LES GUITARISTES FRANÇAIS ENTRE 1770 ET 1830 Pratiques D’Exécution Et Catalogue Des Méthodes

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LES GUITARISTES FRANÇAIS ENTRE 1770 ET 1830 Pratiques D’Exécution Et Catalogue Des Méthodes PASCAL VALOIS LES GUITARISTES FRANÇAIS ENTRE 1770 ET 1830 Pratiques d’exécution et catalogue des méthodes Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures de l’Université Laval dans le cadre du programme de doctorat en Musique pour l’obtention du grade de Philosophiæ Doctor (Ph.D) FACULTÉ DE MUSIQUE UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL QUÉBEC 2009 © Pascal Valois, 2009 Résumé La guitare connaît à Paris entre 1770 et 1830 un âge d’or caractérisé par un engouement exceptionnel de musiciens amateurs issus des milieux bourgeois. Cette effervescence est nourrie aussi bien par la venue de virtuoses italiens et espagnols que par toute une génération de guitaristes français, lesquels sont l’objet d’étude de cette thèse. Parmi ces musiciens encore largement méconnus, on retrouve Antoine Bailleux (v. 1720 v. 1798), Charles Doisy (mort en 1807), Antoine de Lhoyer (1768-1852) et Victor Magnien (1804 1885). L’objectif principal de la thèse est de démontrer quelles étaient les pratiques d’exécution de ces guitaristes et comment elles ont évolué pendant la période charnière entre l’âge baroque et le romantisme. L’étude des nombreuses méthodes et l’examen du répertoire créé par les guitaristes français constituent le pivot servant à investiguer ces pratiques. Les méthodes prennent parfois la forme de courts exposés destinés à servir d’aide-mémoire aux débutants, comme elles peuvent constituer de véritables traités d’harmonie et d’interprétation. L’examen des sources et la validation des hypothèses grâce à des instruments d’époque laisse entrevoir un ensemble de pratiques d’exécution où s’entremêlent l’héritage de la musique baroque française, les courants d’interprétation issus du Conservatoire de Paris et la nouvelle esthétique popularisée par l’opéra italien. Le type d’instrument utilisé est pris en compte : la guitare baroque à cinq chœurs, utilisée au début la période, fait place autour de 1800 à un instrument à cinq puis à six cordes simples. Contrairement à ce qui était couramment admis jusqu’ici, il s’avère que les guitaristes français adoptent une attitude généralement conservatrice face à la position de jeu, alors que, en matière de technique, plusieurs innovations feront leur apparition dans les années 1820. Ces tendances progressistes résultent principalement du contact entre les guitaristes français et espagnols, comme Sor et Aguado. En ce qui concerne l’ornementation, les agréments typiques de la musique baroque laissent encore des traces chez la génération qui œuvre entre 1770 et 1800. Après cette date, on assiste à une standardisation des agréments comme l’appoggiature et le trille, ainsi qu’au recours de plus en plus fréquent aux pratiques expressives qui caractérisent la 3 musique romantique. Parmi celles-ci, on retrouve le changement de tempo, le portamento et l’importance croissante de l’utilisation des dynamiques à des fins expressives. Avant-propos En commençant, il me faut exprimer toute ma reconnaissance à plusieurs personnes qui ont rendu possible la réalisation de cette thèse. Tout d’abord, je voudrais remercier mon directeur de recherche, Jean-Pierre Pinson, qui m’a guidé avec intelligence et patience sur les routes de la connaissance historique, mon père et ma mère, qui ont tellement apporté à cette thèse, Violaine, qui m’a toujours épaulé, Paul Cadrin, qui a supporté mon projet dès le début, Jean Duron, qui a éclairé beaucoup de sujets, Barbara Nestola, qui a été un superviseur exemplaire, Marc-André Roberge, pour tous les conseils et la révision en profondeur et Hopkinson Smith, qui m’a fait redécouvrir la musique. Pour toute l’aide qu’ils m’ont généreusement apportée au cours des dernières années, je voudrais aussi remercier chaleureusement Jean Vallières, François Daoust, Raymond Ringuette, David Starobin, Catherine Cessac, Christophe Doînel, Jérémy Crublet, Benoît Dratwicki, Dorothee Schmidhauser et toute la famille Schmidhauser, Bernhard Kresse, Thomas Drescher et Claude Guibord. J’aimerais spécialement remercier les personnes suivantes, qui ont contribué à faciliter ma recherche documentaire : Viviane Niaux, bibliothécaire au Centre de Musique Baroque de Versailles, Kenneth Sparr, qui m’a généreusement fourni un exemplaire de la Nouvelle méthode pour la guitare de Trille LaBarre, Philippe Gilson, bibliothécaire au Conservatoire royal de Lièges, Georges Fréchet, conservateur en chef et responsable du fonds patrimonial de la Bibliothèque Municipale d’Avignon, Suzanne Brouillard, bibliothécaire de musique à l’Université Laval, Paul Raspé, bibliothécaire honoraire au Conservatoire royal de Belgique, et tout le personnel du Département de la musique de la Bibliothèque nationale de France. Enfin, cette thèse n’aurait pas pu voir le jour sans le soutien financier du Conseil de la recherche en sciences humaines du Canada, du Fonds québécois de la recherche sur la société et la culture, de la Faculté de musique de l’Université Laval et du Bureau international de l’Université Laval. Table des matières RÉSUMÉ ........................................................................................................................................................... 2 AVANT-PROPOS............................................................................................................................................. 4 TABLE DES MATIÈRES................................................................................................................................5 LISTE DES EXEMPLES MUSICAUX .......................................................................................................... 9 LISTE DES FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... 16 INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE ................................................................................................................... 18 CHAPITRE 1 DESCRIPTION DE LA RECHERCHE............................................................................. 24 1. CADRE MÉTHODOLOGIQUE ET THÉORIQUE ................................................................................................ 24 a) Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 24 b) La performance practice..................................................................................................................... 26 c) La musicologie historique ................................................................................................................... 30 2. MODÈLES.................................................................................................................................................. 31 3. MÉTHODOLOGIE........................................................................................................................................ 33 4. REVUE DE LA LITTÉRATURE ...................................................................................................................... 35 a) Thèses.................................................................................................................................................. 35 b) Monographies ..................................................................................................................................... 36 c) Articles ................................................................................................................................................ 37 5. LES SOURCES DOCUMENTAIRES ................................................................................................................ 37 a) Méthodes............................................................................................................................................. 38 b) Répertoire ........................................................................................................................................... 38 c) Périodiques généraux.......................................................................................................................... 39 6. LES SOURCES BIOGRAPHIQUES .................................................................................................................. 40 7. DÉLIMITATION GÉOGRAPHIQUE ET PÉRIODISATION................................................................................... 42 8. TERMINOLOGIE D’ÉPOQUE ........................................................................................................................ 44 CHAPITRE 2 LES GUITARISTES FRANÇAIS ET LA VIE MUSICALE ENTRE 1770 ET 1830 .... 46 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 46 1. CADRE SOCIOPOLITIQUE ........................................................................................................................... 47 2. LA GUITARE : DE LA NOBLESSE À LA BOURGEOISIE ................................................................................... 50 3. PRIMAUTÉ DE LA MUSIQUE VOCALE EN FRANCE ....................................................................................... 54 a) La transcription .................................................................................................................................. 55 6 b) Importance de la romance .................................................................................................................. 59 c) L’art vocal et les pratiques d’exécution .............................................................................................
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