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Nauthorized Uses of Copyrighted Materials Are Prohibited by Law Unauthorized uses of copyrighted materials are prohibited by law. The PDF file of this article is provided subject to the copyright policy of the journal. Please consult the journal or contact the publisher if you have questions about copyright policy. - ABSTRACT: We examined the seed ecology of Iliamna longisepala as an aid to developing a conserva- tion strategy for this rare endemic forb of northcentral Washington. We conducted field, greenhouse, and laboratory studies to quantify: (1) densities of buried viable seed among sites with different histories of burning, (2) post-fire spatial distributions of germinants relative to reproductive plants and bum se- verity, (3) seed production and its annual variation, and (4) germination requirements. Density of seed in the soil was not significantly related to history of burning, but sites that experienced fire 10 years before sampling averaged 10 times as many seeds as sites that burned recently and four times as many seeds as sites that had not burned within 50 years. Density of viable seeds in the soil did not correlate The Seed Ecology of with density of reproductive plants. In a field experiment, germinants appeared after fall burning, but not after spring burning. Germinants were most abundant within 10 m of reproductive plants and were concentrated in areas of high bum severity. Seed production per plant was significantly correlated to na lor crown diameter, but production varied dramatically from year to year. Experimental germination trials were largely unsuccessful due to low (8%) viability of seeds collected from mature plants. However, (Torr.) Wiggins, field studies illustrate that fire is sufficient to break the dormancy of seeds that have accumulated in the soil. Long-term exclusion of fire may lead to local extinction of populations as the longevity of reproductive plants and seeds are exceeded. However, burning more frequently than every 10 years -- East Cascade could deplete local seed reserves. Index tern: fire effects, prescribed burning, rare plant, seed ecology Richy J. Harrodl INTRODUCTION 1940, Pickett and McDomell 1989). As a result, a species that is relatively rare in ( Wenatchet: National Forests Effective conservation of a rare plant the aboveground community may become 215 Melaiy Lane requires an understanding of how habitat dominant after disturbance. We suspected tchee, WA 98801 U$iA requirements, life history, and responses to that I. longisepala maintains a viable seed disturbance shape the population dynamics bank because it has limited dispersal ability Charles B. Halpern of a species (Menges 1986, Schemske et and plant density increases markedly after College of Forest Resources al. 1994). For some rare species, fire may fire (Kuhlmann and Harrod, unpubl. data). Box 35: determine population patterns in space However, knowledge of the frequency of and time. This appears to be the case with disturbance and the ability of I. longisepala ~ersityof 1 , WA 9811 Iliamna longisepala (Tom.) Wiggins (Mal- to develop a seed bank between disturbance vaceae), an endemic herb of northcentral events may be important for understanding Washington. Prior to initiating this work, its population dynamics. our observations suggested a strong, posi- tive effect of wildland fire on the density Fire exclusion has greatly modified his- and vigor of I. bngisepala populations torical patterns of disturbance in dry, (Kuhlmann and Harrod, unpubl. data). ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.) Managers have expressed interest in using and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii prescribed fire as a tool to maintain or en- (Mirbel) Franco) forests in the eastern hance populations, but informed decisions Cascade Range, from a regime of frequent, are limited by a paucity of information on low severity fire, to one of infrequent, high the effects of fire. In this paper, we report severity fire (Agee 1994, Everett et al. 2000). on four studies that explore various aspects For I. longisepala, these changes may have of the seed ecology of I. longisepala. These important consequences for the density and contribute to a broader set of experiments persistence of viable seed and ultimately (Harrod 2003) that address the popula- for conservation of the species. The first tion dynamics and possible conservation of our four studies explores the density strategies for this apparent fire-dependent of I. longisepala seed in the soil and how species. it relates to disturbance history and to the abundance of mature, flowering plants. We Corresponding author: Plant species can survive in frequently compare the density of buried viable seed rharrodG3fs.fed.u~;599-664-9331 disturbed environments by forming a among sites that have burned at different persistent seed bank (Cohen 1966). There times in the past and that support different may not be a strong correlation between densities of reproductive plants. Natural Areas Jouml25:246256 plant abundance and density of viable seed in the soil (Oosting and Humphreys Numerous factors can influence the spatial 246 Natural Areas Journal Volume 25 (3), 2005 distributions of buried seeds and how they longisepala have the potential to produce nary observations suggest that seeds of I. respond to disturbance. For many species, large numbers of seeds, we have observed longisepah require fire to break dormancy seeds are often aggregated in the soil considerable annual variability in fruit (Kuhlmann and Harrod, unpubl. data), but (Baskin and Baskin 1998). For species with production. This year-to-year variation its particular germination requirements limited dispersal, seeds are often found in may reflect annual weather patterns (Coffin have not been identified definitively. In close proximity to parent plants (Major and Lauenroth 1992) or other processes. our final study, we compare germination and Qott 1966, Edwards and Whelan Our third study explores the relationship rates among combinations of treatments 1995). Post-fire recruitment may reflect between seed production and plant mor- that vary temperature, duration of heating, these initial distributions, but it may also phological traits (e.g., number of stems, presence of ash, andlor depth of seed burial be influenced by patterns of heating dur- plant height, or crown width) and docu- within the soil. ing fire (Davis et al. 1989). The second of ments annual variation in seed production our four studies examines the distribution within plants. of I. longisepala germinants relative to STUDY AREA AND SPECIES DESCRIPTION reproductive plants and to variation in fire A seed bank strategy-. requires- that seeds severity during experimental burning. remain dormant, but germinate in response Historically, our study area was character- to an environmental cue such as heating ized by a high-frequency, low-severity fire Seed production is fundamental to main- during fire (Harper 1977, Baskin and Baskin regime that maintained an open, park-like taining or replenishing the seed bank after 1998) or leachates from charred wood, ash, forest dominated by I! ponderosa (Agee fire-induced germination or mortality. Seed or smoke (Keeley et al. 1985). Effects of fire 1993, 1994). However, after decades of production tends to vary with plant size on seed germination have been studied in fire exclusion, some forests were burned ' and vigor (Kelly 1984, Harrod et al. 1997). a number of common species (Baskin and by intense, stand-replacing wildfires. We Thus, if seed production can be estimated Baskin 1998), and fire-mediated germina- selected 10 sites representing three distur- from easily measured plant morphological tion has been inferred for three congers of l. bance histories (Table 1) for our studies. traits, it may be possible for managers to longisepala -I. rivularis (Dougl.) Greene, Wildland fire burned three sites in 1994 and predict when seed banks of fire-dependent I. remota Greene, and I. corei (Sherff) four sites in 1988. Where populations of species have been sufficiently augmented SherfT (Brown and DeByle 1989, Steele I. longisepala were present in these areas, for prescribed fire to stimulate popula- and Geier-Hayes 1989, Williams et al. plant density tends to be high. The remain- tion growth. Although mature plants of I. 1992, Baskin and Baskin 1997). Prelirni- Table 1. Burn history (year of most rant fire), plant amciation, density of I. longiseph plants, and physical chmacteristies of tbe stndy sites. Most recent fire Plant IIiamna density Elevation Aspect Slope Soil Study site (Year)" associationb (no. m") (m) (deg) (%) texturec Mad River 1994 1 1.24 515 190 35 LS Potato Creek 1994 1 0.52 515 240 10 GFSL Turnwater Mtn. 1994 1 1.44 800 135 35 SL Burch Mtn. 1988 2 1.6 1135 105 25 SSL Mills Canyon 1988 2 0.14 605 70 70 SSL Swakane Canyon 1988 3 0.12 725 200 35 SSL Rattlesnake Spr. 1988 3 1.12 1350 150 40 SFSL Deer Park Spr. - 3 0.12 1210 135 45 LS Red Hill - 4 0.04 725 90 60 SL Mission Creek - 4 0.1 545 200 30 SL a Dash (-) indicates no fire in the last 50 yr. b Plant associations according to Lillybridge et al. (1995): 1 = Pseudotsuga menziesii /Symphoricarpos albus / Calamagrostis rubescens ,2 = Pinus ponderosa / Agropyron spicatum ,3 = Pseudotsuga menziesii / Calamagrostis rubescens / Agropyron spicatum, 4 = Pinus ponderosa / Purshia tridentata / Agro~ronspicatum . LS = loamy skeletal (<25% rocks in profile), GFSL = gravelly fine sandy loam, SL = sandy loam, SSL = stoney sandy loam, SFSL = stoney fine sandy loam (USDA 1995). Volume 25 (3), 2005 Natural Areas Journal 247 ing three sites had not experienced wildfire All sites lie on the eastern slope of the in Douglas County), and west to about in the recent past (>50 yr); here densities Cascade Range within the Wenatchee and Lake Wenatchee. Nearly all locations are of I. longisepala are comparatively low. Entiat River watersheds in the Okanogan- on public lands administered by the U.S. Sites burned in 1994 and 1988 had little Wenatchee National Forests, Washington Forest Service. residual overstory cover and were domi- (Figure 1).
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