BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY Dr. Sebastian Pfautsch and Susanna Rouillard

Urban Ecosystem Research

Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751.

This research was funded by Western Sydney University and City of Parramatta Council. Assistance from the Future City Unit (City of Parramatta Council) is greatly acknowledged. The authors thank the Built Environment Team from the University of NSW for provision of local weather data.

With respect for Aboriginal cultural protocol and out of recognition that its campuses occupy their traditional lands, Western Sydney University acknowledges the Darug, Tharawal (also historically referred to as Dharawal), Gandangara and Wiradjuri peoples and thanks them for their support of its work in their lands (Greater Western Sydney and beyond).

Suggested citation: Pfautsch, S., Rouillard, S. (2019) Benchmarking heat in Parramatta, Sydney's Central River City. Western Sydney University, 56 p.

©Western Sydney University. https://doi.org/10.26183/5d4b69d465dd6 www.westernsydney.edu.au

August, 2019. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The compounding effects of climate change and rapid urbanisation cause cities to heat up. The City of Parramatta in the central region of the Greater Sydney Basin already experiences extreme summer temperatures and heatwave conditions on an annual basis. Climate predictions point toward further increasing heat. These conditions represent a serious threat to the quality of life, public health and economic prosperity of the city.

Air temperature in complex urban terrain frequently become more than 10°C. Between December 2018 and February can vary. Besides speed and direction of Local air temperatures across the LGA 2019, a street with 30% tree canopy prevailing winds, a large proportion of gradually increase from the north east cover experienced only 5 days of air this variation originates from differences (cooler) to the south and west (warmer). temperatures greater than 40°C. In a in albedo and thermal characteristics of Nighttime air temperatures (9pm – 5am) nearby street where canopy cover was surfaces and materials within an urban vary on average 4°C following a similar just over 10%, air temperatures soared landscape. Until now, the magnitude of geographic direction. above 40°C on 13 days. air temperature variation in suburbs that together make up the City of Parramatta Using data recorded at more than This study documents systematic trends was unknown. 90 locations across the LGA during in the relationship between cooling two heatwave events, we were able benefits and characteristics related to Here, we report on microclimatic to reconstruct the pattern of heat age and crowns of different tree species. variation across the City of Parramatta development during these events. Additional research is necessary to better Local Government Area (LGA). During Associated heat maps clearly identify understand these relationships that can the summer of 2018/19, high-frequency a reoccurring pattern of heat. During inform selection processes for landscape air temperature measurements were both events, Sydney Olympic Park plantings and support initiatives that aim collected at 143 locations. These data and Wentworth Point were the coolest to increase resilience against urban heat. were used to (1) generate the first suburbs, while heat was most pronounced microclimate maps for The City of around Wentworthville, Northmead and This study reveals that the communities Parramatta, (2) document differences North Parramatta. of the City of Parramatta are exposed in air cooling potential among a range to extreme heat more frequently of park tree species and (3) compare air Air temperatures under canopies of than previously known. This new temperatures recorded under streets with different park tree species varied greatly understanding of heat across the LGA different tree canopy cover. and predictably. During hot days, the of the City of Parramatta is based on coolest air temperatures were recorded empirical evidence, making results Measurements reveal that summer under large, densely foliated crowns of pertinent and applicable. Analyses daytime air temperatures (10am – Queensland weeping figs, whereas those provided here offer real-world information 6pm) differ on average by 6°C across measured under open crowns of tall to better plan, prepare and respond to the LGA. During days of extreme heat eucalypt trees were much hotter. During increasing urban heat. (greater than 38°C), these differences the night, this trend reversed.

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 3 CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 4. PROJECT FINDINGS 16 4.1 Overview 16 1. BACKGROUND 5 4.1.1 Local Air Temperatures 16 2. PROJECT HISTORY 9 4.1.2 Heat Days 18 3. METHODOLOGY 10 4.1.3 Temperature Variation 19 3.1 The Heat Logger 10 4.2 Heat Mapping 20 3.2 Field Deployment of Heat Loggers 12 4.3 Tree-specific Trends 36 3.3 Additional Data Sources 13 4.4 Cool Parks 39 3.4 Projects 13 4.5 Cool Streets 42 5. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 46 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 48 APPENDIX 1 50

Grey infrastructure absorbs solar energy during the day and emits heat into the night, leading to Urban Heat Islands in cities.

4 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY CONTENTS 1. BACKGROUND

The City of Parramatta is located at the geographical center of the Greater Sydney Basin on the eastern coastline of Australia. As a result of its colonial history, it is often referred to as the birthplace of modern Australia. Prior to the arrival of the British in 1788, the land upon which the City of Parramatta was built has been home of the Burramattagal people (a clan of the Dharug) for more than 60,000 years. Today, cities, towns and landscapes across the Greater Sydney Basin are transforming rapidly to the Metropolis of Three Cities (Greater Sydney Commission, 2018). Due to its importance as local economy and trasnsportation node, the area including Parramatta, Blacktown, Northwest, Macquarie Park, Rhodes and parts of Bankstown will be known as the Central River City (Fig. 1).

FIGURE 1: Location of the area around Parramatta that will develop into the Central River City. Also shown is the location of the other two metropolitan centres in the east around Sydney CBD and the west along the axis from Penrith to the new Aerotropolis at Badgery's Creek and southward towards the Campbelltown- Mcarthur complex. Copyright owned by Future Transport NSW.

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 5 1. BACKGROUND

The City of Parramatta is heating up. of Meteorology, 2018). Long-term for 1.5 days per year between 1967 and Two sources are responsible for this temperature analyses show that extreme 2017, in 2017, it occurred for 8 days. concerning trend: global warming monthly maximum temperatures across Compared to the 50-year average, this and local, climatically-unbalanced Australia increased from 2% (1951-1980) represents an increase of more than five urbanisation (United Nations 2016). to 12% (2003-2017)1. The same trend can times (online data from the Bureau of Resulting Urban Heat Island Effects be observed for unusually warm monthly Meteorology). (UHIE) have been confirmed for the minimum temperatures (i.e. nighttime In only five years (2011-2016), the Parramatta region (Santamouris et al., temperatures). population of Parramatta increased 2017) and many other cities around the by more than 32,000 residents, which world (Peng et al., 2012). Between 1967 and 2017, the average number of days above 35°C in required adding 11,000 homes. These Since 1910, mean surface temperatures Parramatta was 10.9 per year. In homes are predominately provided across Australia have increased 1°C, 2017, temperatures above 35°C were through medium- and high-density with an accelerating trend in past recorded on 28 days (Fig. 2). Even more apartment buildings (online data decades. This widespread trend of alarming is the number of days where air from City of Parramatta). This rapid warming leads to a higher frequency temperatures soar above 40°C. While, growth is expected to accelerate, with of heatwaves, extreme summer heat on average, such extreme heat occurred a predicted population increase of and also less nighttime cooling (Bureau 50% from 260,000 in 2019 to 390,000

FIGURE 2: Frequency of days where air temperatures are greater than 35°C. Source: Greater Sydney Commission (2018) using data from the Bureau of Meteorology.

1 According to the Bureau of Meteorology, days of extreme heat are those outside each monthly 99th percentile calculated for the interval 1910-2017.

6 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY in 2030, following global trends in population dynamics (Gerland et al., 2014). Individual suburbs are expected to undergo unparalleled urban transformation, with population increases of up to 500% (e.g. Sydney Olympic Park).

It is well known that development of urban space increases regional heat. This is owed to transformation of green to grey infrastructure and increasing emissions of anthropogenic heat from energy use and traffic (Georgescu et al., 2014; Hwang et al., 2017; Li et al., 2014). Given the current trend of population increase in Parramatta, it is not surprising that this LGA is experiencing a net loss of green infrastructure (Amati et al., 2017). This effect renders the city very vulnerable to heat, poor public health, economic disadvantages and limited access to parks and gardens (Amati et al., 2017).

Impacts of urban heat can be studied at different scales. Metropolitan regions like the Greater Sydney Basin (GSB) are embedded in a geographical

FIGURE 3: Studying urban heat at different scales. (A) Distribution of heat across of the Greater Sydney Basin on 5 November 2013 (9:45 am). The image was generated using satellite imagery (Sidiqui et al., 2016). (B) Map depicting Cooling Degree Days (i.e. cooling energy demand index) for the period between November 2015 and October 2016 across eastern and central councils of Sydney (Santamouris et al., 2017). (C) Conceptual map of a night-time Urban Heat Island developed over a residential precinct using isotherms to depict air temperature differentials. The red line indicates a transect along which measurements were collected (online available at: www.epa.gov/heat-islands).

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 7 1. BACKGROUND

landform with distinct attributes, such as these investigations provide important Parramatta; #066212, Archery Centre, mountain ranges, coastlines, planes or information about cities and regional Sydney Olympic Park). Thus, information river systems. Reducing scale, the urban climate patterns and phenomena, they about suburb-specific air temperatures landscape begins to break up into distinct are rarely suitable to inform strategies within the LGA of Parramatta is highly grey, green and blue infrastructure and actions that aim to mitigate local restricted. In practical terms, this components like residential, industrial heat. situation presents several disadvantages. or commercial zones, parklands These relate to (a) the preparation In addition, assessments of urban or lakes. Zooming in even further, of health and emergency services in heat use remotely sensed information individual components reveal a highly the wake of extreme heat conditions; (e.g. satellite-/drone-based infrared heterogenous mosaic of structures (b) advising citizens about local hot thermography) report findings based made from a wide range of materials and cool spots; (c) prioritising cooling on surface temperature data. that differ in surface, colour and thermal interventions; (d) restricted capacity in Resulting mapping products, such characteristics. Depending on the level urban planning and landscape design; (e) as those available at the Cool of scale, the heterogeneity of objects unknown heat baseline patterns; and (f) Parramatta online portal and their influence on urban heat varies. unknown effectiveness of interventions ( ), has Thus, urban heat and UHIE have several www.coolparramatta.com.au that aim to mitigate local heat. some limitations, as they depict surface gradations that can be studied (Fig. 3): temperatures of objects and spaces Information generated in the current 1. Macro scale – across the GSB, where that are not regularly frequented by project addresses several of these air temperatures in peri-urban and rural zones are likely lower during the public, for example, roofs or road disadvantages by providing microclimate the day, but more so during the night surfaces. analyses based on empirical data compared to densely populated collected across the entire Parramatta Meso- and micro-scale research can spaces. LGA. Development of a set of novel identify local heat patterns (Coutts et al., 2. Meso scale – differences in air instruments and techniques allowed 2016; Ziter et al., 2019), optimise urban temperatures among individual assessing urban heat at unprecedented design (Gaitani et al., 2017), document suburbs. In the GSB, this applies to scale. Results of this project traverse human thermal comfort (Broadbent et eastern (coastal), central and western the boundary between micro- and al., 2018), and inform best-practice to (land-locked) suburbs. macro-scales, and provide an enriched reduce summer heat at the street level 3. Micro scale – microclimatic variation understanding of summer heat across the (Sanusi et al., 2017). However, as a result of air temperatures over a small parcel Parramatta LGA and all its suburbs. of land, such as a precinct, a park or of financial or logistical constraints, these around a single building. types of investigations are often spatially restricted to single locations. As a Since the first systematic documentation consequence, empirical knowledge about of UHIE in the 1950s (Duckworth and the variability of heat across complex Sandberg, 1954; Sundborg, 1950), urban topography remains limited. climate research has assessed effects of urban heat at these different scales The Parramatta LGA includes 34 suburbs, (Oke, 1973; Oke, 1982; Akbari et al., covers 84 km2 and has a population 2009; Gunawardena et al., 2017). Macro- density of 2700 km2. To date, climate scale investigations generally rely on observations for the LGA are based on remotely sensed data and synoptic measurements from two weather stations climate and landscape models (Heaviside operated by the Bureau of Meteorology et al., 2015, Duncan et al., 2019). While (#066124, Masons Drive, North

8 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 2. PROJECT HISTORY

During summer 2017/18, Western Sydney University and the Future City Unit of the City of Parramatta Council piloted the first data collection of urban air temperatures using 80 data loggers. Results of the pilot provided proof of concept and allowed generation of the first microclimate maps in Parramatta (Fig. 4). Streaming video footage was developed to visualise the variation of air temperatures across the LGA during a day of extreme heat in February 2018. Data were also used to trial whether the sensitivity of instruments was sufficient to document local cooling capacity of a range of tree species in Robin Thomas Reserve. Results were presented to the project team on 28 May 2018. Based on analysis of the pilot data and discussion among the team, several aspects of the work were improved. These included: FIGURE 4: Mean daytime microclimate map »» Optimised design of temperature (10am – 5pm) generated with data collected recording equipment; during the pilot project. The map shows mean »» Refined documentation of daytime air temperatures across most parts measurement locations; of the LGA during a day of extreme heat in February 2018. Variation of air temperature of »» Optimised coverage of the LGA; more than 7°C is discernable among 62 location »» Inclusion of suburb names and included in the visualisation. boundaries; »» Improved strategy for selection of measurement locations; and »» Expanded man-power to accelerate field deployment of loggers.

Based on these improvements, the full- scale research project commenced in September 2019.

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 9 3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 THE HEAT LOGGER Western Sydney University custom- built a low-cost device for continuous measurements of air temperature (hereafter called ‘heat logger’ for simplicity). The heat logger consisted of a commercially available temperature sensor (Tempmate.®-S1 V2, Imec Messtechnik, Heilbronn, Germany) (Fig. 5a). The sensor was mounted inside an inverted, white aluminum can FIGURE 5: Sensor (A) and shield (B) used for to protect the sensor from direct solar construction of the heat logger. radiation (Fig. 5b). Holes were drilled into the top of the shield to allow ventilation of the heat logger. The water-proof The second and third tests assessed Results of the calibration analyses sensor was programmed to record air performance of the individual sensor, indicated high accuracy of the heat temperature at 10-minute intervals for as well as the heat logger against a logger. Correlations between data from 110 days with and accuracy of ±0.5°C widely used air temperature logger heat loggers and weather stations at (-20°C / +40°C) at a resolution of 0.1°C. (TGP 4500, TinyTag, Gemini Data North Parramatta and Sydney Olympic Measurement quality was certified Loggers, Chichester, United Kingdom) Park yielded very high coefficients of through international standards (e.g. CE, housed in a white Stevenson’s Type determination (i.e. close to 1) (Fig. 6). EN 12830). Screen (ACS-5050, Hastings Data Loggers, Port Macquarie, Australia). To Three methods were used to evaluate assess the accuracy of the sensor, one the accuracy of the custom-build device. Tempmate.®-S1 V2 was placed next to In a first test, data from heat loggers the TinyTag logger inside the screen. A that were placed in the vicinity of complete heat logger was hung next to meteorological stations operated by the the shield in a sunlit area of a residential Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM). garden in Sydney, Australia. These Air temperatures recorded between loggers recorded air temperatures at 28 November 2018 and 10 March 2019 10-minute intervals from 16 October 2018 from the heat loggers were compared to until 2 February 2019, collecting a total of data (available online) recorded by the 47,520 individual measurements. stations in North Parramatta and Sydney Olympic Park.

10 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 3. METHODOLOGY

Temperature differentials (∆T; difference between air temperature at the same point in time measured with the sensor/ heat logger and the TinyTag) were calculated to assess the difference between measurements collected with the sensor or heat logger and the TinyTag logger. Negative ∆T indicated sensor/heat logger recording lower air temperatures, positive ∆T indicated higher air temperatures compared to the TinyTag logger. These analyses revealed that the sensor and heat logger deviated between -0.2 and +0.3°C from the measurements collected with the TinyTag logger (Table 1). Differentials for maximum and minimum deviations were in a tolerable range, indicating that heat loggers capture accurate and reliable data.

FIGURE 6: Relationship between air temperature measurements recorded by two weather stations operated by the Bureau of Meteorology (A: North Parramatta; B: Sydney Olympic Park) and the custom-built heat logger from Western Sydney University. Data for 9am, 3pm and maximum daily temperatures, recorded between 28 November 2018 and 10 March 2019 were used. A 1:1 line (black, dotted) as well as linear correlations of air temperature data (colours, solid), as well as coefficients of determination (R2) are shown.

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 11 3. METHODOLOGY

COMPARISON n mean SE min max TABLE 1: Qualitative analyses of air TEMPMATE SENSOR vs TINYTAG temperature differentials (∆T) for the 9am* 110 -0.15 0.01 -0.43 0.24 Tempmate.®-S1 V2 sensors and the heat logger 3pm* 110 -0.19 0.01 -0.60 0.08 and the TinyTag logger. Abbreviations: n= number of measurements; SE: standard error Daily Tmax 110 -0.13 0.02 -0.68 0.29 HEAT LOGGER vs TINYTAG of mean. 9am 110 0.17 0.02 -0.46 0.77 3pm 110 -0.19 0.02 -0.90 0.26

Daily Tmax 110 0.33 0.03 -0.41 1.38

3.2 FIELD DEPLOYMENT OF HEAT LOGGERS At the end of November 2018, a team their omnipresence in public space, being tree height and canopy density at each from the City of Parramatta Council managed by council, being accessible location was assessed visually. Tree deployed 127 heat loggers. Locations of and providing additional protection. height was classed as being either less loggers were pre-determined and driving than 10 m, between 10 and 20 m or taller Heat loggers were placed in street and routes were computed using Google than 20 m. Canopy density (i.e. antithesis park trees, as well as in nature strips, Maps software to increase time efficiency. of the amount of light penetrating the green verges, reserves, playgrounds and At each location, the serial number of a canopy) was scored as low, medium other localities (Fig. 7). A complete list of sensor was noted before activating and or high. locations is provided in Appendix 1. Care assembling the heat logger. Each logger was taken that loggers were installed was mounted to a tree branch (approx. vertically with the open base pointing 2.5 – 3 m above ground) using a step toward the ground. Once installed, the ladder and cable ties. Using trees as physical address, GPS location and support structures for the heat loggers tree species were noted. In addition, offered several advantages, including

12 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY FIGURE 7: Examples of the diverse urban locations and tree species where heat loggers were installed. (A) Silky oak tree on a playground in Castle Hill. (B) Bottlebrush tree in an industrial area of North Parramatta. (C) Native Bushland, North Rocks. (D) Spotted gum along Windsor Road, Baulkham Hills. (E) Wallangarra white gum in a residential street, Marsfield. (F) Sportfields at Barton Park, North Parramatta. White circles highlight areas where heat loggers are visible in lower tree canopies.

3.3 ADDITIONAL DATA 3.4 PROJECTS For the second sub-project, termed “Cool Parks”, 36 heat loggers were used to SOURCES Heat loggers were assigned to three study air temperatures under canopies The study also made use of air individual sub-projects (Table 2). temperature data collected from 16 data of different tree species. Six tree species loggers operated by a research team Sub-project 1, termed “Heat Mapping”, were selected in two adjacent urban from the University of New South Wales focused on strategic placement of parks (Robin Thomas and James Ruse (UNSW). These data loggers were located loggers across the LGA to allow spatial Reserves east of Parramatta CBD, Fig. within the City of Parramatta LGA. mapping of heat. For this purpose, it 8). Heat loggers were mounted into During the summer 2018/19, Cumberland was necessary to also place heat loggers the lower canopies of six individuals Council also deployed heat loggers for outside the LGA boundary, which was from the following six species: eucalypt the purpose of microclimate mapping. done with permission of neighbouring (Eucalyptus spp.), crepe myrtle After consultation, both Councils agreed councils. Sub-project 1 also made use of (Lagerstroemia spp.), Port Jackson fig that data from heat loggers along the data provided by Cumberland Council (Ficus rubiginosa), ironwood (Casuarina boundary of Parramatta and Cumberland and UNSW (see 3.3). Two data sets from spp.), plane tree (Platanus spp.) and Councils would be shared. Consequently, sub-project 2 and two data sets from weeping fig Ficus( benjamina). Three 11 loggers from the Cumberland LGA were sub-project 3 were also used in sub- heat loggers were lost, resulting in air included in the present project. project 1, providing air temperature data temperature measurement below 33 tree from 94 locations. canopies.

GOAL LOCATION NUMBER OF HEAT LOGGERS TABLE 2: SUB-PROJECT 1: Mapping daytime and Entire LGA 94 Details of the three HEAT MAPPING nighttime heat patterns Sub-Projects. across the Parramatta LGA SUB-PROJECT 2: Determining microclimatic Robin Thomas Reserve, James 35 COOL PARKS variability in urban parks Ruse Reserve SUB-PROJECT 3: Assessing the influence of Galloway Street, Daking Street 20 COOL STREETS street trees on microclimate of (North Parramatta), Henry residential streets Street (Parramatta)

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 13 3. METHODOLOGY

Sub-project 3, termed “Cool Streets”, investigated the effect of canopy cover on air temperatures in three urban streets. Daking Street in North Parramatta was selected because it had few, small street trees, and was surrounded by multi-story buildings for industrial, commercial and educational uses. Galloway Street, located 1 km south of Daking St in North Parramatta is a residential street with a high percentage of green infrastructure in the form of juvenile and mature street trees, providing ample shade in summer. Geographic orientation of both streets was approximately N-S (Fig. 9). In each FIGURE 8: Location of Robin Thomas and James Ruse Reserves east of the Parramatta CBD. These street, six heat loggers were placed two parks were used to study microclimate under six different tree species. See text for details. into lower tree canopies. Comparing air The aerial image was taken on 29 December 2019, © Nearmap. temperatures measured in these two streets allowed assessing the cooling effect of trees on streetscapes in the same suburb.

Henry Street (Parramatta) was selected for a different reason. At this location, a number of mature street trees are scheduled for replacement. This offered an opportunity to assess the impact of tree canopy loss in a single residential street. Hence, results presented here for Henry St reflect baseline conditions only. A second measurement campaign during the summer 2019/20 will be necessary to evaluate the thermal impact of canopy removal at this location.

FIGURE 9: Aerial images of (A) Daking Street and (B) Galloway Street in North Parramatta. Differences in canopy cover and building type surrounding the streets are clearly discernable. Images depict streetscapes during 29 December 2019 when heat loggers were operated at six locations in each street. Image © Nearmap.

14 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY Aerial BENCHMARKINGview of a residential HEAT streetscapeIN PARRAMATTA, with SYDNEY'S detached, CENTRAL singular RIVER dwellings CITY and interspersed street trees and other 15 plant cover. Large areas in the Parramatta LGA are composed of this mix of green and gray infrastructure. 4. PROJECT FINDINGS 4. PROJECT FINDINGS 4.1 OVERVIEW These data were collected in 43 suburbs 4.1.1 LOCAL AIR in and around the LGA or Parramatta Of the 127 heat loggers deployed by TEMPERATURES As a result of measurements for Sub- the team from the City of Parramatta Average air temperature across all Projects 2 and 3, most measurement Council, 119 were retrieved. This locations during summer 2018/19 was locations were in Parramatta (47 represents a return rate of 94%. Data 24.1°C (±4.8; ±1 standard deviation of the locations) and North Parramatta (16 from three loggers could not be used, mean). Average minimum and maximum locations), followed by Baulkham because two loggers were not activated air temperatures during this time were Hills and Epping (each 5 locations) correctly, and one logger had fallen to 22.0°C and 26.7°C, respectively. Mean and Winston Hills (4 locations). All the ground where it was influenced by monthly air temperatures indicate that other suburbs featured three or less surface temperature. Together with data January 2019 was the hottest month measurement locations. Loggers were provided from Cumberland Council and (mean: 25.8°C). Mean air temperatures in placed in at least 37 different tree UNSW, a total of 2,029,328 individual December 2018 and February 2019 were species, likely more as eucalypts were measurements of air temperature from identical (23.3°C). mostly not identified at the species 143 loggers were available for analysis. level. Trees ranged from short to tall Table 3 provides a list of the 30 hottest Truncating the data to the period and their canopies were of low, medium locations, according to their mean from 1 December 2018 to 28 February or high density. Details on tree species summer temperatures. The list contains 2019 generated a data set of 1,675,312 and characteristics are provided in mostly suburbs in the south of the LGA individual measurements, which were Appendix 1. and even some across the southern used to produce the following results. council border (Holroyd, Merrylands, Auburn, etc.). The highest mean air temperature of 25.8°C was measured at Henry Street, Parramatta. Locations

16 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY in the suburb of Parramatta feature LOCATION SUBURB MEAN MAX MIN 11 times in this list. Noticeable is the Henry St Parramatta 25.8 43.0 15.0 fact that three locations among the Holroyd Gardens, Walpole St Holroyd 25.6 44.8 12.9 hottest 30 were in Daking Street, North Dunmore St Wentworthville 25.6 43.8 14.4 Parramatta, which was a focus street for Cnr Argyle/Marsden St Parramatta 25.6 40.6 14.7 Sub-Project 2 with low tree canopy cover. The Ave Granville 25.4 41.8 14.3 Surprisingly, three locations from Robin Manchester St Merrylands 25.4 42.4 13.8 Thomas Reserve are also among the top Daking St North Parramatta 25.3 43.0 13.5 30 hot-spots, raising the question why air Factory St Granville 25.2 43.1 14.5 temperatures in parks are not amongst Cnr Balfour/Burlington St Northmead 25.2 43.2 12.9 the coolest in the urban mosaic assessed Daking St North Parramatta 25.2 43.4 12.7 here. This question will be dealt with in Henry St Parramatta 25.2 41.8 14.7 Sub-Project 3, which these locations Stapleton St Pendle Hill 25.1 41.9 14.0 belong to. Henry Street Parramatta 25.1 42.0 14.6 Cnr George St/Barrack Ln Parramatta 25.1 39.6 15.2 The lowest mean air temperature Robin Thomas Reserve Parramatta 25.1 43.0 12.6 (22.6°C) was recorded at Ridge Carinya Rd Girraween 25.0 41.9 12.4 Street in Epping. The absolute coldest Henry St Parramatta 25.0 39.7 14.9 temperature (10.9°C) was recorded at Marion St Parramatta 25.0 40.5 14.6 Baulkham Hills Road in Baulkham Hills. Robin Thomas Reserve Parramatta 24.9 44.8 13.4 Table 4 provides a Top 30 list of the Henry Street Parramatta 24.9 40.8 14.4 coolest measurement locations. This list Institute Rd Westmead 24.9 39.9 13.4 features mostly suburbs in the north of Fullagar Rd Wentworthville 24.8 41.9 12.9 the LGA, with locations in Epping being Church Ave Westmead 24.8 41.1 13.5 named four times followed by North Bulli Rd Constitution Hill 24.8 40.2 13.1 Rocks with three locations. 3 Sheffield St Auburn 24.8 40.9 12.3 Robin Thomas Reserve Parramatta 24.8 40.7 13.8 Cnr Mons/Briens Rd Northmead 24.8 42.0 12.6 Daking St North Parramatta 24.7 42.1 13.1 Redbank Rd Northmead 24.7 39.8 12.5 Canarvon St Newington 24.7 40.3 14.7

TABLE 3: Top-30 list of locations with the hottest mean air temperatures during 1 December 2018 to 28 February 2019. Also shown are the absolute maximum and minimum air temperatures measured at each location.

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 17 4. PROJECT FINDINGS

LOCATION SUBURB MEAN MAX MIN weather conditions that constitute a Ridge St Epping 22.6 38.1 11.2 heatwave is difficult, periods of extreme Malton Rd Cheltenham 22.6 38.4 11.7 heat during the summer 2018/19 in Epping Rd Epping 22.7 38.5 11 the area of the Parramatta LGA are Bellamy Farm Rd West Pennant Hills 22.8 37.8 11.9 presented as hot spells. These hot spells Elston Ave Denistone 23.0 41.8 13.3 are defined as consecutive days where Beecroft Rd Beecroft 23.0 40.8 12.9 air temperatures were above 38°C. Evans Rd Carlingford 23.1 39 12.6 Three hot spells were identified. The Trafalgar Pl Marsfield 23.1 40.3 11.4 first and most extreme in both duration Vanessa Ave Baulkham Hills 23.1 39.3 11.8 and absolute heat occurred between 25 Harley Cres Eastwood 23.2 36.9 13.6 and 30 December 2018. During this hot Edinburgh Ave Carlingford 23.2 38.4 12.3 spell, the maximum air temperatures Excelsior Ave Castle Hill 23.2 40.9 11.9 were above 41°C during four consecutive Copeland Rd West Pennant Hills 23.2 42.6 12 days. The second hot spell was from Cnr Wishart/Graham Ave Eastwood 23.2 39.9 11.7 15-18 January 2019, where every day, Sophia Cres North Rocks 23.4 38.8 11.9 maximum air temperatures were above Ronald Ave Dundas 23.4 39 11.9 41°C. The third and last hot spell occurred Perkins St West Denistone 23.5 39.5 13.6 between 25 and 27 January 2019, where Trumper St Ermington 23.5 40.6 12.9 maximum air temperatures were greater Lomax St Epping 23.5 38.6 12.8 that 41°C every day. In January 2019 Marron Pl Beecroft 23.5 41 11.3 alone, maximum air temperatures rose North Rocks Rd North Parramatta 23.5 41.6 11.3 above 40°C on 12 days. The last day Beecroft Rd Epping 23.5 42.2 11.1 above 40°C was 18 February 2019. Tiernan Ave North Rocks 23.6 39.5 12.8 Jamieson St Olympic Park 23.6 40.3 12.5 At the same time, the BoM weather Billeroy Ave Baulkham Hills 23.6 42.4 11.7 station at North Parramatta recorded 25 Andrew St Melrose Park 23.7 38.6 12.4 days where maximum air temperatures Cowells Ln Ermington 23.7 40.5 12.5 were greater than 35°C and were higher Moseley St Carlingford 23.7 38.8 13.4 than 40°C on four days. The BoM station Bettington Rd North Rocks 23.7 42.2 11.9 at Olympic Park recoded only 10 days Giffard St Silverwater 23.7 38.2 13.6 where maximum air temperatures were greater than 35°C and just one day where TABLE 4: Top-30 list of locations with the lowest mean air temperatures during 1 December 2018 they surpassed 40°C. The difference to 28 February 2019. Also shown are the absolute maximum and minimum air temperatures measured at each location. between the official weather stations alone make it very clear that microclimate across the LGA of Parramatta varies considerably. However, contrasting the (44.8°C, 3:50 pm, 29 December 2018). 4.1.2 HEAT DAYS BoM station data with measurements Screening heat across all locations The absolute hottest temperatures collected by the current project is a indicates that maximum air temperatures were recorded at the carpark of Holroyd testament of vulnerability to extreme were greater 35°C on 47 days and were Gardens (44.8°C, 2:30 pm, 29 December heat across the urban landscape of the greater than 40°C on 18 days. 2018) and along the drainage line of central Sydney area. This finding alone Clay Cliff Creek in James Ruse Reserve In recognition that a clear definition of should have far-reaching implications

18 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY of how we assess, and even more important, how we value heat resilience of urban space.

4.1.3 TEMPERATURE VARIATION It is important to understand the variation among air temperatures measured at any point in time and space. For this purpose, temperature differentials (∆T) were calculated. These ∆T represent the difference between absolute minimum and absolute FIGURE 10: Temperature differentials (∆T) calculated for each time point between 1 December maximum air temperature among the 143 2018 and 28 February 2019. ∆T indicates the variability of air temperatures across the LGA of locations at each single time point. It is Parramatta. Three hot spells, where absolute maximum air temperature measurements at any acknowledged that microclimates at each location were greater 38°C for at least three consecutive days (25-30 December 2019, 15-18 location will be influenced by a range of January 2019, 25-27 January 2019) are marked in red. factors, including albedo and thermal mass of surrounding structures, canopy The largest ∆T were regularly observed Harley Crescent in Eastwood to 44.7°C at density of trees, proximity of sources during the time when extreme heat Robin Thomas Reserve. With the arrival of anthropogenic heat, and others. The was pushed out of the LGA by a cold of the cool change, air temperatures present analyses do not attempt to front (Fig. 11). These synoptic conditions dropped more or less rapidly, resulting determine the potential extent of these were characteristic for hot spells (and in the large overall ∆T measured in influences, but treat measurements from heatwaves) where heat build up over a the afternoon of that day. At selected each location equally. Across all locations number of consecutive days before these locations, air temperatures dropped by and time points, ∆T varied on average by hot air masses are swiftly replaced by 15°C in just one hour (e.g. Corwells Lane, 4.4°C and was lowest during a rainy night cooler air. For example, the greatest ∆T Ermington). Geographically, the change (1.2°C on 2 February 2019) (Fig. 10). (17.8°C, 6 pm on 31 January 2019) was replaced hot with cooler air following a Separated by time of day, air detected at the end of extreme heat, north-south direction. This resulted in temperatures among the 143 followed by a cool change. During the air temperatures at 6 pm from 23.8°C in measurement locations varied on afternoon of that day, air temperatures Moseley Street, Carlingford, to 31.4°C at average by 5.8°C during the day (10am – at 78 measurement locations were at or Robin Thomas Reserve, Parramatta, and 6pm) and 3.7°C during the night (9pm – above 40°C. Although extreme heat was 41.0°C at Manchester Street, Merrylands. 5am). Between December 2018 and widespread across the LGA, the variation February 2019, daytime air temperature in maximum air temperatures remained differed by 10°C or more during 16 days. with 7.9°C high, ranging from 36.9°C at

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 19 4. PROJECT FINDINGS

FIGURE 11: Daily course of temperature differentials (∆T) across the LGA of Parramatta. Air temperatures during both days were extreme. In the late afternoon of both days, a cool change caused air temperatures to drop rapidly. Timing of cooling at each geographic location across the LGA depended on direction of the cool change.

4.2 HEAT MAPPING Raster maps produced from IDW 3. This trend prevails during night-time. interpolations are clipped to include This project used data from 94 locations 4. UHIE of Parramatta CBD can be only the suburbs within the boundary detected regularly during the to generate geo-referenced maps that for the LGA and a 2 km buffer zone night, but also during the day illustrate variation of air temperature around it, which included measurement when temperature differences are across the LGA of Parramatta. For each points outside the LGA of The City of suppressed due to cloud cover. map, it was necessary to import location- Parramatta. Finally, to display varying 5. During summer rain events, air specific data, including latitude and ranges of air temperature variation it temperatures across the LGA can vary longitude for each measurement position was necessary to optimize a graduated by more than 10°C, but dissipate very into ArcGIS 10.6. With these, data point colour scheme for each map. Each shade quickly. shapefiles were created using the GPS of the gradual changes represents a fixed 6. During days of extreme heat, air coordinates. Inverse Distance Weighted temperature value interval, which is 0.5°C temperatures are often lower towards (IDW) interpolation was used to estimate if not specified otherwise in the caption the south-eastern region of the LGA. continuous raster temperature maps of the map. A total of 18 geo-referenced 7. During days of extreme heat, cooling from temperature values recorded at temperature maps were produced. effects potentially originating from the location of each heat logger (i.e. the Parramatta River can reach as far value of each pixel in the raster map is Key observations: westwards as Silverwater, Rydalmere estimated according to the values of the 1. Air temperature rankings of suburbs and northwards into Ermington. 12 nearest points in the shapefile, with presented in Table 3 and Table 4 are 8. During extreme heat, Wentworth Point closer points having a greater influence mirrored in maps. and Sydney Olympic Park remain the on the calculation than points located 2. Daytime air temperatures are cooler coolest areas of the LGA. further away). in north-eastern suburbs compared to southern and south-western suburbs.

20 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY FIGURE 12: Mean (10am - daytime 6pm) air temperature summer the entire for 2018 December (01 2019). – 28 February gradations Colour 0.5°C represent increments.

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 21 4. PROJECT FINDINGS FIGURE 13: Mean (9pm - nighttime 5am) air temperature summer the entire for 2018 December (01 2019). – 28 February gradations Colour 0.5°C represent increments.

22 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY Mean FIGURE 14: (10am - daytime 6pm) air temperature 2018. in December gradations Colour 0.5°C represent increments.

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 23 4. PROJECT FINDINGS FIGURE 15: Mean (9pm - nighttime 5am) air temperature 2018. in December gradations Colour 0.5°C represent increments.

24 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY FIGURE 16: Mean (10am - daytime 6pm) air temperature in January 2019. gradations Colour 0.5°C represent increments.

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 25 4. PROJECT FINDINGS FIGURE 17: Mean FIGURE 17: (9pm - nighttime 5am) air temperature in January 2019. gradations Colour 0.5°C represent increments.

26 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY FIGURE 18: Mean (10am - daytime 6pm) air temperature 2019. in February gradations Colour 0.5°C represent increments.

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 27 4. PROJECT FINDINGS FIGURE 19: Mean (pm - 5 am) nighttime in air temperature Colour 2019. February represent gradations increments. 0.5°C

28 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY FIGURE 20: Mean (10am – daytime 6pm) air temperature during a warm (12 summer day Colour January 2019). represent gradations increments. 0.5°C

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 29 4. PROJECT FINDINGS FIGURE 21: Mean (9pm – nighttime 5am) air temperature January 2019). (14/15 gradations Colour 0.5°C represent increments.

30 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY FIGURE 22: Mean nighttime (9pm – 5am) air the for temperatures (23/24 night coldest 2018). December gradations Colour 0.5°C represent increments.

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 31 4. PROJECT FINDINGS FIGURE 23: Mean daytime (10am – 6pm) air temperatures (6 day during a rainy Colour January 2019). represent gradations increments. 0.1°C

32 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY Time Time FIGURE 24: of air sequence on 9 temperature with a 2019 February thunderstorm large the LGA over passing points 3pm. Time at bottom left to (top 1pm, 3pm, right):11am, 5pm.

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 33 4. PROJECT FINDINGS FIGURE 25: Air at temperature 2:30pm on 29 2018. December gradations Colour 0.5°C represent increments.

34 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY FIGURE 26: Air FIGURE 26: at temperature 3:50pm on 18 Colour January 2019. represent gradations increments. 0.5°C

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 35 4. PROJECT FINDINGS

FIGURE 27: Rankings of air temperatures using common names of tree species. (A) Mean and (B) maximum air temperatures associated with 27 tree categories, listed by their common names. The number of individual trees in each category is shown in parenthesis. Means were calculated based on data spanning from 1 December 2018 to 28 February 2019. Error bars depict +1 standard deviation of the mean (where n > 1).

4.3 TREE-SPECIFIC TRENDS Data to generate the microclimate maps 27), followed by sweetgum (n = 11) and and cheesewood trees are located in was collected from 94 trees. These bottlebrush trees (n = 10). Thirteen Epping and Carlingford, respectively, trees differed by species, size, age, and categories contained only one tree. where air temperatures were generally their canopy characteristics. A total of Mean and maximum air temperatures lower. At the respective measurement 37 species were identified. However, varied markedly among the different locations, trees were part of larger some individual trees belonging to the categories (Fig. 27). While mean air groups of mature trees with interlinked genus Eucalyptus and Acacia were not temperature under a myrtle was 22.8°C, crowns. Air temperatures are likely lower identified at the species level, which it was 25.6°C under a peppercorn in these tree clusters compared to more means that this project is likely to have tree. Even greater was the variation of open locations and single trees. Such a collected data using more than 40 maximum air temperatures measured situation was present at the carpark in tree species. Scientific and common under the different tree categories, with Holroyd, where the peppercorn tree was names of all identified tree species are cheesewood at 38.4°C and again the growing. Air temperatures in and around provided in Appendix 1. For practical individual peppercorn tree at 44.8°C. Holroyd were generally higher and this reasons, all species were grouped using effect was likely amplified by the specific Care must be taken when interpreting their common names, resulting in 27 location of the heat logger. these data, as myrtle or cheesewood categories. The category ‘eucalypt’ cannot be classified cool trees and contained by far the most trees (n = peppercorn trees at hot trees. Myrtle

36 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY One way to bypass species- and location- 4. Mean minimum air temperatures are the number of tall trees with dense specific limitations when interpreting air unlikely to depend on tree height. canopies will provide the best cooling temperature data is to apply broader 5. Dense canopies can lower maximum benefits for urban landscapes. These categories to the trees. Here, we used (i.e. daytime) air temperatures; effects take place during the day when total tree height and canopy density, however, they also lead to cooling is desired. During the night each with three categories. Averaging higher minimum (i.e. night-time) when temperatures decline, larger all available data for the 94 trees reveals temperatures. canopies are likely to prevent some heat highly valuable information. Based on from dissipating into the atmosphere, These trends are clear indicators these data (see Table 5), it follows that: especially if they have dense canopies. that the capacity of trees to provide The Cool Parks and Cool Streets sub- 1. Mean air temperature declines slightly thermal benefits can differ according projects will further assess magnitude of as tree height increases. to stature and crown architecture. With these effects on urban microclimate. 2. Maximum air temperatures are aging, primary growth of trees leads markedly lower under trees taller than to a positive relationship between 20 m. height and age for any species, though 3. The hottest mean maximum air mature height can differ drastically temperatures are found under trees among different species. Based on shorter than 10 m. trends described above, increasing

Trait Category Mean air temperature (°C) Maximum air Temperature (°C) Minimum air temperature (°C) Tree height below 10 m (47) 24.2 41.2 12.9 10 to 20 m (38) 24.1 40.8 13.1 above 20 m (9) 24.0 39.9 13.0

Canopy density low (27) 24.0 41.4 12.6 medium (33) 24.0 40.7 12.9 high (34) 24.3 40.7 13.3

TABLE 5: Trends in air temperature according to tree height and canopy density. Number of trees in each category is shown in parenthesis.

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 37 4. PROJECT FINDINGS

38 BENCHMARKING HEATShade IN PARRAMATTA, and transpiration SYDNEY'S of trees CENTRAL can make RIVER public CITY parks ideal spaces to cool down during hot summer days. 4.4 COOL PARKS During summer 2018/19, a total of 427,713 individual measurements of air temperature were collected under 33 trees in Robin Thomas and James Ruse Reserves. Tree height and canopy density differed among the selected six species (Fig. 28).

Mean air temperature across all measurement locations between 1 December 2018 and 28 February 2019 was 24.3°C. The absolute highest air temperature was 44.8°C, measured under a eucalypt tree, while the absolute lowest air temperature of 11.6°C was measured under a crepe myrtle. Overall, air temperature varied considerably and predictably among species (Table 6), being lower under tall trees with large, dense canopies than under trees with open canopies or short stature (i.e. young trees). Variation of air temperatures was greater under trees with open canopies. Trees with open canopies will produce less shade, which leads to warmer air temperatures underneath their crowns during hot days (as indicated by maximum air temperatures in Table 6), but also cooler air temperatures on cool days, as heat will dissipate faster from surfaces under open canopy trees (as indicated by minimum temperatures in Table 6). FIGURE 28: Examples of tree canopies in Robin Thomas and James Ruse Reserves. (A) Casuarina spp. (comm. ironwood) and (B) Eucalyptus spp. (comm. gum tree) were species with low canopy density; (C) Platanus spp. (comm. plane tree) and (D) Ficus microcarpa (comm. Qeensland weeping fig) were classified as species with dense canopies.

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 39 4. PROJECT FINDINGS

CREPE MYRTLE CASUARINA EUCALYPTUS PORT JACKSON FIG PLANE TREE WEEPING FIG Tree height <10 m 10-20 m 10-20 m <10 m 10-20 m >20 m Canopy density low low low high high high Mean summer air temperature 24.4 (5.2) 24.4 (4.8) 24.6 (5.2) 24.4 (4.9) 24.2 (4.5) 24.1 (4.4) Mean air temperature in 23.5 (5.3) 23.6 (4.9) 23.7 (5.3) 23.5 (5.0) 23.3 (4.6) 23.2 (4.5) December 2018 Mean air temperature in 26.0 (4.9) 26.0 (4.6) 26.3 (4.9) 26.0 (4.6) 25.8 (4.3) 25.7 (4.2) January 2019 Mean air temperature in 23.4 (4.9) 23.6 (4.5) 23.7 (4.9) 23.5 (4.5) 23.4 (4.2) 23.4 (4.1) February 2019 Minimum air temperature 11.6 13.3 12.0 12.6 13.5 13.5 Maximum air temperature 42.9 42.1 44.8 41.0 39.7 40.1

TABLE 6: Tree characteristics and air temperatures (°C) measured at Robin Thomas and James Ruse Reserves during summer 2018/19. ±1 standard variation of mean is shown in parenthesis.

Given the effect of canopy density on park microclimate, air temperature measurements were separated into daytime and night-time. Average daytime air temperature during summer 2018/19 was highest under the crepe myrtle and eucalypt trees (28.8°C) and lowest under the plane trees (27.8°C) and weeping figs (27.5°C) (Fig. 29 A). The difference in mean daytime temperature was even greater during the hot month of January 2019, where it increased to 1.5°C (crepe myrtle = 30.2°C; weeping fig = 28.7°C). During the night, average air temperature was cooler under trees with open canopies, yet temperature differences were generally smaller compared to daytime (Fig 29 B).

FIGURE 29: Mean daytime (10 am – 6 pm) and nighttime (9 pm to 5 am) air temperatures measured under five different tree species (n = 5 or 6) in Robin Thomas and James Ruse Reserves.

40 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY Temperature differentials among tree species were larger during the day, where the mean ∆T was 1.6°C among all individuals and species. The mean ∆T during the night was 0.7°C. Comparing the ∆T between individual trees revealed enormous cooling benefits from tree species with dense canopies. For example, the mean air temperature under a weeping fig tree was at least 5°C cooler compared to that measured under a eucalypt. These high ∆Ts were mostly recorded during the late afternoon and included all days of extreme heat where air temperatures were greater 38°C.

The lowest daytime and highest night- time temperatures were consistently measured below the canopies of Queensland weeping figs. To understand if cooling benefits during the day were balanced with warming effects during the night, air temperatures measured under FIGURE 30: Representative example of air temperature differentials (∆T) under a ‘cool’ individual pairs of trees were compared Queensland weeping fig. Measurements where air was warmer under this fig compared to the (Fig. 30). Results of these analyses other five tree species are depicted as positive values, cooler air temperatures as negative values. indicate that cooling benefits (i.e. The dashed line depicts zero ∆T, the point where air temperatures under the fig and any other negative ∆T) are far more frequent than species are equal. Arrows indicate where ∆T of each the five species is equal (∆T at zero) to that warming effects (i.e. positive ∆T) under under the fig. Abbreviations: WF: Queensland weeping fig; PJF: Port Jackson fig. trees with dense canopies. However, the extent of time where air temperature was cooler under these trees is species dependent. Figure 30 shows an only for 271 hours (13%), 326 hours (17%) environmental conditions of the open example for a single-tree comparison and 359 hours (18%) respectively, from space surrounding the trees. Hence, for a Queensland weeping fig against a total of 2160. Air temperatures under positive values in Fig. 31 reflect night- individuals of the five other species. The the Port Jackson fig were cooler for 601 time, where the weeping fig ‘stored’ heat figure illustrates that the total time of hours (28%) and cooler for 866 hours under its dense canopy, whereas the cooling far outweighs the total time for (40%) under the crepe myrtle. The higher open spaces around the crepe myrtle warming (data to the left and right of the number of hours where air temperatures trees cooled down faster. Also visible point where ∆T becomes 0, indicated by were cooler under the crepe myrtle can in Fig. 31 is the small effect of cooling the arrows). be explained by the small canopy of that for the plane tree versus the weeping species. Tree canopies were too small fig by the close tracking of ∆T and the Compared to the weeping fig, air to generate their own microclimates zero line for an extended amount of temperatures under the casuarina, and measurements generally reflect measurements. eucalypt, and plane tree were cooler

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 41 4. PROJECT FINDINGS

4.5 COOL STREETS Temperatures among the three streets residential streets was well established was determined. According to positions varied significantly, dependent on and consisted of tall eucalypts, of heat loggers, polygons were drawn location and time of day. Of all streets, sweetgums, young oak trees and a range onto high resolution aerial images of each Daking Street in North Parramatta had of other species that together created street (Fig. 31). The middle of each street the warmest microclimate. Tree species a well-shaded environment. Notably, was selected as the central spine of the in this street were predominately short the canopies of sweetgum trees along polygon, from where 25 m to all sides bottlebrush trees with relatively small the southern end of Galloway Capital were measured. This distance captured canopies. Further, this street had more Street were very dense and completely street trees, but also trees in front industrial/commercial building types overshadowed the street (closed mature gardens and between buildings. Including along its sides, compared to 3-storey canopy). these non-street trees was important as apartment blocks in both Galloway Street their cooling capacity would contribute To better understand the origin of (North Parramatta) and Henry Street to microclimate at the street scale. variation in air temperature, canopy cover (Parramatta). The tree canopy in these in the three streets of this sub-project The largest polygon area was drawn over Galloway Street, the smallest over Henry Street (Table 7). Total area, but also the size of individual canopies or clusters of canopies varied considerably within and among streets. The largest canopy cluster was 1,511 m2 in Galloway Street, the smallest tree canopy was 2 m2 in the same street. Relative canopy cover was 10.6%, 30.5% and 36.8% in Daking, Galloway and Henry Street, respectively. The number of canopies and canopy clusters in each street depended on the size of the polygon area but also on the density of tree plantings. Further assessment of these parameters would be necessary to determine other indicative parameters like green-to- grey infrastructure indices, species- and canopy-specific leaf area indices, and FIGURE 31: Assessment of canopy cover in (A) Daking Street and (B) Galloway Street in North Parramatta. Polygons were drawn 25 m to the left and right from the center of the streets and light extinction coefficients. These the area of all tree canopies within each polygon was evaluated. Aerial images depict street at 29 would assist in characterising the shade December 2018. Image © Nearmap. environment in each street much more accurately.

42 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY DAKING STREET GALLOWAY STREET HENRY STREET Length of street 250 m 305 m 150 m Polygon area 14,203 m2 18,134 m2 7,210 m2 Total canopy area 1,511 m2 5,537 m2 2,625 m2 Relative canopy cover 10.6% 30.5% 36.8% Number of canopies 24 39 17 Mean canopy size 63 m2 (±168) 142 m2 (±274) 156 m2 (±119) Range of canopy size 4 – 842 m2 2 – 1,511 m2 9 – 457 m2 Height profile (min/mean/ 18 – 34 m 29 – 50 m 17 – 39 m max) Surface roughness smooth rough rough

TABLE 7: Canopy cover characteristics of Daking, Galloway and Henry Streets. The height profile was generated tracing the outline of the polygon, traversing tree canopies, roofs and street surfaces. Data in parenthesis show 1 standard deviation of the mean.

Measurement of air temperatures between 43.4°C. The coolest street was Galloway Street, December 2018 and February 2019 indicated that where the mean air temperature was 24.1°C. In this the mean temperature was the warmest in Henry street, the minimum and maximum temperatures Street (24.9°C ±5.0), with minimum and maximum were 12.8 and 41.5°C, respectively. More detailed air air temperatures ranging from 13.6°C to 43 °C. The temperature measurements for the three streets are mean air temperature was intermediate in Daking provided in Table 8. Street at 24.6°C (±5.3), ranging between 12.6°C and

MONTH STREET NAME MEAN AIR MINIMUM AIR MAXIMUM AIR TEMPERATURE (°C) TEMPERATURE (°C) TEMPERATURE (°C) December 2018 Daking 24.0 (±5.0) 12.6 43.4 Galloway 23.5 (±5.0) 12.8 41.3 Henry 24.1 (±5.0) 13.6 42.6 January 2019 Daking 26.5 (±5.0) 17.6 42.2 Galloway 26.0 (±4.7) 16.9 41.5 Henry 26.6 (±4.8) 17.2 43.0 February 2019 Daking 23.8 (±4.9) 14.2 40.0 Galloway 23.4 (±4.5) 14.4 39.1 Henry 24.1 (±4.6) 15.2 39.8

TABLE 8: Monthly air temperatures at Daking, Galloway and Henry Street. Data in parenthesis show 1 standard deviation of the mean.

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 43 4. PROJECT FINDINGS

The Cool Park project has documented the effect of canopy density on day- and night-time temperatures. This effect also seems apparent at the street scale. It is thus not surprising that the mean air temperature at Henry Street is somewhat high, regardless of high canopy cover. A first indicator for the origin of the high temperature is the absolute monthly minimum temperature (Table 8). This variable is most likely recorded during the night. At the street scale, open canopies at Henry Street allow higher rates of energy absorption during the day by hard surfaces, buildings and other structures. During the night, these structures continue to emit stored energy which is trapped under the canopy where it warms the air more than in an open street like Daking Street. FIGURE 32: Mean monthly nighttime air temperature (9pm – 5am) at three streets that differ in canopy cover. Temperatures were recorded at six locations in Daking Street and Galloway Street, Calculation of mean monthly night-time and 8 locations in Henry Street. (9pm to 5am) temperatures support this interpretation. Compared to Galloway and Daking Streets, the mean night- time air temperature at Henry Street composed of small individual crowns. mostly provided by young liquidambar is 0.7°C warmer during the months of This allowed hard surfaces in and around and mature eucalypt trees, with either December 2018 and February 2019 the street to heat up, leaving this street small or open canopies that provide and a little less in January 2019 (Fig. to experience 40 days over 35°C and significantly less dense shade compared 32). These data are a clear indicator 13 days above 40°C. While Galloway to mature liquidambar trees that that trapped heat is leading to higher Street had less overall canopy cover dominated the street canyon at Galloway night-time temperatures in Henry Street. (30.5%) compared to Henry Street Street. These mature liquidambar trees During individual nights, air temperature (37%), air temperature in the former have short trunks, wide crowns with in Henry Street could be 3.5°C warmer street rose less frequently to extreme very dense canopies, providing great compared to Daking Street and Galloway levels; reaching 35+°C on 28 days and cooling benefits. Based on all available Street (e.g. 3:40am on 28 December up to 40+°C on just 5 days. In Henry data for the Cool Streets sub-project, 2018, 11:10pm on 10 February 2019). Street, where canopy cover was high, air mean summer air temperature under temperature above 35°C was measured these trees was 24.0°C (±4.7), compared While it seems clear that high canopy on 41 days and above 40°C on 9 days. to 24.8°C (±5.4) under the bottlebrush cover retains heat during nights, it is trees in Daking Street and 25.0°C (±4.9) important to assess this effect at a These observations point toward the under the young liquidambar trees in street level against daytime cooling effect of canopy quality, not quantity as Henry Street. Detailed studies of canopy through dense canopies. The tree an important trait to quench summer architecture are necessary to clearly canopy in Daking Street was low and was heat. In Henry Street, canopy was define temperature benefits, which will

44 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY change as trees mature and develop their characteristic canopy shape and size.

The Cool Streets project has, however, generated strong evidence about the microclimatic benefits of street trees. In North Parramatta, Daking Street and Galloway Street are 1 km apart, yet air temperatures at Daking Street heat up noticeably faster than those at Galloway Street during the morning (Fig. 33). Absolute differences in air temperature between these two streets at the same time of day can be as high as 8°C (Fig. 33). Unsurprisingly, these extreme differences in microclimate occur during midday and afternoon on days with high or extreme air temperatures. It is during those periods where solar radiation loads are at their maximum and air temperatures approach their daily peak. This is the time when urban FIGURE 33: Diurnal oscillation of maximum (Daking Street) and minimum (Galloway Street) (street) trees can provide maximum air temperature during the hot spell between 25 and 29 December 2018. Peak differences in air cooling benefits that will not only lower temperatures are marked for 26, 27 and 28 December 2018. Daking Street has low canopy cover apparent air ambient temperatures, (11%) and tree canopy is mostly made up from bottlebrush trees. Canopy cover at Galloway Street but also prevent excessive amounts of is dominated by mature liqudambar with interlocked canopies, providing a total cover of 30.5%. energy from being stored and re-radiated into the environment during the evening and night. This effect is visible in Fig. 33, where the air temperature at Daking Street remained above that of Galloway Street during the night, irrespective of the low canopy cover in the former and high canopy cover in the latter street.

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 45 5. CONCLUSIONS

This project has documented the summer microclimate of The City of Parramatta at very high spatial and temporal resolution. Results provide a new, refined understanding of heat around suburbs of the LGA. There is strong empirical evidence of a north-east to south-west warming gradient, making Epping and Carlingford generally cooler suburbs compared to Constitution Hill, Westmead or the Parramatta CBD. This observation applies to daytime and night-time air temperatures.

Although densification across Parramatta several disadvantages mentioned at temperatures can vary significantly (from medium to high density) is the beginning of this report. Council between adjacent streets. Depending predicted to cause little additional can now use this information to develop on location, the number of days where warming (Adams et al., 2015), reduction strategies and products to communicate air temperature was above 35°C was of tree canopy cover will impact local heat in suburbs of the LGA and advertise much greater (47 days) compared to and regional climate (Duncan et al., hot and cool zones during heatwaves. any available information based on 2018). Thus, preventing any loss of Air temperature data can also be used official BoM weather station data (10-25 green infrastructure in the southern and to improve readiness of emergency days). Evidence provided here reveals western part of the LGA as a result of services to respond to heat-related that local communities are exposed to densification should become a priority predicaments. Moreover, prioritising heat extreme heat much more frequently than for planners and developers. Better yet, interventions and associated decision- previously known. Thus, microclimatic increasing canopy cover in this part of making processes can now be supported variability should be considered when the LGA should have top precedence by evidence. The establishment of developing strategies and interventions to reduce high vulnerability to heat in a microclimate baseline will help to to combat urban heat. this part of the LGA. Until new trees measure the success of cooling actions. It is widely accepted that trees can can unfold their cooling potential in Heat has been identified as a major shock help to cool cities and increase human coming decades, other techniques to public life, health, infrastructure and thermal comfort (Armson et al., 2012; could be used to cool this area down. economic development in the Sydney Estoque et al., 2017; Livesley et al., 2016). A range of documents provide valuable Basin (Resilient Sydney, 2018; WSROC, A valuable example of how species information about how to deliver urban 2018). In the coming decades, heat stress selection and planting arrangement of cooling through by changing surface in this region is expected to increase urban trees can reduce local heat comes characteristics of buildings, roads and and new strategies are necessary to from the Cool Streets and Cool Parks walkways (OEH, 2015; NSW Government adapt to these conditions, and, where studies (Chapters 4.4 and 4.5). More Architect, 2017; Osmond and Sharifi, possible, reduce its negative impacts. than twice as many days of 40+°C were 2017). To do this effectively, it is necessary recorded along Daking Street where Based on the information provided to take microclimatic variability into trees were short and had small canopies, here, it is now possible to overcome account. This study has shown that air compared to Galloway Street where

46 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY canopy cover was high and tree crowns We acknowledge that the surrounding Benchmarking summer heat in the were densely foliated. The large cooling urban fabric could have influenced data Sydney Basin has value beyond the benefits of trees with dense canopies recorded during this research project. LGA of Parramatta. In the state of New was also captured at Robin Thomas While this can potentially be a limiting South Wales, 90% of the population and James Ruse Reserves. Planning for factor for interpretation of observations lives in cities or towns. Climate change urban canopies that deliver maximum reported here, it is important to is affecting this urban lifestyle. Creating cooling benefits can now be informed by recognise that confidence in the accuracy livable, sustainable cities that supply these results. of data, illustrations and heat maps can their inhabitants with the resources be drawn from a range of sources. First, and services they need is a shared duty The influence of tree stature and size on measurements collected using heat among local governments. Heatwaves microclimate is a field of current research loggers correlate very strongly with are predicted to become more frequent, (e.g. Estoque et al., 2017). As shown those recorded by two official weather more severe and longer lasting (IPCC, here, species and associated canopy stations. Second, large amounts of 2013). Exposure of humans to dangerous architecture can influence microclimate. data were used to calculate trends and levels of heat stress is predicted to Older trees with wider crowns provide produce microclimate maps. As shown increase by a factor of five to ten by the greatest cooling benefits. However, in Table 5, tree size and canopy density 2080 (Coffel et al., 2018). This project canopy expansion is a species-specific had little effect on mean temperatures, has demonstrated how vulnerability process and the time necessary to supporting the conclusion that observed to heat varies from street to street and develop a crown size that can provide trends are real and not an artefact due suburb to suburb. It is at this level that measurable cooling may differ among to differences among trees. Third, the operative actions against heat should species. Equally important is a better observed geographical trends across take place in Parramatta and the Greater understanding of the effect that urban the LGA apply to both daytime and Sydney Basin. fabric around trees can have on local night-time measurements. Lastly, the microclimate. Temperature differences uneven distribution of urban heat in between Henry Street and Galloway space and time is well known (Oke, 2006; Street, both with very high canopy cover, Wong and Yu, 2008), particularly once point toward the influence of the built measurements are collected at small structures surrounding the measurement scales (Erell et al., 2011). Hence, data points. presented here reflect this phenomenon for the LGA of The City of Parramatta.

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 47 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 49 APPENDIX 1 Complete list of measurement locations, their physical address, geographic location, and species, height and canopy density of trees. Logger Sub-Project Street Address Suburb Latitude (°) (°) Longitude Species Tree (scientific) species Tree (common) tree height (m) canopy density Comments

Backhousia 1 1 1A Bingara Cres Bella Vista -33.75366 150.95913 lemon myrtle <10 H citriodora

Baulkham 2 1 30-38 Billeroy Ave -33.7515968 150.9840399 Eucalyptus spp. eucalypt >20 M Hills Baulkham 3 1 3 Vanessa Ave -33.7520598 150.9840399 Angophora bakeri rough-barked apple <10 M Hills 4 1 43 Brunette Dr Castle Hill -33.7486003 151.0018565 Grivellea robusta silky oak 10-20 M Liquidambar 5 1 251 Excelsior Ave Castle Hill -33.7490187 151.0085355 sweetgum 10-20 H styraciflua West 6 1 34 Ellerslie Dr Pennant -33.7514044 151.0262894 Acmena smithii lilly pilly <10 H Hills West 7 1 20 Bellamy Farm Rd Pennant -33.7510872 151.0384381 Eucalyptus spp. eucalypt <10 L Hills West Opposite 37 Angophora 8 1 Pennant -33.7534157 151.0519709 Sydney red gum <10 L Copeland Rd costata Hills 9 1 111 Beecroft Rd Beecroft -33.7529262 151.0663167 Eucalypt spp. eucalypt <10 M Cinnamomum 10 1 100 Malton Rd Cheltenham -33.7511965 151.0785884 camphor laurel >20 M camphora Corymbia 11 1 442 Seven Hills Rd Seven Hills -33.7675982 150.9443446 spotted gum 10-20 L maculata Cnr Old Windsor/ 12 1 Winston Hills -33.7680756 150.9591071 Acacia spp. acacia <10 L Gibbon Rd 161 Baulkham Hills Baulkham 13 1 -33.7699616 150.9704093 Casuarina spp. ironwood <10 L Rd Hills Baulkham Lephostemon 14 1 82 Watkins Rd -33.7678264 150.9843199 Queensland brushbox 10-20 M Hills confertus Baulkham Corymbia 15 1 294 Windsor Rd -33.7665552 150.9971173 spotted gum <10 L Hills maculata 16 1 19 Sophia Cres North Rocks -33.7677785 151.0098367 Eucalyptus spp. eucalypt 10 -> 20 H 17 1 15 Tiernan Ave North Rocks -33.767578 151.021873 Eucalyptus eucalypt 10 -> 20 H 18 1 5-6 Marron Pl Beecroft -33.7636835 151.0544469 Acacia decurrens black wattle <10 H 19 1 35-37 Ridge St Epping -33.766036 151.0623483 Acacia elata mountain cedar wattle <10 H Angophora 20 1 240 Beecroft Rd Epping -33.7667905 151.0819617 Sydney red gum <10 L costata 21 1 30X Epping Rd Epping -33.7709145 151.0914164 Syzygium spp. myrtle <10 M 22 1 1 Trafalgar Pl Marsfield -33.7689115 151.1075184 Grivellea spp. coconut ice <10 M Eucalyptus 23 1 38 Grantham Rd Seven Hills -33.7803802 150.935062 cabbage gum 10->20 L amplifolia 24 1 Opp 42 Goliath Ave Winston Hills -33.7803258 150.9829415 Fraxinus spp. ash 10->20 M Eucalyptus 25 1 Opp. 81 Edison Pde Winston Hills -33.7844562 150.9829415 blackbutt 10->20 L pilularis North 26 1 148 North Rocks Rd -33.7849754 151.009489 Eucalyptus eucalypt 10 -> 20 L Parramatta 27 1 210 Bettington Rd North Rocks -33.7818892 151.0257097 Eucalyptus eucalypt 10 -> 20 L Pittosporum 28 1 17 Edinburgh Ave Carlingford -33.7812023 151.0340004 cheesewood 10 -> 20 H undulatum 29 1 143 Evans Rd Carlingford -33.785014 151.053053 Eucalyptus sp. eucalypt 10 L 30 1 14 Lomax St Epping -33.7829852 151.0647459 Eucalyptus SP eucalypt <10 M 31 1 1 Harley Cres Eastwood -33.7831262 151 Fraxinus spp. ash 10 M Cnr 11 Wishart/ Brachychiton 32 1 Eastwood -33.7887965 151.0924317 Illawarra flame tree 10-20 H Graham Ave acerifolius

50 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY Logger Sub-Project Street Address Suburb Latitude (°) (°) Longitude Species Tree (scientific) species Tree (common) tree height (m) canopy density Comments Eucalyptus Wallangarra white 33 1 16 Vicentia St Marsfield -33.7813742 151.104464 <10 L scoparia gum Parramatta Constitution 34 1 21A Caloola Rd -33.7978273 150.9698467 Fraxinus spp. ash 10 H shared with Hill Cumberland Parramatta 35 1 Cnr Mons/Briens Rd Northmead -33.799371 150.9824681 Eucalyptus sp. eucalypt 10->20 L shared with Cumberland Cnr Balfour/ 36 1 Northmead -33.7967111 150.9962969 Eucalyptus SP eucalypt 10-20 H Burlington St Opposite 10 North Syncarpia 37 1 -33.7994641 151.0085211 turpentine >20 M Bellevue St Parramatta glomulifera North 38 1 114 Gladstone St -33.8020195 151.0207027 Eucalyptus eucalypt 10 -> 20 M Parramatta Lophostemon 39 1 20 Ronald Ave Dundas -33.802699 151.051052 Queensland brushbox 20 L confertus Cinnamomum 40 1 37 Cowells Lane Ermington -33.800125 151.0636123 camphor laurel 10 M camphora West 41 1 32 Perkins St -33.8001194 151.0779343 Fraxinus spp. ash 10 H Denistone Glochidion 42 1 20 Elston Ave Denistone -33.7978364 151.0913769 cheese tree 10 L ferdinandi Syncarpia 43 1 29 Beattie Ave Ryde -33.7991061 151.1028882 turpentine 10 M glomulifera Parramatta Callistemon 44 1 73 Fullagar Rd Wentworthville -33.8141596 150.9721564 bottlebrush 10 M shared with viminalis Cumberland Parramatta 45 1 22 Church Ave Westmead -33.8121319 150.983129 Fraxinus spp. ash <10 H shared with Cumberland Parramatta 46 1 1 Amos St Westmead -33.8157042 150.9941475 Ficus rubiginosa Port Jackson fig 10->20 M shared with Cumberland Banksia 47 1 14B River Rd West Parramatta -33.8165037 151.0173959 coast banksia 10 -> 20 M integrifolia 48 1 38 South St Rydalmere -33.8143877 151.0410925 Eucalyptus spp. eucalypt 10 -> 20 H Melaleuca broad-leaved 49 1 6A Trumper St Ermington -33.8143409 150.0633595 10->20 M quinquenervia paperbark 50 1 40 Andrew St Melrose Park -33.8160217 151.0785878 Eucalyptus spp. eucalypt 10->20 M Parramatta 51 1 2 Shirley St Rosehill -33.8303259 151.0275876 Casuarina spp. ironwood 10 -> 20 M shared with Cumberland Parramatta 52 1 12 Giffard St Silverwater -33.8308403 151.0453039 Eucalypt spp. eucalypt 10 -> 20 L shared with Cumberland 53 1 Slough Ave Silverwater -33.8317955 151.0510324 Eucalyptus eucalypt 10 -> 20 H Olympic 54 1 Jamieson St -33.827282 151.0607484 Eucalypt spp. eucalypt <10 L Park Wentworth 55 1 36 Baywater Dr -33.8299068 151.0769076 Fraxinus spp. fig <10 H Point Cnr Concord Rd/ 56 1 Rhodes -33.8318025 151.0890232 Casuarina 10-20 L Mary St Parramatta Entry at 20 Owens 57 1 Newington -33.845351 151.052717 Eucalypt spp. eucalypt <10 M shared with Ave Cumberland Parramatta Olympic 58 1 Grand Pde -33.845228 151.065771 Eucalypt spp. eucalypt <10 M shared with Park Cumberland

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 51 APPENDIX 1 Logger Sub-Project Street Address Suburb Latitude (°) (°) Longitude Species Tree (scientific) species Tree (common) tree height (m) canopy density Comments Parramatta 102 Bennelong Olympic 59 1 -33.8460803 151.0753135 Casuarina spp. ironwood 10 -> 20 L shared with Pkwy Park Cumberland Concord 60 1 80 Myall St -33.84686 151.0900535 Eucalypt spp. eucalypt 10 -> 20 H West Parramatta Homebush 61 1 48 Marlborough Rd -33.8611533 151.0668778 Acacia spp. acacia 10 -> 20 L shared with West Cumberland 62 1 96/98 Wellbank St Concord -33.8570459 151.0967088 Eucalypt spp. eucalypt 10 -> 20 M North Callistemon 63 1 Masons Dr -33.789774 151.015192 bottlebrush <10 M Parramatta viminalis Cumberland 64 1 12 Portico Pde Toongabbie -33.787642 150.950884 Acmena smithii lilly pilly >20 H shared with Parramatta Cumberland 65 1 10 Carinya Rd Girraween -33.797325 150.950044 Jacaranda spp. jacaranda <10 L shared with Parramatta Cumberland Gleditsia 66 1 79-85 Stapleton St Pendle Hill -33.803785 150.958799 honey locust 10->20 H shared with triacanthos Parramatta Cumberland 67 1 44 Dunmore St Wentworthville -33.807707 150.971015 Acer negundo boxelder maple <10 H shared with Parramatta Cumberland 68 1 22 Margaret St Merrylands -33.8229 150.9849 Eucalypt spp. eucalypt >20 M shared with Parramatta Cumberland 69 1 45 Manchester St Merrylands -33.8311 150.9886 Jacaranda spp. jacaranda <10 L shared with Parramatta Cumberland Holroyd Gardens, 70 1 Holroyd -33.8305 150.9952 Schinus molle peppercorn tree <10 L shared with Walpole St Parramatta Cumberland Callistemon 71 1 64 The Ave Granville -33.8343 150.0069 bottlebrush <10 M shared with viminalis Parramatta Cumberland Melaleuca broad-leaved 72 1 2 Factory St Granville -33.8366 150.0163 <10 L shared with quinquenervia paperbark Parramatta Cumberland Lophostemon 73 1 3 Sheffield St Auburn -33.847 151.0256 Queensland brushbox <10 M shared with confertus Parramatta Cumberland Callistemon 74 1 2 Dalley St Lidcombe -33.8628 150.0528 bottlebrush <10 H shared with viminalis Parramatta operated by 75 1 Chambers Crt Epping -33.773 151.0839 N/A N/A N/A N/A UNSW operated by 76 1 15B Moseley St Carlingford -33.7756 151.0487 N/A N/A N/A N/A UNSW operated by 77 1 79 Redbank Rd Northmead -33.7944 150.9887 N/A N/A N/A N/A UNSW operated by 78 1 Mimosa St Toongabbie -33.7809 150.9527 N/A N/A N/A N/A UNSW Constitution operated by 79 1 Bulli Rd -33.7924 150.9736 N/A N/A N/A N/A Hill UNSW operated by 80 1 Institute Rd Westmead -33.803177 150.984593 N/A N/A N/A N/A UNSW operated by 81 1 316 Victoria Rd Rydalmere -33.809581 151.034218 N/A N/A N/A N/A UNSW operated by 82 1 8 River Rd Ermington -33.815901 151.053458 N/A N/A N/A N/A UNSW

52 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY Logger Sub-Project Street Address Suburb Latitude (°) (°) Longitude Species Tree (scientific) species Tree (common) tree height (m) canopy density Comments operated by 83 1 21 Sturt St Dundas -33.795906 151.04332 N/A N/A N/A N/A UNSW operated by 84 1 Bligh St Silverwater -33.8399 151.0438 N/A N/A N/A N/A UNSW operated by 85 1 Canarvon St Newington -33.837603 151.04173 N/A N/A N/A N/A UNSW Cnr George St/ operated by 86 1 Parramatta -33.814424 151.007123 N/A N/A N/A N/A Barrack Ln UNSW Cnr Argyle/ operated by 87 1 Parramatta -33.816465 151.001193 N/A N/A N/A N/A Marsden St UNSW operated by 88 1 103 Harris St Parramatta -33.817476 151.011966 N/A N/A N/A N/A UNSW operated by 89 1 Marion St Parramatta -33.8209 151.006 N/A N/A N/A N/A UNSW operated by 90 1 Simpson St Winston Hills -33.773933 150.998619 N/A N/A N/A N/A UNSW Robin Thomas Lagerstroemia 91 2 Parramatta -33.8181661 151.0123238 crepe myrtle <10 L Reserve spp. Robin Thomas Lagerstroemia 92 2 Parramatta -33.8181661 151.0123238 crepe myrtle <10 L Reserve spp. Robin Thomas Lagerstroemia 93 2 Parramatta -33.8181661 151.0123238 crepe myrtle <10 L Reserve spp. Robin Thomas Lagerstroemia 94 2 Parramatta -33.8181661 151.0123238 crepe myrtle <10 L Reserve spp. Robin Thomas Lagerstroemia 95 2 Parramatta -33.8181661 151.0123238 crepe myrtle <10 L Reserve spp. James Ruse 96 2 Parramatta -33.8183154 151.0134352 Ficus rubiginosa Port Jackson fig <10 H Reserve James Ruse 97 2 Parramatta -33.8183023 151.013402 Ficus rubiginosa Port Jackson fig <10 H Reserve James Ruse 98 2 Parramatta -33.8184315 151.0130969 Ficus rubiginosa Port Jackson fig <10 H Reserve James Ruse 99 2 Parramatta -33.8184388 151.0130467 Ficus rubiginosa Port Jackson fig <10 H Reserve James Ruse 100 2 Parramatta -33.8186184 151.0126561 Ficus rubiginosa Port Jackson fig <10 H Reserve James Ruse 101 2 Parramatta -33.8187647 151.0122765 Ficus rubiginosa Port Jackson fig <10 H Reserve Robin Thomas 102 1, 2 Parramatta -33.8185769 151.012239 Platanus spp. plane tree 10 -> 20 H Reserve Robin Thomas 103 2 Parramatta -33.8185769 151.012239 Platanus spp. plane tree 10 -> 20 H Reserve Robin Thomas 104 2 Parramatta -33.8185769 151.012239 Platanus spp. plane tree 10 -> 20 H Reserve Robin Thomas 105 2 Parramatta -33.8185769 151.012239 Platanus spp. plane tree 10 -> 20 H Reserve Robin Thomas 106 2 Parramatta -33.8185769 151.012239 Platanus spp. plane tree 10 -> 20 H Reserve Robin Thomas 107 2 Parramatta -33.8185769 151.012239 Platanus spp. plane tree 10 -> 20 H Reserve Robin Thomas 108 2 Parramatta -33.817984 151.01185 Casuarina spp. ironwood 10 L Reserve Robin Thomas 109 2 Parramatta -33.817935 151.10772 Casuarina spp. ironwood 10 L Reserve Robin Thomas 110 2 Parramatta -33.81795 151.01169 Casuarina spp. ironwood 10 L Reserve Robin Thomas 111 2 Parramatta -33.81795 151.011731 Casuarina spp. ironwood 10 L Reserve

BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY 53 APPENDIX 1 Logger Sub-Project Street Address Suburb Latitude (°) (°) Longitude Species Tree (scientific) species Tree (common) tree height (m) canopy density Comments Robin Thomas 112 2 Parramatta -33.88066 151.011721 Casuarina spp. ironwood 10 L Reserve Robin Thomas 113 2 Parramatta -33.818179 151.011747 Casuarina spp. ironwood 10 L Reserve Robin Thomas 114 2 Parramatta -33.818304 151.012966 Eucalyptus eucalypt 10->20 L Reserve Robin Thomas 115 2 Parramatta -33.819079 151.01328 Eucalyptus eucalypt 10 L Reserve Robin Thomas 116 2 Parramatta -33.818953 151.012803 Eucalyptus eucalypt 10->20 L Reserve Robin Thomas 117 2 Parramatta -33.818982 151.012721 Eucalyptus eucalypt 10->20 L Reserve Robin Thomas 118 2 Parramatta -33.819348 151.013251 Eucalyptus eucalypt 10 L Reserve Robin Thomas Queensland weeping 119 2 Parramatta -33.8165151 151.0124596 Ficus micocarpa >20 H Reserve fig Robin Thomas Queensland weeping 120 2 Parramatta -33.8168151 151.0119506 Ficus micocarpa >20 H Reserve fig Robin Thomas Queensland weeping 121 2 Parramatta -33.817461 151.0117716 Ficus micocarpa >20 H Reserve fig Robin Thomas Queensland weeping 122 2 Parramatta -33.8175686 151.0119651 Ficus micocarpa >20 H Reserve fig Robin Thomas Queensland weeping 123 1,2 Parramatta -33.8177764 151.0125538 Ficus micocarpa >20 H Reserve fig Robin Thomas Queensland weeping 124 2 Parramatta -33.817934 151.0131456 Ficus micocarpa >20 H Reserve fig North Callistemon 125 3 29 Daking St -33.792926 151.0015268 bottlebrush <10 M Parramatta viminalis North Callistemon 126 3 17-29 Daking St -33.7934835 151.0015688 bottlebrush <10 M Parramatta viminalis North Callistemon 127 3 19 Daking St -33.7935426 151.0015038 bottlebrush <10 M Parramatta viminalis North Callistemon 128 3 15 Daking St -33.7938574 151.0014907 bottlebrush <10 L Parramatta viminalis North Callistemon 129 3 13 Daking St -33.7939792 151.0015004 bottlebrush <10 M Parramatta viminalis North Callistemon 130 1, 3 11 Daking St -33.7940572 151.0011464 bottlebrush <10 L Parramatta viminalis North Liquidambar 131 3 9-13 Galloway St -33.8023201 151.0039506 sweetgum 10-20 H Parramatta styraciflua North Liquidambar 132 3 19 Galloway St -33.8018598 151.003843 sweetgum >20 H Parramatta styraciflua Between 29 & 9A North Liquidambar 133 3 -33.8009761 151.0037977 sweetgum >20 H Galloway St Parramatta styraciflua Cnr Galloway/ North 134 3 -33.8006761 151.0039285 Quercus palustris pin oak <10 H Factory St Parramatta North 135 3 32 Galloway St -33.8008677 151.0039204 Quercus palustris pin oak <10 H Parramatta North 136 3 30 Galloway St -33.801189 151.0040039 Quercus palustris pin oak <10 H Parramatta Liquidambar 137 3 16 Henry St Parramatta -33.8102432 151.0131164 sweetgum >20 H styraciflua Liquidambar 138 3 5 Henry St Parramatta -33.8101373 151.0129769 sweetgum 10-20 H styraciflua Liquidambar 139 3 5 Henry St Parramatta -33.8100702 151.0129947 sweetgum 10-20 H styraciflua Liquidambar 140 3 8 Henry St Parramatta -33.8105376 151.0129444 sweetgum 10-20 H styraciflua Liquidambar 141 1, 3 6 Henry St Parramatta -33.8105602 151.0127704 sweetgum <10 H styraciflua Liquidambar 142 3 2 Henry St Parramatta -33.8104967 151.012469 sweetgum <10 M styraciflua Cnr Henry/ 8 Betts Liquidambar 143 3 Parramatta -33.8102797 151.0120402 sweetgum 10-20 H St styraciflua 6 Betts St (on Henry 144 3 Parramatta -33.8104259 151.0122832 Quercus palustris pin oak <10 H St)

54 BENCHMARKING HEAT IN PARRAMATTA, SYDNEY'S CENTRAL RIVER CITY GREEN TRACK FOR PARRAMATTA LIGHT RAIL 55 CONTACT US

Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751

WESTERNSYDNEY.EDU.AU