!!
2008!
!"#$%&'%()'*+),-./01)2"'+"&1/-3) 4&'-*-*.)5$&)6(./7&1)
World!Uyghur!Congress!
! 20.04.2008! ! ! ! CONTENTS!
!
Part!I!Democracy) 1.!DEMOCRACY!DEFINED!...... !4! 2.!THE!JUSTIFICATION!OF!DEMOCRACY!...... !4!
89:)2ED<,4A)99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999);) 898)!<=>?,@?A)@B)C6D2E?)F6B4EGE?@4E>H)99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999)5! 89I) Part!II!Human!Rights! 4.!THE!GENERAL!IDEA!OF!HUMAN!RIGHTS!...... !7! 5.!INTERNATIONAL!HUMAN!RIGHTS!LAW!AND!ORGANIZATIONS!...... !7! K9:)6HE4HB)M6=@H),ELM4B)4,<@4E Part!III!How!to!Lobby! 6.!LOBBY!DEFINED!...... !12! 7.!HOW!TO!START?!...... !12! 8.!CONTACTING!LAW"MAKERS!...... !13! P9:9)GV@? Part!IV!How!to!Organize!an!Activity?!! 12.!THE!BASICS!...... !17! :89:)4M<)4M,<<)W ! 2! 14.!SPREAD!THE!MESSAGE!!HOW!TO!REACH!THE!MEDIA!...... !19! 15.!CHECKLIST!...... !20! 16.!BRAINSTORMING:!LAST"MINUTE!IDEAS!FOR!ACTION!...... !20! Part!V!Working!with!the!Media! 17.!ESTABLISH!YOUR!OBJECTIVES!...... !22! 18.!WRITING!A!PRESS!RELEASE!...... !22! 19.!SENDING!A!PRESS!RELEASE!...... !23! 20.!LASTING!RELATIONSHIP!...... !23! 21.!WHO!IS!THE!TARGET!...... !24! 22.!EDUCATION!...... !24! 23.!WHEN!THE!MEDIA!IS!THE!PROBLEM...!...... !25! 24.!ALTERNATIVE!MEDIA!...... !25! Part!VI!Communication!and!Networking!for!NGO's! 25.!GENERAL!PRINCIPLES!OF!COMMUNICATION!...... !27! 26.!EXTERNAL!COMMUNICATION!...... !27! 27.!INTERNAL!COMMUNICATION!...... !28! 28.!NETWORKING!...... !29! 29.!FOUR!STEPS!TO!BUILD!UP!A!GOOD!NETWORK!...... !31! Part!VII!Human!Rights!and!Democracy!Research!Guide! 30.!RESEARCH!STRATEGY!...... !31! 31.!EVALUATING!RESOURCES!...... !33! 32.!RESEARCH!TOOLBOX!...... !36! 33.!USING!INFORMATION!...... !40! 34.!SOURCE!OF!REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……58! !! ! 3! ) ) ) C'&0)E)!"#$%&'%() ! 1. Democracy!Defined! ) 4$)5-Y)-+"'1Z)0/")0"&#)[+"#$%&'%(Z\)&"5"&1)]"&()."*"&'^^()0$)')#"0/$+)$5).&$73)+"%-1-$*)#'_-*.) %/'&'%0"&-`"+)a()')_-*+)$5)"b7'^-0()'#$*.)0/")3'&0-%-3'*01)'0)'*)"11"*0-'^)10'.")$5)0/")%$^^"%0-]") +"%-1-$*)#'_-*.9)))G$7&)'13"%01)$5)0/-1)+"5-*-0-$*)1/$7^+)a")*$0"+9)G-&10Z)+"#$%&'%()%$*%"&*1) %$^^"%0-]")+"%-1-$*)#'_-*.Z)a()c/-%/)+"%-1-$*1)0/'0)'&")#'+")5$&).&$731)'*+)0/'0)'&")a-*+-*.)$*) '^^)0/")#"#a"&1)$5)0/").&$739)B"%$*+Z)0/-1)+"5-*-0-$*)#"'*1)0$)%$]"&)')^$0)$5)+-55"&"*0)_-*+1)$5) .&$731)0/'0)#'()a")%'^^"+)+"#$%&'0-%9)B$)0/"&")%'*)a")+"#$%&'%()-*)5'#-^-"1Z)]$^7*0'&() $&.'*-`'0-$*1Z)"%$*$#-%)5-Z)'1)c"^^)'1)10'0"1)'*+)0&'*1*'0-$*'^)'*+).^$a'^)$&.'*-`'0-$*19) 4/-&+Z)0/")+"5-*-0-$*)-1)*$0)-*0"*+"+)0$)%'&&()'*()*$&#'0-]")c"-./0)0$)-09)E0)-1)b7-0")%$#3'0-a^") c-0/)0/-1)+"5-*-0-$*)$5)+"#$%&'%()0/'0)-0)-1)*$0)+"1-&'a^")0$)/']")+"#$%&'%()-*)1$#")3'&0-%7^'&) %$*0"Y09)B$)0/")+"5-*-0-$*)$5)+"#$%&'%()+$"1)*$0)1"00^")'*()*$&#'0-]")b7"10-$*19)G$7&0/Z)0/") "b7'^-0()&"b7-&"+)a()0/")+"5-*-0-$*)$5)+"#$%&'%()#'()a")#$&")$&)^"11)+""39)E0)#'()a")0/")#"&") 5$&#'^)"b7'^-0()$5)$*"V3"&1$*)$*"V]$0")-*)'*)"^"%0-$*)5$&)&"3&"1"*0'0-]"1)0$)'*)'11"#a^()c/"&") 0/"&")-1)%$#3"0-0-$*)'#$*.)%'*+-+'0"1)5$&)0/")3$1-0-$*9)>&)-0)#'()a")#$&")&$a710Z)-*%^7+-*.) "b7'^-0()-*)0/")3&$%"11"1)$5)+"^-a"&'0-$*)'*+)%$'^-0-$*)a7-^+-*.9)[!"#$%&'%(\)#'()&"5"&)0$)'*()$5) 0/"1")3$^-0-%'^)'&&'*."#"*019)E0)#'()-*]$^]")+-&"%0)3'&0-%-3'0-$*)$5)0/")#"#a"&1)$5)')1$%-"0()-*) +"%-+-*.)$*)0/")^'c1)'*+)3$^-%-"1)$5)0/")1$%-"0()$&)-0)#'()-*]$^]")0/")3'&0-%-3'0-$*)$5)0/$1") #"#a"&1)-*)1"^"%0-*.)&"3&"1"*0'0-]"1)0$)#'_")0/")+"%-1-$*19) 2. The!Justification!of!Democracy! ! 2.1!Liberty! 4/")a'1-%)3&-*%-3^"1)$5)+"#$%&'%()'&")5$7*+"+)-*)0/")-+"')0/'0)"'%/)-*+-]-+7'^)/'1)')&-./0)0$) ^-a"&0(9)!"#$%&'%(Z)-0)-1)1'-+Z)"Y0"*+1)0/")-+"')0/'0)"'%/)$7./0)0$)a")#'10"&)$5)/-1)$&)/"&)^-5")0$) 0/")+$#'-*)$5)%$^^"%0-]")+"%-1-$*)#'_-*.9)G-&10Z)"'%/)3"&1$*X1)^-5")-1)+""3^()'55"%0"+)a()0/")^'&."&) 1$%-'^Z)^".'^)'*+)%7^07&'^)"*]-&$*#"*0)-*)c/-%/)/")$&)1/")^-]"19)B"%$*+Z)$*^()c/"*)"'%/)3"&1$*) /'1)'*)"b7'^)]$-%")'*+)]$0")-*)0/")3&$%"11)$5)%$^^"%0-]")+"%-1-$*V#'_-*.)c-^^)"'%/)/']")%$*0&$^) $]"&)0/-1)^'&."&)"*]-&$*#"*09)>*^()c/"*)1$#")_-*+)$5)+"#$%&'%()-1)-#3^"#"*0"+Z)c-^^) -*+-]-+7'^1)/']")')%/'*%")'0)1"^5V.$]"&*#"*09)B-*%")-*+-]-+7'^1)/']")')&-./0)$5)1"^5V.$]"&*#"*0Z) 0/"()/']")')&-./0)0$)+"#$%&'0-%)3'&0-%-3'0-$*9)4/-1)&-./0)-1)"10'a^-1/"+)'0)^"'10)3'&0^() -*+"3"*+"*0^()$5)0/")c$&0/)$5)0/")$70%$#"1)$5)+"#$%&'0-%)+"%-1-$*)#'_-*.9)4/")-+"')-1)0/'0)0/") ! 4! &-./0)$5)1"^5V.$]"&*#"*0).-]"1)$*")')&-./0Z)c-0/-*)^-#-01Z)0$)+$)c&$*.9)F710)'1)'*)-*+-]-+7'^)/'1)') &-./0)0$)#'_")1$#")a'+)+"%-1-$*1)5$&)/-#1"^5)$&)/"&1"^5Z)1$)').&$73)$5)-*+-]-+7'^1)/']")')&-./0)0$) #'_")a'+)$&)7*d710)+"%-1-$*1)5$&)0/"#1"^]"1)&".'&+-*.)0/$1")'%0-]-0-"1)0/"()1/'&"9) 2.2!Democracy!as!Public!Justification! >*")+-10'*0)&"^'0-]")$5)0/")1"^5V.$]"&*#"*0)'33&$'%/)-1)0/")'%%$7*0)$5)+"#$%&'%()'1)')3&$%"11)$5) 37a^-%)d710-5-%'0-$*9)4/")-+"')a"/-*+)0/-1)'33&$'%/)-1)0/'0)^'c1)'*+)3$^-%-"1)'&")^".-0-#'0")0$)0/") "Y0"*0)0/'0)0/"()'&")37a^-%^()d710-5-"+)0$)0/")%-0-`"*1)$5)0/")%$##7*-0(9)C7a^-%)d710-5-%'0-$*)-1) d710-5-%'0-$*)0$)"'%/)%-0-`"*)'1)')&"17^0)$5)5&"")'*+)&"'1$*"+)+"a'0")'#$*.)"b7'^19)?-0-`"*1)d710-5() ^'c1)'*+)3$^-%-"1)0$)"'%/)$0/"&)$*)0/")a'1-1)$5)#707'^^()'%%"30'a^")&"'1$*19)!"#$%&'%(Z)3&$3"&^() 7*+"&10$$+Z)-1)0/")%$*0"Y0)-*)c/-%/)-*+-]-+7'^1)5&""^()"*.'.")-*)')3&$%"11)$5)&"'1$*"+)+-1%711-$*) '*+)+"^-a"&'0-$*)$*)'*)"b7'^)5$$0-*.9)4/")-+"'1)$5)5&""+$#)'*+)"b7'^-0()3&$]-+").7-+"^-*"1)5$&) 10&7%07&-*.)+"#$%&'0-%)-*10-070-$*19) 2.3!Equality! ='*()+"#$%&'0-%)0/"$&-101)/']")'&.7"+)0/'0)+"#$%&'%()-1)')c'()$5)0&"'0-*.)3"&1$*1)'1)"b7'^1) c/"*)0/"&")-1).$$+)&"'1$*)0$)-#3$1")1$#")_-*+)$5)$&.'*-`'0-$*)$*)0/"-&)1/'&"+)^-]"1)a70)0/"() +-1'.&"")'a$70)/$c)a"10)0$)+$)-09)O/"*)3"$3^")-*1-10)$*)+-55"&"*0)c'(1)$5)'&&'*.-*.)#'00"&1) 3&$3"&^(Z)"'%/)3"&1$*)-*)')1"*1")%^'-#1)')&-./0)0$)a")+-%0'0$&)$]"&)0/"-&)1/'&"+)^-]"19)D70)0/"1") %^'-#1)0$)+-%0'0$&1/-3)%'**$0)'^^)/$^+)73Z)0/")'&.7#"*0).$"19)!"#$%&'%()"#a$+-"1)')_-*+)$5) 3"'%"57^)'*+)5'-&)%$#3&$#-1")'#$*.)0/"1")%$*5^-%0-*.)%^'-#1)0$)&7^"9)<'%/)%$#3&$#-1"1)"b7'^^() $*)c/'0)/")%^'-#1)'1)^$*.)'1)0/")$0/"&1)+$Z)&"17^0-*.)-*)"'%/)/']-*.)'*)"b7'^)1'()$]"&)+"%-1-$*) #'_-*.9)E*)"55"%0Z)+"#$%&'0-%)+"%-1-$*)#'_-*.)&"13"%01)"'%/)3"&1$*X1)3$-*0)$5)]-"c)$*)#'00"&1)$5) %$##$*)%$*%"&*)a().-]-*.)"'%/)'*)"b7'^)1'()'a$70)c/'0)0$)+$)-*)%'1"1)$5)+-1'.&""#"*09) !"#$%&'%()37a^-%^()"#a$+-"1)0/")"b7'^)'+]'*%"#"*0)$5)0/")-*0"&"101)$5)0/")%-0-`"*1)$5)')1$%-"0() c/"*)0/"&")-1)+-1'.&""#"*0)'a$70)/$c)a"10)0$)$&.'*-`")0/"-&)1/'&"+)^-5"9)4/")-+"')-1)0/'0)') 1$%-"0()$7./0)0$)a")10&7%07&"+)0$)'+]'*%")"b7'^^()0/")-*0"&"101)$5)0/")#"#a"&1)$5)0/")1$%-"0(9) @*+)0/")"b7'^-0()$5)#"#a"&1)$7./0)0$)a")'+]'*%"+)-*)')c'()0/'0)"'%/)%'*)1"")0/'0)0/"()'&")a"-*.) 0&"'0"+)'1)"b7'^19)B$)-0)&"b7-&"1)"b7'^)'+]'*%"#"*0)$5)-*0"&"101)-*)'%%$&+'*%")c-0/)')37a^-%) #"'17&")$5)0/$1")-*0"&"1019)M"*%"Z)d710-%")&"b7-&"1)0/")37a^-%^()"b7'^)'+]'*%"#"*0)$5)0/") -*0"&"101)$5)0/")#"#a"&1)$5)1$%-"0()$&)37a^-%)"b7'^-0(9) 3. 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International!Human!Rights!Law!and!Organizations! ! 5.1!United!Nations!Human!Rights!Treaties! 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EDUCATION! ! 4&()0$)-*%&"'1")0/")d$7&*'^-10X1)'c'&"*"11)$5)0/")0$3-%1)($7)'&")+"'^-*.)c-0/9)@)^$0)$5)0/"#)/']") 0/")1'#")3&"d7+-%"1)'1)^'&.")1"%0-$*1)$5)"'%/)1$%-"0(9)!"13-0")0/"-&)3&$5"11-$*'^)a'%_.&$7*+)')^$0) $5)0/"#)#-./0)*$0)/']")')%/'*%")0$)^$$_)'0)0/")3&$a^"#1)5&$#)')+-55"&"*0)'*.^"9)F$7&*'^-101)*""+) 0$)a")"*%$7&'."+)0$).$)a"($*+)0/")#"&")5'%'+")0/'0)&'%-10).&$731)#'()17.."10Z)"9.9)#"#a"&1)$5) ! 24! 0/")"Y0&"#")&-./0)$50"*)3$1")'1)'+]$%'0"1)$5)X^'c)'*+)$&+"&X)c/-^")0/"-&)^"'+"&1)#'()/']")/'+) *7#"&$71)%&-#-*'^)%$*]-%0-$*1)0/"#1"^]"1)5$&)10-&&-*.)73)&'%-'^)/'0&"+Z)'00'%_-*.)3"$3^")"0%9) E5)($7)+$*X0)"+7%'0")($7&)d$7&*'^-10Z)c/$)c-^^)+$)-0)5$&)($7f)4/"&")'&").$$+)"Y'#3^"1)$5)%$V $3"&'0-$*)a"0c""*)HL>1)'*+)d$7&*'^-101X)7*-$*1)'1)c"^^)'1)c-0/)1%/$$^1)$5)d$7&*'^-1#9)F$-*0) 0&'-*-*.)1"11-$*1)'&")'*)$30-$*)0$)"Y3^$&"9)4/-1)c'()($7*.)'*+o$&)5707&")d$7&*'^-101)%'*)a") 0&'-*"+)'*+)'+]-1"+)/$c)0$)&"3$&0)]'&-$71)-117"1)-*)')*$*V&'%-10)#'**"&)'*+)/$c)0$)+"'^)c-0/) +-55-%7^0)0$3-%1)$5)&'%")'*+)"0/*-%-0()-*)."*"&'^9)4/"-&)"+7%'0-$*)-*)0/")5-"^+)$5)'%%7&'0")'*+) 1"*1-0-]")%$]"&-*.)#-.&'0-$*)'*+)'1(^7#)-117"1)1""#1)3'&0-%7^'&^()3&"11-*.)-*)#'*()%$7*0&-"19) ) 23. !When!The!Media!Is!The!Problem...! ) 4/")#"+-')%'*)a")3'&0)$5)0/")1$^70-$*)a70)-0)'33"'&1)-0)-1)b7-0")$50"*)3'&0)$5)0/")3&$a^"#9)E0)-1) "*$7./)0$).-]")0/")"Y'#3^")$5)0/")@710&-'*)+'-^()*"c13'3"&)kH"7")W&$*"*`"-07*.kZ)c/-%/)/'1) 0/")a-.."10)1/'&")$5)0/")*'0-$*'^)#'&_"0)-*)0/")c$&^+9)D"%'71")$5)-01)&$70-*")-*+7^."*%")-*) Y"*$3/$a-%)0/"#"1Z)-0)/'1)a""*)^-10"+)'#$*.)0/")#'-*)5'%0$&1)-*)0/")&'%-10)G&""+$#)C'&0(X1)&-1") 0$)3$c"&9)E*)1$#")%$7*0&-"1)0/"&")-1)')c"^^V+"]"^$3"+)13"%0&7#)$5)0/")"Y0&"#-10)3&"11)'*+)&'+-$) 10'0-$*1)17%/)'1)0/")*$0$&-$71),'+-$)='&-')-*)C$^'*+9)E*),711-'Z)0/")10'0")0"^"]-1-$*)/'1)3^'("+)'*) -#3$&0'*0)&$^")-*)10-&&-*.)73)/'0&"+)'.'-*10)0/")?/"%/"*)3"$3^"9) A$7)%'*)1"0)73)($7&)$c*)#$*-0$&-*.)$5)-*0$^"&'*%")-*)0/")#"+-'9)) 6*5$&07*'0"^(Z)+"'^-*.)c-0/)/$10-^")#"+-')-1)'^1$)3'&0)'*+)3'&%"^)$5)'*0-V&'%-10)c$&_9)T-%-$71) 1#"'&1)'a$70)1$#")3'&0-%7^'&^()"55"%0-]")'*0-V&'%-10)$&.'*-1'0-$*1)/']")a""*)%-&%7^'0"+9)!$)*$0) ."0)+-13-&-0"+)c/"*)($7)'&")'00'%_"+)-*)0/")#"+-')5$&)*$)'33'&"*0)&"'1$*9)E0)#'()'%07'^^()#"'*) ($7)'&")+$-*.).$$+)c$&_)'*+)($7&)"*"#-"1)'&")a"%$#-*.)+"13"&'0"9) 4/")d$7&*'^-101)'&")'^1$)&"13$*1-a^")5$&)0/"-&)'%0-$*19)!$)*$0)c'10")($7&)0-#")13"'_-*.)0$)') a-'1"+)d$7&*'^-10)c/$)-1)_*$c*)5$&)%$*1%-$71)+-10$&0-$*)$5)5'%019)D()1/'&-*.)-*5$&#'0-$*)c-0/)') +-1/$*"10)d$7&*'^-10)($7)#'()"*+)73)3^'(-*.)-*0$)0/")&'%-101X)/'*+19) E5)0/")#"+-').-]"1)5'^1")-*5$&#'0-$*)$*)($7&)'%0-]-0-"1)($7)1/$7^+)'1_)5$&)')&"%0-5-%'0-$*9)E*)#$10) %$7*0&-"1)0/"()/']")')^".'^)$a^-.'0-$*)0$)37a^-1/)-09)E*)'*)"Y0&"#")%'1")$5)-^^)c-^^)$*)0/")3'&0)$5)0/") #"+-')($7)#'()%$*1-+"&)')^".'^)'%0-$*9)6*5$&07*'0"^(Z)0/-1)-1)$50"*)')%$10^()$30-$*9)A$7)%'*)'^1$) 71")'*$0/"&)#"+-')0$).-]")($7&)1-+")$5)0/")10$&(Z)"9.9)a()1"*+-*.)')^"00"&)0$)')&-]'^)*"c13'3"&Z) '*+o$&)g'1)')X#-*-#7#X)$30-$*h)a()37a^-1/-*.)0/")0&7")10$&()-*)($7&)$c*)#"+-')g1"")0/") 3'&'.&'3/)$*)0/")'^0"&*'0-]")#"+-')a"^$ch9) ) 24. Alternative!Media! ) E5)0/")#'-*10&"'#)#"+-')'&")+-55-%7^0)0$)'%%"11)$&)-5)($7)5""^)')*""+)5$&)')#$&")&".7^'&)'*+o$&) 13"%-'^-1"+)1$7&%")$5)-*5$&#'0-$*)$*)($7&)'%0-]-0-"1)'*+)0/")3&$a^"#1)($7&).&$73)-1)%$*%"&*"+) c-0/Z)($7)%'*)%&"'0")($7&)$c*Z)'^0"&*'0-]")#"+-')$70^"0)-*)0/")5$&#)$5)')*"c1^"00"&Z)')#'.'`-*"Z) '*)"V#'-^)^-10V1"&]Z)')c"a)1-0"Z)$&)"]"*)($7&)$c*)&'+-$)10'0-$*9)E5)($7&)#'.'`-*")g$&)c"a1-0")"0%9h) #'*'."1)0$)$a0'-*)%"&0'-*)&"370'0-$*)'1)')&"^-'a^")1$7&%"Z)-0)-1)]"&()^-_"^()0/'0)#'-*10&"'#) d$7&*'^-101)c-^^)07&*)0$)-0)5$&)10$&-"1)'*+)+'0')5$&)0/"-&)$c*)'&0-%^"1Z)c/-%/)-*)07&*)-1).$$+) 3&$#$0-$*)5$&)($7&)$&.'*-1'0-$*9) ! 25! E5)($7)0/-*_)($7)^'%_)&"1$7&%"1)$&)"Y3"&-"*%")0$)10'&0)($7&)$c*)"*0-&"^()*"c)#"+-')($7)%'*)0&() 0$)71")'*$0/"&)%/'**"^9)A$7)%'*)'^1$)'33&$'%/)$0/"&)/7#'*)&-./01)$&.'*-`'0-$*1)'*+)3&$3$1")0$) d$-*)5$&%"1)-*)$&+"&)0$)3&$+7%")')d$-*0)*"c1^"00"&)$&)')#'.'`-*"9) E0)-1)]"&()-#3$&0'*0)0$)&"#"#a"&)0$)-*%^7+")0/")]-%0-#X1)3"&13"%0-]")c/"*"]"&)&"3$&0-*.)&'%-10) '00'%_1)-*)0/")#"+-'9)4/")#"+-')$50"*)$]"&^$$_1)0/")5'%0)0/'0)+-1%&-#-*'0-$*)+"10&$(1)&"'^) 3"$3^"X1)^-]"19)>*)0/")$0/"&)/'*+Z)'^^)0$$)$50"*)0/")%7^3&-01)&"#'-*)#(10"&-$71)5$&%"1)$5)"]-^9)!$*X0) ^"0)0/"#)&"#'-*)'*$*(#$719)H'#")0/"#)c/"*"]"&)-0)-1)3$11-a^")'*+)^".'^9) E5)($7)"Y3"&-"*%")3&$a^"#1)17%/)'1)0/&"'01)$&)/'&'11#"*0)a"%'71")$5)"Y"&%-1-*.)($7&)&-./0)0$) 5&"")13""%/Z)($7)1/$7^+)&"3$&0)-0)0$)')d$7&*'^-10)7*-$*)$&)'*$0/"&)$&.'*-1'0-$*)#$*-0$&-*.)5&"") 13""%/)-*)($7&)%$7*0&(9)E0)-1)]"&()^-_"^()0/"()c-^^)1733$&0)($7Z)"13"%-'^^()-5)0/"()'^&"'+()/"'&+) 'a$70)($7&)$&.'*-1'0-$*9) O$&_-*.)c-0/)0/")#"+-')717'^^()/'1)-01)731)'*+)+$c*1)a70)-0)-1)c$&0/)($7&)'00"*0-$*9) )) ! 26! ) ) ) C'&0)TE)?$##7*-%'0-$*)'*+)H"0c$&_-*.) 5$&)HL>X1) 25. General!Principles!Of!Communication! Communication has three parts: a sender, a message and a receiver When you want to communicate you will find that all three parts change from one situation to the other. Your work will improve when you are able to analyse your communication: think every time about who the sender is, what the message is, and who the receiver is. And ask yourself WHY you communicate. Make sure you communicate with the right person The person that picks up the phone may be very nice but if that is not a person with decision making power the contact will have no results. Different (cultural) backgrounds Working with different (cultural) backgrounds influence your way of working and communicating. Take these backgrounds into account, do not be too quick in judging others to be rude or stupid. Think about the positive aspects of people and try to make use of those, instead of trying to put people in a corner they do not feel comfortable in. You should put yourself in the place of the other Think about what are the obstacles to good communication for him/her. Answer their questions before they occur. Make it easy for the other to communicate: give them time to react, give them the right return address/telephone number, take away their fears, but be clear about what you expect and until when they have time to react (deadlines). Trust is the basis of any relationship It is vital to keep your promises. If a promise is not realistic you should not make it. Observe deadlines. If you cannot comply with the deadline or you cannot keep your promise: tell the other about it. It is better for them to hear 'no' than to hear nothing at all. It is not important to be right It is important to reach your goal. Do not argue about small things and keep your long term objective in mind. 26. External!Communication! ! 27! Why do you want to work together with other NGOs? Discuss this question inside your NGO but also with the NGOs you want to work with. Determining the goal of the co- operation is the first step. In general, organisations do not feel appreciated when they are only involved in the later stages of an activity. If you want to co-operate with others, you must be ready to give away some responsibility. Doing it together means that you will not have control over the whole process anymore. The first step to an effective communication with outsiders such as the state, possible fund-giving institutions or another NGO is to be sure about the receiver of the communication. Who is the person you should talk to, what is his/her position in the organisation, what kind of an organisation is it? Different organisations have different organisational cultures and different political aims. Discuss the differences with the organisations you want to cooperate with or analyse them yourself. Do they work in a formal or informal way, are the relationships in the organisation based on personal or organisational relationships, is the organisation more closed or more open, and in what way? Be aware of the emotional differences between visiting, phoning, writing, faxing and e-mailing. A phone call is not considered as official as a letter or a fax, while e-mail is somewhere in between. Choose consciously for a personal letter or a circular letter. In general a circular letter is not considered as important as a personal letter, addressed to a specific person in a specific organisation. Personal contact, by phone or visit, always has the highest effect. Check with any call, letter, fax or e-mail that the other person has your correct and complete return address, your phone number and your name. If you want to work together, it is a good idea to visit each other's activities. Be interested in each other's work. Keep in contact, even when not that much is happening. Try to meet regularly. The best ways of working together always involve reciprocity. This means that you will only succeed in fixing a deal when the other gets something out of it too. Think of the possible benefits of the co-operation to the partner. Does your project do something that the other has to do anyway, are you reaching a specific group of people that are otherwise hard to reach, etc. To keep people interested, you need to inform them about your work. Be careful to whom you send information and think about what information is useful for that person. When you send information, it is a good opportunity to call and explain details of the information. In doing so, you create a personal link between the other person and yourself. 27. Internal!Communication! Inside an NGO you have a common goal. Be aware of the fact that not all people will see that goal in exactly the same way. People will work together better if they have planned together, if they are involved in the future of the organisation. If you want to improve the communication between people it is very important to build an atmosphere in which people feel comfortable. They must feel that people are interested in each other and they must feel able to trust each other. One way of doing that is by reserving time for personal matters, for talking and doing social things together. ! 28! But do not exaggerate, people should still be working towards a common goal and not just because they are friends. You can organise office meetings, in which the work is discussed and tasks are distributed. Do not organise too many, only hold meetings when there is enough to discuss. Be sure to make an agenda beforehand and minutes or task list afterwards. 28. Networking! A network is a collection of contacts that are not hierarchical. They are not based on someone having power over someone else. Contacts and activities of persons in a network are always voluntary. This does not mean that there is not someone with responsibility, or someone 'in charge'. It only means that there is not one person that is in charge all the time. The responsibilities change, sometimes one person is responsible, sometimes another. A network does not involve much bureaucracy, it's goal is to be effective, dynamic and action-oriented. It is very important to keep your information up-to-date. You have to know who you want to communicate with in your network, where this person can be reached, etc. It is vital to build a database of contacts. In general a network does not work if you wait for others to take action, even if they have promised to do so. You need to take the initiative. You will have to keep taking the initiative for a while. You will have to GIVE a long time before you can RECEIVE. Networking functions only partially on a rational level. Part of the communication is based on personal and emotional relationships. While it is not totally impossible to work with people you dislike, it is much easier to build a network with people you like. Be aware of your own emotional response to people. 29. Four!Steps!To!Build!Up!A!Good!Network! 1. Giving information: Start with giving information about your own activities, your own organisation by building a mailing list and mailing regularly, using e-mail and news groups or a web site, sending out invitations for your activities. 2. Showing interest: Phone around regularly, visit activities of other people and organisations, send them a post card when you feel like it, try to remember personal interests. 3. Organising meeting points: To build a good network you need to meet people personally, do not wait until you meet them accidentally but invite them to a conference, organise a seminar or a social gathering. ! 29! 4. Common actions/activities: The best way to get to know people is to work with them, the network links are strengthened and you are stronger as a result. You should be sure to involve people in ALL stages of the project, from planning stage to the evaluation. ! 30! ) ) ) C'&0)TEE)M7#'*),-./01)'*+)!"#$%&'%() ,"1"'&%/)L7-+") ! 30. Research!Strategy! ! 4$)#'_")0/")1"'&%/)3&$%"11)"'1-"&Z)-0)-1)-#3$&0'*0)0$)5-&10)0/-*_)'a$70)c/'0)b7"10-$*)($7&) &"1"'&%/)1/$7^+)'*1c"&9) ! B0&7%07&-*.)0/")B"'&%/)) ! E+"*0-5(-*.),"1$7& %"1)) o 2-a&'&-"1)) o E*0"&*"0)) ! 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Evaluating!Resources! ! This section outlines print resources in their various formats and offers questions to ask when judging their appropriateness, followed by an outline of how to evaluate Internet search results. ! 33! ! Print Resources o Primary Sources o Secondary Sources o Peer Reviewed ! Internet Resources o Authority o Accuracy o Objectivity o Currency o Coverage Print Resources Research materials, print or electronic, can be found in the following broad categories: Primary Sources Materials developed to confer information without opinion or evaluation. Familiar primary resources include government reports, diaries and raw statistical data. Secondary Sources Materials developed from an analysis and evaluation of primary and other secondary resources. An example would be an author writing about results published in a government report. Because secondary sources are created by authors with an expressed (or unexpressed) opinion on their topic, primary sources are considered unbiased. Peer Reviewed Another measure of quality and objectivity is whether an item appears in peer-reviewed or refereed publications. Distinguished journals have experts who evaluate articles for their content and methodology before the article can be published. Some journals make specific mention of their peer- review status, but clues are: ! Footnotes or reference lists of the material the author used to write the article ! Abstract or summary at the beginning of the article ! Discrete areas of the article which explain methodology, results, conclusions, etc. Research needs can be met by an infinite combination of information sources. Those listed here are some of the most familiar formats for presentation. It is helpful to remember that although tradition no longer holds these types of publications to paper, electronic versions still attempt to answer the same questions asked of their print counterparts. Types of Resourses ! Almanacs - a collection of current and historical statistical information updated and published annually. Almanacs can answer straightforward, factual questions such as "What is the population of Niagara Falls, NY?" Key Considerations: How current is the information included in the almanac? ! Atlases - can be either books or collections of maps. Their perspective is either current or historical, and contains other information such as population or geological features of an area. A closely related information source is a gazetteer or list of geographical names and/or physical features of an area. Gazetteers can answer more substantive questions about a location than an atlas, such as helping to explain the current form of governance and administrative structure of a location. Key Considerations: How well are the atlases and gazetteers indexed? Is it easy to find smaller divisions of a nation such as cities, counties, and ! 34! states? Who published the resource? Is the publisher experienced in preparing this type of document? How up-to-date is the item? ! Bibliographies - are extensive lists of other information resources. They can be compiled based upon publication dates of the material covered; focus on material published in a specific country; or list items for a specific subject. Key Considerations: Who is responsible for creating the bibliography? What qualifies them to write a bibliography of that nature? How did they decide what to include or exclude? ! Biographical Sources - provides basic biographical information or point them to additional resources for more information. Almost always profiling individuals, sources can include a person's dates of birth/death, education, career and personal histories. Key Considerations: Is this information comprehensive? Are the facts right? ! Dictionaries - define words and help users confirm spelling and pronunciation. They can be helpful in understanding how words should be used and how they are actually used. Related publications include thesauri, usage guides, and books of quotations. Key Considerations: Because dictionaries purport to be authorities on words and usage, who is responsible for the dictionary contents? What is the audience for whom the dictionary was prepared? ! Directories - can list people, institutions or organizations. Contents usually include addresses, phone numbers, and relevant affiliations and are arranged alphabetically or in another useful order such as geographical location. Key Considerations: How current is the data? Does it include the desired group of people or organizations? ! Encyclopedias - are methodical attempts to publish a summary of the world's knowledge. One of the most attractive features of encyclopedias is their ability to help users gain a basic understanding of a completely unfamiliar subject and build a framework from which more research could be done. Encyclopedias can be written for a variety of audiences and can aim to be very broad and cover almost every subject, or focus specifically on one subject. Key Considerations: What is the target? ! Handbooks - are guides on a specific topic. Containing factual and comprehensive information, handbooks are very useful tools to answer questions like "Who was the first person to fly an airplane across the Atlantic Ocean?" Key Considerations: How accurate is the information? Are there any errata updates to correct published mistakes? ! Indexes and Abstracts - both indicate where to find the original document being sought. Abstracts go farther and provide a brief synopsis of the document's contents. This can help users decide if they wish to continue their pursuit of the original document. Most indexes and abstracts are dedicated to covering a specific type of material (newspapers, journals, etc.) and a scan can tell researchers which resources tend to contain more useful writings on a topic. Key Considerations: What publications are indexed? How often is the index updated? Can users refer to sections organized by subject, author, and publication? ! Yearbooks - publish facts, events, and analysis of events of the year preceding the date of publication. Yearbooks can provide rather detailed overviews of events and are useful for analyzing changes in many segments of society. Key Considerations: The comprehensiveness of coverage for one year can vary substantially among yearbooks. Internet Resources Content and presentation are both important criteria for deciding how useful a Web site will be. In this outline, however, greater weight is given to assessing the value of the information presented and other helpful considerations. Below are fundamental measurements of evaluation are authority, accuracy, objectivity, currency, and coverage. Authority ! 35! ! Is the author's name clearly visible? Is there a link to the author's e-mail address? ! What are the author's credentials to write about their chosen topic? Consider verifying any statements of qualification directly, or through a third-party source of biographical information. ! Does the author belong to an organization? If the page is authored by an organization, what additional information is made available about them? Hint: URL domain name extensions can suggest what type of organization it is (.edu - education sites, .gov - government sites, .org - organization sites, .com - commercial sites, .net - network infrastructures, etc.) ! Look at the Web address (URL) to find out the source of the information and the server on which it resides. Accuracy ! Does the author list sources? Is there a bibliography on the page? Are the sources credible and authoritative? ! Can the information be verified elsewhere? Objectivity ! What is the author's viewpoint on the subject? ! Is there evidence of bias in the information presented? Are there words present that perhaps convey the author's opinion? ! What is the purpose of the page? Who is its intended audience? Is it designed to sell, inform, or persuade visitors? Does it promote the opinions of a specific group? ! Is there advertising on the page? Can it be easily distinguished from the information content? Currency ! When was the page updated? ! Is the factual information on the page current? ! If there are links to other Web sites, are they still active? Coverage ! How well does the author cover the subject? ! Are there links to additional resources on the topic or related subjects? ! Can the subject be fully covered with Internet resources or can print material supplement? There are several Web sites with more extensive evaluation guidelines. Those authored by researchers and librarians tend to have a better understanding of what will make a site helpful to a wide variety of users. For more information see: Evaluating Information Found on the Internet(Johns Hopkins University) www.library.jhu.edu/researchhelp/general/evaluating/ Evaluating Quality on the Net (Babson College) www.hopetillman.com/findqual.html Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based World Wide Web Resources (UCLA College Library) www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/college/help/critical/discipline.htm ! 32. Research!Toolbox! ! ! 36! Once a subject has been selected and probable locations of materials have been identified, it is necessary to decide which resources are right for the task. ! Internet Tools o Links o Search Engines and Portals o Meta Sites o Discussion Lists ! Libraries o Online Catalogs o Bibliographic Databases o Research Guides Internet Tools Along with the Internet come innovations and improvements on traditional ways of communicating and organizing information. What follows is a brief discussion of various Internet tools and their helpfulness in conducting research. Links Hypertext describes a technique for organizing information that lets users access documents in whatever order or sequence they prefer. Hypertext links let searchers move from one Web sites to another and back, or move among sections of a hypertext document without following a strict order. This holds special appeal for researchers because it becomes possible to follow a link from a footnote or citation in one document, directly to the original source document. One of the best applications of links is when they connect a Web site with other related sites. If a researcher visits the National Endowment for Democracy, they can go to the Resources page and see Internet Tools, a collection of links to other sites NED believes to be of value to its audience. In addition, once a user follows a link, that new Web sites can carry them to yet more related sites or to one that may prove useful in the future. Search Engines and Portals These are the best-known tools for finding Web sites. Allowing users to browse a database of sites arranged by subject or search the entire collection, engines can be distinguished by the features they offer. Portals are an all-in-one search engine, directory of rated or evaluated Web sites, and a source of original content such as news or special reports. When deciding which search engine or portal is appropriate for research, users may wish to examine criteria that can be applied to both engines and portals: Scope ! What types of Internet resources are included in the search engine's coverage? ! How large is the database? ! How often is the database updated? Searching ! Can users search the database using simple words (keywords)? Can entire phrases be used? Is controlled vocabulary used? ! Can one search be combined with another to get the most relevant items? ! Is searching permitted on different parts of the database (title, URL, description, etc.)? ! 37! Other ! Are the search results listed in order of the most relevant items first? ! Is the quality of the resources in the database rated or evaluated? How is this done? ! How extensive is the help section? Does it illustrate ways to create an effective search? ! Is there any commercial bias? Are the sites listed at the top ranked more highly because the site owners paid for a high ranking? It is very easy to find Internet search engines and portals. Users can read advertising, follow links to a new engine from a familiar one, or read online guides that review and evaluate engines. These guides compare features such as speed, update frequency, and size of database. Among the more comprehensive sites for such information are: Search Engine Showdown www.searchengineshowdown.com Search Engine Watch www.searchenginewatch.com Traffick - a guide to portals www.traffick.com Meta Sites A Web site that offers a collection of Internet links to resources on the same or similar topics is considered a metasite. Given the nature of the Internet, almost any site with a good collection of links can fit that definition, but two factor that can help identify which metasites are of better quality are: ! Authorship - who is responsible for creating and maintaining the collection. ! Evaluation criteria - what methods and standards are employed to decide which resources are included on the site. Finding metasites is often as simple as doing a keyword search in a search engine for the desired topic. In addition, university and college library Web sites can be very good sources because librarians often link to authoritative sites that have proven themselves helpful over time. Some of today's best known and well-regarded metasites are: Internet Public Library www.clearinghouse.net Britannica www.britannica.com BUBL Link www.bubl.ac.uk/link Librarians' Index to the Internet www.lii.org Discussion Lists A discussion list (sometimes called discussion group, mailing list, or electronic discussion list) is a list of people's e-mail addresses that is used to send e-mail messages or announcements to many people at once using a mailing list computer program. Discussion lists tend to be dedicated to a specific topic or audience and can be very helpful in soliciting rapid replies to comments and questions as ! 38! subscribers may frequently monitor their incoming e-mail. Unlike Web pages and other Internet resources, discussion lists are accessed using e-mail. There are three (3) major types of discussion lists. ! Open/Public - the general public can join the list. ! Moderated - a person monitors e-mail messages being sent to the list. ! Closed/Private - a list created for a specific group of people and is not open to public. Libraries Libraries are a researcher's best friend. Gathered in one place is an array of information and searching tools so vast, that almost anyone can move from ignorance to wisdom. In today's high-tech world, the role of a library remains constant - but the tools have changed dramatically. In many libraries, card catalogs are now computer databases, questions are posed to librarians via e-mail, and it is not always necessary to visit a library in order to use it. Described here are just some of the resources that libraries can offer in support of a researcher's needs. Online Catalogs A library's collection of books, journals, videocassettes, audio cassettes, CDs, CD-ROMs, Internet links, etc. is often compiled into a catalog. Thanks to the Internet, Web interfaces have been created that permit users from anywhere in the world to log on and see what useful items a library may possess. It is an ideal opportunity to expand a user's universe of known resources and broaden the base from which subsequent research is done. Important caveat - not every item in a library catalog is necessarily available to everyone who would like to use it. Libraries have policies and guidelines governing who has access to the library's materials. With that in mind, however, it may be worth searching some of the online catalogs listed below to see what new things can be discovered. The Library of Congress has compiled a comprehensive list of links to academic and research libraries around the world with online catalogs in compliance with Z39.50, a computing standard for computer-to-computer information retrieval. To view go to http://lcweb.loc.gov/z3950. Bibliographic Databases This technical term describes databases that contain information in various levels of detail - from a citation to a document found elsewhere, to the actual full-text document itself. These databases can be one standalone database or a collection of several databases. There is one for almost every known subject or discipline, often the problem can lay in finding it and then being able to afford to search it. Because of the presumed added-value database vendors give to their product (easy-to-use search screens, strong customer support, friendly search commands, etc.) online databases can be prohibitively expensive for an individual searcher who is not trained on how to conduct effective searches on that system. Many of these larger and more powerful databases count libraries, law firms, and other institutions as clients, and the cost of research on these systems are often passed directly to the person requesting the search. ! 39! For researchers who want to locate databases to use individually or through an institution, a starting point can be the professional literature in the discipline being studied. Publications that feature advertising and product reviews for electronic resources can be a way to learn about new or popular tools. Taking those suggestions to a librarian who works within that discipline can add an objective evaluation of the resource. If the database ultimately proves to be a likely source of quality information, a survey of libraries that have an interest in that topic can determine which library subscribes and will perhaps accept research requests. For academic disciplines, survey libraries at schools offering degrees in that subject. If it is business or financial research, consider contacting libraries at trade associations. Again, not every library is open to the general public, but most librarians are willing to help users locate potential paths of access. Examples of what some large bibliographic databases: Dialog - www.dialog.com LEXIS-NEXIS - www.lexis-nexis.com OCLC First Search - www.oclc.org/firstsearch Research Guides In addition to search engines, one of the best ways to find Internet resources on a subject is to use a research guide. A research guide is a bibliography that links users to other Internet-based resources valuable to people interested in a particular topic. Guides that link to well-evaluated sites and provide helpful annotations tend to be compiled by academic centers or important organizations within a discipline, so those would be Web sites a researcher may want to visit if looking for guides. Examples: Georgetown University's International Law Links www.ll.georgetown.edu/intl/intl.html University of Kansas' Online Survey Research/Public Opinion Centers www.ukans.edu/cwis/units/coms2/po/index.html 33. Resources! Human!Rights! ! There is tremendous variety in the NGOs, IGOs and other bodies with a presence on the Internet and the number of such Web sites grows daily. The organizations currently presented in this section were chosen for their mission of fostering positive, democratic change around the world. Given the dynamic nature of the Web, this section is not an exhaustive list of relevant organizations ! 40! and responsibility for site content and maintenance rests with the owners. Please note that the inclusion of an organization does not imply endorsement by the National Endowment for Democracy. If you would like to suggest a site to be added to this list please send a message to [email protected]. Africa Action http://www.africaaction.org/index.php Africa Action is the oldest organization in the U.S. working on African affairs. Their mission is to change U.S. Africa relations to promote political, economic and social justice in Africa. They provide accessible information and analysis. Subject: Human Rights; Civil Society Strengthening; Economic Reform and the Business Sector Region: Africa Languages: English Research Tools: 1. Activist Toolkit 2. Annual Africa Policy Outlook published online 3. Collection of Commentaries, Opinion Pieces, Statements 4. Resources on Key Countries 5. Africa Policy E-Journal 6. Africa Web Bookshop 7. Position Papers, Reports and Articles American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Science and Human Rights Program http://shr.aaas.org/ Established to give scientists a way to help their colleagues around the world whose human rights are threatened or violated. Mobilizing effective assistance to protect the human rights of scientists around the world remains central to its mission, as well as making the tools and knowledge of science available to benefit the field of human rights. Subject: Human Rights Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. Directory of Human Rights Resources on the Internet (http://shr.aaas.org/dhr/) provides descriptions and links to hundreds of human rights organizations worldwide on the Internet and can be searched by topic or geographic area. 2. Thesaurus of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (http://shr.aaas.org/thesaurus/) 3. News Alerts American Society of International Law (ASIL) Guide to Electronic Resources for International Law http://www.asil.org/resource/Home.htm The guide is a project of the American Society of International Law (ASIL). Subject: Human Rights; Rule of Law Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. The searchable guide includes a comprehensive list of primary and secondary resources on the United Nations; human rights; treaties; international environmental law; international criminal law; and international economic law. The guide is also available in book form and can be ordered from their web site. ! 41! Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org Amnesty International is a global campaigning movement working to protect human rights as defined by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international conventions. Subject: Human Rights; Measurement and Ranking Region: Global Languages: English; French; Arabic Research Tools: 1. comprehensive guide to international and regional standards which protect the right to a free trial 2. searchable on-line archive of Amnesty International reports 3. latest news releases and archive of news releases since 1995 4. well developed links page categorized by human rights sub-themes Article 19 http://www.article19.org Article 19 is an organization designed "to combat censorship by promoting freedom of expression and access to official information." The organization has offices in London and South Africa, and partner organizations in over 30 countries. Article 19 monitors, researches, publishes, and litigates on behalf of freedom of expression around the world. Subject: Media and Freedom of Expression; Human Rights Region: Global Languages: English; French Research Tools: 1. Virtual Handbook of Expression 2. A number of key documents and reference materials 3. Information on the organization's programs in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East 4. Publication archive Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs http://www.cceia.org The Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs is an independent, nonpartisan, nonprofit organization dedicated to research and education in the field of ethics and international affairs. Subject: Conflict Resolution; Human Rights; Civil Society Strengthening; Rule of Law Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. Abstracts and selected full text documents from back issues of their Ethics and International Affairs journal. 2. Online version of their Human Rights Dialogue publication. 3. Publications, transcripts, texts, and materials online in full text. Carter Center http://www.cartercenter.org The Carter Center develops and implements programs around the world to prevent or resolve conflicts, strengthen human rights, and foster democracy and improve health. ! 42! Subject: Conflict Resolution; Human Rights; Elections Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. News releases and associated archive. 2. Event postings. 3. Online publications, newsletters, and reports. Derechos Human Rights http://www.derechos.org Derechos is a human rights organization that works with human rights organizations in Latin America Subject: Human Rights Region: Latin America and the Caribbean Languages: English; Spanish Research Tools: 1. archive of over 6,000 documents 2. a weekly bulletin posts the newest documents added to their web site 3. exhaustive lists of human rights links broken down by region and country 4. offers numerous electronic mailing and discussion lists, bulletins, and news updates related to human rights Digital Freedom Network http://www.dfn.org/ The Digital Freedom Network (DFN) develops and promotes the use of Internet technology for human rights activism around the world. Subject: Human Rights Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. activist workshop which is a section devoted to helping human rights activists develop their technical knowledge. 2. original news articles about human rights issues 3. links to other human rights organizations 4. online chats with prominent activists and experts 5. links to applications for privacy, security, and anti-censorship uses 6. Volunteer opportunities Electronic Information System for International Law http://www.eisil.org/ EISIL is a project spearheaded by the American Society of International Law (ASIL). Though still under development, ASIL's goal is assist web searchers in finding quality primary materials, authoritative web sites and research guides to international law on the Internet. EISIL was designed as an open database of authenticated primary and other materials across the breadth of international law, which until now have been scattered in libraries, archives and specialized web sites. Subject: Rule of Law; Human Rights Region: Global Languages: English ! 43! Research Tools: 1. Links to Primary Documents 2. Searchable database of the site's contents Human Rights Education Associates (HREA) http://www.hrea.org HREA is a non-political organization whose primary role is to support efforts aimed at introducing human rights concepts and values into educational curricula and teaching practices around the world. Subject: Human Rights; Civic Education Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. full-text copies of HRE resource books, which give information on human rights organizations, services and further links on the Internet 2. extensive full-text guides for human rights educators on establishing programs and techniques for civic education--this includes case studies from various countries and regions Human Rights Internet (HRI) http://www.hri.ca HRI is an information clearinghouse promoting education on human rights, publishing, and researching to serve the information needs of a wide variety of groups and individuals working to advance human rights around the world. Subject: Human Rights Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. various publications, which include For the Record, an annual report of developments by major bodies in human rights work, and HRI's Reporter series, which catalogues publications in specific areas of human rights such as women's rights and ethnic conflict 2. full-text archive of HRI's quarterly Tribune, which gives updates on the latest developments in the human rights movement from around the world 3. annotated and searchable web directory of HRI partner organizations and other human rights sites 4. a Youth Centre site with materials written for younter audiences, such as "Young People's Document - Charting Your Rights". 5. Documentation Center with full-text reports on various topics. Human Rights Watch http://www.hrw.org Human Rights Watch strives to protect the human rights of people around the world in aspects ranging from working to uphold political freedom, to protecting people from inhumane conduct in wartime. Subject: Human Rights; Measurement and Ranking Region: Global Languages: English; Portuguese; French; Russian; Spanish; Chinese; Arabic Research Tools: 1. latest news concerning human rights advances and atrocities from around the world 2. full-text reports on the human rights conditions in each individual country as well as regional overviews 3. extensive research, advocacy efforts and links on specific, little-discussed human rights issues such ! 44! as child soldiers, academic freedom and freedom on the Internet Inter-American Institute of Human Rights (IIHR) http://www.iidh.ed.cr The IIHR is an autonomous, international, academic institution based in Costa Rica with the mission to promote and strengthen respect for human rights and to support the consolidation of democracy throughout the western hemisphere. Subject: Human Rights Region: Latin America and the Caribbean Languages: Spanish; English Research Tools: 1. bibliographical and ordering information with some full-text versions for human rights publications 2. maintains a "Digital Library" with links to human rights information International Federation for Human Rights Leagues Fédération Internationale des Droits de l'Homme (FIDH) http://www.fidh.org The purpose of the FIDH, the International Federation for Human Rights Leagues, is to advance the implementation of all the rights defined by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the other international instruments protecting human rights. The FIDH brings together 115 human rights organisations from 90 countries. It provides them with an unparalleled network of expertise and solidarity, as well as a clear guide to the procedures of international organisations. Subject: Human Rights Region: Global Languages: French; English; Spanish Research Tools: 1. current news and alerts as well as an archives of past items 2. full-text access to reports online 3. links and information on human rights organizations which are access by region/country. Open Society Archives http://www.osa.ceu.hu/archives/ OSA's mission is to: obtain, preserve and make available research resources for the study of Communism and the Cold War, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the issues of human rights; support the goals of Central European University by identifying, collecting, preserving and making available university records and personal papers of enduring value from its administrators, faculty, and students for the use of university staff, students, scholars and the general public; support and facilitate the philanthropic goals of the Soros foundations network, especially by providing information, records management and archival services for all its entities. Subject: Civil Society Strengthening; Human Rights Region: Central and Eastern Europe Languages: English Research Tools: 1. Reference Information Papers (RIP) on selected topics 2. Periodicals from the region and West 3. Special Book Collections on Cold War, Humarn Rights, History textbooks, etc 4. index to Audio-Visual materials ! 45! 5. Reference Information Papers, thematic finding aids aiming to guide researchers to all the relevant archival materials at OSA that relate to a certain topic. U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor http://www.state.gov/g/drl/ Part of the U.S. State Dept., the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor Affairs (DRL) has a wide range of responsibilities that include promoting democracy worldwide, formulating U.S. human rights policies, and coordinating policy in human rights-related labor issues. Subject: Human Rights; Labor Unions and Workers Rights Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. reports, fact sheets and findings on issues ranging from international women's issues to the promotion of democracy and human rights 2. full-text core documents, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and State Department reports that categorize, document and give executive summaries of issues that include the freedom of religion and ethnic cleansing in Kosovo 3. extensive full-text archive of State Department remarks from the Secretary and the Assistant Secretary, press briefings and press statements United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights http://www.ohchr.org/ The mission of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights is to ensure the universal enjoyment of all human rights through practical application of the intentions voiced by the world through the United Nations. Subject: Human Rights Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. full-text versions of human rights charters, press releases, treaties and resolutions dealing with civil rights, human rights and indigenous peoples 2. bibliographical and ordering information for UN reference materials and reports of the Human Rights Commission Witness http://www.witness.org/ Witness is a human rights program that attracts the eyes of the world and inspires those who see - to act. Witness strengthens local activists by giving them video cameras and field training. Today, Witness unleashes an arsenal of computers, imaging and editing software, satellite phones and email in the struggle for justice. Subject: Human Rights; Media and Freedom of Expression Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. video footage is available online, as well as an archives of past video presentations 2. online training 3. news and human rights current and archived alerts 4. links to partner organizations ! 46! 5. full-text access to publications online Women's Human Rights Net (WHRnet) http://www.whrnet.org/ WHRnet is an international network of women's human rights organizations that seeks the effective utilization of all available information and communication technologies (ICTs) toward the advancement of Women's human rights. Subject: Women's Issues; Human Rights Region: Global Languages: English; French Research Tools: 1. current news 2. links to research tools 3. discussion forums 4. action alerts 5. human rights documents 6. descripting listing of partner organizations Labor!Unions!and!Worker's!Rights! American Center for International Labor Solidarity (Solidarity Center) http://www.solidaritycenter.org The Solidarity Center is a non-profit AFL-CIO allied organization that assists workers around the world who are struggling to build democratic and independent trade unions. We work with unions and community groups worldwide to achieve equitable, sustainable, democratic development and to help men and women everywhere stand up for their rights and improve their living and working standards. Subject: Civic Education; Civil Society Strengthening; Conflict Resolution; Elections; Labor Unions and Workers Rights; Legislative Development and Assistance; Media and Freedom of Expression; Rule of Law; Transparency and Anti-Corruption; Women's Issues Region: Africa; Latin America and the Caribbean; Asia; Europe; Eurasia; Middle East and North Africa Languages: English Research Tools: 1. full-text, downloadable publications of Solidarity Center and partner reports, brochures, and other tools 2. current news and links to ICFTU updates 3. information on current projects 4. links to labor and worker rights organizations and to foreign-language web sites developed by Solidarity Center partners International Labor Organization (ILO) http://www.ilo.org The ILO is a UN agency that primarily focuses on the adoption of international labor standards that preserve the human rights and civil rights of workers around the world. Subject: Labor Unions and Workers Rights Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: ! 47! 1. full-text version of the ILO constitution 2. full-text archive of the eight ILO conventions and their resulting declarations and standards (with cross references to the ILO constitution); this includes the Declaration of Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work that was established by the ILO in 1998 3. links to ILO's various programs and departments working on issues such as employment, child labor and safety; these sections provide their own archives of news letters, conference reports and declarations in full-text format 4. local web sites in arabic, german, italian, japanese, portuguese and turkish International Labor Rights Fund (ILRF) http://www.laborrights.org/ ILRF is an advocacy organization dedicated to achieving just and humane treatment for workers worldwide. ILRF serves a unique role among human rights organizations as advocates for and with working poor around the world. Subject: Labor Unions and Workers Rights Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. full-text publications 2. current news 3. information on current projects 4. links to other Labor Rights organizations 5. action alerts Maquila Solidarity Network (MSN) http://www.maquilasolidarity.org/ MSN is a Canadian network promoting solidarity with groups in Mexico, Central America, and Asia organizing in maquiladora factories and export processing zones to improve conditions and win a living wage. In a global economy it is essential that groups in the North and South work together for employment with dignity, fair wages and working conditions, and healthy workplaces and communities. Subject: Labor Unions and Workers Rights Region: Asia; Latin America and the Caribbean Languages: English Research Tools: 1. Action Tools for campaigning, research, and education 2. current news 3. online resource centre with bibliographies for further reading 4. links to other organizations U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor http://www.state.gov/g/drl/ Part of the U.S. State Dept., the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor Affairs (DRL) has a wide range of responsibilities that include promoting democracy worldwide, formulating U.S. human rights policies, and coordinating policy in human rights-related labor issues. Subject: Human Rights; Labor Unions and Workers Rights Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: ! 48! 1. reports, fact sheets and findings on issues ranging from international women's issues to the promotion of democracy and human rights 2. full-text core documents, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and State Department reports that categorize, document and give executive summaries of issues that include the freedom of religion and ethnic cleansing in Kosovo 3. extensive full-text archive of State Department remarks from the Secretary and the Assistant Secretary, press briefings and press statements ! Media!and!Freedom!of!Expression! American Center for International Labor Solidarity (Solidarity Center) http://www.solidaritycenter.org The Solidarity Center is a non-profit AFL-CIO allied organization that assists workers around the world who are struggling to build democratic and independent trade unions. We work with unions and community groups worldwide to achieve equitable, sustainable, democratic development and to help men and women everywhere stand up for their rights and improve their living and working standards. Subject: Civic Education; Civil Society Strengthening; Conflict Resolution; Elections; Labor Unions and Workers Rights; Legislative Development and Assistance; Media and Freedom of Expression; Rule of Law; Transparency and Anti-Corruption; Women's Issues Region: Africa; Latin America and the Caribbean; Asia; Europe; Eurasia; Middle East and North Africa Languages: English Research Tools: 1. full-text, downloadable publications of Solidarity Center and partner reports, brochures, and other tools 2. current news and links to ICFTU updates 3. information on current projects 4. links to labor and worker rights organizations and to foreign-language web sites developed by Solidarity Center partners Article 19 http://www.article19.org Article 19 is an organization designed "to combat censorship by promoting freedom of expression and access to official information." The organization has offices in London and South Africa, and partner organizations in over 30 countries. Article 19 monitors, researches, publishes, and litigates on behalf of freedom of expression around the world. Subject: Media and Freedom of Expression; Human Rights Region: Global Languages: English; French Research Tools: 1. Virtual Handbook of Expression 2. A number of key documents and reference materials 3. Information on the organization's programs in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East 4. Publication archive Committee to Protect Journalists http://www.cpj.org ! 49! The Committee to Protect Journalists is a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization founded to monitor abuses against the press and promote press freedom around the world. Subject: Media and Freedom of Expression Region: Global Languages: English; Spanish Research Tools: 1. annual reports of attacks against the press around the world are available on-line overviews as well as detailed descriptions by country 2. news alerts, copies of letters to policy makers around the world protesting attacks on the press, and press freedom briefings from around the world 3. links to press freedom and human rights organizations with brief organizational and site descriptions 4. maintains regional web sites for Africa, Americas, Europe and Central Asia, Middle East and North Africa Freedom to Write http://www.pen.org/freedom/ The Freedom-to-Write Committee of PEN American Center works to protect freedom of written expression around the world, from defending writers and journalists who are imprisoned, threatened, or attacked in the course of doing their work, to protesting book-banning in the United States. Subject: Media and Freedom of Expression Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. press releases and copies of their most recent appeals 2. information on their awards 3. links to other web sites Institute for Media, Policy and Civil Society http://www.impacs.org IMPACS is a young and dynamic registered Canadian charity, filling an important niche in civil society. We work to strengthen communications between not-for-profit organizations, government and the media, both in Canada and internationally. Subject: Media and Freedom of Expression Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. communications toolbox, which contains artiles, best practices, and information on workshops and training. 2. full-text publications are available online 3. Journalist's Guide to the International Criminal Court 4. various media links International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) http://www.ifj.org The International Federation of Journalists defends press freedom and social justice through strong, free and independent trade unions of journalists. Subject: Media and Freedom of Expression Region: Global ! 50! Languages: English; French; Spanish Research Tools: 1. archive of press releases on atrocities committed against journalists 2. full-text survey of the socioeconomic status of journalists around the world 3. news alerts to recent attacks on the press 4. full-text access to IFJ pblications International Freedom of Expression eXchange (IFEX) http://www.ifex.org IFEX is a global network of more than 60 organisations that monitors press freedom and free expression violations around the world. Subject: Media and Freedom of Expression Region: Global Languages: English; Spanish; French Research Tools: 1. alerts on free expression and media freedom violations, organised by region and country. 2. links to reports filed by more than 60 free expression organisations. 3. weekly newsletter, IFEX Communiqué, which reports on important free expression developments world-wide. 4. links to free expression, human rights and media organizations. 5. website containing the largest searchable online archive of information on press freedom and freedom of expression violations, dating back to 1995. International Journalists' Network (IJNet) http://www.ijnet.org/ The Network is an on-line service for journalists, media managers, media assistance professionals, journalism trainers and educators and anyone else with an interest in the state of the media around the world. Subject: Media and Freedom of Expression Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. list of media outlets in more than 100 countries 2. background information on freedom of the press in many countries 3. statistics and general data on 100+ countries 4. list of fellowship and training opportunities through IJNet's calendar of events 5. on-line forums on media by country and topics International Press Institute http://www.freemedia.at/ The International Press Institute is a global network of editors, media executives and leading journalists from newspapers, magazines, radio, TV and news agencies in over 100 nations. Subject: Media and Freedom of Expression Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. Produces the annual World Press Freedom Review, which looks at the the state of the media in 168 ! 51! countries, documenting press freedom violations and major media developments around the globe. This survey is available on-line in full-text. International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX) www.irex.org/media/ http://www.irex.org/civilsociety/index.asp IREX (the International Research & Exchanges Board) is the premier US nonprofit organization specializing in higher education, independent media, Internet development, and civil society programs in the United States, Europe, Eurasia, the Near East, and Asia. Subject: Media and Freedom of Expression; Civil Society Strengthening Region: Europe; Eurasia; Asia Languages: English Research Tools: 1. full-text publications are available online 2. information on grants and programs provided by IREX Internews http://www.internews.org Internews is an international non-profit organization that supports independent media in emerging democracies and uses the media as a tool to reduce conflict within and between countries. Subject: Media and Freedom of Expression Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. listings and descriptions of country-specific projects 2. full-text press releases, as well as full-text articles from various sources on Internews Panos London http://www.panos.org.uk/ Panos London stimulates informed and inclusive public debate around key development issues in order to foster sustainable development. They are working to promote an enabling media and communications environment worldwide. Subject: Media and Freedom of Expression Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. Online reports 2. News and information on a range of themes within media and communications. Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty http://www.rferl.org Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty a private, international communications service to Eastern Europe and Southeastern Europe, Russia, the Caucasus, Central Asia and the Middle East, funded by the US Congress. In the broadcast region, RFE/RL radio programs reach 35 million listeners who rely on RFE/RL's daily news, analysis and current affairs programming to provide a coherent, objective account of events in their region and the world. Subject: Media and Freedom of Expression ! 52! Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. RFE/RL Newsline - A weekday report of developments in Eastern and Southeastern Europe, Russia, the Caucasus and Central Asia Broadcast Language Daily news texts Belarus, Russian Service (Radio Liberty) 2. RealAudio LIVE broadcasts of all programs in Arabic, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Estonian, Farsi, Georgian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Latvian, Lithuanian, Romanian, Russian, Tajik, Tatar- Bashkir, Turkmen, Ukrainian and Uzbek. 3. numerous special daily reports including: RFE/RL Armenia Report; RFE/RL Balkan Report; RFE/RL Caucasus Report; RFE/RL Iran Report; RFE/RL Tatar-Bashkir ReportRFE/RL Watchlist, A Weekly Checklist Of Events Affecting CivilSocieties In Eastern Europe And The Post-Soviet States. 4. extensive links library to search engines, directories, news media orgnizations, online news services, government and politics, education and business information by country and region and sub-regional groupings. Reporters Sans Frontieres http://www.rsf.fr/ An international watchdog organization that monitors oppressive action taken against journalists around the world. Subject: Media and Freedom of Expression Region: Global Languages: French; English; Spanish Research Tools: 1. daily updates on the treatment of the media in various countries 2. provides measurements of the conditions of the media and press freedom in various countries and regions 3. extensive links to other Organizations helping to promote freedom of the press and human rights 4. Charter for the Safety of Journalists Working in War Zones or Dangerous Areas 5. 38 Predators of press freedom 6. Press freedom barometer 7. Enemies of the Internet 8. Special Reports Witness http://www.witness.org/ Witness is a human rights program that attracts the eyes of the world and inspires those who see - to act. Witness strengthens local activists by giving them video cameras and field training. Today, Witness unleashes an arsenal of computers, imaging and editing software, satellite phones and email in the struggle for justice. Subject: Human Rights; Media and Freedom of Expression Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. video footage is available online, as well as an archives of past video presentations 2. online training 3. news and human rights current and archived alerts 4. links to partner organizations 5. full-text access to publications online ! 53! World Association of Newspapers http://www.wan-press.org/ The World Association of Newspapers represents over 17,000 publications worldwide with one of its objectives being the defense and promotion of press freedom and the economic independence of newspapers as a requisite for that freedom. Subject: Media and Freedom of Expression Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. full-text versions of newsletters and conferences, as well as links to other organizations in various countries, all relevant to the inner workings of the press 2. database of speeches and case studies in various fields relating to the newspaper industry 3. information on alerts and campaigns World Press Freedom Committee http://www.wpfc.org The World Press Freedom Committee has developed several tools to resist media censorship including, monitoring and coordinating information about press censorship, giving grants to mount legal challenges to government efforts to censor, and writing a charter for press freedom. Subject: Media and Freedom of Expression Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. bibliography for leading texts and lectures on the importance of free press and ordering information 2. full-text archive of the organization's quarterly newsletter on world wide developments in the establishment of free press and lecture series on issues of freedom and the press 3. well-developed links to other organizations that deal with freedom of the press Women's!Issues! ! There is tremendous variety in the NGOs, IGOs and other bodies with a presence on the Internet and the number of such Web sites grows daily. The organizations currently presented in this section were chosen for their mission of fostering positive, democratic change around the world. Given the dynamic nature of the Web, this section is not an exhaustive list of relevant organizations and responsibility for site content and maintenance rests with the owners. Please note that the inclusion of an organization does not imply endorsement by the National Endowment for Democracy. If you would like to suggest a site to be added to this list please send a message to [email protected]. American Center for International Labor Solidarity (Solidarity Center) http://www.solidaritycenter.org The Solidarity Center is a non-profit AFL-CIO allied organization that assists workers around the world who are struggling to build democratic and independent trade unions. We work with unions and community groups worldwide to achieve equitable, sustainable, democratic development and to help ! 54! men and women everywhere stand up for their rights and improve their living and working standards. Subject: Civic Education; Civil Society Strengthening; Conflict Resolution; Elections; Labor Unions and Workers Rights; Legislative Development and Assistance; Media and Freedom of Expression; Rule of Law; Transparency and Anti-Corruption; Women's Issues Region: Africa; Latin America and the Caribbean; Asia; Europe; Eurasia; Middle East and North Africa Languages: English Research Tools: 1. full-text, downloadable publications of Solidarity Center and partner reports, brochures, and other tools 2. current news and links to ICFTU updates 3. information on current projects 4. links to labor and worker rights organizations and to foreign-language web sites developed by Solidarity Center partners International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) http://www.icrw.org/ ICRW's mission is to improve the lives of women in poverty, advance women's equality and human rights, and contribute to the broader economic and social well-being. Subject: Women's Issues Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. current news 2. events 3. discussion forums 4. information on current projects 5. full-text publications 6. information on their fellowship program International Women's Democracy Center http://www.iwdc.org Established to strengthen women's global leadership through training, education, networking and research in all facets of democracy with a particular focus on increasing the participation of women in policy, politics and decision-making within their own governments. Subject: Women's Issues Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. small time line on the advancements of women in politics throughout modern history--corresponds to the current month 2. extensive list of links to a wide variety of institutions and organizations committed to women's studies, gender equality in government, etc. 3. Fact sheets on Women's Political Participation, Women In Politics and Women's Suffrage International Women's Tribune Centre (IWTC) http://www.iwtc.org/ The IWTC is an international non-governmental organization commitmented to empowering people and building communities. The IWTC provides communication, information, education, and organizing ! 55! support services to women's organizations and community groups working to improve the lives of women, particularly low-income women. Subject: Women's Issues Region: Africa; Asia; Latin America and the Caribbean; Central and Eastern Europe Languages: English Research Tools: 1. full-text publications 2. information on events 3. advocacy briefs 4. training manuals 5. WOMEN, INK (www.womenink.org)- a web site that markets and disseminates women and development materials from more than 100 small presses in both the Global North and Global South. Currently, the 2000 edition of Women, Ink.'s catalogue contains approximately 300 titles. IWTC has publications, posters, and postcards Women's Human Rights Net (WHRnet) http://www.whrnet.org/ WHRnet is an international network of women's human rights organizations that seeks the effective utilization of all available information and communication technologies (ICTs) toward the advancement of Women's human rights. Subject: Women's Issues; Human Rights Region: Global Languages: English; French Research Tools: 1. current news 2. links to research tools 3. discussion forums 4. action alerts 5. human rights documents 6. descripting listing of partner organizations Women's Learning Partnership for Rights, Development, and Peace (WLP) http://www.learningpartnership.org Women's Learning Partnership for Rights, Development, and Peace (WLP) is an international, non- governmental organization (NGO) that empowers women and girls in the Global South to re-imagine and re-structure their roles in their families, communities, and societies. WLP achieves this goal through providing leadership training, supporting capacity building, and helping women generate and receive information and knowledge. Subject: Women's Issues Region: Global Languages: English Research Tools: 1. Facts and Figures documents provide gender-disaggregated statistics on leadership, technology, globalization, human rights, and gender violence including facts on women and political participation, economic decision-making, education, work, and human security as well as inequitable global consumption and distribution patterns, among others. 2. listing of womens organizations 3. Information on international covenants and national legislation, especially family laws that affect the lives of women and girls. ! 56! 4. biliographies to information about books, journal and newspaper articles, training materials, and NGO resources on issues of women and leadership, culture of peace, women's human rights, and violence against women. ! 57! 34. Source!of!References! ! :9 B0'*5$&+)<*%(%^$3"+-')$5)C/-^$1$3/() /003ioo3^'0$910'*5$&+9"+7o"*0&-"1o+"#$%&'%(o) /003io o3 ^'0$910'*5$&+9"+7o"*0&-"1o&-./01V/7#'*o) 89 6HE4 ) ! 58!