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Chronology of Troy Eve Clarity

“The sons of Japheth; Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras. And the sons of Javan; Elishah, and Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim. By these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in their lands; every one after his tongue, after their families, in their nations.” (Genesis 10:2, 4-5)

[My thanks to Bill Cooper for the following information.] Javan was the father of the ; 's Iawones. Tubal settled Iberia, the current Russian state of whose capital is Tbilisi. Meshech became the Cappadocians and Muscovites. The city of Troas (Troy) was named after Tiras. Tiras' descendents were known to Egypt as Tursha, to as Tyrsenoi, and to Rome as Thracians. Elishah was the father of the Aeolians and “the origin of the term Hellenic”1 whom the knew as Alasiya. The Kittim settle Cyprus. The first settlers of were the Dodanim whom the called Dardani, hence the Dardenelles straight. The Dodanim also settled the island of .

Using Ussher's date of 2348 BC for the flood, Japheth's seven sons, may all have been born by 2340 BC. By 2310 BC Tiras and his family may have established a homestead at Troas and built the first citadel (Troy I) by 2280 BC. Javan's son Dodan, born about 2310 BC, and his family may have settled near Troas by 2250 BC.

1 Cooper, Bill, After the Flood, New Wine Press, 1995, page 202 Geography according to the Greeks

In describing the , Homer's Iliad2 and provide geographic surroundings of Ilion, now known as Canakkale and Troy in northwest . gave further descriptions of Troy in his . The Greeks even provided the name Hellespontos, Sea of , to the straight which connects the to the .

Rams were often used for sacrifices in the ancient world. To the Greeks, the constellation Aries portrayed a sacrificial ram with the of a king (other cultures invisioned a golden crown with the brightest star as a gem).3 Aries' brightest star, Alpha Arietis, was the marker for the vernal equinox in Spring during the story of and the . The equinox occurs twice each year when the length of the day and night are equivalent (around March 20th and September 22nd) when the sun is at its zenith over the equator. The Sea of Helle is based upon the following myth which sets up the story of Jason and the Argonauts.

King Athamas of Boetia in central Greece had been deceived into believing if he sacrificed his son (whose sister was Helle) at the vernal equinox it would appease the gods to provide good weather for abundant crops. Queen magically sent a golden winged ram to rescue her son. Phrixus and his sister Helle got on the ram and flew eastward, but Helle fell into the , which the Greeks renamed in her honor. Upon safely reaching on the eastern , Phrixus sacrificed the golden ram to . Phrixus then presented its golden fleece to the King Aeëtes of Colchis who gave Phrixus the hand of his daughter in return.

Later, Phrixus' ghost haunted his cousin in Greece who had seized the throne of in . The true successor to the throne was Jason. Pelias promised to give up the throne to Jason if he brought him the golden fleece. Argas built a ship for at least 20 rowers which he named after himself, thus the mighty warriors who joined Jason's voyage to Colchis were dubbed Argonauts. After Jason succesfully perfomed the feats requested by King Aeëtes, aided by magic help from his daughter , Medea overheard that her father was still not going to give Jason the golden fleece, so they took it by stealth and left, and used the huge fleece as their bed until they returned to Greece and placed it in the temple of Zeus.

The Trojan War which culminated in the destruction of Troy occurred after this Argonaut Expedition.

2 “Historicity of the ,” Wikipedia 3 To Christians Aries represents Jesus, the King of the Universe, sacrificing His life for them. The family of Frank Calvert owned the farm land in and around New . The Turks called the mound , closer to the Hittite name . After decades of archaeological field work in Troad (Troas), the Biga peninsula of Turkey, Calvert postulated in 1866 that Hisarlik was the ancient city of Troy; Homer's Ilion. Calvert persuaded Heinrich Schliemann to excavate the site, and Schliemann visited Calvert two years later. Schliemann excavated at Hisarlik in 1871–73 and in 1878– 79, discovering city strata from the Roman to early in which he found a cache of gold, silver, and copper objects which he called 's Treasure4 and left the country with much of it. The earring style seems to have influenced those at Colchis (Georgia). The site was later excavated by Wilhelm Dörpfeld (1893-94) and Carl Blegen (1932-38). It was Blegen who assigned strata divisions to the dig site.

Hisarlik (Troy) with Clarity centuries BC and other important dates (www.pharaohsofthebible.com)

Strata Age Cent. Description I EBI 23rd walls, city gate, and megarons (great rectangular halls; columned porches); textiles II EBII 22nd Large city was destroyed Cache of gold, silver, copper, and electrum shows much trade. [Glacial maximum] 2174 Tower of Babel; new language is possibly Luwian with influx of scattered people III EBIII-IV 21st City was rebuilt, and homes had dome-shaped ovens. IV MBI-IIB 20-19th City is isolated and poor. [End of Ice Age] 1924 highest sea levels V MBIII-LBIA 18-17th Hittite (descendants from Canaan's son, Heth) presence with more idolatry [LBIB] 1651 Thera eruption which brought new immigrants to Troy. VI LBIIA-Iron IA 16-14th Anatolian Grey Ware in Mid-Helladic III shapes also found in ;5 knobbed ware Treaty between of Wilusa and Muwatalli II (1506-1483) of Hatti. (1476-1436) Hattusili III mentioned a military conflict over Wilusa (Troy) in Tawagalawa letter. 1313 Significant Aegean eruption causing people to abandon Troy during Rameses III 5th year. 1310 Huge Aegean eruption which caused quakes at Troy, but no bodies beneath debris. VIh Iron IB-C 13-12th A more orderly city was built, but it was destroyed by an earthquake. VIIa Iron IIA 11-10th Huge fortified city destroyed by war (arrowheads and injured bones) with traces of fire. VIIb1 Iron IIB 9th City destroyed by fire. Seal with Luwian hieroglyphs, and some geometric sherds found. VIIb2 Iron IIB 8th Helladic Ilion destroyed by fire. Trade greatly reduced. VIIb3 Iron IIB 7th City that may have been abandoned or forced into , but no gap of 100's of years. VIII Iron III 6th-3rd City on a grid with bouleuterion, odeon, agora, and stoa. Geometric designs on pottery. IX Iron III 2nd BC-4th AD Roman city: 3-storey marble stage at new theater, aqueduct, bathhouses, and fountain.

4 “Priam's Treasure,” Wikipedia 5 Pavuk, Peter, “Grey Wares as a Phenomenon,” http://www.aegeobalkanprehistory.net/article.php?id_art=5 The diameter of the citadel wall of Troy I was about 100 meters. The Troy II citadel wall (about 150 meter diameter) had four gates and several megarons. The city of Troy II was surrounded by a wooden palisade. The Troy VI citadel wall's diameter was about 250 meters, and it had three towers and four gates which encompassed several houses and a well (cistern). A ditch surrounded the entire city with limited wheeled access. Troy VII was a 440 meters squared city (roughly 50 acres) with tower bastions 18 sq. meters and a height of 9 meters. The Romans built a 142 meters squared wall around a temple to with inner and outer courts and a water tank and tunnel. Outside the acropolis of Troy IX was a large amphitheater, a stone bouleuterion parliament building, and more stoas.6 In 306 BC Troy was the capital of the league of cities in Troad. In 188 BC Troy was recognized as the mother city of Rome (Ilium Novum).

Astronomical dating of the Argonaut Expedition and the Trojan War

Troy VIIa is the best candidate for the Trojan War. Isaac Newton was convinced the Argonauts were given a celestial sphere with equinoxes and solstices in the middle of the constellations. Based upon the precession of astronomical data of the Argonauts, Newton initially placed their expedition between 946 and 938 BC, and through later astronomical observations eventually determined it occurred in 933 BC. Newton placed the Fall of Troy to the Greeks about a generation later between 904 and 900 BC.7

Because of Earth's wobble on its axis (precession), the earth's north pole points to a differen star over time. The star Thuban of the constellation Draco was the pole star from 3942 to 1793 BC. 8 The star Kappa Draconis in Draco was closest to the North Celestial Pole visible to the naked eye from 1793 BC to approximately 1000 BC.9 The Earth's precession also effects which constellation we view the sun to be “in” during equinoxes and solstices. The Greek astronomer Hipparchus (190-120 BC) defined the position of the vernal equinox in 146 BC south of the star Mesartim (Gamma Arietis). Today the vernal equinox is in the constellation Pisces. Because the earth precesses on its axis, the equinoxes move through the constellations of the Zodiac at the rate of about one degree every seventy-two years. From the time of the Argonaut Expedition until 146 BC, the Greeks noted a drift of about eleven degrees. Newton used this information to redate the expedition and in so doing deleted almost three hundred years of fictitious Greek history.10

The calculations are 11 X 72 = 792, and 146 + 792 = 938 BC for the Argonaut Expedition. Newton's research of astronomy at the time of the Expedition determined that the equinoxes were in the center of the constellations.11 [Solomon's death was in 975 according to Ussher and Newton, in agreement with the Bible.] Hence, in 1689 AD the equinox has gone back 36° 44' since the Argonaut Expedition. . . . The equinox goes back fifty seconds in one year, and about one degree in severty-two years and 36° 44' in two thousand six hundred and thirty-five years after the death of Solomon in about 940 BC.12

6 See the excellent videos of each strata at http://www.cerhas.uc.edu/troy/index.html. 7 Pierce, Larry and Marrion, editors, Newton's Revised History of Ancient Kingdoms, Master Books, 2009, pages 32-41, 50 8 “Thuban,” Wikipedia 9 “Kappa Draconis,” Wikipedia 10 Pierce, Larry and Marrion, editors, Newton's Revised History of Ancient Kingdoms, Master Books, 2009, page 36 11 Ibid., page 38 12 Ibid., page 39 The calculations are 2635 – 1689 = 946 BC. Based upon Newton's own observations of the equinoxes in 1728 AD, the Expedition date would have been 922 BC.13 Using equinox data from Meton and Hipparchus, Newton calculated the year 933 BC for the Argonaut Expedition, which is the date he chose for it and very close to the average of all three dates (935 BC). Using 933 BC for the year of the Argonaut Expedition, Newton proceeded to calculate the year of the Trojan War. The Trojan War was one generation later than that expedition. If you allow three generations per one hundred years, then the war occurred around 900 BC. Several captains of the Greeks in that war were sons of the Argonauts.14

In support of Newton's date, Edwin Schorr wrote “the 8th-century Phrygians, who, according to Homer, were allies of Troy during its siege, copied the architectural style of the fortifications of Troy VI when they built their great gate at Gordion.”15 Gordium was between the Sangarios and Halys Rivers. Schorr continued:

The archaeologists also have a date for that war, ranging sometime between ca. 1260 and 1200 B.C. This date is assigned to a conflagration layer (stratum VIIa) at the site of Hissarlik in Northwestern Turkey, which, in the excavator’s opinion, marks the Greek destruction of Troy. The date depends on the time of the Mycenaean pottery found in this layer. That in turn is based solely on Egyptian chronology. Thus, if the Egyptian scheme is off, both the Greek calculations and the archaeological date must be changed.16

This new chronology for Troy is based upon my new chronology for Egypt and the surrounding empires in synchronization with the Holy Bible.17 Troy is a great example of how using my new chronology can resolve mysterious gaps of time which are not supported by the archaeology of the site. In order to appease the accepted Egyptian chronology, the timing of the Trojan War had to be set back three hundred years and a gap placed between Troy VII and VIII. But in 1893 Dörpfeld often treated Troy VII and VIII as a single unit because it was difficult to differentiate between the two strata.18 Since then Troy VII has been subdivided. 13 Ibid., page 40 14 Pierce, Larry and Marrion, editors, Newton's Revised History of Ancient Kingdoms, Master Books, 2009, page 41 15 Schorr, Edwin M., Applying the Revised Chronology, Troy, http://www.varchive.org/schorr/troy.htm 16 Ibid. 17 A free download of my new chronology is at www.PharaohsoftheBible.com 18 Dörpfeld, W., Troja 1893: Bericht iiber die im Jahre 1893 in Troja veranstalten Ausgrabungen (Leipzig: 1894), page 64 Hittite History of Western

Reference to Tudhaliya II (1573-1555) who conquered the land of .19 Treaty between Alaksandu of Wilusa and Muwatalli II (1506-1483) of Hatti. Manapa-Tarhunta Letter placed Wilusa/Ilios north of the Seha/Hermos river, and mentions Piyama-Radu Hattusili III (1476-1436) mentioned a battle over Wilusa in Tawagalawa letter, and mentions Piyama-Radu Milawata (Miletus) Letter mentions history of Piyama-Radu

The region of Assuwa, all of western Anatolia, may have been governed by Tudhailya (1916-1891 BC). Tudhaliya was likely "Tidal, king of nations" (Gen. 14:1, 9) who was contemporary with Abraham. Assuwa was divided into regions of Wilusa in the north, Lukka in the south, and imbetween. “Asia” may have been derived from Assuwa.

The kingdom of Arzawa had Apasa () as its capital near the Kaistros River (or little Meander) and reached from the Hermos (Gediz) River to the in the south. The Hittites divided Arzawa20 into three provinces: Seha, , and Mira. The land of Seha with its capital Hyde (Sardis, now Salihli) included all the river valley; the Hapalla (known as Ahhiyawa to the Hittites) along the Kaistros (Kucuk) to the Meander (Buyuk) River, and then the Mira with Milatawa (Miletus) as its capital. The region of Karkisa of the was south of Mira but north of the Lukka.

Uhha-Ziti was the last independent king of Arzawa. He had two sons named Piyama- and Tapalazunauli. Piyama-Radu may have been the legitimate heir of Uhha-Ziti. The Milawata Letter was from a Hittite king in Hattusa to a king of the coastline from Milawata to Wilusa which Piyama- Radu may have helped to establish. Piyama-Radu has been conjectured to correspond to the Priam of Troy in the Iliad, and Priam's son /Alexandros identified with Alaksandu, but the timing is wrong. Piyama-Radu could just as well correspond to Pyrrhus who killed Priam.

Myths are sometimes interwoven with factual data, but separating the truth from fiction is an arduous task, especially when people want the facts they know to fit the myth. As to the legends of the Trojan War, what if they were a combination of more than one Trojan War? The Tawagalawa letter referred to a battle over Wilusa between the Hittites and the Ahhiyawans which they then settled. The Hittite king (most likely Hattusili III who reigned 1476-1436 BC) requested the extradition of the rebel Piyama-Radu from the Ahhiyawan king. The first Trojan War could have been about 1450 BC. The next Trojan War could have been about 1150 BC at the end of the Iron IB-C strata VIh which seems to have been destroyed by an earthquake. The Sacking of the more well- fortified strata VIIa city of Troy was in 900 BC.

19 Text of letter at http://www.hittites.info/translations.aspx?text=translations/historical%2fCTH183_Ahhiyawa_Letter.html 20 Great maps of Arzawa and Hittite lands in Anatolia at http://www.hittites.info/history.aspx?text=history%2fMiddle+Empire.htm Legend of Trojan Brutus, first king of Britain

A Welsh scholar named Whiteshield compiled the history of Brut y Bryttaniait in the 12th century AD which Bill Cooper translated with footnotes from 's Historia Regum Britanniae.

Brutus was a descendent of Aeneas, ( of the 1450 BC Trojan War of strata VI and cousin of Priam), and so I place Brutus in the 1150 BC Trojan War of strata VIh though the history places him only three generations from Aeneas. Brutus travelled from to Greece where “he saw the children of the sons of , the son of Priam, heirs of Troy, [living] in slavery under Pandrasus, king of Greece.”21 After living generously among the people of Greece, “they implored him to be prince over them and deliver them from their captivity.”22 Brutus provisioned and fortified the castles. The Greeks attacked Troy.

And when they, the Greeks, had placed their [siege] engines against [the wall] and began to undermine it, the defenders poured Greek Fire and boiling water on their heads, and drove them from the [castle] wall. Then, when they were exhausted by their labours for want of sleep at night and through hunger and thirst, they, the Trojans, despatched runners to Brutus [to ask] for reinforcements, lest they be compelled to surrender the castle.23

With stealth and cunning and a small band of soldiers, Brutus attacked the Greek camp at night and slew them, but made a deal with Pandrasus for provisioned ships and the hand of her daughter. The deal was that the Trojans would sail far away so as to never be enslaved by the Greeks again, and Pandrasus agreed and provided 324 ships filled with all the necessary goods. The Trojans sailed two days and a night before making landfall ath the island of Leucas (now Lefkada) on the Ionian Sea side of Greece. There Brutus had an encounter in a dream with the goddess Diana who told him his people would come to an island beyond Gaul which was inhabited by where they could live free. As they came to the Pillars of (Strait of Gibraltar) they encountered a group of from the first Trojan War who had escaped with Priam's counselor, ; and now their prince and great warrior led them. They joined forces and proceeded to Gaul. After fighting the locals, they quickly set sail for the island of Albion (“white island”) across the channel.

Brutus wished to call the land by his own name, and he decreed that the people dwelling therein should be called Britons, also after his own name, for he craved a renown lasting to the end of time. And from that moment, the language of the people also was called British. And Corineus called that part [of the island] which fell to him, .24

They slew the giants. Brutus built New Troy which was later ruled by Lud and called London by the Saxons.

Now once Brutus had built the city, he girded it about with walls and towers, making them sacred and laying down immutable laws for the governance of such as should live there in peace. And he bestowed upon the city protection and privilege. And about this time was Eli the Priest ruler in Israel, and the Ark of the Covenant had been captured by the Philistines. And in Troy there reigned a son of the mighty once he had expelled from thence [the princes of] Antenor’s line. And , the son of , the son of Aeneas, ruled Italy, [being] the uncle of Brutus and the third ruler after Latinus.25

21 Cooper, Bill, The Chronicle of the Early Britons, translation of Aeneas' Brut y Bryttaniait, page 2 22 Ibid., page 3 23 Ibid., page 4. 1150 BC was three hundred years before the Assyrians used Greek fire. 24 Ibid., page 9 25 Ibid.. page 10 Biblical and Briton Time-line Synchronizations

The historic facts of the Bible26 illuminates and sorts out everything. Eli was high priest from 1155 to 1115 BC when the Ark of the Covenant was captured by the Philistines and Eli fell backwards at the news and died. The other biblical synchronizations with the early Briton kings are as follows:

Saul (1095-1055 BC) was king of Israel and Eurysthenes ruled when Mempricius ruled Briton.27 David was king in Jerusalem (1048-1015 BC) and Silvius ruled Italy when ruled Briton.28 Solomon's Temple Complex was being built (1011-991) and Silvius Epitas ruled Italy then ruled Briton.29 Elijah (918-897 BC) prayed against rain when ruled Briton.30 Isaiah prophesied (765-697 BC) and Rome was founded (753 BC) when ruled Briton.31

Adjusting Mr. Cooper's dates in his Genealogy of the Early British Kings32 to my dates from the Bible given above, I give Brutus a 29 year reign from 1149-1120 BC. Some reigns are known; others are approximations. 1149-1120 Brutus 1120-1108 1108-1096 Queen Gwendolen 1096-1056 1056-1036 Mempricius 1036-997 Ebraucus 997-985 Brutus-Greenshield 985-960 Leil 960-921 Hudibras 921-901 Bladud 901-841 Leir (Shakespeare's ) 841-836 Maglaurus and Henwinus (Leir's son-in-laws) 836-833 Leir regained his kingdom with help of his daughter Cordelia married to Agarippus, k. of Franks) 833-791 Queen Cordelia 791-788 Cordelia's nephews, Mardanus I and Cunedagius at war with queen Cordelia 788-786 Mardanus I and Cunedagius ruled Briton together 786-753 Cunedagius 753-735 Rivallo 735-715 Gurgustius 715-695 Sislillius I 695-675 Iago 675-655 Kimarcus 655-635 635-615 and Porrex I (the royal line of Brutus ended with their deaths) 615-415 200 year civil war (425-415) Cloten is a petty king of Cornwall and father to Dunvallo 415-395 Dunvallo And from there on I agree with Mr. Cooper's dates. © Eve Clarity 2012 (Sept. 14)

26 My Bible time-line is at www.pharaohsofthebible.com 27 Cooper, Bill, The Chronicle of the Early Britons, translation of Aeneas' Brut y Bryttaniait, page 12 28 Ibid., page 12 29 Ibid., page 12 30 Ibid., page 13 31 Ibid., page 13 32 Cooper, Bill, The Genealogy of the Early British Kings at http://www.ldolphin.org/cooper/appen7.html