While methywas composedl eugenol of content 21 components decreased and during the mainvegetation components period were for bothfound fresh to be and α -phellandrene level increased. Attention should be given to the collection time and drying method of pickling herb for different uses since vegetativedried samples, stage α and drying method influence oil content and composition. Gelişme Dönemi ve Kurutma Şeklinin Çörtük Otu (Echinophora tenuifolia subsp. sibthorpiana Tutin)’nun Uçucu Yağ Oranı ve Bileşenleri Üzerine Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi Anahtar Kelimeler Özet: Echinophora Echinophora tenuifolia tenuifolia subsp. sibthorpiana subsp. sibthorpiana Araştırma, Isparta florasında yaygın olarak yetişen çörtük otu ( dönemi Tutin) bitkisinin gelişme dönemi boyunca uçucu yağ Kurutma oran ve bileşenlerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2012 yılında yürütülmüştür. Bitkiler UçucuGelişme fide, sapa kalkma, tam çiçeklenme ve tohum bağlama dönemlerinde toplanmıştır.-distilasyon şekli Uçucu yağ analizleri hem taze olarak hem de gölge ve güneşte kurutulduktan sonra yağ oranı ve yapılmıştır. Örneklerdeki uçucu yağ miktarları clavenger tipi hidro bileşenleri cihazında, uçucu yağ bileşenleri ise GC/MS cihazında belirlenmiştir. Bitkilerin uçucu yağ oranlarının gelişme dönemlerine göre önemli varyasyonlar gösterdiği, taze örneklerde fide döneminde % 0.76 olan uçucu yağ oranının tohum bağlama döneminde % 1.06’ya yükseldiği belirlenmiştir. Gölgede kurutulan örneklerin uçucu yağ oranları taze ve güneşte kurutulan örneklere göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Uçucu yağ bileşenleri bitki gelişme dönemine ve kurutma yöntemine- phellandrenebağlı olarak önemli (% 47.43 değişimler - 66.39) göstermiştir. ve methyl Bitkinin eugenol tüm (% gelişme 21.29 dönemlerinde– de uçucu yağın yaklaşık 20 farklı bileşenden oluştuğu ve ana bileşenlerin α - 38.72) olduğu belirlenmiştir. Hem taze hem de kurutulan örneklerde gelişme dönemi ilerledikçe methtl eugenol azalırken, α phellandrene artış göstermiştir. Çalışmada, çörtük otu bitkisinde gelişme dönemi ve kurutma yönteminin uçucu yağ oranı ve bileşenleri üzerine önemli etkiler gösterdiği ve bitkinin kullanım amacına bağlı olarak hasat zamanı ve kurutma yönteminin dikkate alınması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır. 43 * İlgili yazar: [email protected] A. Şanlı, T. Karadoğan, B. Tosun, M. Tonguç, S. Erbaş 1. Introduction the different plant growth stages (rosette, vegetative growth (before flowering), full flowering and seed The genus Echinophora (Apiaceae) comprises about maturing stage) from the Research Farms of 10 species, distributed from the Mediterranean Suleyman Demirel University. The investigated region to Afghanistan [1]. The Mediterranean and drying methods were shade and sun drying. Five Middle East regions seem to be the only areas where plants were used for each developmental period. The this genus is established [2]. There are three taxa of first group of samples was shade-dried at room the genus found in Europe (E. spinosa, E. tenuifolia temperature for 5 days till they reached to a constant ssp. sibthorpiana and E. tenuifolia ssp. tenuifolia) [3]. weight. The second group was dried under the sun The flora of Turkey contains six species, three of for 3 days until reaching a constant weight. Plant which are endemic. Fresh or dried E. tenuifolia is material was distributed as a thin layer to accelerate used in the treatment of wounds, gastric ulcers and drying process. The maximum daily temperature digestive activities in folk medicine due to its during drying process ranged from 25 to 30°C. antifungal, carminative and digestive properties [4]. It is also added to foods, such as; soup, meat, pickles, 2.2. Essential oil extraction dairy products, and meatballs, for enhancing their sensory properties [5, 6]. The fresh and dried plant materials (250 g) were powdered and used for extraction by using a hydro- Oil composition depends upon both biotic (genetic, distillation technique during 3 hours in an all-glass ontogeny, morphogenesis) and abiotic (climate, soil, Clevenger type apparatus that separates water from temperature etc.) factors affecting plant growth. oil. The essential oils were separated from the Morphogenetic variability is the variation of oil aqueous layer and essential oil yield was calculated. compositions according to different parts of the plant, The extracted oil was stored in a dark glass tube and such as; flower, leaf, root etc. [7]. The post-harvest kept under refrigeration at 4°C until further analysis. process of medicinal plants has great importance in Extraction was carried out in triplicates. the production chain, because of its direct influence on the quality and quantity of the active ingredient in 2.3. Identification of components the product sold. Aromatic plants are often dried before extraction to reduce the moisture content of GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) the product to a level that prevents deterioration of analysis of the oil samples was performed on a the product and allows storage in a stable condition. QP5050 GC-MS equipped with a Quadrapole detector. Proper drying of medicinal plants is fundamental to GC/MS analysis was conducted under the following the achievement of a high quality product [8]. In conditions: capillary column, CP-Wax 52 CB (50 m x addition, the main purpose of drying is to extend 0.32 mm; film temperature program (60 0C increased to 220 0C at a and reduce shipping weights [9]. It has been showed rate of 2 0C /min andthickness then kept =at 2200.25 0 C forμm); 10 min);oven thatproduct drying shelf method life, minimize had a packagingsignificant requirementseffect on oil total run time 60 min; injector temperature, 240 0C; content and composition of aromatic plants [10-14]. detector temperatures, 250 0C; carrier gas, helium at a flow rate of 20 ml/min. Relative percentage Some studies on the essential oil composition of amounts of the essential oil components were Echinophora species have been carried out [2, 6, 14- evaluated from the total peak area (TIC) by apparatus 19]. Most of the studies dealt with components software. Identification of components in the volatile identified from different locations and growth stages, oil was based on the comparison of their mass however; changes of essential oil content and spectra and retention time with literature data and composition at different plant growth stages with by computer matching with NIST and WILEY libraries response to drying methods has not been [20]. investigated. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of growth stages and drying Data was subjected to the analysis of variance methods on essential oil content and chemical (ANOVA) procedure with SAS statistical program components of E. tenuifolia subsp. sibthorpiana Tutin [21]. Means were separated using LSD test at the 0.05 from the Lakes Region of Turkey (Isparta). significance level. 2. Material and Method 3. Results 2.1. Plant material The analysis of variance showed that the plant growth stages and drying methods had a significant The experiment was carried out at the Field Crops effect (p < 0.01) on the essential oil content of E. Department of Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, tenuifolia subsp. sibthorpiana. Essential oil contents Turkey in the summer of 2012 (elevation 1030 m, obtained from different organs with different drying average annual rainfall: 500 mm, and mean annual methods are given in Table 1. Essential oil content temperature: 18°C). Plant samples were collected at increased progressively during different growth and 44 Growth Stage and Drying Methods
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